Learning Module

Grade
12
LEARNING MODULE
(First Quarter)
SCHOOL YEAR 2020-2021 FIRST SEMESTER
Department of Education
DEPED REGION I – CITY OF SAN FERNANDO (LU)
Region 1
Writers:
Florfina Flora Q. Gaspar
John Christopher S. Laron
Precilda B. Sanchez
Alvin M. Tadifa
Luis C. Viray
Leanna Mae T. Tapangco
THEA ZONETTE S. MEDRIANO BRENDA A. SABADO

OIC - Assistant Principal Principal IV
1
SHS Focal Person
Perlita F. Abat
EPS In- Charge of Values Educ:

Maria Rhea C. Reyes
Writers:
John Christopher S. Laron
Precilda B. Sanchez
Alvin M. Tadifa
Luis C. Viray
Leanna Mae T. Tapangco
Content Editors:
Precilda B. Sanchez
Language Editors:
Krysna N. Milanes
Roxane P. Ducusin
Layout Artists:
Marrietta Joy G. Baloja
Mark Henry P. Munar
Illustrators:
Nathaniel E. Catbagan
Jeffrey N. Olbinado
Evaluators:
Marcelo P. Aluyen
Almarhoda E. Espejo
Validators:
Genevieve B. Ugay
Maria Rhea C. Reyes
2
INTRODUCTION TO WORLD RELIGION
JUDAISM
ISLAM
HINDUISM
BUDDHISM
CHRISTIANITY CONFUCIANISM
DAOISM
SHINTOISM
INTRODUCTION:
Why is there a need to study religion? Religion has been in existence since the
earliest time of humankind. Whenever humankind inhabits, religion too exists.
Presently, we are all witness as to how religion continues to play crucial roles in
world politics in the twenty-first century as can be seen from the various political
conflicts that have their roots in religious differences. This particular chapter will
introduce you to various concepts related to religion, expound in the origin of
religion, and evaluate the many roles played by religion in people’s everyday lives.
In all parts of the world, religious ideas have helped inflame animosity and
discord that shape conflicts and give rise to oppression and tyranny. Conversely,
religious traditions have also created a strong backbone that helped shape the
importance of peace, justice, equality, toleration, and brotherhood.
3
Target
Understanding the nature of religion enlightens learners about the

common grounds that bind believers into examining the question of life and
death and why or how persons yearn for spiritual inspiration. Recognizing
the inherent characteristics of religion provides the opportunity to deeply
grasp the many beliefs and practices that mold humankind’s spiritual
needs.
Everybody knows that we are under the state of new normal environment.
We are being attack by an invisible deadly opponent called Corona Virus
2019. Hundreds of people are dying, and almost 13 million are caught
positive, and a pandemic has risen and still there is no declaration of
vaccine or no exact medicine and no exact medical treatment to cure those
positive patients. I therefore conclude that no human intervention can
control it but only Divine intervention is apparent.
So, this subject, Introduction to World Religion, is timely, recommendable
and essential to study for us to discover and learn how religion is helpful
and useful for everybody.
After going through with this discussion, you are expected to:
MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCY

differentiate the concept, elements and characteristics of belief system,
world view, religion and spirituality. (HUMSS_ WRB12-I/III-1.1)
Before we go with our topic let us have a pre-test to know your

knowledge or ideas regarding with our subject. Answer it in another
sheet of paper.
4
PRE-TEST IN INTRODUCTION TO WORLD RELIGION
NAME: _____________________________ SCORE___________

SECTION: __________________________ DATE: ___________
I. Read and analyze the question and encircle the correct answer.
1. These are structures of norms that are interrelated and that vary
mainly in the degree in which they are systematic. (a. religion b.
belief system c. spirituality)
2. The sets of beliefs, feelings, dogmas and practices that define the
relations between human being and sacred (a. religion b. belief
system c. spirituality)
3. The sacred writing of the Muslim is called (a. Quaran/Koran b.
testament c. new testament)
4. Islam was founded by the prophet (a. Jesus Christ b. Abraham c.
Muhammad
5. The gods of Muslim is called ( a.Buddha b.Allah c.Jesus)
6. The law of cause and effect is called (a.Nirvana b.Karma
c,Therevada)
7. Hinduism and Buddhism was originated from (a.India b.Japan
c.Nepal)
8. Theology is the study of (a.Religion b.Supreme Being c.Doctrines)
9. This was given to Moises at Mt. Sinai (a.Ten Commandments b
8.Beatitudes c.prayer)
10. A month of abstinence and fasting among Muslims are called
(a.Ramadan b.Holy Week c.Sacrifice)
GREAT JOB, it is a good start, your knowledge and ideas are enough for
you to go on with our lesson. Let’s us do it.
5
MODULE 1
UNDERSTANDING THE NATURE OF RELIGION
Jumpstart
Read and understand the lesson and do the following activity.

I know you can do it, good luck
ESSENTIAL UNDERSTANDING
1. Religion is the pursuit of transformation guided by a sacred belief
system.
2. Spirituality reflects one’s integrative view of life while affecting the
human soul.
ACTIVITY 1
Direction: Read and analyze the sentence below. Tell if it is “Spirituality” or
“Religious”.
1. Maria attended the 6 am mass, she received the holy communion.
After the mass she went out and saw her neighbor with another man,
not her husband, she concluded then and told her friends that her
neighbor is having an affair with another man.
_______________________
2. Peter reads the Bible every day, goes to the church every Sunday and
prays three times a day but the people around him notice that he is
selfish, unkind in words, and dishonest in his job. ______________
3. Mario underwent to a rigid INC teaching and eventually baptized into
its faith and so, he is now a certified INC member. ______________
4. I am a Born-again Christian, having no religious affiliation but follow
religiously and live accordingly the teachings of Jesus in the Bible.
_______________
6
VERY GOOD, you answered the activity excellently. Let us go on with
our topic for more understanding.
Discover
UNDERSTANDING BELIEFS AND WORLDVIEWS

Every individual sees and interprets the world quite differently from one
another. This overall perspective is also termed worldview which is a
collection of beliefs about life and the universe being held by people.
DEFINITION AND NATURE OF RELIGION
Religion may be defined as “an organized system of beliefs, ceremonies,
and rules used to worship a god or a group of gods” (Meriam Webster
dictionary 2014.) the Latin word religion refers to “something done with
overanxious or scrupulous attention to detail” (Bowker 1997). This term may
have probably been derived from the Latin verb “religare” which means “to
tie together, to bind fast.”
COMMON CHARACTERISTICE AMONG RELIGIONS
Belief in a
deity’s
relationship
with the world Places and
people believed
to be holy and
sacred
Belief in a deity
RELIGION
Rules followed
Way to as a result of
worship a beliefs 7
deity
EXPLORING SPIRITUALITY
While spirituality is derived from the Latin word spiritus, its verb root is
“Spirare” which means “to breathe” literally. There is an impression that
people are surrounded by a “divine reality as pervasive, intimate, necessary,
and invisible as the air we breathe” which is similar to Hindu Prana and
Chinese
While religions are frequently viewed as set of ideals practiced and
followed by organized groups, “spirituality is something an individuality can
have without being implicated in the ambivalent complexity of human
societies and institutions.”
While religion refers to any set of attitudes, beliefs and practices
concerning a supernatural power theology involves the systematic study of
the existence and nature of the divine. It deals with the study of the nature
and purpose of god that may be undertaken using a particular perspective.
Theology is a study, not a formulation of religious beliefs.
Philosophy of religion deals primarily with issues concerning religion,
which includes analysis on the existence of a divine being or on sacred texts.
It may involve studying the “concepts and belief system of the religions as
well as the prior phenomena of religious experience and the activities of
worship and meditation on which these belief systems rest and out of which
they have arisen”
ORIGIN OF RELIGION
NAME OF PROPONENT EXPLANATION
THEORY
Animistic Edward Burnett Tylor Primitive people believed in souls or anima found in
theories (1832-1917), English people (seen in dreams) and in all of nature.
anthropologist
Nature- Human beings first developed their religions from their
worship theory observations of the forces of nature.
Theory of Wilhelm Schmidt ( 1868- In Australia and Africa, cultures held a common belief
original 1954), Austrian in a distant high god that originally there had been one
monotheism anthropologist and great god above all others, and that he may have been
ethnologist the creator of the world or the father of the many lesser
deities
Magic theory James George Frazer People had gone three phases of development
(1854-1941), Scottish concerning the world: (1) primitive magic (where in
social anthropologist people attempted to control nature in the hope that
nature will cooperate if rituals are done properly)
Ludwig Andrea’s von There were no gods and that belief in gods was simply
Feuerbach (1804-1872), wish fulfilment
Wish German philosopher and
fulfilment anthropologist
theory Karl Heinrich Marx Religions were developed by the few as a means to
8
(1818- 1883) German control the masses and suppress revolution as a result
philosopher and of the continuing struggle between classes.
sociologist
Sigmund Freud Religions originated from the guilt that individuals
(1856-1939), Austrian supposedly feel in hating their fathers.
neurologist and founder
father of psychoanalysis
Explore
Here is an enrichment activity for you to familiarize with our lesson.
Theism, often used as a synonym to monotheism, is defined as “belief in

the existence of one god viewed as the creative source of the human race
and the world who transcends yet is immanent in the word”
On the other hand, polytheistic religion that are common among early
people recognize many principal gods among whom no one is supreme.
These include the ancient religions of Egypt, Greece, and Rome wherein
people worship a multitude of personal gods.
Meanwhile, monism asserts that there is no genuine distinction between god
and the universe.
Atheists deny the existence of god, agnostics deny the possibility for man to
acquire knowledge of the existence of god.
Different kinds of belief system or worldview
Kinds Description
Monism There is no real distinction between
god and the universe
Polytheism The belief and worship of many gods
Monotheism The doctrine or belief in one supreme
god
Atheism Disbelief in or denial of the existence
of a personal god
Agnosticism God cannot be known
9
10
ACTIVITY 2
A. Match column A with column B. write the letter of the correct answer
Column A source of the human race and the
world.
________1. A belief in the existence
of one God viewed as the creative Column B
A. POLYTHEISM
________2. Relating or affecting the human spirit B. THEISM
or soul that is one’s personal integrative to view on.
________3. The belief in many principal gods C. RELIGION
among whom no one is supreme.
________4. The belief that God’s existence is D. SPIRITUALITY
unknown and unknowable.
________5. An organized system of beliefs, ceremonies, E. AGNOSTICISM
and rules used to worship a god or a group of gods.
F. WORLD VIEW
Magnificent!!!
You had understood thoroughly the lesson, you are doing well but still another
activity will be given. Keep it up!
11
Deepen
- Religion may refer to any set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices aimed at
communicating or propitiating with supernatural beings, humans may
recognize a superhuman being controlling power (such as a god or spirit) that
seeks worship and obedience from them.
- Various theories have been formulated that try to explain the origin of
religions. Religion may have originated in response to human’s need to
explain their dreams and experiences as well as the need to understand the
different forces of nature, especially so that humans may have faced pain and
ignorance in their daily struggle for existence in early times.
- While religions are frequently viewed as sets of ideals practiced and followed
by organized groups, spirituality involves one’s integrative view of life that is
more personal while affecting the human soul.
ACTIVITY 3
ESSAY: Write a one-page essay on the topic “Religion: What does it mean to me?
Guided by the following questions.
a. What different values have your religion instilled in you?
b. What various guiding principles which may have been influenced by your
religion do you adhere in your life?
RUBRICS FOR ESSAY
CRITERIA DESCRIPTION POINTS POINTS
OBTAINED
CONTENT The content was well-thought 4
of guide question were
thoroughly answered
ORGANIZATION The paper was well-written 3
with ideas easily conveyed to
readers.
DEVELOPMEN Points are thoroughly 3
T developed
Total=10
12
Gauge
ACTIVITY 4
Direction: multiple choice: choice the correct answer and write letters only in the
blank before the number.
_______1. What is that organized system of belief, ceremonies, or rules to reverent a

God.
a. Religion c. Spirituality
b. Worldview d. Theology
_______2. This refers to a belief system which assert the existence of only one God
A. Monotheism c. Theism
B. Agnosticism d. Polytheism
_______3. which belief system believes that god cannot be known.
A. Monotheism c. Theism
B. Agnosticism d. Polytheism
_______4. Which one studies the existence and nature of the divine.
a. Religion c. Philosophy of religion
b. Theology d. Philosophy
_______5. Mr. Valdez does not go to church nor participate in any religious
activities. However, he finds existential satisfaction by being kind to people and
doing good deeds. Mr. Valdez is________?
A. Atheistic c. Religious
B. Theist d. Spiritual
________6. A figure was formed in a tree comparable to the face of Jesus after it was
being hit by a lighting. Most of the residents believe that it might be a message from
God. Mr. Valdez is agnostic, what is the closest possible reaction of him.
a. Reject people’s belief and tell them that his can be explained by science
b. Take the image and worship it.
c. Second the people’s belief about it.
d. Laugh at people and tell them they are stupid.
________7. What word is different among the others
a. Polytheism c. Atheism
b. Monogamy d. Monotheism
________8. What is the meaning of “spirare”?
a. Spirit c. Air
b. Breath d. Monotheism
________9. It is the collection of beliefs regarding human being and universe
a. World view c. System
b. Religion d. Spirituality
________10. A Latin word which means “something done with overanxious or
scrupulous attention to detail”
a. Religare c. Religio
b. Spirare d. Spiritus
GOOD JOB!!!
ACTIVITY 5
Now you’re learning. But still you need to do another activity to be familiarized
with our lesson.
13
I. Write C if the statement is true and write W if the statement is false and
underline the word that makes the statement false.
____1. Theism is an antonym to monotheism as the latter believes only in the

existence of one God.
_____2. Atheists deny the existence of God while agnostics confirm the possibility
for man to the existence of God
____3. Religion is the study of the nature of God.
____4. Philosophy of religion deals primarily with issues concerning religion
_____5. Religion is a response to the need of man for the explanation of their dreams
and experiences.
OUTSTANDNG, your participation and attention are superb. You had done
your activity and competently, you are now ready to the next discussion.
14
REFERENCE:
Jayeel Serrano Cornelio, PhD.,Mark Joseph Tumada Calano, PhD, Manuel Victor
Jamias Sapitula,PhD.,Introduction to World Religions and Belief System
Jerome A. Ong.,Mary Dorothy dL. Jose, World Religions and Belief System
Google
KEY ANSWERS
PRE-TEST ACTIVITY 2
1. B 1. C
2. A 2. D
3. A 3. A
4. C 4. E
5. B 5. F
6. B
7. A
ACTIVITY 3
8. B
9. A 1. A
10. A 2. A
3. B
ACTIVITY 1
4. B
1. Religious 5. A
2. Religious 6. A
3. Religious 7. B
4. Spiritual 8. B
9. A
10. C
ACTIVITY 4
1. Antonym-W
2. Confirm -W
3. Nature- W
4. C
5. C
15
Target
This is our second week on this new teaching-learning modality which is

modular under the new distance/blended learning portal. I know we are still under
the state of confusion or adjustment but eventually we could be able to adopt it as
we go on with our topics. This maybe challenging but challenge is a good factor of
motivation to continue in attaining one’s goal let’s do it together!!!
These discussions talk about the nature and origin of religion. I have a
question. Do you have a religion? If yes, what is your religion? Where do you think
your religion originated?
You may now have many questions in your mind, you may now wonder, or you
may now inquire. In this topic we can answer your questions, where does my
religion came from.
After you will have a thorough reading in our module, you are expected to:
MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCIES

ANALYZE THE INTERCONNECTEDNESS OF GEOGRAPHY, CULTURE AND RELIGION.
(HUMSS_WRB12-I/IIIb-2.1)
MODULE 2
ORIGIN OF WORLD RELIGION
Similar to living organism, religions are born in history and they gradually develop
into living traditions and affects the lives of their followers. Beliefs system originate
in certain localities within the context of culture and even geography. Religions have
their origin stories and are universal in nature. Geography and culture have an
effect on the establishment and development of religions.
Jumpstart
For us to understand and go with our lesson let us familiarize ourselves with the 16
genealogy of Abraham and try to answer the activity.
THE GENEALOGY OF ABRAHAM
Abraham
Hagar Sarah
Keturah
Ishmael Isaac and Rebeccah
Ishmaelites Jacob Esau
Muhammad Israelites Edomites
David
Solomon
Jesus
Zimran jokshan medon midian

ishbak shurah
ACTIVITY 1
Direction: Familiarize yourself with the diagram showing the genealogy of Abraham.
can you identify 5 of the listed names and characterize them, based on your
knowledge in your religion.
Names characteristics
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
17
Discover
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
The patriarch Abraham
- The prophet and patriarch Abraham played a major role in the
establishment of the three monotheistic religions: namely, Judaism,
Christianity, and Islam, which account for more than half of the world’s
total population at present. As such, these organized religions are
collectively known as Abrahamic religions. The Jewish people regard
Abraham as the ancestor of the Israelites, through his descendants Isaac
and Jacob. The Muslim consider Abraham’s son Ishmael as the ancestor
of the Arabs. The Christians view Abraham as father in faith as narrated
in the bible and the ancestor of Jesus Christ.
The ancient Hebrews call their God Elohim, Adonai, or Yahweh. Present-
day Judaism uses the name “Lord” and “God”. For the Muslim, they call
their God as Allah. In addition, prophets and apostles play major roles in
these religions. Judaism has 48 prophets and 7 prophetesses
The Indian Mosaic

India is the world’s oldest surviving civilization. Religion is an essential part of
the Indian tradition. Four great religions originated in India- Hinduism, Buddhism,
Jainism and Sikhism- and a myriad of minor cults and local sects. Hinduism can
be considered as a “museum of religion”. It was during the Vedic Period Hinduism
or Sanatana Dharma became systematized as a religion that preached order and
purpose to the cosmos and humanity.
The Way of Dao

Chinese civilization is one of the oldest, dating back almost 4,000 year ago.
Even the olden days, the Chinese had already endeavored to establish and attain
good governance. China adopted Kung Fu-Tzu’s (Confucius) ideals and ethics as the
nation developed meritocracy as a basis for government officials. Confucius id
regarded as China’s greatest philosopher and teacher who lived at the same time as
Siddharta Gautama in India.
Confucian ideals aspire to harmonize human relations and serve as guide to
social behavior. Meanwhile, mysteries abound the birth and personal life of Laozi
(Lao-tzu) who may have written Dao De Jing (The Book of the Way) and its Power)
Both Confucius and Lao-tzu were followers of the Dao.
18
On the other hand, Shintoism is a loosely organized local belief of Japan,
somewhat an ardent religious form of Japanese patriotism. The term originated
from the Chinese words Shen and Tao translated as the “way of gods”
Geography of Faith
Law and social norms vary by region and localities. The study about geography
of religion may reveal some fascinating truths why a certain country is
predominantly one religion or why a specific region became homeland of great
religions.
1. The Western Frontier

West Asia is home of three great religions, namely, Judaism, Christianity and
Islam. After 1917, many Jews migrated from Europe to their ancient homeland,
Palestinians. In 1948, Israel was established after driving away the Palestinians
Arabs who had been living in the area for centuries.
The Arabian Peninsula, the world’s largest peninsula, consists of countries that
are predominantly Islamic in character. Majority of Muslims in Iraq and Iran
associate themselves with the Shi’s sect while majority of Muslims in Saudi Arabia
belong to the Sunni branch.
The topography of WEST Asia is characterized by vast area of mountainous
terrains. Mountains play a significant role in many religious beliefs as these
landforms provide idea settings where gods live or where gods and mortals meet. In
the Judeo-Christian region of West Asia and Egypt, there are four sacred
mountains listed in the table below.
Holy mountains Location Significance
Mount Ararat Eastern part or Traditional landing place of Noah’s ark
turkey as narrated in the book of genesis
Mount Sinai Sinai Peninsula in The peak where Moses received the ten
Egypt commandments
Mount Jerusalem Known as the city of David and temple
Zion/mount mount
Moriah
Mount tabor Israel Site of transfiguration of Jesus Christ
The Temple Mount is one of the most sacred sites in the world revered by the
Jews, Christians, and Muslim. Three structures are found in the present site that
include the Al-Aqsa Mosque, the Dome of the Rock, and the Dome of the chain. The
Jewish consider the Temple Mount as their holiest shrine. Four Sacred Mountains
The Indian Subcontinent

The sweltering heat is one major feature of India’s ecological setting, it is no
wonder that Hindus revere the sun (Surya) and fire (Agni). Likewise, water also play
a major role in the Indian psyche as evidence by Hindus venerating a god of water
19
and celestial oceans (Varuna). Traversing the great plains of North India, the Ganga
(Ganges) is the holiest river for the Hindus
The Eastern End

The Eastern end of the great Asian continent one finds the cultural and
political dominance of China. Confucius, the main person behind this emerging
social philosophy, did not intend to start a new religion but rather expound on the
nature of order and stability in the society. By the time of the Han Dynasty,
Confucian teachings had become the state religion. In Korea, it began to be
disseminated extensively around the 15th century. In Japan, it was accepted by the
majority 18th and 19th century.
Explore
Below is enrichment activity to ponder and answer.
The Cultural Milieu

MONOTHEISM, UNIVERSALITY AND ETHNIC RELIGION
UNIVERSALIZING RELIGION ETHNIC RELIGION
Christian and Islam are considered Judaism, Hinduism, Confucianism or
universalizing religion for they attempt in Daoism belong to ethnic religion
global scale
Have variety of means to transmit their Attract one group of people residing in
principles one locality
Younger than ethnic religion Members belong to diverse group people
Rituals and holidays are based on the life Rituals and holidays are based on the
history of their originator cycle of harvest
Originated from a certain founder Hard to convert because members come

principally for same ethnicity
Seek new recruit and conversions is easy
ACTIVITY 2
Direction: Make a table illustrating the differences between a universalizing religion
and an ethnic religion. Formulate your own set of criteria as you evaluate these
religions.
20
Criteria Universalizing religion Ethnic religion
1.
2.
3.
4.
21
Deepen
- religion is considered universal and it can be found in all known

contemporary societies
- the prophet and patriarch Abraham played a major role in the
establishment of three monotheistic religions, namely, Judaism,
Christianity, and Islam
- religion is an essential part of Indian tradition as four main religions
originated here, namely, Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism
- both Confucius Dao and Laozi were followers of the Dao. The Confucian
Dao principally concerns human affairs while the Daoist Dao means the
way the universe works.
- West Asia is home of three great religions, namely, Judaism, Christianity,
and Islam
- Heat and water are major features of India’s ecological setting. As a result,
deities of sun, fire, and water are venerated in India.
- Chinese culture practically influenced all other nations at its outskirts,
including japan and Korea.
- Monotheism or the belief in one god is an ancient idea that predated the
establishment of Abrahamic religions.
- The concept of dharma is integral in religions that emerged in India, most
especially Hinduism and Buddhism.
- Chinese belief system arrived in japan and influenced the local culture
and the indigenous polytheistic religion Shinto.
GREAT!!! You are showing your participation, attention and

enthusiasm. Do the following activity
22
ACTIVITY 3
A. Make a poster presentation illustrating the unity of world religions in a 1/8

size illustration board. Explain your work in a sheet of coupon bond. Poster
will be graded based on the rubric below.
RUBRIC FOR POSTER PRESENTATION

CRITERIA DESCRIPTION POINTS POINTS OBTAINED
Organization The concept was clearly and 4

creatively conveyed
Content Important concepts were 3
highlighted and explained
Presentation The idea was clearly presented 3
based on the poster illustration
TOTAL=
10
23
Gauge
ACTIVITY 4
B. Write TRUE if the statement is correct. Write FALSE if the statement is

incorrect.
__________1. The term “Shinto” came from two Indian words.

__________2. The Hindu god of fire is Agni
__________3. Judaism has 48 prophets and seven prophetesses
__________4. The Arabian Peninsula consist of countries that are predominantly
Buddhist in character.
__________5. God instructed Abraham to sacrifice his son Isaac at mount Hoira.
__________6. The ganga is the holiest river for the Muslim.
__________7. Saudi Arabia experienced a bloody civil war from 1975 to 1990
between Christians and Muslims.
__________8. the holy mountains in japan are mount fuji, mount Tate, and mount
Moriah.
__________9. Meritocracy became the basis of government officials during the time of
Confucius.
__________10.the dome of the rock is located in Mount Ararat.
Very good
How do you find the activity?
You need to read the whole module in order to answer the activity. You can do it!
24
ACTIVITY 5
C. Match column A with column B, write the letter of the correct answer on the
blanks provided
COLUMN A
_______1. Type of Buddhism that

developed in Japan
______2. The Hindu god of water and
celestial oceans
COLUMN B
______3. A name given by the Hebrew to
their god
______4. Believed to be the ancestor of
the Arab people
A. Zen
______5. One of the three kingdom in
Korea
B. Varuna
C. Yahweh
DOING GREAT!!!!
D. Ishmael
Continue reading and reviewing so you can answer the question
perfectly
E. Baekj
ACTIVITY 6
D. Fill in the blank with the correct answer.
25
1._____________ appears to be an elemental figure for a monotheistic belief system of
Judaism, Christianity and Islam.
2. these four great religions – Hinduism, Jainism, Sikhism and ______________

originated in India.
3. this ____________________________ is one of the most sacred places where Jews,
Christians and Muslim worship.
4.christianity acknowledge in god in _____________ person, the father, the son of the
spirit
5. In Hinduism _____________ means duty, righteousness and ethics.
EXCELLENT
Is this activity challenging? Need to, because this would make you more
familiarize about our topics for these will be needed for our future use in
the next discussion.
REFERRENCES
Key answer
Activity 4 26
1. F
2. T
3. T
27
Target
So far so good, we are in our 3 rd week already and hoping everybody is doing
good, healthy are happy. You were good in your previous activities. And now another
topic is to be discussed, so I hope for you to be more diligent in reading our module.
Stay focus and concentrate.
After you will be enlightened after reading this module you are expected to:
MELC-Analyze the influence of religion to culture and society

(HUMSS_WRB12-1/IIIC-3.1)
MODULE 3
POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF RLIGION
Religion has become a very important aspect in the development of civilization
and cultures. In fact, most ancient societies based their worldviews on religion, and it
has been proven to be beneficial to the attainment and maintenance of social stability
and cohesiveness. However, as time went by, religion has also become the basis of
conflicts between societies, even within societies. While religion has promoted
solidarity among societies, it has also been the reason behind the outbreak of
particular wars in history. In this lesson, we will discuss the positive and negative
effects of religion, as well as examples of historical events caused primarily by religion.
Jumpstart
This topic is about religion Imagine there’s no countries

having positive and negative It isn’t hard to do. 28
effect on society. I want you to
listen to the music of John Nothing to kill or die for.
Lennon entitled imagine. Reflect And no religion too.
ACTIVITY 1
Direction: Analyze the words of the music and reflect in an image of the world without
religion. Give 5 characteristics of a world without religion.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Discover
POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF RLIGION

Religion can have positive and negative effects on society
POSITIVE EFFECTS OF RELIGION
29
Religious beliefs sometimes because the basis of political legitimacy. This is the very
reason why the principle of separation of state and religion was established in many
countries.
Religion upholds traditions of shaping human’s spirituality and embracing the
goodness in each individual.
1.RELIGION PROMOTES SOCIAL HARMONY

These characteristics help advance social harmony by assimilating and stabilizing
cultures and nations.
Whenever people are afflicted with crisis, they tend to think that a greater force or high
being is there to help them, a belief people tend to share with others.
Another important characteristic of religion is the performance of common rituals and
practices on a regular basis. Such religious activities can be considered as one
component which helps bind people together and reinforce their identification with a
particular group. Ritual participation often creates an atmosphere stimulated with
emotions.
Attendance in masses provides people with a common ground, despite differences in
social statuses and political ideologies.
Jainism also has a key concept which helps promotes social solidarity, which is called
ahimsa, or the concept of non-violence. For the followers of Jainism, ahimsa is not
only a worldview but a way of life.
Treating other people with respects is also a way of practicing ahimsa.
2.RELIGION PROVIDES MORAL VALUE

Most significant function of religion is that it encourages moral values.
To distinguish right from wrong, good from evil. It also provides a system of reward
and punishment that administers and standardizes people’s behavior in society.
3.RELIGION PROVIDES SOCIAL CHANGE

Religion is a source of moral values; religion provides social change.
For example, the church in the US has been active in the campaign for civil liberties as
well as the antislavery movement. In the Philippines, much credit has been given to
the catholic church for the success of the people power revolution in 1986 when
archbishop Jaime cardinal sin urged the people to join the protest rally to oust the
dictator, former president Ferdinand Marcos.
4.RELIGION REDUCES FEAR OF THE UNKNOWN

Religion was developed from man’s need to have a sense of origin and destination; to
discover where they came from and where they came from and where they are bound
to go to when they die. Religion provides answer for phenomena and questions that
science or reason cannot explain.
5.RELIGION GIVES POSITIVE GOALS IN LIFE
30
People were inspired by the stories of different prophets from their own religious
affiliations, like that of Moses, Siddhartha Gautama, and Muhammad. These people
showed how ordinary people like them were given important missions in life, and how
they struggled to carry out their respective missions.
6. RELIGION GIVES PEOPLE A SENSE OF BELONGING

Just as family, ethnicity, or nationality give people a sense of belonging so does
religion.
NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF RELIGION

Religion has often been named as the culprit behind divisiveness and conflicts among
people.
1.RELIGION AFFIRMS SOCIAL HIERARCHY

Some religions affirm social hierarchy often favoring men and as a result, perpetuate
the notions of class or gender discrimination and oppression. Another example of
religion reflecting the hierarchy of political structure. Would be the Confucian
emphasis on the relations between the ruler and the subject, with the former
exercising authority over the latter.
2.RELIGION CAUSES DISCRIMINATION

There are some who say that religion, after turning people against themselves, turn
people against each other. This happens when people do not tolerate religious
ideologies different from one, they follow. Religious fanaticism can lead to feelings of
hatred, which could lead to racism, and eventually violence.
3.RELIGION TRIGGERS CONFLICTS AND FIGHTS

Religion also has some aspects which make it susceptible to be a source of conflict and
war. History witnessed numerous lives sacrificed and lost in the name of religion.
Wars have been fought in the same of religion, and this phenomenon continues up to
the present time.
4.RELIGION AS AN ECONOMIC TOOL FOR EXPLOITING THE MASSES

According to the German philosopher Karl Marx, “religion is the opium of the masses”
this is in relation to his critical approach to religion in which he proposed that
Bourgeoisie keeps the Proletariat in control through religion.
5.RELIGION IMPEDES SCIENTIFIC SUCCESS AND DEVELOPMENT

Throughout history, religion has proven to impede scientific development.
6. RELIGION OBSTRUCTS THE USE OF REASON

Many questions the suitability of religious doctrines to the needs of the present and
future generations,
31
Explore
Engage yourself with these historical events and try to answer the activity
HISTORICAL EVENTS CAUSED BY RELIGION

In some regions in the world, religion has become very influential in almost every
aspects of human activity from personal routines to diplomatic relations.
1.SELF-IMMOLATION OF A BUDDHIST MONK IN VIETNAM

Self-immolation, or the killing of oneself as a form of sacrifice, originally referred to as
the act of setting oneself on fire.
2.WIDOW BURNING AMONG THE HINDUS IN INDIA

Sati, or the practice of self-immolation of a widow on her husband’s funeral pyre, is
said to have originated 700 years ago in India.
3.THE INQUISITION
Inquisition refers to the roman catholic church groups charged with subduing heresy
from around 1184, which includes the episcopal inquisition (1184-1230s) and the
papal inquisition (1230s).
32
ACTIVITY 2
I. Identification. Choose from the list below. Write the correct answer on the
blank.
___________ 1. A form of torture used during the inquisition

___________ 2. The Hindu practice of widow burning.
A. STRAPPADO
___________ 3. The killing of oneself as a sacrifice. B. SATI
C. SELF-IMMOLATION
___________ 4. The concept of non-violence by Jainism
D. AHIMSA
___________ 5. He says that religion is the opium of the masses E. KARL MAX
Deepen
33
- Religion can be described as a double-edged sword: it can have both positive
and negative effects on society. It has played a very important role in the
development of societies by integrating and stabilizing them; however, it has
also created conflicts.
- Some of its positive effects are it promotes social solidarity; it is a source of
moral values; it nurtures positive goals in life; it gives people a sense of
belonging and it foster social change
- Some of religion’s negative effects include it affirms social hierarchy: it
triggers conflicts and fights; it promotes discrimination: it impedes scientific
success and development; and it hinders the use of reason.
- Some of the world’s atrocities and conflicts were caused by religion such as
the self-immolation of a Buddhist monk in Vietnam; the practice of sati or
widow burning in India; the inquisition of the catholic church; and the
Godhra train incident in India.
After engrossing yourself with our topics, answer the following activity
ACTIVITY 3
INSTRUCTION: Choose three positive effects and three negative effects of religion and
give specific examples of each based on your personal experience or knowledge. Cut
pictures from magazines or newspaper which reflect the said effects and make a
collage on a 1/8 illustration board. Rubrics for Collage

OBTAINED
Organization The concept was 10
clearly and creatively
conveyed.
Content The picture was 5
appropriate to the
theme
Visual presentation The idea was clearly 5
presented based on
the pictures and
words used.
Gauge
ACTIVITY 4
II. Identify whether the give statement is a positive or negative effect of religion.
Write A if your answer is positive, otherwise, write B.
__________ 1. Religion integrates and stabilizes culture as well as nation.
34
__________ 2. Religion perpetrates nation with class or gender discrimination and
oppression.
__________ 3. Religion should be susceptible to progress.
__________ 4. Religion provides personal identity to individuals as part of a group.
__________ 5. Religion sets notion of right and wrong
__________ 6. Religion makes people do evil things.
__________ 7. Religion promotes confusion.
__________ 8. Religion give a sense of purpose in life
__________ 9. Religion is a source of discrimination
__________ 10. Religion gives a sense of origin and destination.
GOOD JOB, you are showing interest and doing your part in our module. You are now
ready for our next topic
ACTIVITY 5
III. Write true if the statement is correct and write false if the statement is wrong.
___________ 1. Religion can be good and bad depending on how you use it in your life
___________ 2. Scientific development somewhat, is contrary to religion like the use of
contraceptives.
___________ 3. Muslim against Christianity is an example of religion triggers conflicts
and fight in the world.
____________4. Religion is an opium to the masses means; religion can kill.
___________ 5. Religion can teach a person to do what is right and avoid what is wrong.
35
REFERRENCES
Google
KEY ANSWER
Activity 2
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D
5. E
Activity 4
1. A
2. B
3. A
4. A
5. A
6. B
7. B
8. A
9. B
10. A
Activity 5
1. T
2. T
3. T
4. F
5. T
36
Target
How are you doing, hope you are still fine and healthy. It is good to know how
you have gone this far. You are doing your activity and assignments well and for sure
you are now adjusting to this mode of learning.
We are now in our 4 th week and we are going to discuss and encounter the first
religion. We are one step ahead, be prepared and let us do it.
After going through with our discussion, you are expected to:
MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCY

Examine the brief history, core teaching, fundamental belief and practices and related
issues of JUDAISM. (HUMSS_WRB12-I/IIId-4-1)
MODULE 4
JUDAISM
- Judaism is an ancient monotheistic religion that traces its origin as an
organized belief system during the bronze age in west Asia. The religion of the
Jewish people, Judaism is one of three Abrahamic religions that also include
Christianity and Islam. It is the religion professed by the Jews known as the ‘
people of the Book’ in reference to their sacred text written covering nearly a
thousand years and formalized as a canon of teaching by the end of the first
century C.E. the picture below is the Torah which is the most important text of
the Jewish people. It contains the Five Books of Moses’ and many sacred laws.
The Jews consider themselves as the people chosen by God to serve as an
exemplar of devotion and purity to humankind.
-
Jumpstart
Read and reflect this story in the bible then do the

first activity.
37
Judaism is anchored upon Gods revelation to Abraham that he is the creator
and ruler of the universe, and that he loves his creatures and demands righteousness
from them ( Losch 2001). God chose Abraham and his family from all the people living
on earth as recorded in Genesis 12. After a series of tragic events involving
humankind, God entered into a covenant with Abraham promising him that he would
become the father of a great nation and would possess vast tracts of land. Abraham, in
return, must remain devoted to the covenant. He would become the embodiments of
uprightness and holiness to the world. Later on, he was succeeded by his son Isaac,
his grandson Jacob, and Jacobs twelve sons (Hopfe 1983). These patriarchs are
depicted as nomads in biblical stories. According to tradition, Abrahams original name
was “Abram” who was born in the city of Ur of the Chaldea’s around 1800 B.C.E.
Questioning the folly of idol worship, Abram left his home and family to heed the call
of God en route to Canaan situated on the western side of the Fertile Crescent. The
Jewish people believe that they descended from a tribe in Canaan located in the
eastern Mediterranean presently occupied by Israel, Jordan, and Syria (Bowker 1997).
A covenant has been established between God and Abram, and Abram must
prove his worth to this agreement by way of test of faith throughout his lifetime. While
Abram and his wife Sarai were initially childless, Abram bore a son to Sarai’s Egyptian
handmaid Hagar. He was named Ishmael who is considered as the ancestor of the
Arabs. However, Ishmael was not the heir to Gods promise. God changed Sarai’s name
to ‘Sarah,” meaning “princess’ or “noblewoman”. Later in life, the old Abram and Sarah
had a son named Isaac, the heir to Gods covenant and the ancestor of the Jewish
people. Abram’s name was changed to “Abraham” or the father of many nations”.
Abrahams story is narrated in Genesis 11-25 of the Hebrew Bible.
Later on, Isaac married Rebecca who bore him twin sons, Jacob and Esau. Always
in constant strife, the younger Jacob bought Esau’s birthright and tricked his father
Isaac into giving him Esau’s blessing as the eldest son (Bowker 1997). Jacob fled to
his uncle’s house to escape Esau’s fury. Later on, Jacob returned home and reconciled
with Esau. A close encounter with an angel merited him a change of name from Jacob
to “Israel” which means “the one who wrestled with God”. The Jewish people are
referred to as the “children of Israel”. Among four different women, Jacob fathered
twelve sons and one daughter. The twelve sons who became the ancestors of the tribes
in Israel were Reuben, Simeon, Levi, Judah, Zebulun, Issachar, Dan, Gad, Asher,
Naphtali, Joseph, and Benjamin. After being sold to slavery by his jealous brothers,
joseph was brought to Egypt where his ability to see and interpret visions earned him
a place in the court as a vizier, a position next only to the pharaoh. As famine struck
Canaan, Jacob and his family were forced to settle in Egypt.
A woman from Levi’s tribe, Jochebed, secretly placed her youngest child in a
woven basket and sent him down the Nile river. The pharaoh’s daughter Bithia, found
the child, rescued him, and reared him as her own. Jochebed volunteered to nurse the
child, now named Moses, who was raised within the Egyptian royal family.
At the age of forty, Moses killed an Egyptian in defense of a slave and fled to
the Sinai desert where he spent the next forty years as a shepherd (HOPFE 1983). On
Mount Horeb, Abraham’s God revealed himself to Moses as he spoke through a
burning bush that was not consumed. Revealing Gods name as “ Yahweh” he
commanded Moses to return to Egypt and demand the release of Israelites from
slavery. After his initial refusal, the Egyptian pharaoh conceded after the ten
38
miraculous and horrific plagues were inflicted by god upon Egypt and its people, most
especially the plague on the first born.
The Israelites were banished from Egypt with Moses leading them across the
Red sea (Yam Suph or “sea of reeds” in some accounts). When the pharaoh changed
his mind and began to pursue the fleeing Israelites, Moses parted the red sea that
allowed them to cross the water and reach the dry lands of Sinai. Meanwhile, the
pursuing Egyptian chariots were drowned after waters receded. This event called
exodus became part of Jewish history that manifested Yahweh interventions to deliver
his chosen people.
Another significant event in Jewish history was the giving of the ten
commandments at mount Sinai. These supreme laws, which are basic to the Jewish
people, were communicated to the Israelites through Moses during their time in the
wilderness, Moses eventually united the different tribes into one group and
consecrated to the worship of the one living god ( Brown 1675) forty years after the
exodus, Moses died within reach of the “ promised land”.
ACTIVITY 1
I. Identification. Read the historical background of Judaism and identify the
person characterize below.
_______________ 1. The person who played a major role in the establishment of

Judaism
_______________ 2. The son of Sarai as the heir to Gods covenant and the ancestor of
the Jewish people
________________3.the daughter of pharaoh who found baby mosses and reared him as
her own son
________________4. The son of Hagar who considered as the ancestor of the Arab.
________________5. God gave him the ten commandments
Good job
You are really reading your Bible
39
Discover
SOCIO-POLITICAL DYNAMICS OF JUDAISM
SACRED SCRIPTURES
The Jewish people have been called the “people of the book” in the reference to the
Hebrew bible
(Tanakh or Mikra) that has been the authority, guide, and inspiration of the many
forms of Judaism that have evolved throughout the different periods of time and in
various places (Parrinder 1971). Composed over a period of almost a thousand years,
collections within the bible became established in its full canonical form by the end of
the first century C.E. (parrinder1971)
According to the Jewish tradition, the Hebrew bible is divided into three principal
sections, namely the Torah, Nevi’im and Ketuvim. The foundational text Torah
(‘teaching”) is composed of the first “five books” or the Pentateuch traditionally believed
to have been authored by Moses through divine instruction in Sinai. These include
Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, numbers and Deuteronomy. Apart from containing basic
laws for Jewish self-understanding, the Pentateuch also narrates the history, religious
statues, and moral regulations for individuals and society, ceremonial rites and
creation stories by Yahweh, and the origin and growth of mankind. Meanwhile the
Nevi’im (prophets) is subdivided into earlier prophets, later prophets, and twelve minor
prophets. They were specifically chosen by god to preach his message to the people.
Lastly the Ketuvim (writings) form the third section of the Tanakh that contains works
on poetry, temple ritual, private prayer, philosophical explorations, and other
Canonical works. In the strictest sense, Torah refers to the five books of Moses.
However, it can also pertain to the entire Hebrew Bible known as the Old Testament to
non-Jews but Tanakh to the Jews. Broadly speaking, Torah could mean the whole
body of Jewish laws and teachings.
Another sacred writing of Judaism is the Talmud or the oral Torah which means
study. All studies and interpretations done by Jewish rabbis or teachers of the Torah
are contained in the Talmud. In short, the Talmud is an authoritative collection of
rabbinic interpretations of the sacred scriptures. It contains materials of law and
40
moral codes. Around the second century C.E. this oral law was by a respected opinion.
Known as Gemara it includes legends, folklores, and saying (Brasswell 1994). The
Mishnah and Gemara comprise the Talmud that was completed in the 5 th century C.E,
serving as the foundation for all Jewish law’s codes, the whole Talmud contains 63
tractates that is often printed over 6,200 pages long. Apart from being a Book of Law.
The Talmud is also a fountain of religious thought and inspiration similar to the
Pentateuch ( Jurji1946).
The Pentateuch is the single most important scriptures for the Jewish people that
became the foundation of other essential Jewish writings, such as the Talmud and
Mishnah. With all these codified laws and legal materials, Judaism has become a
religion of the law and the Jews as the chosen people have shown obedience to Gods
covenant throughout their long and tumultuous history (Hopfe 1983).
Jewish principles of faith
1. God exists.
2. God is one and unique.
3. God is incorporeal.
4. God is eternal.
5. Prayer is to be directed to god alone and to no other.
6. The words of the prophets are true.
7. Moses’ prophecies are true, and Moses was the greatest of the prophets.
8. The written Torah and the Oral Torah were given to Moses.
9. There will be no other Torah.
10.god knows the thoughts and deeds of men.
11. god will reward the good and punish the wicked
12. the messiah will come
13. the dead will be resurrected
The ten commandments

The ten commandments are a set of absolute laws given by god to Moses at the biblical
mount Sinai that shall govern the life of every Israelite. Most scholars consider this
period as the official beginning of Judaism as an organized and structured belief
system, these laws are twice mentioned in the Hebrew bible, particularly, in exodus
and in Deuteronomy.
Worship and Observances

Sabbath
The most important day in the Jewish calendar is the sabbath or shabbat which
commemorates Gods’ completion of the creation of the universe and His rest after the
41
six-day toil (Parrinder 1971). This is the fourth law within the ten commandments. It
begins a few minutes before sunset on Friday and runs until an hour after sunset on
Saturday or almost 25hours to be precise at Friday sundown, sabbath candles are
lighted and kiddush (sanctification) is recited over wine or grape juice. Children area
then blessed by their parents. Jews must abstain from work and must study the
Torah, some work prohibition include lighting fires, using money, and writing. The
sabbath ends through the symbolic ritual of Haudalah (division) done by dousing wine
on candles and smelling sweet spices.
The days of awe

Tishri is the seventh month in the ecclesiastical year of the Jewish calendar. The first
ten days of Tishri are called the days of awe (Yamin Noraim ) wherein the first two
days comprise the new year ( Rosh Hashnah) and the tenth day as the day of
atonement ( Yom Kippur). Rosh Hashnah marks the start of the ten-day period of
penitence leading to the Yom Kippur and is distinguished from other days by blowing
a ram’s horn which is symbolic for a sweet new year. Using the shofar, a total of one
hundred notes are sounded each day. All Jews must undergo self-reflection and make
amends for all the sins they have committed. Rosh Hashanah is also a day of
judgement wherein god assesses one’s deeds and decides what lies ahead of him or
her in the following year. These deeds are recorded in the “book of life” and sealed on
Yom Kuppur. Work is not permitted during the Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kuppur.
Yom Kippur is the most sacred and solemn day in the Jewish calendar that brings the
period of repentance to its conclusion. The eve of the day is called Kol Nidrei (all vows)
which are the opening words of a prayer.
Piligrimage Festivals
During the olden days, the Torah commanded the ancient Israelites to go to Jerusalem
on three pilgrimage festivals and participate in the worship at the temple. Also called
the Shalosh Regalim, these are Pesach (passover), Shavuot (week or Pentecost), and
sukkot (tabernacles). These festivals spiritualize human life and merge nature and
history in a divine pattern (Jurji 1946).
Pesach is an eight-day festival that originally marked the beginning of the barley
harvest (Parrinder 1971). Its principal purpose is to commemorate and recreate the
exodus of the Jews from Egypt. A festive meal (Seder) is celebrated wherein the story of
exodus is narrated by the heads of the family to the children.
Shavuot is a two-day festival that was originally a celebration of the wheat harvest.
Presently, it is now being held to commemorate the revelation of the Torah to Moses at
mount Sinai.
Sukkot is a nine-day festival commemorating that autumn harvest and the forty years
of the Israelites stay in the desert wilderness subsisting solely on the bounty of god.
Temporary booths or structures (sukkah) are built in homes with a roof through which
one can see the stars in the sky. This is an attempt to recreate Israelites life in the
desert.
Halakha
Because Judaism is also a comprehensive way of life, Jewish people follow a set of
rules and practices that govern their everyday living. Collectively called halakha which
translate as the path that one walks; these are Jewish religious laws derived from the
written Torah and oral Torah including the 613 mitzuot. Jewish laws contain
directions on how to revere god and treat other people and animals. Halakha instruct
Jews what to do as they wake up in the morning, what foods to eat, what clothes to
42
wear, who to marry, and how to observe sabbath and holy days. When properly
observed, halakha increases one’s spirituality as even mundane acts become essential
to his or her existence.
Synagogues
Synagogues are Jewish temples of worship, instruction, and community fellowship
that contain separate rooms designed for specific activities, such as praying and
studying. In orthodox Judaism, men and women sit separately at the synagogues, in
reform Judaism, they sit altogether in temples. Similar to a Christian church,
synagogues have seats facing an elevated platform with one or two lecterns or chair.
The central feature at the platform (Binah or Tebah) and the holiest spot inside a
synagogue is the ark where the Torah scrolls are kept.
The temple
Around 1003 B.C.E. David conquered Jerusalem and made it his capital. Bringing
with him the ark of the covenant David intendent to build a temple to become the first
and fixed place of worship for the Jews. However. God told David that it would be one
of his sons who will have the privilege of accomplishing this task.
The Hebrew Bible acknowledge Solomon, David son, as the builder of the first temple
in Jerusalem around 1000 B.C.E. which was also known as Solomon’s temple. Within
the temple, the most important room was the Holy of Holies where the ark of the
covenant was kept.
Subdivisions
1. Orthodox Judaism is the most traditional of modern Judaism that adheres to

the authority of the entire Torah as given to Moses by god at mount Sinai. The
Torah is the sole authority that must be strictly followed until the present time.
As it considers itself the sole and genuine heir to the Jewish tradition, it rejects
all other Jewish movements as undesirable deviations from the original Jewish
religion.
2. Reform Judaism liberal or progressive Judaism is considered the most liberal
expression of Judaism that subjects religious laws and customs to human
judgment, to a certain extent, it developed due to internal changes in Judaism
as well as other factors operating within society. Members of this denomination
sought to adhere to the original teachings of Judaism while allowing some
changes in their traditions.
3. Hasidism or Hasidic Judaism emerged in Germany during the twelfth century. It
was largely a spiritual movement that gives prime importance to asceticism and
experience as a result of love and humility before god. During the eighteenth
century, a modern Hasidic movement was started in Poland by Baal Shem toy 9
master of the good name) as a reaction to the excessive legalistic nature of
Judaism during that time.
43
4. Kabbalah is another mystical form of Judaism that attempts to penetrate deeper
into god’s essence itself. While kabbalists believe that god moves in mysterious
ways, they also hold that genuine knowledge and understanding of that inner
process is achievable.
44
Explore
Read and reflect the following selected issues and answer the second activity
Women in Judaism- Mishnah instructs that women must follow nearly all the
negative commandments except the trimming of the beard and viewing a dead body.
Agunot or married women who wish to divorce their husbands but whose husbands
decline to so. Only the husbands are given this privilege.
Holocaust - The term holocaust is of Greek origin that means sacrifice by fire. In
history, holocaust pertains to the methodical. Bureaucratic, and state sponsored
persecution and execution of around six million Jews undertaken by the Nazi regime
and its collaborators from 1933 to 1945. For the Hitler-led Nazis, the Germans were
racially superior and considered themselves as the master race as compared to the
Jews who were seen as inferior people. Hitler’s police chief, Heinrich Himmler, also
believed in Aryan superiority leading to the enslavement and extermination of non-
Aryans and the inferior race (Pery 1988). He was one of the German officials directly
responsible for the holocaust.
Another high-ranking German official, Reinhard Heydrich, became the chief planner of
the Nazis to wipe out the Jews in Europe (Perry 1988).
From 1941 up to 1945, Heydrich’s plan called the “Final Sulution to the Jewish
Problem” was implemented by the Nazi with the main objective of annihilating
European Jews through genocide or murder of an entire people (Parrinder 1971). It
came to be the Holocaust.
Anti-Semitism
The term anti-Semitism pertains to hostility towards and discrimination against the
Jewish people that was strongly felt in France, Germany, Poland and Russian in the
late nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The term was popularized in Germany around
1870’s, the most common manifestations of Anti-Semitism were the many violent riots
or programs undertaken against the Jews. The planned extermination of the entire
Jewish race during the time of the holocaust was the most extreme form of Anti-
Semitism. Other forms of Anti-Semitic activities include the persecution and massacre
of Jews throughout history.
ACTIVITY 2
Direction: Analyze the statements, write T if the statement is correct and write F if the
statement is wrong.
1. There are almost 6millions Jews died during the holocaust

2. Hitler considered Germans as the most superior race in the world
45
3. Nazi is a fascist party that is extremely racist or authoritarian in view or
behavior under Adolf Hitler
4. Jewish women are not allowed to divorce their husband
5. Discriminatory against Jewish people are still felt around the world
6. Jewish men and women have the same human right
7. Genocide of European Jews are called holocaust
8. Henrich Himmler was the head of the Nazi
9. Holocaust was the most extreme form of anti-Semitism of the Jews
10.jewish men with long beard are sacred
46
Deepen
You’re learning, good job, continue reading our lesson then

try to answer the next activity.
- the origin of the Jewish people and the beginning of Judaism are recorded in the
first five books of the Hebrew Bible, the Pentateuch
- Judaism has three notable founding figures or patriarchs namely, Abraham,
Isaac, and Jacob. These biblical patriarchs are the physical and spiritual
forebears of the Jewish people
- Judaism is anchored upon God’s revelation to Abraham the he is the creator and
ruler of the universe, and that he loves his creatures and demands righteousness
from them
- the Jewish people have been called the “people of the Book” in reference to the
Hebrew Bible the is divided into three principal section, namely the Torah, Nevi
I’m, and Ketuvim.
- synagogues are Jewish temples of worship, instruction, and community
fellowship.
ACTIVITY 3
A. What is greatest lesson that you learned from the holocaust? Research in the
internet about the holocaust with picture?
RUBRICS FOR ESSAY
OBTAINED
CONTENT The content was well- 4
thought of guide
questions were
thoroughly answered
ORGANIZATION The paper was well- 3
written with ideas
easily conveyed to
readers.
DEVELOPMENT Points are thoroughly 3
developed
Total=10
Gauge
47
ACTIVITY 4
II. Write the letter of the correct answer on the blanks provided
A. HAGAR
B. TORAH
C. TALMUD
D. SABBATH
E. JEWS
F. PEATATEUCH
G. TEN COMMANDMENTS
H. YAMIN NORAIM
I. PESACH
J. YOM KEPPER
_________ 1. People of the book

_________ 2. The most important text of the Jewish people
__________ 3. The handmaid of Sarai that bore the first son of Abraham
__________ 4. The first five books that have been authored by mosses.
__________ 5. A sacred writing of Judaism which means study
__________ 6. The absolute laws given by God to mosses at mount Sinai
__________ 7. It begins before sunset on Friday and ends until sunset on Saturday.
__________ 8. The first ten days of tishri which is called the day of ewe
__________ 9. The most sacred and Solomon day in the Jewish calendar that brings the
period of repentance
__________ 10. Marks the beginning of the barley Harbert that last for eight-day festival
ACTIVITY 5
III. Arrange the jumbled word
_______________________ 1. L A K A H A H these are laws that a translate as the path

that use walks
_______________________ 2. NSGUYGOSEA the Jewish temple of worship, instruction
and community fellowship
_______________________ 3. M PT L E E when you can find the holy of hollies where
the ark of the covenant was kept
_______________________ 4. O T O H A C U L S which means sacrifice by fire
48
_______________________ 5. T U K S O K nine-day festival to celebrate the wheat
harvest
DOING GREAT, you are learning, participating and engaging in our

module, you are more than ready for our next religion to discuss
REFERRENCES
Google
KEY ANSWER:
ACTIVITY 1
ACTIVITY 4
1. ABRAHAM
1. E
2. ISAAC
2. B
3. BITHIA
3. A
4. ISHMAEL
4. F
5. MOSES
5. C
ACTIVITY 2 6. G
7. D
1. T
8. H
2. T
9. J
3. T
4. T 10.I 49
5. T
ACTIVITY 5
6. F
7. T 1. HALAKHA
50
Target
Good day. It is good to know that you remain healthy and fine together with your
family. We are now on our 4th week and second religion to study, hang on and get
ready
Our next religion to study is Christianity. According to Pew research center
(2012), Christians constitute the biggest proportion (2.2 billion) of the world’s
population of almost 7 billion in 2010 and the greatest teaching of Jesus are “ love the
lord your God with all your hearth, and with all your soul and with all your mind and
love your neighbor as you love yourself (Mt. 22:37-40).
After reading and understanding this module, you are expected to:
MELC
Examine the brief history, core teachings, fundamental beliefs, practices and related issues of
Christianity. (HUMSS_WRB12-I/IIIe-f-5.1)
MODULE 5
CHRISTIANITY
Christianity is considered the most popular in the world with the most number
adherents among all religions, starting around the 1 st century C.E., it developed out
Judaism during the reign of the roman empire in west Asia. It centers on the life,
teachings, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ, who is considered the messiah or
savior of humanity. The most common symbol for Christianity is the cross, for
Christians believes that Jesus died on the cross to save humanity from their sins and
restore people’s relationship with the father. Christians also believe in the holy trinity,
which means god has three aspect – father, son, and the holy spirit. It is believed that
God the father sent his only Son, Jesus, to earth to redeem humanity from their sins
for them to avoid the eternal flames of hell.
Jumpstart
Are you really reading your Bible? If so, do this activity .
51
ACTIVITY 1
Direction: Explain this verse in five sentences. Do the activity in another sheet of
paper.
For God so loved the world that

HE gave his only Son, that
whoever believes on HIM shall
not perish but will have eternal
life
JOHN 3:16
John 3:16
Discover
Historical background
Christianity developed in Palestine around 100 C.E. it was founded by Jesus,
considered to be a son of god and messiah or savior. Regarded as an offshoot of
Judaism, Christianity has survived and even surpassed Judaism and other religions
in term of number of adherents. Today Christianity is divided into three major sects of
Roman Catholicism, Greek orthodox church, and Protestantism. These major
52
Christian sects are further subdivided by Christian denominations that differ in
certain beliefs and practices but are united in worshipping Jesus Christ as the son of
God.
Historical context
Christianity was born in an era when Palestine was ruled by a foreign power, the
romans. Conditions were ripe for the beginning of a new religion. Since the concept of
messiah proved to be very attractive for a group of people being colonized by a foreign
power. Social conditions cooperated with the relatively free atmosphere created by
Agustus Pax Romana or roman peace. Also, the birth of a man who was considered as
the fulfilment of the prophesy among the Jews that god will send his son to liberate
the people from sufferings and sins paved the way for the development and spread of a
new religion called Christianity.
Jesus as the founder of Christianity

It was in this backdrop that Jesus, founder of Christianity, lived and preached
teachings that served as criticism of Judaism, although he himself was a Jew. His
ministry began when he was in his early thirties. Preaching and healing in the villages,
he started to preach teachings which were considered revolutionary at that time.
Deity/God
Christians believed in one god; therefore, Christianity is a monotheistic religion.
God is seen as the creator and maintainer of the universe, and is believed to be
omnipotent (all powerful), omniscient (all knowing) omnipresent (all present), and
omnibenevolent (all good). God is also sacred, moral, unchangeable, compassionate,
graceful, and timeless.
Holy trinity
Christians believe in the holy trinity, which means that god is composed of three
persons; god the father, the son (Jesus Christ), and the holy spirit. This doctrine of the
holy trinity was affirmed at the council of Nicea in 25 C.E. where it was agreed upon
that the son has the same substance with the father, therefore they are both eternal.
The doctrine of the holy trinity was Christianity’s way to end the controversy generated
by Arianism, a teaching by Arius which claimed that Jesus Christ was not actually a
God.
Sacred scriptures
The Bible is considered the sacred scriptures of Christianity. It is a collection of
songs, stories, poetry, letters, history, as well as a literature. It is composed of two
books, the old testament and the new testament. The old testament is considered the
original Hebrew bible, written between 1200 and 165 B.C.E. the new testament was
written by Christian around 100 C.E.
The old testament

The old testament, also called the Hebrew bible, is composed of 39 books which
are arranged in three parts, the first five books (genesis to Deuteronomy) are
considered the law or Torah which may refer to guidance or instruction. They are
called as such because they served as guidelines on how people should live their
everyday lives, as well as other legal necessities. Later these books were called the
53
Pentateuch, which were attributed to Moses. Meanwhile, the second part of old
testament is called the prophets which is divided into two parts, the earlier prophets
and the latter prophets. The book of former prophets is considered historical while the
book of latter prophets contains saying and stories of the prophets. The third part is
called the writings which include psalms (songs, prayer, and worship liturgies),
proverbs (wise saying), job (a drama that explores the nature of suffering), and the five
scrolls (Megiloth) which are grouped together for their associations with a particular
religious festival.
The new testament

The new testament is composed of 27 books written around 50 to 100 C.E. and
is composed of two sections; the gospel which tell the story of Jesus ( Matthew, mark,
Luke, and john) and the letters ( or epistles), written by various Christian leaders to
serve as guide to early Christian communities, they were written to tell the life and
teaching of Jesus. The acts of apostle and Luke tell how Christianity developed from a
small group of Jewish believers to becoming one of the world’s major religions.
Revelation is the last book of the new testament, traditionally attributed to the apostle
john, which is considered an epistle and an Apocalypse
Beliefs/ doctrines
Christianity has certain beliefs and doctrines that serve as moral guidelines for its
followers. As much as possible, Christians should follow these teachings strictly If they
want to redeem God’s promise of eternal life. These teachings are essential to their
chances of being system as Christians and not following them would lessen their
chances of being called true Christians and reduces their chances of salvation in the
afterlife.
Eight beatitudes
The beatitudes comprise what is known as the sermon on the mount recorded in
Matthew 5-7. The beatitudes refer to the eight sayings of Jesus at the beginning of the
sermon of the mount. Here are the eight beatitudes mentioned.
Worship and observance
Christians have certain religious observances in which they commemorate
particular events in the history of Christianity. Some of the most important Christian
observances are advent, lent, and Pentecost.
Advent
Advent refers to the season of waiting for the messiah, hence its celebration lasts
for four weeks, beginning four Sundays before Christmas and ending on Christmas
eve.
Lent
Lent refers to the season observed by Christians in preparation for Easter, a
celebration of the resurrection of Christ. Ash Wednesday signals the start of the
season of lent, which begins 40 days before Easter. It is a time for Christians to
prepare for Easter by following certain rituals, such as fasting, repentance,
moderation, and self-discipline.
Pentecost
Pentecost is celebrated as a holiday to commemorate the coming of the holy spirit
to the early Christians.
Subdivision
Abuses and corruption in the church led another sect to be formed around the
16 century. Martin Luther, a teacher and a monk, posted his list of ninety-five
th
propositions to the door of the church at Wittenberg in Saxony in 1517, which
54
signaled the beginnings of another Christian sect called Protestantism. The protestant
reformation is considered the second greatest split in Christianity, Luther’s timing was
perfect, for the printing press was just recently invented thus he was able to reprint
numerous copies of his theses, which led to a wider dissemination of his ideas.
Explore
The following are selected issues, read and understand then tell
your opinions.
Selected issues
Ecumenism
Ecumenism refers to the effort of the catholic church to sponsor activities and
initiatives to promote mutual understanding and unity among all Christians.
Ecumenism can also be described as the promotion of worldwide Christian unity
(Brodd 2003). It is based on Vatican II’s decree on ecumenism which states that;
Ecumenism was emphasized and intensely propagated by the catholic church
through a series of addresses, homilies, and regular audience with the goal of
achieving unity among all Christians and non-Christians.
Sexuality
The issue of sexuality has always been controversial for the catholic church. Due
to its conservative view of human sexuality; it has often found itself in conflict with
progressive and liberal ideas with regard to certain issues connected to sexuality such
as artificial contraception, abortion, and homosexuality. In general, sexuality refers
orientation, sexual activity, and sexual feelings.
Christianity advocates that the goal of sexual union between men and women is
procreation, thus anything that might hinder this is considered immoral. Having
sexual pleasure from such union is not necessary, thus when people use artificial
contraceptives, such as condoms, birth control pills, IUDs ( intrauterine contraceptive
devices), and the like, they are committing a sin because they are engaging in sexual
acts without procreation in mind. Instead, Christianity advocates natural family
planning methods such as the rhythm method, wherein couples will engage in sexual
acts only during days when the woman is not fertile and cannot conceive a baby. In
this light, abortion is also considered as immoral by the catholic church since it
entails the killing of life. For the catholic church, life begins at fertilization, when the
sperm and ovum meet to form a single cell, hence abortion is already considered as
taking away the life of a person.
Another issue with regard to sexuality is that of homosexuality. It refers to
attraction to members of the same sex. Males who are attracted to males are called
55
gays, while female attractive to females are called lesbians. The catholic church states
that that homosexual orientation itself is not a sin, it is nevertheless a tendency
towards the moral evil of homosexual sexual activity.
Family and divorce

The Christian view on marriage is based on Mathew 16:6, he who made man from
the beginning, made them male and female. And he said: for this cause shall a man
leave father and mother, and shall cleave to his wife, and they two shall be in one
flesh. Therefore, now they are not two, but one flesh. What therefore God hath joined
together, let no man put asunder. Thus, divorce is not allowed in the catholic church,
since it believes in the sanctity of marriage, which should be a lifetime bond between a
man and woman, and his considered a legal bond on earth and a spiritual bond in
heaven.
Capital punishment and euthanasia

Capital punishment or death penalty wherein a person is punished by death for
his or her capital crime goes against the Christian beliefs that life is given by god and
should not be taken away by any person, it is illegal in most Christian countries such
as the Philippines, but some push for capital punishment as a way of deterring crime.
Since Christianity advocates the beliefs that life is given by god, euthanasia or mercy
killing is also considered immoral since it entails taking away that has been given by
god, and that human being should not interfere with the natural process of death,
even if a person is extremely suffering from his/her.
ACTIVITY 2
Direction: write your opinions and justify your answer whether you agree or disagree
to these different issues. Do this in another sheet of paper.
ISSUES AGREE DISAGREE
FAMILY PLANNING
ABORTION
EUTHANASIA
HOMOSEXUALITY
CAPITAL
PUNISHMENT
Deepen
Good job
You are doing excellently, so far so good.
- Christianity is one of the first monotheistic religions in the world. It considers

God as the creator and maintainer of the universe omnipotent, omniscient,
omnipresent, and omnibenevolent.
56
- The Bible is considered the sacred scriptures of Christianity and is the basis of
the religion’s teachings.
- The goal of every individual is to have eternal life of the soul after death.
- For those who have become good Christian’s, the reward is eternal life in heaven;
for those who lived a life full of sins, the punishment is eternal damnation in
hell.
Symbols
The symbols shown above are the most common symbols associated with
Christianity. The cross serves as a symbol of Jesus Christ’s victory over sins when he
died on the cross for humanity’s redemption and salvation. Christ died on the cross
and the cross serve as a reminder of the sacrifices made by god in order for humanity
to live.
Meanwhile, the fish symbol is as old as Christianity itself, for it was used by
persecuted Christians as a secret sign when meeting other Christians. Because
Christians were threatened by the romans during the time, they had to make a secret
code to avoid persecution. Thus, when meeting strangers on the way, a Christian
would draw one arc of the fish outline, and if the stranger drew the other half it means
they are both Christians and therefore safe in each other’s company. The word fish
also has a secret meaning, for Christians made an acrostic from the Greek word for
fish, which is Ichtys Iseous Christos Theou Yios store, meaning Jesus Christ, son of
God, savior.
ACITVITY 3
DIRECTION: Answer the essay question clearly and briefly. 10 pts
1. What is the meaning of the cross of Jesus into your life? Give example that had
happened to your life.
57
Rubrics for essay
CRITERIA DESCRIPTION POINTS POINTS OBTAINED
CONTENT The content was well-thought 4
of guide question were
thoroughly answered
ORGANIZATION The paper was well-written 3
with ideas easily conveyed to
readers.
DEVELOPMENT Points are thoroughly 3
developed
Total=10
Gauge
ACTIVITY 4
Direction: modified true or false. Write the word TRUE is the statement is true.
Otherwise, write the word FALSE and change the underlined word to make the
statement correct.
1. ______________ Christianity is considered the world’s largest religion.
2. ______________ Followers of Christianity are called Catholics.
3. ______________ Martin Luther king formed a Christian sect named Protestantism
as a reaction to the abuses of the catholic church.
4. ______________ Christianity believes in the holy trinity but remains a
monotheistic religion.
5. _______________The Big Bang theory narrates the origin of the universe and
humanity according to the Bible.
58
59
ACTIVITY 5
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1. ___________ Season in preparation A. Messiah

For Easter
2. ___________Successor of Christ as head B. Trinity
of the church
3. ___________Split between roman Catholicism C. Peter
and Greek
4. _________Basic beliefs D. Ecumenism
5. ___________Coming of the holy spirit on the E. Pentecost
early Christians
6. ____________Savior F. Euthanasia
7. ___________Self-flagellation
8. ______________ Mercy killing G. Great
schism
9. _______________Mutual understanding among H. Penitensiya
all Christians
10.______________God the father, the son, and the I. lent
Holy spirit J. Creed
REFERENCE
Jayeel Serrano Cornelio, PhD.,Mark Joseph Tumada Calano, PhD, Manuel Victor Jamias
Sapitula PhD.,Introduction to World Religions and Belief System
Jerome A. Ong.,MaryInteresting, yourWorld
Dorothy dL. Jose, enormous participation
Religions is highly
and Belief System
recommendable. Good job.
Stay focused until the next topic.
KEY ANSWER
ACTIVITY 1
1. E
2. B
3. A
4. F
5. C
6. G
7. D
8. H
9. J
10. I
ACTIVITY 2
1. HALAKHA
2. SYNAGOGUES
3. TEMPLE
4. HOLOCAUST 60
5. SUKKOT
ACTIVITY 3
1. ABRAHAM
2. ISAAC
3. BITHIA
Module
6 ISLAM
Target
Islam is one of the fastest growing world religions today. This is the religion of
Muslim people and they believed that there is only one God to them that is
Allah.
In this chapter, at the end of the discussion the students should be able
to:
 Examine the brief history, core teachings, fundamental beliefs,
practices, and related issues of Islam.
Jumpstart
We open this discussion on Islam with a prayer from Jesuitresource.org
‫يم‬ ِ َ‫ش ْيط‬

ِ ‫ان ال َّر ِج‬ َّ ‫ٱل‬
61
Surah Al - Fatihah:1-7
In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful. Praise be to Allah,
the Lord of the entire Universe. The Most Gracious , the Most Merciful. The
Master of the Day of Recompense. You alone do we worship and You alone do
we ask for help. Guide us to the straight path, the path of those on whom You
have bestowed Your Grace, not the path of those who earned Your anger, nor
of those who went astray.
‫ار ُز ْقنِ ْي ِع ْل ًما تَ ْنفَ ُعنِ ْي بِ ِه‬

ْ ‫ َو‬,‫ َو َعلِّ ْمنِ ْي َما يَ ْمفَ ُعنِ ْي‬,‫اللَّ ُه َّم ا ْنفَ ْعنِ ْي ِب َما َعلَّ ْمتَنِ ْي‬
(Silsilah Saheeha 3151)
O Allah benefit me with what You have taught me, and teach me that which
will benefit me, and grant me knowledge which will benefit me.
‫اب ِع ْل ِم َك‬ َ ‫ت ا ْل َوه ِْم َوا ْفت َْح لِ ْي أَ ْب َو‬ ِ ‫اللَّ ُه َّم أَ ْك ِر ْمنِ ْي بِنُ ْو ِر ا ْلفَ ْه ِم َو َخ َّر َجنِ ْي ِمنْ ظُلُ َما‬
‫ اللَّ ُه َّم َوفِّ ْقنِ ْي فِ ْي ا ْل ُمطَالَ َع ِة بِ َح ِّل‬.‫ان َم ْع ِرفَتِكَ يَا أَ ْر َح َم ال َّرا ِح ِم ْي ِن‬ َ ‫َوا ْنش ُْر َعلَ َّي ُخ َّز‬
َ‫ت بِ َر ْح َمتِك‬ِ ‫ب أَ ِو ا ْل َو َح َدا‬ ِ ُ‫سائِ ِل ِم َن ا ْل ُكت‬ َ ‫ت ا ْل َم‬
ِ ‫ش ِكاَل‬ْ ‫َج ِم ْي ِع ا ْل ُم‬
‫يَا أَ ْر َح َم ال َّرا ِح ِم ْي ِن‬.
O Allah, honor me by the light of understanding and take me out from the
darknesses of doubt and open upon me the doors of your knowledge and open
upon me the treasure of Your recognition, O the best of the merciful ones. O
Allah gave me luck and success (Tawfeeq) to the study and solving all the
difficult problems through books or modules By Your mercy, O the best of the
merciful ones.
ٌ‫آ ِم ْين‬
Prepared by:
ABDULMUIN S. AHALUL
ALIVE Teacher
Islam
Discuss the following questions:

1.What is the prayer all about?
62
2.What does it asking for?
3.What value can we get from the prayer?
Discover
Brief History
Islam began with the Arabian desert people around early seventh century C.E.
These people had developed their own set of beliefs prior to the formal
establishment of Islam and had been influenced by other religions for a long
period of time, including Byzantine Christianity Judaism and Zoroastrianism.
Judea, the home of Christianity was not too far away from Arabia and the
great cities of Damascus,Antioch and Alexandria were neighbors to Mecca and
Medina. Byzantine rulers however antagonized Arab Christians that provided
an impetus for their acceptance of a new Arab religion that started with the
establishment of Islam. On the other hand, the Arabian people were also
familiar with Judaism. For one several desert tribes were Jewish in origin.
When the muslim forces entered medina in 622 C.E.many citizens of the city
were Jewish. Lastly the Muslims may have been in contact with the Persian
Zoroastrians though its influence may not as strongly compare to Christianity
and Judaism.
The Arabic word “Islam” means peace, submission and obedience.The religion
of Islam is the complete acceptance of the teachings and guidance of God as
revealed to his Prophet Muhammad.
SACRED SCRIPTURES
The Qur’an
-The Qur’an is believed as the last revealed word of God. It is the primary
source of every Muslim’s faith and practice. It deals with all the subjects
which concerns human beings: wisdom,doctrine,worship, transactions,laws
etc., but its basic theme is the relationship between God and His creatures. AT
the same time, it provides guidelines and detailed teachings for a just society,
proper human conduct and an equitable economic system. Muslims also
believe that the Qur’an was revealed to Prophet Muhammad in Arabic only.So
based on this belief any Quaranic translation either in English or any other
language is neither a Qur’an, nor a version of the Qur’an but rather it is only a
translation of the meaning of the Qur’an. It is their conviction that the Qur’an
exists only in the Arabic in which it was revealed.
The quar’an is the sacred text of Islam, believed to be the literal Word of
Allah. The Quar’an is read to babies, and toddlers who can already speak are
asked to memorize and recite Quar’anic verses.They learn to write by copying
63
verses of the Qur’an by hand.People who manage to memorize the book are
held in high regard by the communities. Since the Qur’an is written in Arabic
the language is respected by the Muslims. It consists of 114 chapters or
surahs, each composed of verses or ayahs.
The Qur’an is believed to be the last in a series of revelationsby Allah
himself, which includes the Hebrew revelations recorded in Torah and Jesus
teachings recorded in the Christian New Testament. These messages are held
in high esteem but Muslim believe that they have been corrupted by the
interpretations of men and women. According to the Qur’an God made
theMuslim into a particular community, the ummah, and a devout Muslim is
both loyal to Allah and the ummah.
DOCTRINES
The Five Pillars of Islamic Faith
-they are the five obligations that every Muslim must satisfy in order to live a
good and responsible life.
1.Shahadah (Creed) – “There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is his
messenger. “This creed summarizes the faith of Muslim. “It is the first
sentence whispered into the ears of a newborn infant;it is recited daily in
praye; and it is written in Arabic everywhere inside the domes of mosques and
over their doors”.
2.Salat (Prayer) – Muslim pray five times a day: before dawn, midday,
midafternoon, sunset, and nighttime.Before prayer there is an individual
cleansing ritual with water, washing the
hands, arms, face,neck and feet. Muslim prays facing Mecca. Friday is a day
of public prayer. On the other days, people may pray privately, at home or at
work, as well as in a mosque.
3.Zakat (Charity) – Muslim donates certain percentages of their wages to the
poor. In Islamic countries the government is involved in imposing taxes for
zakat. To benefit the poor and the needy. In addition to established yearly
donations,a good Muslim is expected to perform isolated acts of generosity and
charity for the poor when such act are called for in everyday life.
4.Sawm (Fasting on Ramadan) – Ramadan is a period of shared fasting
among Muslims. Ramadan is the ninth month in the Muslim calendar, which
commemorates Allah’s first revelations to Muhammad. During the month long
Ramadan people abstain from food, drinks, tobacco and sex from dawn until
dusk, except for travelers,pregnant women and the sick. The purpose of
fasting is to discipline oneself to develop symphaty for the poor and hungry
and to give to others what one would have eaten. Fasting is thought to be good
for individual spiritual growth.
5.Hajj (Pilgrimage to Mecca)

-Pilgrimage is a religious journey by a believer to a sacred city or site. All
Muslims (unless prevented by poverty or sickness) are expected to visit Mecca
at least once in their lifetime. (Molloy 2005,443) Hajj is already a practice
before Muhammad’s time.When he went back to Mecca after preaching in
64
Medina, he continued several practices of the pilgrimage, including veneration
of the black meteorite which is believed to be a special gift from Allahcarried to
earth by the angel Gabriel. (Molloy 2005, 443)
FOUNDER
Prophet Muhammad – he is the founder and chief prophet of Islam and the
source of the Qur’an. Muhammad whose name means “highly praised” was
born in Mecca in 570 A.D. His father died shortly before his birth and he lost
his mother at the age of six. Muhammad was then raised primarily by his
uncle, (Abu Talib) for whom he worked as a sheperd. At the age of nine he
joined his uncle on a caravan to Syria. As a young man Muhammad worked as
a camel driver between Syria and Arabia.
At age 25, Muhammad was employed by Khadija a wealthy Meccan widow 15
years his senior. The two were married, and by all accounts had a loving and
happy marriage. Although polygamy was a common practice at the time,
Muhammad took no other wife until his death 24 years later.
In his late 30’s Muhammad took a regularly visiting a cave in Mount Hira, on
the outskirts of Mecca, to seek solitude and contemplation.Khadija reported
that while in a trance like state the Angel Gabriel appeared to him and said
“Proclaim”but like Moses Muhammad was a reluctant prophet. He replied “I
am not a proclaimer”. The angel persisted and the prophet repeatedly resisted
until the angel finally overwhelmed Muhammad and commanded him.
DIFFERENT ISLAMIC SECTS

1.Sunni Muslims – Sunni means “tradition” and Sunnis regard themselves as
those who emphasize following the tradition of Muhammad and of the first two
generations of the community of Muslims that followed Muhammad.
2.Shi’ite Muslims – are the “party of Ali” who believe that Muhammad’s son-in-
law was his designated successor (Imam) and that the Muslim community
should be headed by a designated descendant of Muhammad.
3.Sufis or Islamic Mystics – Sufis go beyond external requirrements of Islamic
religion to seek a personal experience of God through forms of meditation and
spiritual growth.
4. Baha’is and Ahmadiyyas – are 19th century offshoots of Shi’ite and Sunni
respectively.
SELECTED ISSUES
Islam and Women
The role of women in Muslim societies is a complicated subject since
their rights vary greatly throughout Islamic nations. While they may
experience harsh restrictions in terms of legal rights and employment
opportunities, women rulers have emerged in the twentieth to lead Asian
countries such as Bangladesh, Pakistan and Turkey (Frager 2002)
Women in Islam must accept that their roles in society vary greatly
when compared to men. Foremost, they must remain obedient to their fathers
and husband. A surah in the Quran depicts a woman’s father or husband as
65
master and portrays the superiority of men on women. It is prohibited for any
woman to lead prayers. When a woman is having her usual menstrual period,
she must not enter any mosque. In some countries, Muslim women are
required to cover their face and bodies when in company with men other than
their immediate kin.
Meanwhile, with so many restrictions imposed by society upon Muslim
women, the Quran assures women right to own, dispose, and inherit
properties and earnings, to participate in political exercise, and to sue for
divorce. In other words, a complete, legal identity is guaranteed by the Quran
to Muslim women (Horrie and Chippindable 2003).
The Holy War (Jihad)
One controversial requirement placed upon Muslims by their faith
concerns holy war or jihad. A frequently mistranslated term, jihad means
“effort” or “struggle” to convince unbelievers to pursue the Muslim way of life
(Fletcher 2003). Strictly speaking, it could mean a Muslim going to war to wipe
out the infidels in the name of Allah (Hopfe 1983). However, the method of a
jihadist can be a peaceful one, such as living a pious life or observing the
required obligations to his faith, or through violent means, especially if the
infidels are obstinate (Fletcher 2003).
Militancy and Terrorism
Islam is a religion of mercy that prohibits terrorism. During
Muhammad’s time, he proscribed his soldiers to kill women and children, and
even listed murder as the second of the major sins (Ibrahim 1997).
Punishment through the use of fire was also forbidden by Muhammad.
Since Islam is a religion of peace and mercy, terrorism in all its forms
are abhorred by Muslims. Destruction of human lives, buildings,
infrastructures, shrines, and other properties are despicable in the light of
various Islamic texts (Ibrahim 1997). Muslims who promote terrorism and
mass slaughter of innocent and helpless civilians do not embody Islamic
ideals. Their blatant disregard of Quranic teachings distorts that very essence
of Islam as a peaceful religion.
Explore
Name: ____________________________________ Date _______________________

Strand and Section _________________________Score ______________________
Activity 1:
Provide the needed information about the life of Prophet Muhammad on the
space provided before each item below:
______________________ Meaning of the name “Muhammad”
66
______________________ Place of Birth
______________________ Year of Birth
______________________ His uncle whom he worked as a shepherd
______________________ His wife
______________________ The angel who appeared to him
______________________ The term applied to his escape from Mecca to Medina
__________________ ___ The old name of Medina
______________________ Muhammad’s close friend who joined him in his escape
______________________ Muhammad’s year of death
Name ______________________________ Date____________________________

Strand and Section __________________ Score___________________________
Activity 2.
Direction: Answer the question and look for the correct word inside the box
below. And write your answer on the blank provided for.
Muslim Islam Allah Qur’an Mosque Salat

Shahadah Zakat Ramadan Hijab
1.The Islamic practice of pilgrimage to Mecca. __________________________

2.This refers to the Muslim church or place for worship
_______________________
3.This refers to the person who submits himself and herself to Allah
______________
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4.The second most widespread religion in the world
___________________________
5.The Arabic for God ___________________________________________________
6.The sacred text of Islam ________________________________________________
7.The Muslim creed ____________________________________________________
8.The Muslim prayer ___________________________________________________
9.The Muslim Charity ___________________________________________________
10. The head cover of Muslim woman ______________________________________
Deepen
Activity 1:
Muslims are very devoted to the Qur’an and to their belief and practices.
As a Christian, how are you going to correlate with the practices and
beliefs of Islam people to your own religion. Cite examples and you may draw or
illustrate it then give a little description of it.
68
Gauge
Name ______________________________ Date____________________________

Strand and Section __________________ Score___________________________
Activity 1.
Direction: Multiple Choice: Choose the best answer. Encircle the letter of your
correct answer.
1.This creed summarizes the faith of Muslim

a.Shahadah b.Salat
c.Sawn d.Zakat
2.The sacred text of Islam

a.Bible b.Talith
c.Torah d.Qur’an
3.The Muslim charity

a.Salat b.Shahada
c.Sawm d.Zakat
4.This refers to the person who submits himself

a.Monk b.Muslim
c.priest d.Sharia
5.The Islamic practice of pilgrimage to Mecca

a.Hajj b.Hijra
c.mihrab d.Ramadan
B. Direction: Answer the question what is asked for:
1. Name the Five Pillars of Islam

__________________________ ______________________________
__________________________ ______________________________
__________________________
2. Name at least five restrictions of women in Islam
__________________________ _____________________________
__________________________ _____________________________
__________________________
.
69
Module
7 HINDUISM
Target
In this part of the lesson we are going to know more about
the religion Hinduism. We know that all nations have varied religion.
This module you are expected to:
 Analyze the brief history, core teachings, fundamental beliefs,
practices and related issues of Hinduism.
Jumpstart
Before you proceed let us see if you have some idea about this
religion. May I asked you to answer this activity.
Activity 1:
Direction: Below is a concept map about Hinduism. In the circles
attached to the main circle are the things that we want to know about
this religion. In your own idea list at least three things that are
incorporated in the small circles.
Hinduism
Beliefs
Worship and
_______________ Observance
Sacred Scriptures
_______________ _________________
_______________ ________________ _________________
________________ _________________
________________
Activity 2:
Direction : The pictures below are all related to Hinduism as a religion. Write
what is all about the pictures in one word as presented.
70
1.
3. 2. 3
4.
Discover
BRIEF OVERVIEW
Hinduism is the world’s third largest religion. The religion of the majority
of people in India and Nepal.The oldest living religion in the world and it is
closely associated with other Indian religions, such as Jainism, Buddism and
Sikhism. No single founder,no single scripture,and no commonly agreed set of
teachings.
The term Hindu originated from the Persian word Hindu which means
71
“RIVER”. It also refers to the people of the Indus Valley – the Indians. The
name Hinduism was given in the nineteenth century to describe the wide array
of belief systems in India. Originally known as “ARYA DHARMA”or the “ARYAN
WAY”.
As early as 3000 B.C.E. there were already thriving civilizations in India,

such as those discovered in the ancient Punjab city of Harappa and in
Mohenjo- Daro along the Indus. The foundations of Hinduism may have
originated from the customs of the early people of the Indus valley around
2500 BCE to 1500 BCE.
In the 1920’s archaeological excavations in the two pre-Aryan cities of

Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro revealed that the natives already had a flourishing
civilization with their agricultural cities characterized by well-planned streets
with drainage system. Pre-Aryan belief can be seen from the numerous statues
and amulets recovered by archeologists.
Between 1750 BCE and 1200 BCE Aryan conquerors moved to the Indus
valley and brought with them their own sets of beliefs that eventually mingled
with the religion of the natives. Based on oral texts known as Vedas. This
Vedic literature was chiefly composed when the Aryans had already settled in
India.
Hinduism is a religion of the Dharma, which is the timeless order of all

life. Dharma according to Hindu belief and practice is what holds the universe
together, and means “duty”, “correct practice”, and “truth”. Hindus consider
the Dharma to be so central that they consider it a privilege to be able to
uphold its teachings and apply them in their everyday life. The emphasize on
the Dharma makes Hinduism more a religion of action rather than a religion of
belief.
SACRED SCRIPTURES
Sacred writings of the Hindus are categorized into two:
1. SHRUTI – means that “Which is Heard”. The four collections of texts of

the vedas form the Shruti, considered primary sources and the most
authoritative text of the Hindu faith.
2. SHMRITI – means that “Which has been remembered”. The great epics
Ramayana and Mahabharata which contains the philosophical poem
Bhagavad Gita are part of Shmriti. These are the national epics of India
considered to be sacred texts of the masses.
HINDU SCRIPTURES
1.THE VEDAS
Means “Knowledge” or “Sacred Lore”. These are the most ancient

religious texts which define truth for Hindus. They believe that the texts were
received by scholars direct from God and passed on to the next generations by
word of mouth
Content of the Vedas
 The Samhitas are the most ancient parts of the Vedas, consisting of
72
hymns or praise to God.
 The Brahmanas are rituals and prayers to guide the priests in their
duties.
 The Aranyakas contain worship and meditation.
 The Upanishads consists of the mystical and philosophical teachings of
Hinduism.
The Samhitas
 The Rig-Veda Samhita – is the oldest of the four Vedas and consists of
1028 hymns praising the ancient Gods. And dedicated to the Aryan
pantheon of Gods.
 Yajur- Veda Samhita – is used as a handbook by priest performing the
Vedic scriptures. “Knowledge of Rites” Compilation of materials recited
during rituals and sacrifices to deities.
 Sama-Veda Samhita – consists of hymns and tunes for singing at the
sacrifices. “Knowledge of Chants”. Collection of verses from the basic
hymns recited by priest during sacrifices.
 Athava – Veda Samhita – “Knowledge given by the Sage Atharva”
contains rituals used in homes and popular prayers to Gods. Contains
numerous spells and incantations for medicinal purposes and magical
aids to victory in battle.
2.THE UPANISHADS
Literally translates as “sitting down near” or “sitting close to it”. These

texts developed from the Vedic tradition but largely reshaped Hinduism by
providing believers with philosophical knowledge.
3.THE BHAGAVAD – GITA AND MAHABHARATA
Bhagavad Gita- which is translated as the “Lord’s Song”. Considered as

one of the Holiest books by the Hindus. The Gita instructs any person that one
may reach God through devotion, knowledge, or selfless action.
BELIEFS AND DOCTRINES
 Concept of Dharma – means “duty” “virtue” “morality” and it refers to the

power which upholds the universe or society. Dharma is the power that
maintains society, makes the grass grow, the sun to shine, and makes
people moral or gives human the opportunity to act vigorously.
 Concept of Karma – is a Sanskrit word means “action”. It refers to the

law that every action has an equal reaction either immediately or at
some point in the future. Good or virtual action will have good reactions
or responses, while bad actions will bring negative effects.
 Concept of Moksha – is the ultimate goal of Hindu believers. This is the
goal of liberation or freedom from the cycle of action and reaction and
from rebirth. The attainment of Moksha for a Hindu is for the Atman to
be completely detached from the material world and identify itself with
the Supreme Spirit (Brahman). This state of liberation, Hinduism
explains, can be attained by going through the process of the Four
Yogas. Yoga means the realization in direct experience of the pre-existing
union between the individual consciousness and the universal
consciousness.
 The Four Yogas:
1.Jnana Yoga – is the path of knowledge, wisdom, introspection and
73
contemplation. It involves deep exploration of the nature of our being by
systematically exploring and setting aside false identities.
2.Bhakti Yoga – is the path of devotion, emotion, love, compassion and
service to God and others.
3. Karma Yoga – is the path of action, service to others, mindfulness and
remembering the levels of our being while fulfilling our actions or karma
in the world.
4. Raja Yoga – is the comprehensive method that emphasizes meditation
while encompassing the whole of yoga. It directly deals with the
encountering and transcending thoughts of the mind.
 Concept of Atman – means “eternal self”. This refers to the real self
beyond ego or false self. It is often referred to as “spirit” or “soul” and
indicates the true self or essence which underlies man’s existence.
MAJOR HINDU DEITIES
 BRAHMAN
- Is Hinduism’s concept of a Supreme God. It is a Sanskrit word which
refers to a transcendent power beyond the universe. Most Hindus
agree that Brahman pervades everything although they do not
worship Him.
 BRAHMA
- Is the first god in the Hindu Triumvirate called “Trimurti” or “tune
god”. The trimurti consists of three gods who are responsible for the
creation, upkeep and destruction of the world.
 VISHNU
- Is the second god in the Hindu triumvirate or trimurti. Is the
preserver and the protector of the universe. His role is to return to the
earth in troubled times and restore the balance of good and evil.
 SHIVA
- Is the third god in the Hindu triumvirate. Shiva’s role is to destroy the
universe in order to re-create it. Hindus believe that his powers of
destruction and re-creation are used even now to destroy the illusion
and imperfections of this world paving the way for beneficial change.
According to Hindu belief this destruction is not arbitrary but
constructive.
 LAKSHMI
- Is the consort of the god Vishnu. She is one of the most popular
goddesses of Hindu mythology and is known as the goddess of wealth
and purity. Commonly portrayed as a beautiful woman with four
arms, standing on a lotus flower.
74
75
ISSUES AND CONCERN
The Caste System

-Formed one of the important foundations in organizing Indian society. Its
original intention was to reflect an individual’s talent and skill and his/her
contribution to society. The Caste system became an instrument of
stratification, that is, the separation and subordination among different types
of people. This is taken seriously by most Indians that they will not consider
marriage with someone from the lower caste because of their low status in
society and perceived ritual impurity.
Four Classes:
1.Brahmans or Brahmins – the intellectuals and the priestly class who perform
religious rituals. The highest hierarchy and are perceived to be the purest
among all castes.
2. Kshatriya – is the class of nobles or warriors who traditionally had power.

Consist of political rulers and warriors, those who administer justice and
defend the territory against invaders.
3. Vaishyas – are the ordinary commoners and merchants who trade and
produce commodities tend the farms and earn a living. Makes up the economic
specialists and merchants. They are responsible for producing food and other
goods and exchanging them in markets for everyone’s benefit.
4.Shudras – are the workers who traditionally served the higher classes,
including laborers, artists, musicians and clerks. Consists of manual laborers.
They are considered impure because of the nature of their job. In due course
they became known as “the Untouchables” because of their association with
impure or dirty stuff.
Explore
Name:________________________________Date:___________________________
Strand and Section __________________ Score : _________________________
76
Activity 1:
Direction: Arrange the letters to form the correct word/s using the sentence
clue , write your answers in the space provided for:
1. The third God in the Hindu triumvirate.

V S H A I answer : ______________
2. The class of nobles and warriors
A A S K H T Y R I answer : _______________________
3. One of the Hindu Scriptures which means “Knowledge”
D V E A S answer : ________________
4. The oldest of the four Vedas
T E H G I R D E S A V
5. The intelectual and the highest in the heirarchy of the Caste System
M S I N B H R A answer : ____________________
Name:__________________________________ Date :___________________________

Strand and Section ____________________ Score : ___________________________
Activity 2:
Direction : Find words at least five (5) that are related to Hinduism religion.
You may find it diagonally, straight and vertical. Write the word in the lower
portion.
Y P R E C Y A L B N C
O A I L O R D Y H J S
G M C P F K F W A U J
A R H Q V L G E K N U
C A S T E S Y S T E M
H H T E D R H T I L E
E D Y S A E O I U K T
S M A R S D E R T Y H
_____________________________ _______________________________________
_____________________________ _______________________________________
_____________________________
DEEPEN :
With what have you learned in this religion, draw yourself in a long coupon
bond, how are you going to practice your own religion correlating to Hinduism.
Materials Needed:
1.coupon bond
2.pencil
77
Rubrics:
Content -25%
Relevance to the theme -15
Neatness -10
_______
50%
Gauge
Name:__________________________________ Date :___________________________

Strand and Section_____________________Score : ___________________________
Let’s us see if you learned ………
by
Unknown
Activity 1:
Author is
licensed
under
Direction: Fill in the blanks with the correct answer. Write your answer in the
space provided for.
78
1. _________________ considered as the oldest and most complex of all World
Religion.
2. Hinduism was originally known as _________________ or the “Aryan way”.
3. The term Hindu was originated from the Persian word which means
______________.
4. Pre-Aryan belief can be seen from the numerous _____________ and

_____________ recovered by Archeologists.
5. Between 1750 BCE and 120 BCE Aryan conquerors moved to the
________________.
6-7. The civilization of India was already seen in ______________________

and _________________.
8 -9. Hindu followers vary in their ______________________and

__________________.
10. Hinduism is the religion of the majority of people in __________ and

____________.
Name: ________________________________ Date _____________________________

Strand and Section_____________________Score ____________________________
Activity 2
You can do it……. Assessment Task
Direction: In a sentence, explain each term or words. In two to three sentences

only.
1.VEDAS
_____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
2.BHAKTI-YOGA
_____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
3.SHURTI
_____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
4.BRAHMAN
_____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
5.UPANISHAD
_____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
6.YAJUR-VEGA
_____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
79
7.SHMIRITI
_____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
8.CASTESYSTEM
_____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
9.BHAGAVAD-GITA
_____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
10. CONCEPT OF KARMA

_____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Name _________________________________ Date ________________________

Strand and Section ____________________ Score________________________
Activity 3
Direction: Circle the correct answer.
1.Used as a handbook by priest performing the Vedic scriptures.

a.Rig-Veda Samhita b.Yajur-Veda Samhita c.Sama-Veda Samhita
d.Athava- Veda Samhita
2.Which does not belong to the group?
a. Vishnu b.Brahma c.Shiva d.Upanishads
3.The yoga that is the path of knowledge, wisdom,introspection and
contemplation.
a.Jnana Yoga b.Bhakti Yoga c.Karma Yoga d.Raja Yoga
4.The third major Hindu Dieties
a.Lakshmi b.Brahma c.Shiva d.Vishnu
5.This is the ultimate goal of Hindu believers. The goal of liberation or freedom
from the cycle of action and reaction and from rebirth. a.Concept of Atman
b.Concept of Karma d.Concept of Moksha
6.One of the four class of the caste system are the workers who traditionally
served the higher classes including laborers,artists,musicians and clerks.
a.Shudras b.Vaishyas c.Brahmins d.Kshatriya
7.The realization in direct experience of the pre-existing union between the
individual consciousness and the universal consciousness.
a. Yoga b.Jnana Yoga c.Bhakti Yoga d.Raja Yoga
8.Hinduism’s concept of a Supreme God. a.Brahmin b.Brahman
c.Vishu d.Shiva
80
9.A type of yoga that encourages a worshipper to offer love and devotion to a
god/goddess. a.Atharva Yoga b.Bhakti Yoga c. Karma Yoga d.Jnana
Yoga
10.” Bhagavad Gita” means a.Song of the enlighthened one b.Song of Joy
c.Song of thanksgiving d.Song of the Lord
Module
9 THERAVADA BUDDHISM
Target
Buddhism is considered one of the most practical among the world’s

great religions as it revolves more on the development of human spirituality
and quest towards the determination of the true essence of human life without
relying on supernatural forces. It has two main divisions namely Mahayana
Buddhism and Theravada Buddhism. In this module we will be focusing more
on Theravada.
The name Theravada Buddhism means, “The doctrine of the elders”,
where elders being its senior monks. It is said to be much older and more
conservative than Mahayana Buddhism as most Theravada Buddhists claims
that it adapts the exact teaching of Siddharta Gautama (The Buddha). Based
from the data taken from BBC, as of 2002, Theravada Buddhism is practiced
the most in countries such as Sri Lanka, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, and
Myanmar.
This unit will give you a brief background about Theravada Buddhism.
This includes its symbol containing explanations, basic facts, life of its founder,
and a short discussion about its doctrines namely, the four-noble truth, the
eight-fold path, and the middle way, thus, giving you the idea about the
fundamental nature of its teachings.
Upon accomplishment of this module, you are expected to perform the
following competency:
1. Analyze the brief history, core teachings, fundamental beliefs, practices,
and related issues of Theravada Buddhism.
Before we proceed, you need to accomplish first the Jumpstart activity in the
next page for me to be able to know your prior knowledge about this topic.
81
Jumpstart
In a separate sheet of paper, answer the following questions:

1. What comes into your mind whenever you hear the word “Buddha”?
2. What are the practices of Theravada Buddhism you can recall?
Discover
Source: www.wikipedia.org
Figure 1. Dharma Wheel

Figure 1 shows the dharma wheel which represents the Buddhist’s
dharma, the teaching of Siddharta Gautama about the path towards nirvana
which is describe as the place free from external reality of pain and suffering.
Basic facts:
Founder Siddharta Gautama- The Buddha (563-483 b.c.)
Sacred text Tripitaka
Doctrines Four noble truths, eight-fold path, law of dependent
origination and impermanence of things.
God Non-theistic
Sacred space Temple
Issues Territorial conflicts in mainland southeast asia
The Life of Buddha:

There is a conflicting opinion as to the dates of Siddharta Gautama’s life.
Historians have dated his birth and death as circa (c.) 566-486 B.C.E but in
more recent studies, it is suggested that he might had existed later than this,
from around 490 B.C.E until 410 B.C.E.
He was born from a royal family in the village of Lumbini which is
commonly known at the present as Nepal. Due to his privileged life, he was
never been exposed to the sufferings of life such as sickness, old age, and
death.
After growing up and decided to marry and have his own child, he left his
royal enclosure. This made him exposed to the aforementioned sufferings when
he saw for the first time an old man, a sick man, and a corpse.
This caused him great disturbance which made him realize that
sickness, age, and death are the inevitable fate of human beings. No one has
the capacity to avoid it.
82
He also witnessed monks who portray serenity in life despite living in
poverty. This influenced him to leave his privileged life and live as homeless
holy man.
As he continued his journey being in such kind of life, he became more
exposed to sufferings other than those that he observed earlier. This leads him
to seek for a way to escape the inevitability of these sufferings by studying with
religious men. However, it never gave him an answer.
At an instance, while he was in his journey, Siddharta encountered an
Indian ascetic who encouraged him to follow a life of extreme self-denial and
discipline. He also tried to practice meditation but ended up concluding that
even the highest states of meditation were not enough.
Siddharta also practiced the life of extreme self-denial and discipline four
six years which the above-mentioned Indian had encouraged him yet, he had
not escaped the world of suffering.
He abandoned life of extreme self-denial and discipline but never
returned to his former privileged life. Instead, he chose to pursue the middle
way, a life that is neither in luxury nor in poverty. Until one day, he was deeply
absorbed in meditation at an area beside a Bodhi tree known to Buddhists as
“the tree of awakening”. In this state, as he continues to penetrate to the truth
of all his life experiences, he achieved enlightenment and became “The
Buddha”.
Source: www.123rf.com
Figure 2: The Buddha in the Bodhi Tree
Figure 2 shows the Buddha sitting at the Bodhi tree while being deeply
absorbed in meditation.
Explore
1. Based from the account that you have read, how would you consider
Siddharta Gautama, a religious leader or a teacher? Why?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
2. If you will be given a chance to choose among privileged life, a life of extreme
denial, and middle way. What will you choose? Explain your
83
answer._____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Rubrics for scoring:
Question Number Poor 1 point Fair 3 points Good 5 points
1 The answer The answer has The answer is
shows no supporting consistently
connection with explanation but justified by
the life story of inconsistent as explanations
Buddha or is it did not make taken from The
not supported any connection Buddha’s life
by justifying between the life relating it to the
explanation. of Siddharta nature of either
and the a religious
character of his leader or a
chosen answer. teacher
depending on
the student’s
choice.
2 The answer The answer is The chosen
shows no supported by answer is
connection with explanation but satisfactorily
the question or did not show supported by
does not contain any connection explanation
justifying with the which is
explanation. student’s inspired by the
personal student’s
experience. personal
experience.
Discover
The Four Noble Truths:

Below are the discussions about the four noble truths. The essence of
Buddhist teaching revolves in these four principles and it is said that such
came to Buddha’s understanding as the basic principles of human existence
during his meditation at the Bodhi tree.
1. Dukkha or “the truth of suffering”- suffering manifest in various forms.
However, it corresponds to the first three sufferings Siddharta was first
exposed with during his journey going out of his privileged life: old age,
sickness, and death. Nevertheless, according to him, the problem of suffering
goes much deeper. Human beings are trapped in the unending desires and
cravings. Though they are sometimes satisfied, this satisfaction is just
temporary leading them to crave and desire for something more. What is being
emphasized here is that, human beings are cursed from the feeling of non-
contentment or non-satisfaction and this describes the truth of what suffering
is.
2. Samudaya or “the truth of the origin of suffering”-in Buddha’s teaching,
it is being emphasized that the root of all sufferings is the desire or “Tanha”.
84
These come in three forms which he described as the “three roots of evil” or the
“three fires” which are as follows:
a. Greed and desire- represented in art by a rooster
b. Ignorance and delusion- represented by a pig
c. Hatred and destructive urge- represented by a snake
Source: www.peacockseye.com
Figure 3: The Samudaya
Figure 3 displays the art which serves as a guide in Samudaya.
The images of three animals specifically, rooster, pig, and snake have their
own representation mentioned above.
3. Nirodha or “the truth of the cessation suffering”- according to Buddha’s
teaching, in order to free oneself from desire which deemed the ultimate cause
of suffering, he needs to free himself from the attachment. Attachment means,
since desire is innately attached to human beings, one should try his best to
detach himself from it. The possibility of this was already being proven by the
Buddha.
4. Magga or “the truth of the path of cessation of suffering”- it is believed
that humans are trapped in a conditioned response that impede them from
exploring their true nature. This path is a help to move beyond this
conditioned response and unveil a person’s true nature. In general sense, this
path emphasizes more about unlearning rather than learning.
Explore
Do you have cravings and desires? What are those? How can this lead you to
human sufferings?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
85
Rubric for scoring:
1 The answer The explanation The answer
shows no unsatisfactorily organized and
connection with supported the well elaborated
the question or answer and as to how it can
does not contain needs clearer lead human
justifying elaboration. suffering.
explanation.
Discover
The Eight-fold Path

The eight-fold path is the fourth of the four-noble truths in Buddhas’s
teachings. All other teachings flow from this foundation. This discussion is
based on the Buddhanet’s basic Buddhism guide (www.buddhanet.net)
adapted from Villamor S. Quebral’s book, Pathways of Devotion.
1. Samma-ditthi (complete or perfect vision)- also translated as “right view” or
understanding, vision of the nature of reality and the path of transformation.
2. Samma-sankappa (perfected emotion or aspiration)- it is also translated as
“right intention”. It is the act of setting free one’s emotional intelligence in life
and choosing to act based from love and compassion.
3. Samma-vaca (perfected or whole speech)- also translated as “right speech”-
clear, truthful, uplifting, and non-harmful communication.
4. Samma-kammanta (integral action)- also translated as “right right action”,
an ethical foundation for life based on the principle of oneself and others.
5. Samma-ajiva (proper livelihood)- also called (right livelihood). What is being
emphasized here is that, a livelihood manifesting correct action is the basis of
an ideal society.
6. Samma-vayama (complete or full effort, energy and vitality)- commonly
translated as the right effort or diligence. This means consciously directing
one-life energy to the transformative path of creative healing actions that
fosters wholeness.
7. Samma-sati (complete or through awareness)- sometimes referred as the
right mindfulness. This means if you hold yourself, then you must also watch
yourself well.
8. Samma-samadhi (full, integral, or holistic samadhi)- this is often translated
as the “right concentration”, meditation absorption, or one-pointedness. This
could mean, being focused which means that the mind is fixed on a single
object at a given time.
The Middle Way
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Based from the account that you have read earlier about the life of
Siddharta Gautama it was being emphasized that he was able to attain
Nirvana or the state/place described as the final beatitude that transcends
sufferings and pain by the preference of the middle way. Middle way is a life
neutral from too much luxury and poverty, a life in moderation in both of
these aspects. This is what he had chosen when he abandoned the strict
lifestyle of asceticism but did not return to his earlier life pampered with
luxury.
This is the basic teaching of Buddhism, to live as this principle sound
like, a life that is neither in extreme luxury nor in extreme poverty.
The Key Concepts of Buddhism
In order to understand Buddhism better, it is important to be familiar of
the following concepts originated from Sidharta’s teachings.
1. The concept of nirvana- this is considered by both Buddhism and
Hinduism as a place or state of enlightenment where person’s external reality
of suffering and pain are extinguished. A state of spiritual gayety and joy that
is free from fear and negative emotion. Buddhism also believes that the
attainment of such enlightenment is intertwined with the manifestation of
extreme compassion to all living things.
2. The concept of morality- based from Buddha’s teachings, one’s nature in
the future is molded by his actions. This means that who you are is just a
reflection of the actions that you’ve made. What is being emphasized here is
that, both a person’s negative and positive trait can be magnified and if you
want your positive nature to prevail in the future then you must always take it
as basis in all your actions.
3. Concept of karma- this concept is also being practiced by several eastern
religions although having different meanings. The concept of Charma believes
that man’s actions always have an effect to him in the future. This could be
either positive or negative depending on the nature of such actions he made.
4. The concept of tragedy and existence- from a Buddhist perspective,
existence is described as endless and is subjected to impermanence, suffering,
and uncertainty. These three are called “tilakhana” which means “The three
signs of existence”.
 They believe that existence is endless. Individuals are reincarnated

continuously and will experience the same suffering over and over again.
 They believe that the same is impermanent. Though they believe that
sufferings accompany one’s existence, neither the state of good and bad
stays with him forever. They also believe that a person’s mistaken belief
that things can last, is the main cause of suffering.
 Buddhist claim that the existence is uncertain. Villamor S. Quebral
asserted from his book entitled, Pathways to Devotion that, “When
people examine their experience, no knower can be defined and no
enduring essence of experience can be located.”.
 The attainment of Nirvana is the only way for a person to free himself
from the cycle of life, death, and rebirth.
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5. The concept of the origin of the universe- Buddhism is non-theistic religion.
This means, it does not believe or assert the existences of god/gods. Thus, it
emphasizes that the past has something to do with the present and at the
same time; the present has something to do with the future. Man’s actions
contribute to who he will become in the future. If Indian religions believe in the
cyclical nature of space and time where the universe can be created,
destroyed, and rebuild again in accordance with the plan of supreme gods,
Buddhism on the other hand believes that this happens even without the
intervention of god/gods.
Remember
Among the world’s great religions, Buddhism is considered as one of the

oldest. It is a result of Siddharta Gautama’s quest of finding the answer of how
he can escape the inevitable suffering of death, aging, and sickness. This leads
him to the attainment of enlightenment which also brought him towards
nirvana, a state believed as free from suffering and pain. It is being perceived
that he existed about 6th century B.C.
Buddhism’s teachings and religious practices revolves from the history
and teachings of the Buddha who is being acknowledged as its founder. It is a
common belief in this religion that the only thing that is permanent is
impermanence. Nothing is fixed and remains while changes are always
possible. It does not agree with the existence of god/gods. Instead, they believe
that the universe can be created, destroyed, and restored again even without
the intervention of god/gods.
Their practices and behaviors revolve on being in accordance with the
eight-fold path and living in a life called “middle way” which they believe will
lead them to the attainment of enlightenment and nirvana. They also believe
that such enlightenment and nirvana can be attained through the development
of their sense morality.
Gauge:
Read and follow the instructions careful before answering.

I. Enumerate the four noble truths (5pts)
1.
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2.
3.
4.
5.
II. True or false- write true if the statement is correct, otherwise, write false.
1. Theravada Buddhism’s symbol is the Chinese character of water which also
represents the Buddhist dharma.
2. The Buddha achieved enlightenment by choosing to live in extreme poverty.
3. Buddhism supports the existence of god/gods.
4. Nirvana is a state free from fear and sufferings.
5. Nirvana explains that a person’s past, present and future affects one another
either positively or negatively depending on the nature of its nature.
6. Buddhism believes that contentment often leads to human suffering due to
being stagnant from improvement.
7. Poverty is one of the three sufferings Siddharta had been exposed to when
he left his privileged life.
8. Buddhism is a monotheistic religion in nature.
9. Buddhism denies the possibility that the universe can be created, destroyed,
and recreated again even without intervention from god.
10. Buddhism does not support reincarnation.
Deepen:
1. How would you compare Buddhist’s concept on the origin of the

universe with the story of creation written in the bible? Do you see any
similarities and differences? Explain your answer
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
2. “Too much of everything is not good.”-Anonymous.
Do you agree with the quote above? Are there any circumstances in your life
where you had too much desire of something but realized that having too much
of it may harm you? Explain your answer.
______________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
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Rubric for scoring:
Question Poor 1 point Fair 3 points Good 5 points
Number
1 The answer has no The answer has The answer is
connection with the supporting clearly elaborated
question, or does explanation but showing students
not contain needs more awareness on the
justification. elaboration or it concept of origin of
contains ideas the universe in the
that seem views of both
incorrect on the Christianity and
part of either Buddhism.
Christianity or
Buddhism
2 The answer shows The answer is The chosen answer
no connection with supported by is satisfactorily
the question or does explanation but supported by
not contain did not show explanation which
justifying any connection is inspired by the
explanation. with the student’s personal
student’s experience. The
personal student made use
experience and of an effective
still in need of a conveying of ideas
clearer to emphasize how
elaboration. such can such can
cause him harm.
Module
10 MAHAYANA BUDDHISM
Target
Along with Theravada Buddhism which we have discussed earlier,

Mahayana Buddhism is one of the major branches of Buddhism. It is said that
it emerged as a product of movement in the history of Buddhism due to
monastic rule and doctrinal disparity. Mahayana Buddhism originated from
northern India and is made up of many schools and has diverse interpretations
of fundamental human belief. At the present, Mahayana Buddhists is
widespread in countries such as China, Mongolia, Korea, Japan, and Tibet.
Though it recognizes and practices the teachings of Siddharta Gautama, their
approach towards the attainment of Liberation and Nirvana is different from
Theravada Buddhism as it aims to extend its religious authority to a greater
number of people.
In this module, we shall be focusing more on the nature Mahayana
Buddhism’s, their quest towards enlightenment, definition of moral discipline,
cultivation of virtue, altruistic conduct, its history, and issues that have
90
something to do about it. Upon completion of this module, I am expecting you
to be able to perform the following competency:
1. Analyze the brief history, core teachings, fundamental beliefs,
practices, and related issues of Mahayana Buddhism
Discover
Symbol:
Source: https://in.pinterest.com/cottonstedman/mahayana/
Figure 3: Symbol of Mahayana Buddhism

As shown in figure 3, Mahayana Buddhism’s symbol is the iconic figure
of Buddha inside a lotus flower. The lotus flower symbolizes purity of the body,
speech, and mind. It is commonly known to its floating characteristics, in
Mahayana, the capacity of it to float means the prevalence of the body’s purity,
speech, and mind despite the muddy waters of attachment and desire.
Basic Facts:
Founder Siddharta gautama (563-483 b.c.)
Sacred text Sutras
Doctrines Four noble truth, eight-fold path, the six
perfection to become a bodhisattva
God Non-theistic
Sacred space Temple
Universality and growth Zen Buddhism
of of sects
Issues Tibet invasion, engagement to activism
The Mahayana Buddhism’s Sacred Text (Sutras):

Though Mahayana branch of Buddhism also accepts the Tripitika that
was mentioned earlier as the sacred text of Theravada Buddhism, due to the
susceptibility of it (Mahayana) to change, subsequent innovations happened to
its canon. Some of these innovations are partly similar to the contents of
Theravada canon, nevertheless they have teachings referred as “sutras” which
is not present in the school of Theravada. Mahayana believes that the reason
why these sutras are unique is because they have recovered the original
teachings of Buddha.
The Six Perfections of Mahayana Buddhism:
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The Paramitas or the six perfections serve as guide for the practice of
Mahayana Buddhism. They serve as guide in the strengthening and cultivation
of virtues relevant to the attainment of enlightenment.
1. Dana paramita: perfection of generosity- it is commonly perceived that
generosity serves an entry way to dharma. In Mahayana Buddhism, Dana
Paramita means the sincerity of one to extend his generosity to benefit others
without expecting anything in return such as rewards or recognition. For
example, if one extends generosity for the purpose of earning respect from
them does not represent pure Dana Paramita.
2. Sila paramita: perfection of morality- Buddhist morality emanates from
one’s attainment of his own balance. The role of its teaching is to guide them in
their own quest towards the attainment of such balance. This means that they
have to train themselves to find the said self-balance to be able to be
enlightened and respond correctly in all various situations without having to
rely or consult in a list of rules.
3. Ksanti paramita: perfection of patience- the word ksanti means one’s
capacity to withstand any challenges against his patience. This includes the
endurance to hardship, patience to others, and acceptance of truth. In general
sense, Buddhists believe that ksanti is a manifestation of one’s patience,
tolerance, endurance, and composure.
4. Virya paramita: perfection of energy- the word virya comes from an Indian-
Iranian word which means “hero”. This means that in Buddhist teaching, this
word is all about the exhaustion of heroic effort in order for one to attain
enlightenment. In the practice of this, Buddhists must first engage in spiritual
training to develop his own courage. This courage will later on help him in
doing fearless efforts of dedicating himself for the benefit of others.
5. Dyana paramita: perfection of meditation- the dyana is similar to the word
meditation. They both pertain to the discipline of cultivating the mind through
great concentration. In addition, dyana is said to be the foundation of wisdom
which is the next perfection.
6. Prajna paramita: perfection of wisdom- in Buddhists teaching, the word
wisdom pertains to one’s realization that all phenomena are without self-
essence. This means that everything should be for the benefit of everyone not
for the benefit of himself only. For an action done by a person just to benefit
only himself, denies the true essence of wisdom.
The moral discipline, cultivation of virtue, and altruistic conduct:
These three which follows are considered as important concepts of
Mahayana Buddhism.
1. Moral discipline- moral discipline is the perfection which aims to mentally
enables bodhisattvas to block non-virtuous actions and acts that manifest
viciousnes and immoral desires. (bodhisattvas is the state of being enlightened
which is perceived by buddhis t as the ideal life to live)
In order to perfect buddhist’s moral discipline, he must train to capacitate
himself with thoughts and feelings that prevent him from acting on the non-
virtuous desire.
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2. Cultivation of virtue- this concept in buddhist perspective is not just
concerned about one’s action. It is concerned with one’s hollistic self.
Buddhists believe that cultivation of one’s virtue should emanate from a
person’s hollistic character with the genuine intent to do good. This means
that, in order to be considered as a person of virtue, it is not enough that you
take virtuous actions. You need to have such virtue as the center of your
ethical goal. It is as simple as saying, your entire personality should be entirely
virtuous.
3. Altruistic conduct- altruism means self-conduct and genuine care for the
welfare of others. It was being discussed that one of buddhist’s manifestation is
genuine generosity which show care for the benefit of others without expecting
anything in return. This is why, in their perspective, this (altruism) is
enterwined with the words love and compassion. Love according to them love is
defined as “The wish for everone’s happiness, while compassion means, “the
wish that all human beings are free from sufferings.”.
Explore
1. Describe the true essence of generosity in the view of Mahayana Buddhism.

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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_________________________________________________________
2. Search the internet and give at least five examples of random acts of
Mahayana Buddhism that show generosity.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Rubric for answering:
1 The answer The answer The manner of
shows no needs how the idea is
connection to improvement conveyed is
the question. the way its ideas clear and
was conveyed. understandable
Has point but with connection
obviously not to what is being
taken from the discussed above
content of the as to Mahana’s
discussion. true essence of
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generosity.
2 The answer Provided below Provided 5 or
shows no 5 examples or greater
connection with failed to practice examples of
the question. proper use of random acts of
citation and generosity by
giving credit to Mahayana
the owner of the Buddhism with
idea. proper use of
citation and
credit to the
owner.
The Tzu Chi Foundation:
Source: www.dineph.com
Figure 4: The Tzu Chi foundation

Figure 4 displays the Tzu Chi foundation in its massive organization.
Tzu chi foundation is the world’s largest charity organization. It was founded
1966 by a 30 year old female monk named Dharma Master Cheng Yen, it
extends its generosity worldwide by the running international emergency relief
operation, long term aid programs, recycling centre, TV and radio station and
magazines within the country of Taiwan. Though it has a very few paid staff, it
has thousands of volunteers giving some if not all of their time every week.
These volunteers are expected to shoulder their own expenses.
It started from 2 cents of contribution by 30 housewives every day and
grows at the present as the world’s largest foundation bringing millions of
dollars in donation. Tzu chi foundation also has the title of being the largest
organization which embodies “socially-engaged buddhism”. In taiwan, there are
emerging foundations similar with it. All of these have the same principle
which is to engage in improving the society rather than just seeking for
personal religious enlightenment.
Tzuchi foundation voluntarily extends its help and services in the entire
world from giving free medical assistance to the illegal immigrants in the
United States, distribution of emergency supplies in the New Orleans after
hurricane Katrina, and various reaching out efforts in countries such as
Afghanistan, Myanmar, and mainland China.
In their international relief operation, they prefer “direct giving” which
means, they does not just hand around sacks of rice. Instead, they prefer to
serve it directly to people hot and cooked. They do this for a reason that they
want these people to maintain their dignity in the manner of how the food is
being distributed to them.
Remember
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Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism differ as to how they view their
ultimate purpose in life and the way such purpose can be attained. Theravada
Buddhists strive to be able to become Arhats (perfected saints) who have
attained enlightenment and nirvana. The attainment of this is considered as
possible only for monks and nuns who devoted all their lives to such task. On
the other hand, Mahayana Buddhists instead of aiming to become Arhats, they
prefer to become Bodhisattvas who are willing to delay nirvana despite their
attainment of their own enlightenment to help others attain it as well.
Mahayana Buddhists also believes that enlightenment can be attained once in
a person’s entire lifetime and rebirth.
In the quest to becoming a Budhisattvas, Mahayana Buddhists believe
that one has to undergo six levels of perfection as discussed earlier.
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Gauge:
Name: ____________________________________ Date _______________________

Strand and Section ________________________ Score ______________________
I. Identify the letter of the correct answer
1. A branch of Buddhism with a principle that manifest willingness to delay
nirvana to help others attain enlightenment as well.
A. Mahayana C. Siddharta
B. Theravada D. Hinduis
2. A branch of Buddhism with a view on the ultimate purpose of life and how
itcan be attained which is considered possible only for monks and nun who
dedicate their lives in the task.
A. Mahayana C. Siddharta
B. Theravada D. Hinduism
3. This is a state described by both branches of Buddhism as a place of
beatitude far from the external reality of suffering.
A. Sutras C. Nirvana
B. Bodhisattvas D. Arhats
4. This is the world’s largest charity organization which embodies socially-
engaged Buddhists that extend generosity and help people in the entire world
who are in need.
A. Dharma master foundation C. Shu shi foundation
B. Cheng yen foundation D. Tzu chi foundation
5. This is the sacred text of Mahayana Buddhism
A. Sutras C. Trimurti
B. Tripitaka D. Bible
6. How many gods are venerated by Mahayana Buddhism?
A. One C. None
B. Two D.Five
7. This symbol represents Mahayana Buddhism’s prevalence of the purity of
the body, speech, and mind despite the nature of attachment and desire.
A. Lotus flower C. Iconic Buddha symbol
B. Sunflower petals D. Dharma wheel
8. This paramita emphasizes that one must manifest sincerity and willingness
to give for the benefit of others without expecting anything in return.
A. Dana paramita C. Virya paramita
B. Sila paramita D. Dyana paramita
9. It is emphasized in this paramita that enlightenment can be achieved by
perfecting one’s capacity to withstand or endure his personal hardship,
patience towards others, and acceptance of truth.
A. Dana paramita C. Virya paramita
B. Sila paramita D. Ksanti paramita
10. This refers to the discipline intended to cultivate one’s mind which requires
great concentration.
A. Meditation C. Tripitaka
B. Mediation D. Bodhisattvas
II- True or False
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1. In Mahaya Buddhism’s concept of morality, it is said that, one has achieved
his own balance when he can decide and respond correctly in every situation
by being dependent to the consultation to a list of rules.
2. Theravada Buddhism’s perspective as to the ultimate purpose of life and
how it is achieved is considered possible only for monks and nuns.
3. Mahayana Buddhism is more focus on their individual quest towards the
attainment of enlightenment.
4. In order to fast track the delivery of help to people, Tzu Chi foundation
during international relief operation prefer giving help to people in a form of
food packaged in sacks so that direct interaction with them will not be
necessary.
5. Mahaya Buddhisms believes that in order for them to attain enlightenment,
generosity must as well be extended not only to humans but to non-humans as
well.
Deepen:
In a short but substantial essay, explain the Mahayana Buddhism’s teaching

“to seek complete enlightenment for the benefit of all beings through insight
and compassion”. (5pts)
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______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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Module THERAVADA AND MAHAYANA BUDDHISM

11 (Comparative Analysis)
Target
In this part of the lesson we are going to compare and
97
contrast Mahayana and Theravada Buddhism. This module you are expected
to:
 Explain the uniqueness and similarities of Mahayana and
Theravada Buddhism.
Jumpstart
Before you proceed let us see first if you have some idea about the
Mahayana and Theravada Buddhism by doing the activities below.
Activity 1:
Direction: Read and analyze the story below and answer the given
questions.
Lando and Pedro came from a very poor family. Both of them
have the same goal of having a successful and happy life. The two
brothers worked hard and persevered to finish their studies. Over
years, Lando became very rich, he did his very best to improve the
quality of his life while his brother Pedro, got married and had two
children and was very busy working for his family and the people
whom he is helping. He is still striving to achieve his goal just like his
brother Lando.
One evening, Lando went to his brother Pedro, he saw his
brother working so hard with other people, he is helping them to
make a living. Lando asked his brother, “You can be more successful
than this, why do you need to help them?”. “Well, it’s because I want
to become successful with them, I want to help them, inspire them to
achieve their goals too”, Perdo replied. “But you can help them after
attining your own dream, after becoming successful, just like me”,
Lando said. Pedro smiled, “brother, we have the same goal in life,
but we have our own ways of achieving it”.
Questions:
1. What was the goal of the brothers Lando and Pedro?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
2. Do they have the same way of achieving their goals? Explain your answer.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
3. Will they be able to achieve their goal?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
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Just like the story, Theravada and Mahayanna Buddhism have almost
the same goal but with different ways of achieving it.
Activity 2:
Direction : Loof for and encircle the ten (10) words related to Mahayana and
Theravada Buddhism.
P S A N S K R I T B
A A Z C V B N M M O
S M L Q W E R T Y D
D A T I T G H J F H
F T P O I U Y T R I
G H L K J H G F D S
H A R H A T M N B A
V E H I C L E I J T
Z L T M U M P M P T
X K G A J N O N O V
C J B N B U D D H A
V H N T J H I U K L
B G M R H K A R M A
N F D A G G U Y H H
S A M S A R A T Y F
Discover
BRIEF OVERVIEW
Buddhism is one of the oldest religions in the world which
began in the 6 century BCE in Nepal. After the death of Siddhartha Gautama
th
or Buddha, different opinions concerning the correct teaching and practices of

Buddhism arose. Eventually, the two main schools or traditions was formed.
The major schools of Buddhism as practiced today can be broadly

divided into two. The Theravada Buddhism which means “The School of
Elders” and Mahayana Buddhism, “The great vehicle”. Both of these schools of
Buddhist thought believe in the cycle of birth and rebirth from one life or one
reality to the next (samsara) which is also shared in the Hindu philosophy and
the idea that goals should be realized to escape from the dukkha and
eventually obtain nirvana (enlightenment). Despite of their similiarities, these
two schools of Buddhism are unique most especially on their way of applying
the core beliefs and devotions to the life and teachings of Buddha.
Theravada Buddhism
Theravada Buddhism came first and is much closer to some original
practices and and teachings of Siddhartha Gautama. It is about personal
journey of an individual by trying to follow the practice of Buddha through
mediation perhaps with the help of some teachers, recognizing the four noble
truths, following the Eightfold Path to Enlightenment and eventually enter
nirvana and become an arhat. Theravada Buddhism suggest Bodhisattvas seek
enlightenment first before they can help others stuck in samsara (endless
rebirth).
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The following are the features of Theravada Buddhism:
 It is called “The School of Elders”
 It follows the teachings in Pali Language as the spoken language of
Buddha. Pali is also used in worship.
 It is mainly practiced in Sri Lanka, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, and
Myanmar.
 Focuses on individual attainment of enlightenment or becoming an arhat
(one who is worthy)
 It teaches and promotes the concept of vibhajjavāda “teaching of
analysis”. This suggests the seeker should gain insights from his own
experience, application of knowledge, and critical reasoning.
 Uses Samatha and Vipassana meditation.
Samatha focuses on quieting the mind and can be used to achieve great
states of calm and focus. This can also develop the abilities in mind
reading and seeing past lives. On the other hand, Vipassana meditation
aimed at insight or clearing the mind. The meditation is preferred for
letting go as it will allow you to see yourself, others, reality and your past
with clarity.
Mahayana Buddhism
Mahayana is known as the great vehicle because the Buddhist doctrine
is often compared to a raft that carries its people across the world of suffering
to a better world. This school or tradition aimed to incorporate newer teachings
into practice and is focused on encouraging everyone toward nirvana. This
means that the pursuit in Mahayana is not necessarily to get to nirvana as
quickly as possible but to get closer to nirvana and help others achieve the
same state. The real goal is to be a Bodhisattva. Bodhisattva in Mahayana
Buddhism means someone who has almost achieve nirvana but holds that off
in order to help the rest of the sentient beings. This implies that the goal of
this tradition is for the sentient beings to achieve nirvana, the individual goal
will be described as delaying his or her own personal nirvana and become a
bodhisattva to assist all other sentient beings in achieving their nirvana.
The following are the features of Mahayana Buddhism:
 It is called “The Greater Vehicle”.
 Mahayana uses Sanskrit as its main language.
 Mainly followed and practiced in Nepal, Japan, China, Tibet, and Korea.
 It focuses on the Bodhisattva path of encouraging and teaching others.
 It teaches and promotes the idea that an aspirant should not just seek
personal enlightenment but the enlightenment of all beings. It also
accepts a wide range of approaches to enlightenment; it includes not just
meditation and personal disciplines but selfless service and working in
the world for the benefit of others.
 Uses chanting of mantras and sutras
Chanting is used as preparation for meditation or as part of meditation
itself. Buddhists chant alone or together. If together, they chant in
unison. It is not like hymns sung to worship God (for example, in the
Christian faith). It helps Buddhists to enter into a calm, meditative state
on their own path towards enlightenment.
Mantra is an ancient Sanskrit word meaning ‘instrument of thought’,
which are phrases the are to be chanted. Mantras were used in
Hinduism before Buddhism existed, and they are present in many
Eastern faiths.
A sutra is a religious teaching, usually taking the form of an aphorism or
short statement of beliefs.
100
Explore
Name:________________________________Date:___________________________
Activity 1:
Direction: Compare and contrast Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism using

the Venn Diagram below. Write the differences of the two traditions on the
circle’s sides and write the similarities on the middle part.
Theravada Mahayana
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Activity 2:
Name:__________________________________ Date :___________________________

Direction : Complete the table with the missing information about Theravada
and Mahayana Buddhism.
Theravada Buddhism Mahayana Buddhism
Goal
Teachings
Language
Type of Meditation
DEEPEN :
With what have you learned about Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism,
102
make an illustration or a poster of the these two tradition highlighting their
similarities and differences.
Materials Needed:
1. coupon bond
2. drawing and coloring materials
Rubrics:
Content -25%
Neatness -10
_______
50%
Theravada Mahayana
Gauge
Name:__________________________________ Date :___________________________

by
Unknown
Author is 103
licensed
under
Activity 1: MATCHING TYPE
Direction: Match the concepts of Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism to its

corresponding tradition. Write your answer on the blank before the number.
Column A Column B
_______1. The school of elders A. Mahayana
Buddhism
_______2. It uses chanting of mantras and
sutras.
_______3. Sanskrit is its main language. B. Theravada
Buddhism
_______4. It teaches an individual to help
others achieve nirvana.
_______5. Individual attainment of
enlightenment is the most
important.
_______6. It is practiced in Sri Lanka,
Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, and
Myanmar.
_______7. It uses Samatha and Vipassana
meditation.
_______8. It means The Great Vehicle.
_______9. It focuses on becoming an arhat.
______10 It is mainly followed and
. practiced in Nepal, Japan,
China, Tibet, and Korea.
Name: ________________________________ Date _____________________________

Activity 2
You can do it……. Assestment Task
Direction: Write TRUE if the statement is correct otherwise change the

undelined word to make statement TRUE. Write your answer on the space
provided before the number.
_____________________1. Mahayana Buddhism is being followed and

practiced in Japan.
_____________________2. Bodhisattva in Theravada Buddhism suggest to
delay their realization of nirvana to help those
who are struggling.
_____________________3. Theravada Buddhism is directed to the

Buddha’s teachings and core beliefs.
_____________________4. Arhat means the great vehicle.
104
_____________________5. The belief of the school of Buddhist along
Karma and Samsara is also shared with the
Hindu Philosophy.
_____________________6. Theravada Buddhism is about a person’s

journey following the practice of Muhammad.
_____________________7. Nirvana means enlightenment.
_____________________8. Sanskrit is the spoken language of Siddhatha
Gautama.
_____________________9. Theravada is mainly practiced in Sri Lanka.
_____________________10. Mantras were used in Hinduism before
Buddhism existed
Name _________________________________ Date ________________________

Activity 3
Direction: Read the items carefully and choose the letter of the correct answer. Write it on the
space provided before the number.
_____1 Which of the following is NOT a type of Theravada Buddhism meditation?
. A. Samatha B. Sutras C. Vipassana D. All mentioned
_____2 What is Mahayana’s main language?

.
A. Pali B. Samsara C. Sanskrit D. Sutras
_____3 Why does Theravada Buddhism focus so much on the teachings of Buddha?
.
A. because its goal is to achieve arhat
B. because it aims to reach the state of enlightenment
C. because it focuses in making its people rich and powerful
D. A and B
_____4 Who is a Bodhisattva according to Theravada Buddhism?

.
A. someone who is in the path of achieving nirvana
B. someone who delays his own enlightenment to help others
achieve the same state.
C. someone who is not interested of becoming an arhat.
D. All mentioned
_____5 What made Theravada Buddhism similar with Mahayana Buddhism?

.
A. Both are based on the teachings and practices of Hindus
B. Both share the same core belief and devotion to the life and
teachings of Buddha
C. Both have the same way of applying the teachings and
practices of Buddha.
D. All mentioned
105
_____6 What are the main traditions that was formed after Buddha’s death?
.
A. Mahayana and Hindu C. Theravada and Hindu
B. Mayahana and Theravada D. Theravada and Pali
_____7 Why does Mahayana focus in Bodhisattva path of encouraging?

.
A. because Mahayana Buddhism aims everybody’s enlightenment
B. because Mahayana Buddhism’s concern is to help those who are struggling with
their state.
C. it is to give the honor and praise to Buddha.
d. A and B
_____8 What is Nirvana for both Mahayana and Theravada Buddhism?

.
A. It is a state of enlightenment.
B. It is a state in which the cycle or birth and rebirth will be
stopped.
C. It is a state outside samsara and dukkha.
D. All mentioned
_____9. Which of the following is NOT a Theravada Buddhism’s way of becoming arhat?
A. strict meditation
B. recognizing Four Noble Truths
C. following the Eightfold Path to Enlightenment
D. writing sutras about the teachings of Buddhism
____10. What tradition is called The Great Vehicle?
A. Hinduism C. Mahayana Buddhism

B. Islam D. Theravada Buddhism
Module
12 CONFUCIANISM
Target
Confucianism is a system of thought and behavior originating in

ancient China. It deals with the foundation of social and ethical
philosophy and beliefs. In this module you are expected to:
 Examine the brief history, core philosophical teachings, fundamental
beliefs, social practices, and related issues of Confucianism.
Jumpstart
We start the discussion of Confucianism with interfaith prayers and

readings from google.com.confucianism.prayers.
When things are investigated,

then true knowledge is achieved.
When true knowledge is achieved,
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then the will become sincere.
When the will is sincere,
then the heart is set right.
When the heart is set right,
then personal life is cultivated.
When the personal life is cultivated,
then the family life is regulated.
When the family life is regulated,
then the national life is orderly.
And when the national life is orderly,
then there is peace in the world.
Activity 1: Discuss the following questions in connection to the readings of
Confucianism above:
1. What is the main idea of the interfaith prayers?

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
2. What can you contribute as a learner to make the above prayer possible?
Give concrete manifestations.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
3. What values does the prayer portray and emphasis?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
Activity 2: Write your own short prayer with the idea of healing and unity.
107
Discover
Symbol:
Source: https://www.pngkey.com
Figure 4. The Symbol of Confucianism
Though Confucianism has no specific symbol unlike other religions, it is

commonly associated with the ideogram of water. This is because in the entire
Chinese philosophy, water signifies source of life which is the center of
Confucian Philosophy.
Basic Facts:
Founder Confucius (551-479 B.C)
Sacred text Confucian classics
Doctrines Mandate of heaven, t’ien, human nature as originally good or
evil, rectification of names, the moral way, filial piety,
ancestor worship
God Heaven
Sacred place Temple
Issues Gender inequality, authoritarianism
BRIEF OVERVIEW
Although sometimes characterized as a religion, Confucianism is more

of a social and political philosophy than a religion. Some have called it code of
conduct for gentlemen and way of life that has had a strong influence on
Chinese thought, relationships and family rituals. Confucianism stresses
harmony of relationships that are hierarchical yet provide benefits to both
superior and inferior.
Confucianism was developed in China by Master Kong in 551-479 BC,

who was given the name Confucius by Jesuit missionaries who were visiting
108
there. However, the fundamental principles of Confucianism began before his
birth, during the Zhou Dynasty.
At that time, the ideas of respect and the well-being of others were
prevalent, but there was also an emphasis on spiritual matters - specifically,
the goodness of the divine and the mandate to rule given to those in power.
These ideas were meant to unite the people, create stability and prevent
rebellion.
Confucius believed his philosophy was also a route toward a civil society.
However, he shifted attention away from ruling authorities, the divine or one's
future after death, focusing instead on the importance of daily life and human
interactions. This new, refined version of the philosophy did not completely
take root until the next dynasty, the Han (140-87 BC). It is the Confucianism
that many people are familiar with today.
The foundation of Confucianism is an appreciation for one's character
and the well-being of others. Now we will discuss the main features that reflect
this aim.
WHO IS CONFUCIUS?
Confucius was a Chinese philosopher
politician, and teacher whose message of
knowledge, benevolence, loyalty, and virtue were
the main guiding philosophy of China for
thousands of years.
The philosophy of Confucius, also known as
Confucianism, emphasized personal and
governmental morality, correctness of social
relationships, justice, kindness, and sincerity.
Confucius believed that all people and the
society they live in will benefit from a lifetime of
learning and a moral outlook.
WHAT IS CONFUCIANISM?
Confucianism, also known as Ruism, is a system of thought and

behavior originating in ancient China. Many of us have heard the biblical
phrase, “Do unto others as you would have them do unto you.” The Chinese
philosophy of Confucianism puts it this way: “Do not do to others what you
would have them not do to you.”
Unlike Christianity, Confucianism is technically not a religion. But it
does share the Christian approach of loving others. In fact, that is the
109
foundation of the philosophy. Confucianism is based entirely on kindness,
mutual respect and an appreciation for character virtues. It is founded on the
belief that society can flourish only when people learn to interact positively
with each other.
Confucianism built on an ancient religious foundation to establish the
social values, institutions, and transcendent ideals of traditional Chinese
society.
Confucianism was essentially concerned with what made a good life

depends on order, and order depends on good and just government. If a ruler
lives and governs virtuously people would obey him. Virtue consists of correct
behavior such as benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom and loyalty.
PURPOSE OF CONFUCIANISM
Confucianism, the teachings of Confucius during 500 BC, has played
an important role in forming Chinese character, behavior and way of living.
(Eliot 2001; Guo 1995) Its primary purpose is to achieve harmony, the
most important social value.
Confucianism revolves around the pursuit of the unity of the individual
self and the God of Heaven (Tiān 天 ), or, otherwise said, around the
relationship between humanity and Heaven.
Confucianism strongly emphasizes:
o Mercy
o Social order
o Fulfillment of Responsibilities
WHAT IS ANALECT?
The Analects, also known as the Analects of
Confucius, is an ancient Chinese book composed of a large
collection of sayings and ideas attributed to the Chinese
philosopher Confucius and his contemporaries,
traditionally believed to have been compiled and written by
Confucius's followers.
THE FIVE VIRTUES OF CONFUCIANISM

1. Ren - is the virtue of benevolence, charity, and humanity.
2. Yi – deals with honesty and uprightness.
3. Zhi – talks about knowledge.
4. Xin - the virtue of faithfulness and integrity.
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5. Li – the correct behavior, or propriety, good manners, politeness,
ceremony, and worship.
SOCIAL RITUALS / CARDINAL RELATIONS
According to Confucius, social rituals are specific ways of interacting
with others. He explained that in each of our relationships, we have a
designated role. In order to keep these relationships healthy, we have to be
aware of what that role is and how to live it out. He identified the five main
relationships in life to be:
1. Ruler and subject
2. Husband and wife
3. Father and son
4. Elder brother and younger brother
5. Friend and friend
As you can see, three of these relationships are familial, and all but the
last are hierarchical. According to Confucius, the family makes up the core of
society and is the most important of relationships. In terms of the roles of each
person, the husband should be kind and listen to his wife, for example. His
wife should also obey him because that is part of her assigned role. The
principle of doing what we are supposed to do is referred to as 'Li' in the
Chinese language.
CONFUCIANISM AND RELIGION

 Although Confucianism is sometimes described as a religion because of its
allusions to ancestor worship Confucius himself never endorsed ancestor
worship. He stressed devotion to ancestors out of reverence to their wisdom and
moral leadership not as a means of worshiping their spirits. Nevertheless, over
the years the term Confucianism has come to include ancestor worship, which
has been around much longer than Confucianism.
CONFUCIANISM, SPIRITUALITY AND SALVATION

 The traditional Confucian view on spirituality is that one should perform the
necessary rituals and sacrifices to pay one's respect to the spirits and the forces
in heaven. And that's that. There is nothing more that can be done. Attention
should be focused on social matters and living in the here and now.
 Confucius believed that praying was a waste of time. The "will of Heaven," he
said, was not discovered in theology but in "the collective experience of the
ancestors." Confucians looked down in the Buddhist view of reward and
punishment after death as an attempt to cloak morality as self-interest and
viewed the Taoist quest of immortality as selfish and a denial of the natural
111
order of things. Among Confucians there was a prevailing belief that when a
person died his spirit simply dispersed.
 Heaven was seen as a source of correct conduct and human potential for
goodness. Confucius called it the "natural cosmic order that matched the
ethical sense in every man." The idea of being a recluse and communing with
nature, which are central to Buddhism and Taoism, were fine but only after one
performed his social duties first.
CONFUCIUS AND HIS GOLDEN RULE
His ideas–today known as Confucianism have influenced China for thousands

of years and have been incorporated into Chinese culture. They teach people the
wisdom of life, family and governance. The idea of mediocrity is important in
Confucianism.
Confucius' social philosophy was based primarily on the principle of "ren" or
"loving others" while exercising self-discipline. He believed that ren could be put into
action using the Golden Rule.
"Do not impose on others what you do not wish for yourself"
112
Explore
Name: ____________________________________ Date _______________________

Activity 1: Write True if the statement is correct and False if the statement is
wrong.
1. Loving others is the foundation of Confucianism. _____________________

2. Confucianism is one of the most popular religions in the world. ________
3. Confucianism was originally developed in Japan. _____________________
4. Confucius was given his name by Jesuit missionaries who were visiting
the region. ________________
5. Confucius taught others the four main relationships in life: husband and
wife, father and son, elder brother and younger brother, and friend and
friend. ________________
6. The idea that every person and living thing deserves kindness and
respect is a common belief of Confucianism. _______________
7. The principle of doing what we are supposed to be doing is called 'Ren.'
____________________________
8. Confucius saw life as a way to reach inner perfection. _________________
113
Name: ____________________________________ Date _______________________
Activity 2: Provide the needed information about the teaching of

Confucianism. Write your answer on the space provided after each item below:
1. It is an ancient Chinese book composed of a large collection of sayings and

ideas attributed to the Chinese philosopher Confucius. ______________
2. It is the other term for Confucianism. __________________________________
3. Virtues of Confucianism that deals with honesty and uprightness.

__________________________________
4. Where does Confucianism developed? __________________________________
5. What is the golden rule of Confucius? __________________________________
6. It is the core of society and is the most important of relationships among

the cardinal relations of Confucius. _______________________________________
7. He is a Chinese philosopher politician, and teacher whose message of

knowledge, benevolence, loyalty, and virtue were the main guiding philosophy
of China for thousands of years. _______________________________
8. The virtue of faithfulness and integrity. _________________________________
9. It is a system of thought and behavior originating in ancient China.
_________________________________
10. Confucianism strongly emphasizes mercy, fulfillment of responsibilities and
____________________________.
Deepen
Name: ____________________________________ Date _______________________

Activity 1: Confucianism is a social philosophy that was based primarily on

the principle of "ren" or "loving others" while exercising self-discipline. Complete
the diagram below and write your thoughts that can be connected to the
teaching of Confucianism.
114
CONFUCIANISM
Gauge
Name: ____________________________________ Date _______________________

Activity 1: Answer and enumerate the following questions below in

connection to the teachings of Confucianism.
1. What are the five (5) virtues of Confucianism?

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
2. What are the five (5) Social Orders or Cardinal Relations according to
115
Confucius?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
3. What are the three (3) fundamentals that Confucianism strongly

emphasizes?
a.
b.
c.
13
Module TAOISM
Target
Taoism is both philosophy and a religion. The philosophy grew from an

observance of the natural world, and the religion developed out of a belief in
cosmic balance maintained and regulated by the Tao. In this module you are
expected to:
 Know and understand the brief history, philosophical teachings,
fundamental beliefs, practices, and related content of Taoism.
Jumpstart
We start the discussion of Taoism by expressing our ideas on what we

saw naturally. Given the following pictures below write all your thoughts and
ideas in connection to man and nature on the space provided for.
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________ 116
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
_____________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
_______
117
Activity 1: Answer the following questions below and express freely your ideas.
1. What can you say about the role of nature in shaping one’s personality?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
2. As a man, how can nature will benefit from your actions?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
Activity 2: Write a short but meaningful poem expressing your appreciation to

our nature.
118
Discover
BRIEF OVERVIEW
Taoism (also known as Daoism) is a Chinese philosophy attributed to

Lao Tzu (c. 500 BCE) which contributed to the folk religion of the people
primarily in the rural areas of China and became the official religion of the
country under the Tang Dynasty. Taoism is therefore both a philosophy and a
religion.
The historian Sima Qian (145-86 BCE) tells the story of Lao-Tzu, a
curator at the Royal Library in the state of Chu, who was a natural
philosopher. Lao-Tzu believed in the harmony of all things and that people
could live easily together if they only considered each other's feelings once in a
while and recognized that their self-interest was not always in the interest of
others.
Taoism is both a philosophy and a religion. It emphasizes doing what is
natural and "going with the flow" in accordance with the Tao (or Dao), a cosmic
force which flows through all things and binds and releases them. The
philosophy grew from an observance of the natural world, and the religion
developed out of a belief in cosmic balance maintained and regulated by the
Tao. The original belief may or may not have included practices such as
ancestor and spirit worship but both of these principles are observed by many
Taoists today and have been for centuries.
Taoism exerted a great influence during the Tang Dynasty (618-
907 CE) and the emperor Xuanzong (reigned 712-756 CE) decreed it a state
religion, mandating that people keep Taoist writings in their home. It fell out of
favor as the Tang Dynasty declined and was replaced
by Confucianism and Buddhism but the religion is still practiced throughout
China and other countries today.
119
WHO IS LAO TZU?
Lao Tzu, also rendered as Laozi and Lao-
Tze, was an ancient Chinese philosopher and
writer. He is the reputed author of the Tao Te
Ching, the founder of philosophical Taoism,
and a deity in religious Taoism and traditional
Chinese religions.
Lao Tzu's philosophy advocates
naturalness, spontaneity and freedom from
social conventions and desires. In the Tao,
which means the way, Lao Tzu refers to the
ultimate order of things and ultimate basis of
reality.
WHAT IS TAOISM?
The core of the basic belief and doctrine of Taoism is that "Tao" is the
origin and law of all things in the universe. Taoists believes that people can
become deities or live forever through practicing certain rituals and austerities.
Taoism does not have a God in the way that the
Abrahamic religions do. There is no omnipotent being beyond
the cosmos, who created and controls the universe. In
Taoism the universe springs from the Tao, and the Tao
impersonally guides things on their way. WHAT IS TAO TE
CHING?
It is a Chinese classic text traditionally credited to the
6th-century BC sage Laozi. Tao Te Ching translates very
roughly as "the way of integrity". In its 81 verses it delivers a
treatise on how to live in the world with goodness and integrity, an important
kind of wisdom in a world where many people believe such a thing to be
impossible.
CONCEPT and BELIEFS OF TAO IN TAOISM

Taoist interpretations of Tao, means a road, path, way; and hence, the
way in which one does something; method, doctrine, principle. The Tao
is what gives Taoism its English name, in both its philosophical and
religious forms. The Tao is the fundamental and central concept of these
schools of thought.
120
 The Tao is not God and is not worshipped. Taoism does include many
deities, but although these are worshipped in Taoist temples, they are
part of the universe and depend, like everything, on the Tao. The Tao
includes several concepts in one word, the source of creation, the
ultimate.
 Tao (Dao) and Tê (De) are central concepts of Taoism. Tao (meaning “The
Way”) has been described as “the divine way of the universe” and the
“unproduced producer of all that is." Tê is the power of Tao and the
power to bring Tao into realization. It incorporates the belief that human
interference is damaging.
 Tao is invisible, unnamable, impalpable, unknowable and imitable.
Taoists believe that nothing exists before something, inaction exists
before action and rest exists before motion. Thus, nothingness is the
fundamental state and qualities inherent to this state include tranquility,
silence and humility and associations with feminine yin rather than
masculine yang. Motion and change are important concepts, because
from the state of inaction every kind of action is possible, and is why the
term “Way” (Tao) is used.
 The De means virtue or the proper adherence to Dao.
 Wu-Wei means “no behavior” or doing nothing or “action less activity”
 Qi/Chi refers to the natural energy or life force that sustains living
beings.
FOCUS OF TAOISM
The focus of Taoism is the individual in nature rather than the individual
in society. It holds that the goal of life for each individual is to find one's
own personal adjustment to the rhythm of the natural (and
supernatural) world and to follow the Way (Dao) of the universe.
121
PRINCIPLES OF TAOISM
 Taoism is a philosophy that is based in nature and the energies that keep
everything in order and harmony. Wu-wei is the non-action aspect of Taoism
when you realize you are a part of the whole and understand the Taoism
principle of oneness.
 The dynamic balance in life is two opposites completing each other in the
effort to form one. This is clearly demonstrated in the yin (female) and
yang (male) energies. These two energies are opposites, but when joined
together form a complete energy known as chi which is the governing
energy of all life and the perfectly balanced form of energy.
 You can witness the cycles of life by being the observer. The day and
night are a twenty-four-cycling process of the sun and the moon. The
four seasons of winter, spring, summer, and fall are the life cycles of
nature. The human and animal cycle is birth and death. The Tao is a
never-ending cycle of energy transformation.
 Having compassion is necessary to understand and relate to all living
life. When you achieve this level of empathy, you find that you cannot do
any harm to any living creature. You recognize that everything is
connected and is part of the whole.
 Experiencing and living in humility means you appreciate others. You
experience a genuine respect and gratitude for those who serve as your
mentors and teachers.
 Living a balance life is the goal and teachings of Taoism. This path leads
you to a life of moderation. Finding a true balance in life is very freeing to
your soul and personality.
 Living a healthy life is not just a guideline, but should be an act of
reverence. Practicing forms of meditation is essential to tapping into that
spiritual well of light and energy.
 Longevity is part of the Taoist goals. This includes integrating the mind,
body and soul for a union of balance and unison.
 Reverence for ancestors, specifically the spirits of ancestors isn't the final
guidepost, but a pivotal one.
THE IMPORTANCE OF TAOISM

Taoists stress the importance of harmonizing with nature by balancing
yin and yang, and developing chi through meditation and disengagement. The
human body is regarded as a source of chi-derived energy, which some people
have the power to concentrate and congeal into an essence.
122
ADDITIONAL IDEAS ABOUT TAOISM
1. Don’t concentrate on the meaning of Tao (this will come later naturally)
2. Understand what Taoism is. Taoism is more than just a “philosophy” or a
“religion”. Taoism should be understood as being: A system of belief,
attitudes, and practices set towards the service and living to a person’s
nature.
3. The path of understanding Taoism is simply accepting oneself. This leads
to inner peace. Live life and discover who you are. Your nature is ever
changing and is always the same. Don’t try to resolve the various
contradictions in life, instead learn acceptance of your nature.
PRACTICES OF TAOISM
 Physical practices - Taoism doesn't make a rigid division between body
and spirit, it recognizes that physical actions have a spiritual effect.
 Purity - Taoist texts teach the importance of keeping the body pure in
order to ensure spiritual health.
 Meditation.
 Breathing.
 Energy flow.
 Martial arts.
 Diet.
THE DON’TS OF TAOISM
 Do not be lascivious or think depraved thoughts.
 Do not steal or receive unrighteous wealth.
 Do not cheat or misrepresent good and evil.
 Do not get intoxicated but always think of pure conduct.
Symbol of Taoism: Yin and Yang

The ubiquitous yin-yang symbol holds its roots in Taoism/Daoism, a Chinese
religion and philosophy. The yin, the dark swirl, is associated with shadows,
femininity, and the trough of a wave; the yang, the light swirl, represents
brightness, passion and growth.
123
Explore
Name: ____________________________________ Date _______________________

wrong.
1. Lao Tzu's philosophy advocates naturalness, spontaneity and freedom from
social conventions and desires. _________________________________
2. To misrepresent good and evil is a teaching of Taoism. _________________
3. Taoism is a religion not philosophy. __________________________________
4. Purity is a Taoist practice that teach the importance of keeping the body
pure in order to ensure spiritual health. ______________________________
5. The focus of Taoism is the individual in nature rather than the individual in
society. ________________________________________________
6. Confucius is the founder of Tao Te Ching. _____________________________
7. Yin is a male energy in the beliefs of Taoism. _________________________
8. The Tao is not God and is not worshipped. ____________________________
9. Tao, means a road, path, way. _______________________________________
10. Living a balance life is the goal and teaching of Taoism. _______________
124
Name: ____________________________________ Date _______________________
Activity 2: Answer correctly the questions below and choose wisely on the
given choices provided on the table.
Confucianism Taoism Analects Tao Te Ching
Tao Yin Yang Lao Tzu
Balance Life Humility Purity Physical Practices
1. It is both Philosophy and religion.___________________________________
2. It is a Chinese classic text traditionally credited to the 6th-century BC

sage Laozi. ___________________________
3. A teaching of Taoism which talks about true balance in life is very

freeing to your soul and personality.__________________________
4. A philosopher who advocates naturalness, spontaneity and freedom from

social conventions and desires. ___________________________________
5. It is the fundamental and central concept of Taoism. ________________
6. Taoism teaches the importance of keeping the body pure in order to

ensure spiritual health. _______________________________________________
7. Male energies. ______________________________________________________
8. Female energies. ___________________________________________________
9. The core of the basic belief and doctrine of this teaching is that "Tao" is
the origin and law of all things in the universe. _____________________
10. Taoism doesn't make a rigid division between body and spirit; it
recognizes that physical actions have a spiritual effect. _________________
Deepen
Name: ____________________________________ Date _______________________

125
Activity 1: Taoism is both philosophy and religion. Connect the significance of
Taoism in relation to other religions and philosophical teaching.
TAOISM
HINDUISM BUDDHISM ISLAM CONFUCIANISM

_____________ ______________ _____________ _________________
_____________ ______________ _____________ _________________
_____________ ______________ _____________ _________________
_____________ ______________ _____________ _________________
_____________ ______________ _____________ _________________
_____________ ______________ _____________ _________________
_____________ ______________ _____________ _________________
_____________ ______________ _____________ _________________
_____________ ______________ _____________ _________________
_____________ ______________ _____________ _________________
_____________ ______________ _____________ _________________
_____________ ______________ _____________ _________________
_____________ ______________ _____________ _________________
_____________ ______________ _____________ _________________
_ _
Gauge
Name: ____________________________________ Date _______________________


connection to the teachings of Taoism.
1. What are don’ts of Taoism?

a.
126
b.
c.
d.
2. Give at least five (5) practices of Taoism?

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
3. Give at least six (6) Principles of Taoism?

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
Module
14 SHINTOISM
Target
Shinto means the way of the gods. Shintoism is an Ancient religion of

Japan. We know that religion is the belief in and worship of a superhuman
controlling power, especially a personal God or Gods. In this module you are
expected to:
 Analyze and understand the brief history, philosophical teachings,
fundamental beliefs, practices, and other context of Shintoism.
Jumpstart
We start the discussion of Shintoism by asking you a queston. Do you

believe in God and who is your God? Write your answer on the box I provided
127
and after that go to the next page for some activity that will enhance your
thinking ability.
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
128
Activity 1: Give your brief understanding or observations to the following
pictures below that has connection to Shintoism. Write your answer inside the
circle.
129
Discover
BRIEF OVERVIEW
Shinto, was used to designate the religion of the Japanese people only
during the eight century C.E. The name is derived from two words, shin
(meaning Kami or gods) and to (or do, meaning path). The name Shinto
therefore means “ the kami way” or, more colloquially, “ the way of the gods.”
Prior to the eighth century C.E., it is believed that it had no name at all, but
because of the rise of Buddhism and Confucianism from China, it was
necessary to distinguish this mode of religious practice.
In the late 6th century AD, the name Shinto was created for the native
religion to distinguish it from Buddhism and Confucianism, which had been
introduced from China. It started at least as long ago as 1000 B.C.E. but is
still practiced today by at least five million people.
The followers of Shintoism believe that spiritual powers exist in the
natural world. They believe that spirits called "kami" live in natural places such
as in animals, plants, stones, mountains, rivers, people and even the dead.
According also to revived Shinto doctrine, the sovereignty of the emperor was
exercised by divine right through his reputed descent from the sun goddess
Amaterasu Omikami, who is considered the founder of the Japanese nation.
Related beliefs included the doctrines that the Japanese were superior to other
peoples because of their descent from the gods, and that the emperor was
destined to rule over the entire world.
Shinto places of worship are called shrines and are usually found in
beautiful natural settings. The shrine contains an Inner Hall which is only
entered by Shinto priests since it is believed kami are present. Shinto priests
can be either male or female. Purity is important to Shinto followers and
therefore they rinse their mouths and wash their hands and hang up wooden
tablets with prayers on them before entering the prayer hall.
As compared to other world religions, Shinto is quiet unique because the

religion is nature-centric. Shinto does not recognize any book as its
authoritative scriptures, focusing instead on temple worship and maintenance
of the beauty of nature.
WHAT IS SHINTOISM?
130
Shinto, also known as kami-no-michi, is a religion originating in Japan.
Shinto is polytheistic and revolves around the kami ("gods" or "spirits"),
supernatural entities believed to inhabit all things. The link between the kami
and the natural world has led to Shinto being considered animistic and
pantheistic.
The essence of Shinto is the Japanese devotion to invisible spiritual
beings and powers called kami, to shrines, and to various rituals. Shinto is
a very local religion, in which devotees are likely to be concerned with
their local shrine rather than the religion as a whole.
Shinto is primarily found in Japan, where there are around 80,000
public shrines. Shinto is also practiced elsewhere, in smaller numbers.
WHO STARTED SHINTOISM?

The peoples of ancient Japan had long held animistic beliefs, worshipped
divine ancestors and communicated with the spirit world via shamans; some
elements of these beliefs were incorporated into the first recognized religion
practiced in Japan, Shinto, which began during the period of the Yayoi culture.
Short History in Connection to the Start of Shintoism
• Many Kami were born to the couple.

• But when the fire Kami was born, Izanami, the mother, was killed
by the flames.
• Izanagi washed his left eye: AMATERASU (Sun-Kami) is born.
• Izanagi washed his right eye: TSUKIYOMI (Moon-Kami) is born.
• Izanagi washed his nose: SUSANOO (Valiant Raging Male Kami)
• Jimmu Tenno, the first emperor of Japan descended directly from
Amaterasu.
• Amaterasu sent her grandson NIHINGI to rule the earth.
• Izanagi (Husband) + Izanami (Wife) = First Pair of Kami
• They descended from Heaven along a rainbow bridge and created
the eight-great
131
PRINCIPLE OF SHINTOISM
There is no absolute right and wrong, and nobody is perfect. Shinto is an
optimistic faith, as humans are thought to be fundamentally good, and evil is
believed to be caused by evil spirits. Consequently, the purpose of most Shinto
rituals is to keep away evil spirits by purification, prayers and offerings to the
kami.
BELIEFS OF SHINTOISM
Shinto is an optimistic faith, as humans are thought to be fundamentally
good, and evil is believed to be caused by evil spirits. Consequently, the
purpose of most Shinto rituals is to keep away evil spirits by purification,
prayers and offerings to the kami.
Other core belief of the Shinto religion is the idea that everything
possesses a spiritual essence or energy called “kami.” Mountains, rivers,
places, animals and people are said to have kami inside. People share on many
levels and in many ways with kami.
SYMBOLS OF SHINTOISM
Perhaps the most recognizable symbols of Shintoism are the majestic
gates that mark the entrance to Shinto shrines. Made of wood or stone, these
two-post gateways are known as “torii” and show the boundaries in which a
kami life.
132
HOLY BOOKS OF SHINTOISM
The holy books of Shinto are the Kojiki or 'Records of Ancient Matters'
(712 CE) and the Nihon-gi or 'Chronicles of Japan' (720 CE). These books are
compilations of ancient myths and traditional teachings that had previously
been passed down orally.
NOTABLE KAMI OR GODS OF SHINTO
 Amaterasu Ōmikami - the sun goddess.

 Ebisu - one of seven gods of fortune.
 Fūjin - the god of wind.
 Hachiman - the god of war.
 Inari Ōkami - the god of rice and agriculture.
 Izanagi-no-Mikoto - the first man.
 Izanami-no-Mikoto - the first woman.
 Kotoamatsukami - the primary kami trinity.
SHINTO GODS - are called kami. They are sacred

spirits which take the form of things and concepts important to life, such as
wind, rain, mountains, trees, rivers and fertility. Humans become kami after
they die and are revered by their families as ancestral kami.
THREE FORMS OF SHINTO
 Mountain Worshipers.
 Shamanism and Divination.
 Pure Shinto and Mythological Elements.
MAIN DIVISION IN SHINTO
 Jinja Shinto
 Kyoha Shinto
 Tsuzoko Shinto
MAIN GOD OF SHINTOISM
INARI is the Shinto god of industry, prosperity, finance, and agriculture.
With over 40,000 shrines, or one-third of the total number of shrines in Japan,
devoted to Inari, it's safe to say that this kami is one of the most important and
respected of all the Shinto deities.
CONCEPTS OF KAMI
Kami, unlike the western concept of gods, are not omnipotent nor
perfect. They sometimes make mistakes and behave badly as well. They are
more like humans in a higher manifestation of energy. Deities or spirits are
closer to Kami beings. The term kami is sometimes applied to spirits that live
133
in things, but it is also applied directly to the things themselves. So, the kami
of a mountain or a waterfall may be the actual mountain or waterfall, rather
than the spirit of the mountain or waterfall.
 The Spirits that inhabit many living beings
 Some being themselves
 Elements of the landscape, like mountains, river, and lakes
 Powerful forces of nature, like storms, lightning, and earthquakes
 Human being who became kami after their deaths
SHINTOISM VS. OTHER RELIGION

Shinto is one of the few religions in which its practice and beliefs
separate it from other religions. Because Shinto doesn't rely upon spiritual
texts and authority figures, it becomes a belief that suits those who live in
communities that worship and cleanse local shrines and deities.
FIVE CORE VALUES OF SHINTOISM
1. Purity (Shinto beliefs) – Shinto Beliefs
134
2. Makoto (Sincerity) – Shinto Beliefs
3. Harmony with Nature
4. Matsuri (Festivals) – Shinto Beliefs
135
5. Focus on Here, Now – Shinto Beliefs
 Shinto is strictly focused on the present. In Shinto, life is about a
celebration of what we know and what we have right now. Although they
don’t believe in the afterlife, once a person dies, he becomes ancestral
Kami which keeps an eye on his offspring, sort of a guardian angel.
Japanese Kami are closer to humans, they make mistakes, do
mischievous stuff, feel joy and sorrow. You treat your environment by
keeping it clean with a sincere heart, the harmony will come naturally.
NATURE AND VARIETIES

Shinto consists of the traditional Japanese religious practices as well as
the beliefs and life attitudes that are in accord with these practices. Shinto is
more readily observed in the social life of the Japanese people and in their
personal motivations than in a pattern of formal belief or philosophy. It
remains closely connected with the Japanese value system and the Japanese
people’s ways of thinking and acting.
CULTURE OF SHINTOISM
Shintoism is Japan's indigenous spirituality. It is believed that every
living thing in nature (e.g. trees, rocks, flowers, animals - even sounds)
contains kami, or gods. Consequently, Shinto principles can be seen
throughout Japanese culture, where nature and the turning of the seasons are
cherished
136
Explore
Name: ____________________________________ Date _______________________

wrong.
1. Teaching of Shintoism believe that spirits called "kami" live in natural

places such as in animals, plants, stones, mountains, rivers, people and
even the dead. __________________________________________________
2. Purity and sincerity are not part of the core values of Shintoism.
_____________________
3. Coffins and cemeteries are the main symbol of Shintoism. ____________
4. SHINTO GODS are called kami. _____________________________________
5. Shintoism originated in India. _______________________________________
6. The holy books of Shinto are the Kojiki and the Nihon-gi. ____________
7. There are three core values in Shintoism which includes Mountain
Worshipers, Shamanism and Divination and Pure Shinto and
Mythological Elements. _____________________________________________
8. There is no absolute right and wrong, and nobody is perfect is a principle
of Shintoism. ______________________________________________
9. One concept of Kami is the idea that spirits inhabit many living beings.
_____________________________________________________________
10. Celebrating and participating to Festivals is a form of Shintoism
practices. ______________________________________________________________
Name: ____________________________________ Date _______________________

Activity 2: Answer the following questions objectively.
1. Differentiate Shintoism to other religions?
137
3. If you will be given a chance to choose among the Kami or Gods of
Shintoism who will it be and why?
138
Deepen
Name: ____________________________________ Date _______________________

Activity 1: Write at least six (6) ideas or understanding you have gained in
connection to Shintoism and make your idea expand by applying concept
mapping.
SHINTOISM
Gauge
Name: ____________________________________ Date _______________________

139
connection to the teachings of Shintoism.
1. What are the three forms of Shinto?

a.
b.
c.
2. Give the two holy books of Shintoism?

a.
b.
3. Give the five core values of Shintoism.

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
140
Gauge
Name: ____________________________________ Date _______________________

Activity 2: Match column A from column B to make the correct and proper
identification of Kami’s or Gods in the teaching of Shintoism. Write only the
letter of the correct answer to the line provided.
_____1. Kotoamatsukami A. The god of wind.

_____2. Inari B. The god of war.
_____3. Fūjin C. The primary kami trinity.
_____4. Hachiman D. The god of rice and agriculture.
_____5. Izanami-no-Mikoto E. The sun goddess.
_____6. Inari Ōkami F. The moon goddess.
_____7. Izanagi-no-Mikoto - G. One of seven gods of fortune.
_____8. Ebisu H. Shinto god of industry,
_____9. Amaterasu Ōmikami prosperity, finance, and agriculture.

I. The first woman.
J. The first man.
Module
15 CONFUCIANISM, TAOISM, AND SHINTOISM

(COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS)
141
Target
PRINTED REFERENCES
 Villamor, S. Quebral, The Pathway of Devotion, Lorimar Publishing, Inc.

2018
 Technological Solutions, Inc., Confucious Biography, 2020
 Jerome, A. Ong & Mary Dorothy Jose, Introduction to World Religions

and belief System, Department of Education, Republic of the Philippines,
N.D.
 Mary Dorothy D. Ljose, Introduction to World Religions and Belief

Systems
 Jayeel Soriano Ph.D. & Mark Joseph T. Calano Ph.D., Introduction to

World Religions and Belief System
 Ali, Abdullah Yusuf. The Quran. New Delhi:Goodword Books,2003
 Ibrahim, I.A.A Brief Illustrated Guide to Understanding Islam.

Houston:Darussalam, 1997
 Molloy,M.2005. Experiencing the World’s Religions:Tradition, Challenge,

and Change.3rd ed.New York: McGraw-Hill.
 Cornellio,Jayeel Serrano et. al., Introduction to World Religions and

Belief Systems.First Edition Rex Book Store.
 Lochtefeld,James G. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism. New

York : The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc.
 Molloy, M. 2005. Experiencing the World’s Religions: Tradition,

Challenge and Change.3rd ed. New York :McGraw
 Bitesize. (n.d.). Practices in Buddhism
 Khan Academy. 2017. Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism/ World

History
 O’Brien, B. 2018. What is a Sutra in Buddhism?. Learn Religions.
 Pettinger, T. 2016. “Differences between Theravada and Mahayana

Buddhism”. Biography Online.
142
 Terrell, S. 2019. “Theravada vs. Mahayana Buddhism- What are the
differences?”. Mind Valley.
ELECTRONIC REFERENCES
 www. wikimedia.com
 www. wikipedia.org
 www.thoughtco.com
 www.ducksters.com
 www.pngkey.com
 www.bbc.co.uk
 www.ancient.eu
 www. personaltao.com
 www. feng-shui.lovetoknow.com
 www.qcc.cuny.edu
 www.uri.org
 www.japan-guide.com
 www.ourhappyschool.com
 xavier.edu/jesuitresource/online-resources/prayer-index/muslim-
prayers
 www.youtube.com
 www.learnreligions.com
 www.biographyonline.net
 www.blog.mindvalley.com
Key Answers
Module 9
Gauge:
Enumeration
1. Dukkha or The Truth of Suffering
2. Samudaya or The Truth of the Origin of Suffering
3. Nirodha or The Truth of the Cessation of Suffering
4. Magga or The truth of the Path to Cessation
True or False
1. False
2. False
143
3. False
4. True
5. True
6. False
7. False
8. False
9. False
10. False
Module 10
Gauge:
Multiple Choices:
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D
5. A
6. C
7. A
8. A
9. D
10. A
True or False
1. True
2. True
3. False
4. False
5. True
144
Module 11
Explore (Activity 1 and 2)
Activity 1
1. True.
2. False. Technically, Confucianism is an ancient philosophy, not a religion.
3. False. Confucianism was originally developed in China.
4. True.
5. False. Confucius believed in five main relationships. The ones stated plus
the relationship between ruler and subject.
6. True.
7. False. This principle is referred to as 'Li.' The gentle approach to love and
kindness is referred to as 'Ren.'
8. True.
Activity 2
1. Analects
2. Ruism
3. Yi
4. China
5. "Do not impose on others what you do not wish for yourself"
6. Family
145
7. Confucius
8. Xin
9. Confucianism
10. Social Order
Deepen (Activity 1)
 CONFUCIANISM AND RELIGION
 CONFUCIANISM AND SPIRITUALITY
 CONFUCIANISM AND SALVATION
 GOLDEN RULE
Gauge (Activity 1)
THE FIVE VIRTUES OF CONFUCIANISM

1. Ren - is the virtue of benevolence, charity, and humanity.
2. Yi – deals with honesty and uprightness.
3. Zhi – talks about knowledge.
4. Xin - the virtue of faithfulness and integrity.
5. Li – the correct behavior, or propriety, good manners, politeness,
ceremony, and worship.
SOCIAL RITUALS / CARDINAL RELATIONS
1. Ruler and subject

2. Husband and wife
3. Father and son
4. Elder brother and younger brother
5. Friend and friend
CONFUCIANISM STRONGLY EMPHASIZES:

o Mercy
o Social order
o Fulfilment of Responsibilities
146
Module 12:
Activity 1
1. True.
2. False
3. False
4. True
5. True
6. False
7. False
8. True
9. True
10. True
Activity 2
1. Taoism
2. Tao Te Ching
3. Balance Life
4. Lao Tzu
5. Tao
6. Purity
7. Yang
8. Yin
9. Taoism
10. Physical Practices
Deepen (Activity 1)
FOCUS OF TAOISM
The focus of Taoism is the individual in nature rather than the individual

 Taoists stress the importance of harmonizing with nature by balancing
yin and yang, and developing chi through meditation and
147
disengagement. The human body is regarded as a source of chi-derived
energy, which some people have the power to concentrate and congeal
into an essence.
Gauge (Activity 1)

Do not get intoxicated but always think of pure conduct.
PRACTICES OF TAOISM
 Meditation.
 Breathing.
 Energy flow.
 Martial arts.
 Diet.
 Taoism is a philosophy that is based in nature and the energies that
keep everything in order and harmony. Wu-wei is the non-action aspect
of Taoism when you realize you are a part of the whole and understand
the Taoism principle of oneness.
148
Module 13
Activity 1
1. True
2. False
3. False
4. True
5. False
6. True
7. False
8. True
9. True
10. True
Activity 2
1. SHINTOISM VS. OTHER RELIGION

149
Shinto is one of the few religions in which its practice and beliefs separate it
from other religions. Because Shinto doesn't rely upon spiritual texts and
authority figures, it becomes a belief that suits those who live in communities
that worship and cleanse local shrines and deities.
2. SYMBOLS OF SHINTOISM
Perhaps the most recognizable symbols of Shintoism are the majestic
gates that mark the entrance to Shinto shrines. Made of wood or stone, these
two-post gateways are known as “torii” and show the boundaries in which a
kami life.
3. NOTABLE KAMI OR GODS OF SHINTO

Gauge (Activity 1)

1. Mountain Worshipers.
2. Shamanism and Divination.
3. Pure Shinto and Mythological Elements.

1. Kojiki or 'Records of Ancient Matters'
2. Nihon-gi or 'Chronicles of Japan'
150
Gauge (Activity 2)
1. C
2. H
3. A
4. B
5. I
6. D
7. J
8. G
9. E
Mahayana and Theravada Buddhism
Target
contrast Mahayana and Theravada Buddhism. This module you are
expected to:
 Explain the uniqueness and similarities of Mahayana and
Theravada Buddhism.
Jumpstart
Activity 1:
questions.
brother Lando.
151
Questions:
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
2. Do they have the same way of achieving their goals? Explain your answer.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Activity 2:
Direction : Loof for and encircle the ten (10) words related to Mahayana and
Theravada Buddhism.
P S A N S K R I T B
A A Z C V B N M M O
S M L Q W E R T Y D
D A T I T G H J F H
F T P O I U Y T R I
G H L K J H G F D S
H A R H A T M N B A
V E H I C L E I J T
Z L T M U M P M P T
X K G A J N O N O V
C J B N B U D D H A
V H N T J H I U K L
B G M R H K A R M A
N F D A G G U Y H H
S A M S A R A T Y F
152
Discover
BRIEF OVERVIEW
Buddhism is one of the oldest religions in the world which
began in the 6th century BCE in Nepal. After the death of Siddhartha Gautama
or Buddha, different opinions concerning the correct teaching and practices of
Buddhism arose. Eventually, the two main schools or traditions was formed.

Elders” and Mahayana Buddhism, “The great vehicle”. Both of these schools of
Buddhist thought believe in the cycle of birth and rebirth from one life or one
reality to the next (samsara) which is also shared in the Hindu philosophy and
the idea that goals should be realized to escape from the dukkha and
eventually obtain nirvana (enlightenment). Despite of their similiarities, these
two schools of Buddhism are unique most especially on their way of applying
the core beliefs and devotions to the life and teachings of Buddha.
Theravada Buddhism
Theravada Buddhism came first and is much closer to some original
practices and and teachings of Siddhartha Gautama. It is about personal
journey of an individual by trying to follow the practice of Buddha through
mediation perhaps with the help of some teachers, recognizing the four noble
truths, following the Eightfold Path to Enlightenment and eventually enter
nirvana and become an arhat. Theravada Buddhism suggest Bodhisattvas seek
enlightenment first before they can help others stuck in samsara (endless
rebirth).

Myanmar.
(one who is worthy)
with clarity.
Mahayana Buddhism
Mahayana is known as the great vehicle because the Buddhist doctrine
is often compared to a raft that carries its people across the world of suffering
to a better world. This school or tradition aimed to incorporate newer teachings
into practice and is focused on encouraging everyone toward nirvana. This
means that the pursuit in Mahayana is not necessarily to get to nirvana as
quickly as possible but to get closer to nirvana and help others achieve the
same state. The real goal is to be a Bodhisattva. Bodhisattva in Mahayana
153
Buddhism means someone who has almost achieve nirvana but holds that off
in order to help the rest of the sentient beings. This implies that the goal of
this tradition is for the sentient beings to achieve nirvana, the individual goal
will be described as delaying his or her own personal nirvana and become a
bodhisattva to assist all other sentient beings in achieving their nirvana.
which are phrases the are to be chantted. Mantras were used in
Eastern faiths.
Explore
Name:________________________________Date:___________________________
Activity 1:
Direction: Compare and contrast Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism using

the Venn Diagram below. Write the differences of the two traditions on the
circle’s sides and write the similarities on the middle part.
154
Theravada Mahayana
Activity 2:
Name:__________________________________ Date :___________________________

Direction : Complete the table with the missing information about Theravada
and Mahayana Buddhism.
Theravada Buddhism Mahayana Buddhism
Goal
155
Teachings
Language
Type of Meditation
DEEPEN :
make an illustration or a poster of the these two tradition highlighting their
similarities and differences.
Materials Needed:
1. coupon bond
Rubrics:
Content -25%
Neatness -10
_______
50%
156
Theravada Mahayana
157
Gauge
Name:__________________________________ Date :___________________________

by
Unknown
Activity 1:
Author is
MATCHING TYPE
licensed
Direction:
under Match the concepts of Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism to its
corresponding tradition. Write your answer on the blank before the number.
Column A Column B
_______1. The school of elders A. Mahayana
Buddhism
_______2. It uses chanting of mantras and
sutras.
_______3. Sanskrit is its main language. B. Theravada
Buddhism
_______4. It teaches an individual to help
others achieve nirvana.
_______5. Individual attainment of
enlightenment is the most
important.
_______6. It is practiced in Sri Lanka,
Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, and
Myanmar.
_______7. It uses Samatha and Vipassana
meditation.
_______8. It means The Great Vehicle.
_______9. It focuses on becoming an arhat.
______10 It is mainly followed and
. practiced in Nepal, Japan,
China, Tibet, and Korea.
158
Name: ________________________________ Date _____________________________
Activity 2

undelined word to make statement TRUE. Write your answer on the space
provided before the number.
_____________________1. Mahayana Buddhism is being followed and

practiced in Japan.
_____________________2. Bodhisattva in Theravada Buddhism suggest to
delay their realization of nirvana to help those
who are struggling.
_____________________3. Theravada Buddhism is directed to the

Buddha’s teachings and core beliefs.
_____________________4. Arhat means the great vehicle.
_____________________5. The belief of the school of Buddhist along
Karma and Samsara is also shared with the
Hindu Philosophy.
_____________________6. Theravada Buddhism is about a person’s

journey following the practice of Muhammad.
_____________________7. Nirvana means enlightenment.
_____________________8. Sanskrit is the spoken language of Siddhatha
Gautama.
_____________________9. Theravada is mainly practiced in Sri Lanka.
_____________________10. Mantras were used in Hinduism before
Buddhism existed
Name _________________________________ Date ________________________

Acitivty 3
159
Direction: Read the items carefully and choose the letter of the correct answer.
Write it on the space provided before the number.
_____1. Which of the following is NOT a type of Theravada Buddhism
meditation?
A. Samatha B. Sutras C. Vipassana D. All mentioned
_____2. What is Mahayana’s main language?

_____3. Why does Theravada Buddhism focus so much on the teachings

of Buddha?
C. because it focuses in making its people rich and powerful
D. A and B
_____4. Who is a Bodhisattva according to Theravada Buddhism?

B. someone who delays his own enlightenment to help others
D. All mentioned
_____5. What made Theravada Buddhism similar with Mahayana

Buddhism?
A. Both are based on the teachings and practices of Hindus
B. Both share the same core belief and devotion to the life and
teachings of Buddha
D. All mentioned
_____6. What are the main traditions that was formed after Buddha’s
death?
_____7. Why does Mahayana focus in Bodhisattva path of encouraging?

A. because Mahayana Buddhism aims everybody’s
enlightenment
B. because Mahayana Buddhism’s concern is to help those who
are struggling with their state.
C. it is to give the honor and praise to Buddha.
d. A and B
_____8. What is Nirvana for both Mahayana and Theravada Buddhism?

B. It is a state in which the cycle or birth and rebirth will be
stopped.
D. All mentioned
160
_____9. Which of the following is NOT a Theravada Buddhism’s way of
becoming arhat?
____10 What tradition is called The Great Vehicle?

.
Reference
Bitesize. (n.d.). Practices in Buddhism.
https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zmd9dxs/revision/1
Khan Academy. 2017. Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism/ World

History.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aCA6ioTLw-
Q&vl=en.
O’Brien, B. 2018. What is a Sutra in Buddhism?. Learn Religions.

https://www.learnreligions.com/sutra-449693 .
Pettinger, T. 2016. “Differences between Theravada and Mahayana

https://www.biographyonline.net/spiritual/buddhism/
theravada-mahayana.html
Terrell, S. 2019. “Theravada vs. Mahayana Buddhism- What are the

https://blog.mindvalley.com/theravada-vs-mahayana/.
161
CONFUCIANISM
Target
Confucianism as the way of life that was propagated by Confucius

in the 6 - 5th century BCE and being followed by the Chinese people for
th
more than two millennia.

to:
 Analyze the brief history, core teachings, fundamental beliefs, practices,
and related issues of Confucianism.
Jumpstart
Before you proceed with the lesson, may I ask you first to reflect and do the
activity below.
Activity 1
Direction: List at least three relationships that you are in now, and identify the
power relations in these relationships by stating if you are a follower, superior
equal position in each relationship. Explain the advantages and disadvantages
of the said relationships.
Realationship Position Advantages Disadvantages
Discover
Brief History
Confucianism is a system of ethics devised by the Chinese scholar K’ung
Fu-tzu (Latinised to Confucius) in sixth century BC China, stressing the
importance of correct behaviour, loyalty and obedience to hierarchy.
162
According to Religion Facts (2015), the story of Confucianism does not
really begin with Confucius, nor was Confucius the founder of Confucianism in
the same way that Buddha was the founder of Buddhism. Rather, Confucius
considered himself a transmitter who consciously tried to retrieve the meaning
of the past by breathing vitality into seemingly outmoded rituals.
Confucius' love of antiquity was motivated by his strong desire to

understand why certain rituals, such as the ancestral cult, reverence for
Heaven, and mourning ceremonies, had survived for centuries. He had faith in
the cumulative power of culture. Confucius' sense of history was so strong that
he saw himself as a conservationist responsible for the continuity of the
cultural values and the social norms that had worked so well for the civilization
of the Chou dynasty.
Mencius, Xunzi, and others sustained Confucianism after Confucius, but

it was not influential until Dong Zhongshu emerged in the 2nd century BCE.
Confucianism was then recognized as the Han state cult (introducing religious
elements and sacrifices to Confucius), and the Five Classics became the core of
education.
In addition to its significant influences on Taoism and Chinese

Buddhism, Confucianianism has had the strongest influence on the moral
fabric of Chinese society. A revival of Confucian thought in the 11th century
produced Neo-Confucianism, a major influence in Korea during the Choson
dynasty and in Japan during the Tokugawa period.
In 1530, a Ming emperor reformed the Confucian cult to focus more on

Confucius' teachings than the sage himself (e.g. images of Confucius were
replaced with inscribed tablets). The cult of Confucius declined after the
founding of the Chinese Republic in 1912, but the influence of Confucianism
continues.
LIFE of CONFUCIUS
The teachings of Confucius during 500 B.C., has played an important
role in forming Chinese character, behavior and way of living. But who is
Confucius? According to Confucius Biography (2020), Confucius, also known
as Kong Qui or K’ung Fu- Tzu, was an influential Chinese Philosopher, teacher,
and political figure. He was born in 551 B.C. in the small feudal state of Lu in
what is now Shandong Province in China. He came from a noble family but, by
the time of his birth, they had already lost their wealth. Confucius, served in
minor government posts managing stables and keeping books for granaries
before he got married at the age of 19. Confucius mastery of the six arts- ritual,
music, archery, charioteering, calligraphy, and arithmetic- and his familiarity
with the classical traditions, notably poetry and history, made him to start a
brilliant teaching career in his 30s (Religion Facts, 2015). He is often
considered as the first person to devote his whole life in learning and teaching
for the purpose of social transformation and improvement. He held several
government positions including as arbiter, assistant minister of public works
and minister of justice in the state of Lu. Soon, Confucius left Lu because of
his frustrations on his ideals and policies that were brushed off by his
superiors. He wandered for 13 years trying to put into practice his theories and
ideals. At the age of 67, he went back to his state to teach (where he gained
more followers) and to preserve his classical traditions by writing and editing.
163
He died in 479 B.C.E. at the age of 73, with around 3,000 followers who
preserved and put into writings his teachings (Ong and Jose, 2016).
CORE TEACHINGS OF CONFUSIANISM
The teachings of Confucius are focused on Social and Political Teachings as he
viewed education as central to achieving proper conduct both within Society
and in Government.
SOCIAL TEACHINGS
- This deals with the proper behavior of the individual in society and to his
fellow men. Confucius teaching the people to have compassion for one
another, and to avoid treating others in ways that they themselves would
not wish to be treated. “What you do not wish for yourself, do not do to
others.” (Analects 12.2)
- According to his teachings, there were mutual obligations arising
between members of social relationships, for example as between
Husband and Wife, Parents and Children, Older Brother and Younger
Brother, and so on. Proper conduct when practiced between members of
these groupings would guarantee a harmonious relationship between
them and also serve as the foundation of a just a stable society.
- People should follow the five virtues and must love one another and treat
each other with kindness, which is a concept shared by all great religions
and philosophies.
POLITICAL TEACHINGS
- It deals with the art of governance and the proper relationship of the
Ruler to the ruled. He advocated for justice and compassion and
emphasize that only by being a fair and just ruler, one may enjoy life of
heaven and continue to have the right to rule.
- Confucius believed that the key to good governance lay in each man
carrying out his duties as prescribed by his position within the
hierarchy. He said, “Good government consists of the ruler being a ruler,
the minister being a minister, the father being a father, and the son
being a son”. (Analects 12.11)
- A ruler should possess virtue, virtue that would enable the ruler to retain
the supreme position. “He who governs by means of his virtue is, to use
an analogy, like the pole-star: it remains in its place while all the lesser
stars do homage to it.” (Analects 2.1). Remarkably, given the violent
nature of his times, Confucius believed that rulers should not have to
resort to force or the threat of punishment to maintain power. He stated,
"Your job is to govern, not to kill" (Analects XII:19).
CONFUCIUS TEACHINGS ON EDUCATION
- For Confucius, one of the key to self- mastery is through Education. He
said, “He who learns but not think is lost, he who think but does not
learn is in great danger” (Analects 2:15)
- Confucius recommended that for men to become gentlemen and
superior, one must be familiar with the rules of correct behavior.
Confucius's emphasis on education and his belief that position and rank
164
should be based on merit, led to the establishment of an imperial
bureaucracy in which admission was based not on birth but on how well
the applicant did on the imperial examinations ( http://confucius-
1.com/teachings/).
FUNDAMENTAL BELIEFS AND PRACTICES

1. Silver Rule of Behavior
The rule is simple, and it implies that what you do not wish to choose for
yourself, never impose it on someone else.
2. Belief in Tian
“When you have offended against Heaven, there is nowhere you can turn
to in your prayers.” (Analects 3:13). This passage in the Analects shows
Confucius’s idea of Tian or heaven. He believed that Tian is analogous with
moral order but dependent upon human intervention to bring its will into
action. For him, the li or ritual propriety is the way through which the family,
the state, and the world may become parallel with Tian’s moral order.
3. Human Nature as Originally Good or Evil

Mengxi and Xunzi are two philosophers who had different interpretations
on the human nature based on Analects. For Menxius, renxing or human
nature is naturally disposed toward ren, or virtue of the superior man. Mengzi
believed that all human beings are born with innate goodness which, on one
hand, can be cultivated through proper education and self- discipline (li). On
the other hand, Xunzi believed that human nature is basically evil but can be
improved through self-cultivation. Like Mencius, Xunxi considers li as the key
to the cultivation of human nature.
4. The Five Virtues

1. Jen – Helpfulness, empathy, and kind nature
2. Yi – Rightness, duty as guardians of nature and humanity
3. Li – Right conduct, appropriateness and outward expression to
demonstrate your inner attitude
4. Chih – Wise thinking
5. Hsin – Trustworthiness and faithfulness
 These virtues are very important for everyone, but it is important especially
for the leader.
5. Filial Piety as an Important Virtue

In general, filial piety requires children to offer love, respect, support,
and deference to their parents and other elders in the family, such as
grandparents or older siblings. Acts of filial piety include obeying one's parent's
wishes, taking care of them when they are old, and working hard to provide
them with material comforts, such as food, money, or pampering.
(https://www.thoughtco.com/filial-piety-in-chinese-688386 )
6. Five Relationships
1. Father and Son 4. Older Brother and
2. A Ruler and a Citizen Younger Brother
3. Husband and Wife 5. Between two friends
 Each one of these relationships must contain mutual respect to keep the
relationship working. Each one must perform their role to the best of their
relationship, and one must honor and remember the members who have
165
died. Ancestors are not to be seen as gods but remembering them is
considered as an important act Hsin.
7. Marriage
According to Confucianism six separate things happen during marriage rituals-
 Proposal – Both sides of the relationship share and compare the hour, day,
month, and year of the birth of the bride and groom. If any upsetting events
happen within the bride’s family within the next three days of the proposal,
then it is believed that she has rejected the proposal.
 Engagement – After the couple decides the date of the wedding then the
bride announces the wedding with invitations and gifts of cookies that are
shaped like the moon.
 Dowry – A dowry is considered as the transfer of parental belongings when
their daughter is getting married.
 Procession – The groom then proceeds to the bride’s home and then brings
her back to his home with much happiness and excitement.
 Marriage – The couple then recites their vows that will bond them together
for their entire life, toast each other wine and then take the center of the
stage with their families and their friends.
 Morning After – On the morning after the bride serves breakfast to the
groom’s parents and then the parents do the same.
8. Death
After the death of the loved one, the family members cry loudly to
inform the neighbors of the bad news. The body of the beloved one is
then placed in a coffin, and many family members and friends bring
money to help with the funeral. The foods and objects that were of some
importance to the deceased one are placed along with him or her into the
coffin. The priest performs the burial ritual, and the guests follow the
coffin carrying the large branch of the willow tree. This willow tree is
meant to symbolize the soul of the person who died. After that, the
branch is taken back to the family altar where it is believed that it is
used to install the spirit of the deceased one
(https://mysticalbee.com/beliefs-of-confucianism/).
FIVE CLASSICS (wujing) and FOUR BOOKS (si shu)
The following are the Four Books and Five Classics according to Wilson (2010)
from Cult of Confucius and the Temple of Culture:
The Four Books
1. The Great Learning
it is a guide for moral self-cultivation. The key to moral self-
cultivation is learning, or the investigation of things. Through the
investigation of things, one comes to understand the principle in all
things, which allows one to better comprehend the world. Through this
moral self-cultivation, one's li (principle) and qi (psychophysical stuff) are
in harmony, leading to consistent moral behavior.
2. Analects
Written during the Spring and Autumn period through the Warring
States period, the Analects is a collection of Kongzi's teachings and
discussions with disciples. According to the Analects, the first step in
knowing the Way is to devote oneself to learning. In addition to learning,
the Analects emphasize the importance of good governance, filial piety,
virtue, and ritual.
3. Mencius
This refers to the collection of conversations Mencius had with Kongzi.
Mencius places a strong emphasis on the responsibility of the emperor to
166
practice good governance through following the Way. One of the most
popular passages from Mencius notes that all humans instinctively
respond with alarm and compassion when we see a child teetering on the
edge of a well, suggesting that everyone is innately good and moral. Yet,
he notes that not everyone actually rushes to save the child and
emphasizes the idea that though we are all born with the seeds of
righteousness and goodness, but must learn how to nurture and
cultivate those seeds.
4. The Doctrine of the Mean
This has been translated in many ways, including The Constant Mean
(Legge) and Maintaining Perfect Balance (Gardener). The Doctrine of the
Mean is attributed to Zisi, Kongzi's grandson, and deals with how to
maintain perfect balance and harmony in one's life. It focuses on
following the Way and acting in accordance with what is right and
natural, but acknowledges that people often do not act properly.
The Five Classics
1. Book of Documents
It is a compilation of 58 chapters detailing the events of ancient
China. The Book of Documents tells the deeds of the early sage-kings
Yao and Shun. These narratives are influential in the development of the
understanding of a sage. The compilation also includes the history of the
Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties. The Book of Documents is often
considered the first narrative history of ancient China.
2. Book of Odes
The Book of Odes is also translated as the Book of Songs or Book
of Poetry. The Book of Odes is comprised of 305 poems dealing with a
range of issues, including love and marriage, agricultural concerns, daily
lives, and war. The Book of Odes contains different categories of poems,
including folk songs and hymns used in sacrifice. Kongzi is believed to
have selected the 305 poems in this collection from a much wider
collection.
3. Book of Rites
The Book of Rites described the social norms, governmental
organization, and the ritual conduct during the Zhou dynasty. Believed
to have been compiled by Kongzi, the Book of Rites is the foundation of
many ritual principles that arise in later imperial China. According to the
Book of Rites, proper ritual conduct would maintain harmony in the
empire, as well as emphasize the virtue of piety.
4. Book of Changes
The Book of Changes contains a system of divination, which is
centered largely around the principles of yin and yang. The Book of
Changes has also been translated as I Ching or Classic of Changes.
Some of the divination practices are still used today.
5. Spring and Autumn Annals
As the longest of the Five Classics, the Spring and Autumn Annals
is a historical chronicle of the State of Lu. Unlike the Book of
Documents, the Spring and Autumn Annals appear to have been created
specifically for annalistic purposes. The Spring and Autumn Annals was
traditionally understood as being written by Confucius, but modern
scholars believe the text was actually written by various chroniclers from
the State of Lu.
SELECTED ISSUES
167
1. Female Subordination
It is often said that a woman’s life under Confucianism can be
summed up in three periods (Three Obediences): the obedience to her
father while at home; obedience to her husband when married; and
obedience to her son when widowed. In the Confucianism hierarchy,
women are at the bottom, so they are expected to demonstrate to show
ideal behavior and accommodation. They are expected to demonstrate
obedience before all other virtues and are not expected to as an
individual being. In the Book of Changes, the female- male relationship is
represented in terms of the superiority of heaven over inferior earth (Ong
and Jose, 2016).
2. Authoritarianism
Confucianism stresses the hierarchy between relationships, this
has reinforced top- down values and hierarchical systems by
encouraging deference to one’s superiors—ruler, father, teacher or
anyone older. Confucianism has been criticized on the issue of father-
son relationship, this suggest that children must not question the
authority of the father or parents and simply accept their subordination
status. Confucianism is also seen as being incompatible with liberal
democracy for emphasizing the values of loyalty, unity, social duties,
responsible paternalism, over the values of individual freedom, diversity,
individual rights, and individual autonomy (Ong and Jose, 2016).
3. Environmental Ethics
While it is true that Confucianism advocates respect for the
environment, it’s acceptance of people’s dominance of nature poses
threat to the issue. The Analects mentioned the subordination of animals
to social interests. Some experts also say that when faced with the
dilemma between maintaining social duties and the environment,
Confucianism would lead one to choose the former than the later. The
analects contain passages that suggest Confucius’ neglect or or lack of
concern for animals, “There was a fire in the stables. When the Master
returned from court, he asked: ‘Was anybody hurt?’ He didn’t ask about
the horses.” (Analects 10: 12). In general, critics noticed that
Confucianism has not provided anything to promote an environmentally
sound philosophy (Ong and Jose, 2016).
Explore
Name : ____________________________________ Date

_______________________
168
Strand and Section _________________________Score
______________________
Activity 1: Analyze and complete the concept map about Confucianism.
CONFUSIANISM
Core Teachings
Writings
Fundamental Beliefs and

wujing
Practices
Si
shu
Activity 2.
Name ______________________________
Date____________________________
Strand and Section __________________
Score___________________________
Direction: Read carefully the items and identify the correct answer. Choose
your answer from the word bank.
Authoritar Book of Mengxi Confucius
ianism Odes
Book of Analects Hsin Social
Changes Teaching
Book of Filial Chih Political
Rites Piety Teaching
________________________ It is a collection of Kongzi's

_____1. teachings and discussions with
disciples.
________________________ An act of this include obeying one's
_____2. parent's wishes.
169
________________________ It is a virtue on Faithfulness and
_____3. Trustworthiness.
________________________ It is a virtue on Wise Thinking.
_____4.
________________________ A book which contains the principles of
_____5. yin anf yang.
________________________ A book that serves as the
_____6. foundation of many ritual principles
that arise in later imperial China.
________________________ A Philosopher who believed that all
_____7. human beings are born with innate
goodness
________________________ It is an issue on Confucianism that
_____8. gives importance more on social duties
but not individual rights.
________________________ He has played an important role in
_____9. forming Chinese character,
behavior and way of living.
________________________ It deals with the art of governance
____10. and the proper relationship of the
Ruler to the ruled.
Deepen
Activity 1:
Confucianism’s primary concern rests upon the belief that
human beings are fundamentally good, and teachable, improvable, and
perfectible through personal and communal endeavor, especially self-
cultivation and self-creation.
After knowing and understanding Confucianism, present a
character sketch of a person who personifies the Confucian virtues.
Gauge
Name ______________________________
Date____________________________
Score___________________________
170
Activity 1.
Direction: Read the items carefully and write the letter of the correct
answer on the space provided.
_ Which of the following situations present a challenge on

_ Female Subordination?
_
_ A. The husband decides what he think is best for his
_ family without asking the wife’s opinion.
1 B. Children should always show obedience to their
. parents.
C. Family A prefers a baby boy than a baby girl.
D. A and C
_ Which of the following statements describe the Silver Rule

_ of Behavior in Confucianism?
_ A. Maria loves to help abandoned children because she
_ believes that the more she extends her hands to others,
_ the more she will be blessed.
2
B. Mario doesn’t care about the people around him.
.
C. Peter only trust himself, he doesn’t want to be friends
to anyone.
D. All mentioned
_ “Good government consists of the ruler being a ruler, the

_ minister being a minister, the father being a father, and
_ the son being a son.” This is an example of …
_ A. Analects C. Great Learning
_
B. Doctrine of the Mean D. Mencius
3
.
_ How does authoritarianism affect father- son relationship?

_ A. The son needs to obey and trust his father regardless of
_ his father’s bad behavior.
_
B. The son can reason out to his parents if he thinks that
_
parents are not doing their best.
4
C. The son can hurt and abandon his parents when he
.
grew up.
D. All mentioned
_ According to the Book of Rites, proper ritual conduct

_ would maintain harmony in the empire, as well as
_ emphasize the virtue of piety.
_ A. Book of Changes C. Book of Rites
_
B. Book of Odes D. Spring and Autum
5
Annals
.
_ Why does in Confucianism, the family members need to

_ cry loudly after the death of their loved one?
_ A. to help the dead person’s soul ascend to heaven
_
B. to inform their neighbor about the bad news.
_
171
C. to collect money from others
6 D. All mentioned
.
_ It is considered as the transfer of parental belongings

_ when their daughter is getting married.
_ A. Engagement C. Marriage
_
B. Dowry D. Proposal
_
7
.
_ Which virtue is being practiced when a son or daughter

_ fully love, respect and support their parents?
_ A. Filial Piety C. Right Conduct
_
B. Helpfulness D. Trustworthiness
_
8
.
_ Does Confucius believe in Heaven?

_ A. Yes because of the passage on Analects 3:13 which
_ shows
_
Confucius’s idea of Tian or heaven
_
B. Yes because Confucius experienced to be in heaven
9
C. No because he doesn’t believe in God.
.
D. Not mentioned
_ Which book serves as a guide for moral self-cultivation?

_
_
1
0
.
References:
Goscha, C. 2017. What is Confucianism: A Short Introduction to the

Chinese Ethical System. History Today.
https://www.historytoday.com/history-matters/what-
confucianism#:~:text=A%20short%20introduction%20to
172
%20the%20Chinese%20ethical%20system.&text=Stressing
%20the%20importance%20of%20correct,in%20sixth
%20century%20BC%20China.
Mack, L. 2019. Filial Piety: AN Important Chinese Cultural Value.
ThoughtCo.
https://www.thoughtco.com/filial-piety-
in-chinese-688386.
MysticalBee. n.d. Five Beliefs of Confucianism.
https://mysticalbee.com/beliefs-of-confucianism/.
Ong, J. A. & Jose, dL. M. 2016. Introduction to World Religions and

Belief System Textbook. Vibal Group, Inc.
Religion Facts. 2015. History of Confucianism.
www.religionfacts.com/confucianism/history.
Wilson, T. A. 2010. Five Classics and Four Books: Cult of Confucius
and the Temple of Culture.
https://academics.hamilton.edu/asian_studies/home/cultt
emp/sitePages/fiveclassics.html.
Mahayana and Theravada Buddhism
Target
contrast Mahayana and Theravada Buddhism. This module you
are expected to:
 Explain the uniqueness and similiraties of Mahayana and
Theravada Buddhism.
Jumpstart
173
Activity 1:
questions.
brother Lando.
but we have our own ways of achieving it”.
Questions:
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
______
2. Do they have the same way of achieving their goals? Explain your
answer.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
______
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
______
Activity 2:
174
Direction : Loof for and encircle the ten (10) words related to Mahayana
and Theravada Buddhism.
P S A N S K R I T B
A A Z C V B N M M O
S M L Q W E R T Y D
D A T I T G H J F H
F T P O I U Y T R I
G H L K J H G F D S
H A R H A T M N B A
V E H I C L E I J T
Z L T M U M P M P T
X K G A J N O N O V
C J B N B U D D H A
V H N T J H I U K L
B G M R H K A R M A
N F D A G G U Y H H
S A M S A R A T Y F
Discover
BRIEF OVERVIEW
Buddhism is one of the oldest religions in the world
which began in the 6th century BCE in Nepal. After the death of
Siddhartha Gautama or Buddha, different opinions concerning the
correct teaching and practices of Buddhism arose. Eventually, the two
main schools or traditions was formed.

Elders” and Mahayana Buddhism, “The great vehicle”. Both of these
schools of Buddhist thought believe in the cycle of birth and rebirth from
one life or one reality to the next (samsara) which is also shared in the
Hindu philosophy and the idea that goals should be realized to escape
from the dukkha and eventually obtain nirvana (enlightenment). Despite
of their similiarities, these two schools of Buddhism are unique most
especially on their way of applying the core beliefs and devotions to the
life and teachings of Buddha.
Theravada Buddhism
Theravada Buddhism came first and is much closer to some
original practices and and teachings of Siddhartha Gautama. It is about
personal journey of an individual by trying to follow the practice of
Buddha through mediation perhaps with the help of some teachers,
recognizing the four noble truths, following the Eightfold Path to
Enlightenment and eventually enter nirvana and become an arhat.
Theravada Buddhism suggest Bodhisattvas seek enlightenment first
before they can help others stuck in samsara (endless rebirth).

175
Myanmar.
(one who is worthy)
with clarity.
Mahayana Buddhism
Mahayana is known as the great vehicle because the Buddhist
doctrine is often compared to a raft that carries its people across the
world of suffering to a better world. This school or tradition aimed to
incorporate newer teachings into practice and is focused on encouraging
everyone toward nirvana. This means that the pursuit in Mahayana is
not necessarily to get to nirvana as quickly as possible but to get closer
to nirvana and help others achieve the same state. The real goal is to be
a Bodhisattva. Bodhisattva in Mahayana Buddhism means someone who
has almost achieve nirvana but holds that off in order to help the rest of
the sentient beings. This implies that the goal of this tradition is for the
sentient beings to achieve nirvana, the individual goal will be described
as delaying his or her own personal nirvana and become a bodhisattva to
assist all other sentient beings in achieving their nirvana.
which are phrases the are to be chantted. Mantras were used in
Eastern faiths.
176
Explore
Name:________________________________Date:___________________________
Activity 1:
Direction: Compare and contrast Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism

using the Venn Diagram below. Write the differences of the two
traditions on the circle’s sides and write the similarities on the middle
part.
Theravada Mahayana
177
Activity 2:
Name:__________________________________ Date
:___________________________
Strand and Section ____________________ Score :
___________________________
Direction : Complete the table with the missing information about

Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism.
Theravada Mahayana
Buddhism Buddhism
Goal
Teachings
Language
Type of
Meditation
DEEPEN :
178
make an illustration or a poster of the these two tradition highlighting
their similarities and differences.
Materials Needed:
1. coupon bond
Rubrics:
Content -25%
Neatness -10
_______
50%
Theravada Mahayana
Gauge
Name:__________________________________ Date
:___________________________
Strand and Section_____________________Score :
___________________________
179
by
Unknown
under
Activity 1: MATCHING TYPE
Direction: Match the concepts of Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism to

its corresponding tradition. Write your answer on the blank before the
number.
Column A Column B
___ The school of elders A. Mahayana
___ Buddhism
_1.
___ It uses chanting of
___ mantras and sutras.
_2.
___ Sanskrit is its main B. Theravada
___ language. Buddhism
_3.
___ It teaches an individual to
___ help others achieve
_4. nirvana.
___ Individual attainment of
___ enlightenment is the most
_5. important.
___ It is practiced in Sri
___ Lanka, Thailand, Laos,
_6. Cambodia, and Myanmar.
___ It uses Samatha and
___ Vipassana meditation.
_7.
___ It means The Great
___ Vehicle.
_8.
___ It focuses on becoming an
___ arhat.
_9.
___ It is mainly followed and
___ practiced in Nepal, Japan,
10 China, Tibet, and Korea.
.
Name: ________________________________ Date

_____________________________
Strand and Section_____________________Score
____________________________
Activity 2
180

undelined word to make statement TRUE. Write your answer on the
space provided before the number.
__________________ Mahayana Buddhism is being followed

___1. and practiced in Japan.
__________________ Bodhisattva in Theravada Buddhism
___2. suggest to delay their realization of
nirvana to help those who are struggling.
__________________ Theravada Buddhism is directed to the

___3. Buddha’s teachings and core beliefs.
__________________ Arhat means the great vehicle.
___4.
__________________ The belief of the school of Buddhist along
___5. Karma and Samsara is also shared with
the Hindu Philosophy.
__________________ Theravada Buddhism is about a person’s

___6. journey following the practice of
Muhammad.
__________________ Nirvana means enlightenment.
___7.
__________________ Sanskrit is the spoken language of
___8. Siddhatha Gautama.
__________________ Theravada is mainly practiced in Sri
___9. Lanka.
__________________ Mantras were used in Hinduism before
___10. Buddhism existed
Name _________________________________ Date ________________________

Acitivty 3
Direction: Read the items carefully and choose the letter of the correct
answer. Write it on the space provided before the number.
_ Which of the following is NOT a type of Theravada
_ Buddhism meditation?
_ A. Samatha B. Sutras C. Vipassana D. All
181
_ mentioned
_
1
.
_ What is Mahayana’s main language?

_
_
_
_
2
.
_ Why does Theravada Buddhism focus so much on the

_ teachings of Buddha?
_
_
_
C. because it focuses in making its people rich and
3
powerful
.
D. A and B
_ Who is a Bodhisattva according to Theravada Buddhism?

_
_
B. someone who delays his own enlightenment to help
_
others
_
4
.
D. All mentioned
_ What made Theravada Buddhism similar with Mahayana

_ Buddhism?
_
A. Both are based on the teachings and practices of
_
Hindus
_
B. Both share the same core belief and devotion to the life
5
and
.
teachings of Buddha
D. All mentioned
_ What are the main traditions that was formed after

_ Buddha’s death?
_
_
_
6
.
_ Why does Mahayana focus in Bodhisattva path of

_ encouraging?
_
A. because Mahayana Buddhism aims everybody’s
_
enlightenment
_
B. because Mahayana Buddhism’s concern is to help
182
those who are struggling with their state.
7 C. it is to give the honor and praise to Buddha.
. d. A and B
_ What is Nirvana for both Mahayana and Theravada

_ Buddhism?
_
_
B. It is a state in which the cycle or birth and rebirth will
_
be
8
stopped.
.
D. All mentioned
_ Which of the following is NOT a Theravada Buddhism’s

_ way of becoming arhat?
_
_
_
9
.
_ What tradition is called The Great Vehicle?

_
_
_
1
0
.
Reference
Bitesize. (n.d.). Practices in Buddhism.
https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zmd9dxs/revision/1
Khan Academy. 2017. Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism/ World
History.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aCA6ioTLw-
Q&vl=en.
O’Brien, B. 2018. What is a Sutra in Buddhism?. Learn Religions.
https://www.learnreligions.com/sutra-449693 .
Pettinger, T. 2016. “Differences between Theravada and Mahayana
https://www.biographyonline.net/spiritual/buddhism/
theravada-mahayana.html
Terrell, S. 2019. “Theravada vs. Mahayana Buddhism- What are the
https://blog.mindvalley.com/theravada-vs-mahayana/.
183
CONFUCIANISM
Target
Confucianism as the way of life that was propagated by Confucius

in the 6th- 5th century BCE and being followed by the Chinese
people for more than two millennia.
to:
 Analyze the brief history, core teachings, fundamental beliefs, practices,
and related issues of Confucianism.
Jumpstart
Before you proceed with the lesson, may I ask you first to reflect and do
the activity below.
Activity 1
Direction: List at least three relationships that you are in now, and
identify the power relations in these relationships by stating if you are a
follower, superior equal position in each relationship. Explain the
advantages and disadvantages of the said relationships.
Realation Position Advantag Disadvant

ship es ages
Discover
Brief History
Confucianism is a system of ethics devised by the Chinese scholar
K’ung Fu-tzu (Latinised to Confucius) in sixth century BC China,
stressing the importance of correct behaviour, loyalty and obedience
to hierarchy.
According to Religion Facts (2015), the story of Confucianism does
not really begin with Confucius, nor was Confucius the founder of
Confucianism in the same way that Buddha was the founder of
Buddhism. Rather, Confucius considered himself a transmitter who
184
consciously tried to retrieve the meaning of the past by breathing vitality
into seemingly outmoded rituals.
Confucius' love of antiquity was motivated by his strong desire to
understand why certain rituals, such as the ancestral cult, reverence for
Heaven, and mourning ceremonies, had survived for centuries. He had
faith in the cumulative power of culture. Confucius' sense of history was
so strong that he saw himself as a conservationist responsible for the
continuity of the cultural values and the social norms that had worked
so well for the civilization of the Chou dynasty.
Mencius, Xunzi, and others sustained Confucianism after
Confucius, but it was not influential until Dong Zhongshu emerged in
the 2nd century BCE. Confucianism was then recognized as the Han
state cult (introducing religious elements and sacrifices to Confucius),
and the Five Classics became the core of education.
In addition to its significant influences on Taoism and Chinese
Buddhism, Confucianianism has had the strongest influence on the
moral fabric of Chinese society. A revival of Confucian thought in the
11th century produced Neo-Confucianism, a major influence in Korea
during the Choson dynasty and in Japan during the Tokugawa period.
In 1530, a Ming emperor reformed the Confucian cult to focus

more on Confucius' teachings than the sage himself (e.g. images of
Confucius were replaced with inscribed tablets). The cult of Confucius
declined after the founding of the Chinese Republic in 1912, but the
influence of Confucianism continues.
LIFE of CONFUCIUS
The teachings of Confucius during 500 B.C., has played an
important role in forming Chinese character, behavior and way of living.
But who is Confucius? According to Confucius Biography (2020),
Confucius, also known as Kong Qui or K’ung Fu- Tzu, was an influential
Chinese Philosopher, teacher, and political figure. He was born in 551
B.C. in the small feudal state of Lu in what is now Shandong Province in
China. He came from a noble family but, by the time of his birth, they
had already lost their wealth. Confucius, served in minor government
posts managing stables and keeping books for granaries before he got
married at the age of 19. Confucius mastery of the six arts- ritual, music,
archery, charioteering, calligraphy, and arithmetic- and his familiarity
with the classical traditions, notably poetry and history, made him to
start a brilliant teaching career in his 30s (Religion Facts, 2015). He is
often considered as the first person to devote his whole life in learning
and teaching for the purpose of social transformation and improvement.
He held several government positions including as arbiter, assistant
minister of public works and minister of justice in the state of Lu. Soon,
Confucius left Lu because of his frustrations on his ideals and policies
that were brushed off by his superiors. He wandered for 13 years trying
to put into practice his theories and ideals. At the age of 67, he went
back to his state to teach (where he gained more followers) and to
preserve his classical traditions by writing and editing. He died in 479
B.C.E. at the age of 73, with around 3,000 followers who preserved and
put into writings his teachings (Ong and Jose, 2016).
CORE TEACHINGS OF CONFUSIANISM
185
The teachings of Confucius are focused on Social and Political Teachings as he
viewed education as central to achieving proper conduct both within Society
and in Government.
SOCIAL TEACHINGS
- This deals with the proper behavior of the individual in society and to his
fellow men. Confucius teaching the people to have compassion for one
another, and to avoid treating others in ways that they themselves would
not wish to be treated. “What you do not wish for yourself, do not do to
others.” (Analects 12.2)
- According to his teachings, there were mutual obligations arising
between members of social relationships, for example as between
Husband and Wife, Parents and Children, Older Brother and Younger
Brother, and so on. Proper conduct when practiced between members of
these groupings would guarantee a harmonious relationship between
them and also serve as the foundation of a just a stable society.
- People should follow the five virtues and must love one another and treat
each other with kindness, which is a concept shared by all great religions
and philosophies.
POLITICAL TEACHINGS
- It deals with the art of governance and the proper relationship of the
Ruler to the ruled. He advocated for justice and compassion and
emphasize that only by being a fair and just ruler, one may enjoy life of
heaven and continue to have the right to rule.
- Confucius believed that the key to good governance lay in each man
carrying out his duties as prescribed by his position within the
hierarchy. He said, “Good government consists of the ruler being a ruler,
the minister being a minister, the father being a father, and the son
being a son”. (Analects 12.11)
- A ruler should possess virtue, virtue that would enable the ruler to retain
the supreme position. “He who governs by means of his virtue is, to use
an analogy, like the pole-star: it remains in its place while all the lesser
stars do homage to it.” (Analects 2.1). Remarkably, given the violent
nature of his times, Confucius believed that rulers should not have to
resort to force or the threat of punishment to maintain power. He stated,
"Your job is to govern, not to kill" (Analects XII:19).
CONFUCIUS TEACHINGS ON EDUCATION
- For Confucius, one of the key to self- mastery is through Education. He
said, “He who learns but not think is lost, he who think but does not
learn is in great danger” (Analects 2:15)
- Confucius recommended that for men to become gentlemen and
superior, one must be familiar with the rules of correct behavior.
Confucius's emphasis on education and his belief that position and rank
should be based on merit, led to the establishment of an imperial
bureaucracy in which admission was based not on birth but on how well
the applicant did on the imperial examinations ( http://confucius-
1.com/teachings/).
186
FUNDAMENTAL BELIEFS AND PRACTICES
1. Silver Rule of Behavior
The rule is simple, and it implies that what you do not wish to
choose for yourself, never impose it on someone else.
2. Belief in Tian
“When you have offended against Heaven, there is nowhere you
can turn to in your prayers.” (Analects 3:13). This passage in the
Analects shows Confucius’s idea of Tian or heaven. He believed that Tian
is analogous with moral order but dependent upon human intervention
to bring its will into action. For him, the li or ritual propriety is the way
through which the family, the state, and the world may become parallel
with Tian’s moral order.
3. Human Nature as Originally Good or Evil
Mengxi and Xunzi are two philosophers who had different
interpretations on the human nature based on Analects. For Menxius,
renxing or human nature is naturally disposed toward ren, or virtue of
the superior man. Mengzi believed that all human beings are born with
innate goodness which, on one hand, can be cultivated through proper
education and self- discipline (li). On the other hand, Xunzi believed that
human nature is basically evil but can be improved through self-
cultivation. Like Mencius, Xunxi considers li as the key to the cultivation
of human nature.
4. The Five Virtues
1. Jen – Helpfulness, empathy, and kind nature
2. Yi – Rightness, duty as guardians of nature and humanity
3. Li – Right conduct, appropriateness and outward expression to
demonstrate your inner attitude
4. Chih – Wise thinking
5. Hsin – Trustworthiness and faithfulness
 These virtues are very important for everyone, but it is important especially
for the leader.
5. Filial Piety as an Important Virtue

In general, filial piety requires children to offer love, respect,
support, and deference to their parents and other elders in the family,
such as grandparents or older siblings. Acts of filial piety include obeying
one's parent's wishes, taking care of them when they are old, and
working hard to provide them with material comforts, such as food,
money, or pampering.
(https://www.thoughtco.com/filial-piety-in-chinese-688386 )
6. Five Relationships
1. Father and Son 4. Older Brother and
2. A Ruler and a Citizen Younger Brother
3. Husband and Wife 5. Between two friends
 Each one of these relationships must contain mutual respect to keep the
relationship working. Each one must perform their role to the best of their
relationship, and one must honor and remember the members who have
died. Ancestors are not to be seen as gods but remembering them is
considered as an important act Hsin.
7. Marriage
According to Confucianism six separate things happen during marriage rituals-
187
 Proposal – Both sides of the relationship share and compare the hour, day,
month, and year of the birth of the bride and groom. If any upsetting events
happen within the bride’s family within the next three days of the proposal,
then it is believed that she has rejected the proposal.
 Engagement – After the couple decides the date of the wedding then the
bride announces the wedding with invitations and gifts of cookies that are
shaped like the moon.
 Dowry – A dowry is considered as the transfer of parental belongings when
their daughter is getting married.
 Procession – The groom then proceeds to the bride’s home and then brings
her back to his home with much happiness and excitement.
 Marriage – The couple then recites their vows that will bond them together
for their entire life, toast each other wine and then take the center of the
stage with their families and their friends.
 Morning After – On the morning after the bride serves breakfast to the
groom’s parents and then the parents do the same.
8. Death
After the death of the loved one, the family members cry loudly to
inform the neighbors of the bad news. The body of the beloved one is
then placed in a coffin, and many family members and friends bring
money to help with the funeral. The foods and objects that were of some
importance to the deceased one are placed along with him or her into the
coffin. The priest performs the burial ritual, and the guests follow the
coffin carrying the large branch of the willow tree. This willow tree is
meant to symbolize the soul of the person who died. After that, the
branch is taken back to the family altar where it is believed that it is
used to install the spirit of the deceased one
(https://mysticalbee.com/beliefs-of-confucianism/).
FIVE CLASSICS (wujing) and FOUR BOOKS (si shu)
The following are the Four Books and Five Classics according to Wilson (2010)
from Cult of Confucius and the Temple of Culture:
The Four Books
5. The Great Learning
it is a guide for moral self-cultivation. The key to moral self-
cultivation is learning, or the investigation of things. Through the
investigation of things, one comes to understand the principle in all
things, which allows one to better comprehend the world. Through this
moral self-cultivation, one's li (principle) and qi (psychophysical stuff) are
in harmony, leading to consistent moral behavior.
6. Analects
Written during the Spring and Autumn period through the Warring
States period, the Analects is a collection of Kongzi's teachings and
discussions with disciples. According to the Analects, the first step in
knowing the Way is to devote oneself to learning. In addition to learning,
the Analects emphasize the importance of good governance, filial piety,
virtue, and ritual.
7. Mencius
This refers to the collection of conversations Mencius had with Kongzi.
Mencius places a strong emphasis on the responsibility of the emperor to
practice good governance through following the Way. One of the most
popular passages from Mencius notes that all humans instinctively
respond with alarm and compassion when we see a child teetering on the
edge of a well, suggesting that everyone is innately good and moral. Yet,
he notes that not everyone actually rushes to save the child and
188
emphasizes the idea that though we are all born with the seeds of
righteousness and goodness, but must learn how to nurture and
cultivate those seeds.
8. The Doctrine of the Mean

This has been translated in many ways, including The Constant Mean
(Legge) and Maintaining Perfect Balance (Gardener). The Doctrine of the
Mean is attributed to Zisi, Kongzi's grandson, and deals with how to
maintain perfect balance and harmony in one's life. It focuses on
following the Way and acting in accordance with what is right and
natural, but acknowledges that people often do not act properly.
The Five Classics
6. Book of Documents
It is a compilation of 58 chapters detailing the events of ancient
China. The Book of Documents tells the deeds of the early sage-kings
Yao and Shun. These narratives are influential in the development of the
understanding of a sage. The compilation also includes the history of the
Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties. The Book of Documents is often
considered the first narrative history of ancient China.
7. Book of Odes
The Book of Odes is also translated as the Book of Songs or Book
of Poetry. The Book of Odes is comprised of 305 poems dealing with a
range of issues, including love and marriage, agricultural concerns, daily
lives, and war. The Book of Odes contains different categories of poems,
including folk songs and hymns used in sacrifice. Kongzi is believed to
have selected the 305 poems in this collection from a much wider
collection.
8. Book of Rites
The Book of Rites described the social norms, governmental
organization, and the ritual conduct during the Zhou dynasty. Believed
to have been compiled by Kongzi, the Book of Rites is the foundation of
many ritual principles that arise in later imperial China. According to the
Book of Rites, proper ritual conduct would maintain harmony in the
empire, as well as emphasize the virtue of piety.
9. Book of Changes
The Book of Changes contains a system of divination, which is
centered largely around the principles of yin and yang. The Book of
Changes has also been translated as I Ching or Classic of Changes.
Some of the divination practices are still used today.
10. Spring and Autumn Annals
As the longest of the Five Classics, the Spring and Autumn Annals
is a historical chronicle of the State of Lu. Unlike the Book of
Documents, the Spring and Autumn Annals appear to have been created
specifically for annalistic purposes. The Spring and Autumn Annals was
traditionally understood as being written by Confucius, but modern
scholars believe the text was actually written by various chroniclers from
the State of Lu.
189
SELECTED ISSUES
1. Female Subordination
It is often said that a woman’s life under Confucianism can be
summed up in three periods (Three Obediences): the obedience to her
father while at home; obedience to her husband when married; and
obedience to her son when widowed. In the Confucianism hierarchy,
women are at the bottom, so they are expected to demonstrate to show
ideal behavior and accommodation. They are expected to demonstrate
obedience before all other virtues and are not expected to as an
individual being. In the Book of Changes, the female- male relationship is
represented in terms of the superiority of heaven over inferior earth (Ong
and Jose, 2016).
2. Authoritarianism
Confucianism stresses the hierarchy between relationships, this
has reinforced top- down values and hierarchical systems by
encouraging deference to one’s superiors—ruler, father, teacher or
anyone older. Confucianism has been criticized on the issue of father-
son relationship, this suggest that children must not question the
authority of the father or parents and simply accept their subordination
status. Confucianism is also seen as being incompatible with liberal
democracy for emphasizing the values of loyalty, unity, social duties,
responsible paternalism, over the values of individual freedom, diversity,
individual rights, and individual autonomy (Ong and Jose, 2016).
3. Environmental Ethics
While it is true that Confucianism advocates respect for the
environment, it’s acceptance of people’s dominance of nature poses
threat to the issue. The Analects mentioned the subordination of animals
to social interests. Some experts also say that when faced with the
dilemma between maintaining social duties and the environment,
Confucianism would lead one to choose the former than the later. The
analects contain passages that suggest Confucius’ neglect or or lack of
concern for animals, “There was a fire in the stables. When the Master
returned from court, he asked: ‘Was anybody hurt?’ He didn’t ask about
the horses.” (Analects 10: 12). In general, critics noticed that
Confucianism has not provided anything to promote an environmentally
sound philosophy (Ong and Jose, 2016).
190
Explore
Name : ____________________________________ Date

_______________________
Strand and Section _________________________Score
______________________
Activity 1: Analyze and complete the concept map about Confucianism.
CONFUSIANISM
Core Teachings
Writings
Fundamental Beliefs and

wujing
Practices
Si
shu
Activity 2.
Name ______________________________
Date____________________________
Score___________________________
Direction: Read carefully the items and identify the correct answer. Choose
your answer from the word bank.
Authoritar Book of Mengxi Confucius
ianism Odes
Book of Analects Hsin Social
Changes Teaching
Book of Filial Chih Political
Rites Piety Teaching
191
________________________ It is a collection of Kongzi's teachings
_____1. and discussions with disciples.
________________________ An act of this include obeying one's
_____2. parent's wishes.
________________________ It is a virtue on Faithfulness and
_____3. Trustworthiness.
________________________ It is a virtue on Wise Thinking.
_____4.
________________________ A book which contains the principles of
_____5. yin anf yang.
________________________ A book that serves as the foundation
_____6. of many ritual principles that arise in
later imperial China.
________________________ A Philosopher who believed that all
_____7. human beings are born with innate
goodness
________________________ It is an issue on Confucianism that gives
_____8. importance more on social duties but not
individual rights.
________________________ He has played an important role in
_____9. forming Chinese character, behavior
and way of living.
________________________ It deals with the art of governance
____10. and the proper relationship of the
Ruler to the ruled.
Deepen
Activity 1:
Confucianism’s primary concern rests upon the belief that
human beings are fundamentally good, and teachable, improvable, and
perfectible through personal and communal endeavor, especially self-
cultivation and self-creation.
After knowing and understanding Confucianism, present a
character sketch of a person who personifies the Confucian virtues.
192
Gauge
Name ______________________________
Date____________________________
Score___________________________
Activity 1.
Direction: Read the items carefully and write the letter of the correct
answer on the space provided.
_ Which of the following situations present a challenge on

_ Female Subordination?
_
_ A. The husband decides what he think is best for his
_ family without asking the wife’s opinion.
1 B. Children should always show obedience to their
. parents.
C. Family A prefers a baby boy than a baby girl.
D. A and C
_ Which of the following statements describe the Silver Rule

_ of Behavior in Confucianism?
_ A. Maria loves to help abandoned children because she
_ believes that the more she extends her hands to others,
_ the more she will be blessed.
2
B. Mario doesn’t care about the people around him.
.
C. Peter only trust himself, he doesn’t want to be friends
to anyone.
D. All mentioned
_ “Good government consists of the ruler being a ruler, the

_ minister being a minister, the father being a father, and
_ the son being a son.” This is an example of …
_
3
.
_ How does authoritarianism affect father- son relationship?

_ A. The son needs to obey and trust his father regardless of
_ his father’s bad behavior.
_
B. The son can reason out to his parents if he thinks that
_
parents are not doing their best.
4
C. The son can hurt and abandon his parents when he
.
grew up.
D. All mentioned
_ According to the Book of Rites, proper ritual conduct

_ would maintain harmony in the empire, as well as
_ emphasize the virtue of piety.
_ A. Book of Changes C. Book of Rites
_
B. Book of Odes D. Spring and Autum
193
Annals
5
.
_ Why does in Confucianism, the family members need to

_ cry loudly after the death of their loved one?
_ A. to help the dead person’s soul ascend to heaven
_
B. to inform their neighbor about the bad news.
_
C. to collect money from others
6
D. All mentioned
.
_ It is considered as the transfer of parental belongings

_ when their daughter is getting married.
_ A. Engagement C. Marriage
_
B. Dowry D. Proposal
_
7
.
_ Which virtue is being practiced when a son or daughter

_ fully love, respect and support their parents?
_ A. Filial Piety C. Right Conduct
_
B. Helpfulness D. Trustworthiness
_
8
.
_ Does Confucius believe in Heaven?

_ A. Yes because of the passage on Analects 3:13 which
_ shows
_
Confucius’s idea of Tian or heaven
_
B. Yes because Confucius experienced to be in heaven
9
C. No because he doesn’t believe in God.
.
D. Not mentioned
_ Which book serves as a guide for moral self-cultivation?

_
_
1
0
.
194
195
References:
Goscha, C. 2017. What is Confucianism: A Short Introduction to the
Chinese Ethical System. History Today.
https://www.historytoday.com/history-matters/what-
confucianism#:~:text=A%20short%20introduction%20to%20the
%20Chinese%20ethical%20system.&text=Stressing%20the
%20importance%20of%20correct,in%20sixth%20century%20BC
%20China.
Mack, L. 2019. Filial Piety: AN Important Chinese Cultural Value.
ThoughtCo.
https://www.thoughtco.com/filial-piety-
in-chinese-688386.
MysticalBee. n.d. Five Beliefs of Confucianism.
https://mysticalbee.com/beliefs-of-confucianism/.
Ong, J. A. & Jose, dL. M. 2016. Introduction to World Religions and

Belief System Textbook. Vibal Group, Inc.
Religion Facts. 2015. History of Confucianism.
www.religionfacts.com/confucianism/history.
Wilson, T. A. 2010. Five Classics and Four Books: Cult of Confucius
and the Temple of Culture.
https://academics.hamilton.edu/asian_studies/home/culttemp/
sitePages/fiveclassics.html.
196
TAOISM
Target
Taoism is both philosophy and a religion. The philosophy grew

from an observance of the natural world, and the religion developed out
of a belief in cosmic balance maintained and regulated by the Tao. In this
module you are expected to:
 Know and understand the brief history, philosophical teachings,
fundamental beliefs, practices, and related content of Taoism.
Jumpstart
We start the discussion of Taoism by expressing our ideas on what

we saw naturally. Given the following pictures below write all your
thoughts and ideas in connection to man and nature on the space
provided for.
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
_____________
197
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
_____________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
_______
198
Activity 1: Answer the following questions below and express freely your ideas.
1. What can you say about the role of nature in shaping one’s personality?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
2. As a man, how can nature will benefit from your actions?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
Activity 2: Write a short but meaningful poem expressing your appreciation to

our nature.
199
Discover
BRIEF OVERVIEW
Taoism (also known as Daoism) is a Chinese philosophy attributed
to Lao Tzu (c. 500 BCE) which contributed to the folk religion of the
people primarily in the rural areas of China and became the official
religion of the country under the Tang Dynasty. Taoism is therefore both
a philosophy and a religion.
The historian Sima Qian (145-86 BCE) tells the story of Lao-Tzu, a
curator at the Royal Library in the state of Chu, who was a natural
philosopher. Lao-Tzu believed in the harmony of all things and that
people could live easily together if they only considered each other's
feelings once in a while and recognized that their self-interest was not
always in the interest of others.
Taoism is both a philosophy and a religion. It emphasizes doing
what is natural and "going with the flow" in accordance with the Tao (or
Dao), a cosmic force which flows through all things and binds and
releases them. The philosophy grew from an observance of the natural
world, and the religion developed out of a belief in cosmic balance
maintained and regulated by the Tao. The original belief may or may not
have included practices such as ancestor and spirit worship but both of
these principles are observed by many Taoists today and have been for
centuries.
Taoism exerted a great influence during the Tang Dynasty
(618-907 CE) and the emperor Xuanzong (reigned 712-756 CE) decreed it
a state religion, mandating that people keep Taoist writings in their
home. It fell out of favor as the Tang Dynasty declined and was replaced
by Confucianism and Buddhism but the religion is still practiced
throughout China and other countries today.
200
WHO IS LAO TZU?
Lao Tzu, also rendered as Laozi
and Lao-Tze, was an ancient Chinese
philosopher and writer. He is the
reputed author of the Tao Te Ching, the
founder of philosophical Taoism, and a
deity in religious Taoism and traditional
Chinese religions.
Lao Tzu's philosophy advocates
naturalness, spontaneity and freedom
from social conventions and desires. In
the Tao, which means the way, Lao
Tzu refers to the ultimate order of things
and ultimate basis of reality.
WHAT IS TAOISM?
The core of the basic belief and doctrine of Taoism is that "Tao" is
the origin and law of all things in the universe. Taoists believes that
people can become deities or live forever through practicing certain
rituals and austerities.
Taoism does not have a God in the way that the
Abrahamic religions do. There is no omnipotent being
beyond the cosmos, who created and controls the
universe. In Taoism the universe springs from the Tao,
and the Tao impersonally guides things on their way.
WHAT IS TAO TE CHING?
It is a Chinese classic text traditionally credited
to the 6th-century BC sage Laozi. Tao Te
Ching translates very roughly as "the way of integrity".
In its 81 verses it delivers a treatise on how to live in the world with
goodness and integrity, an important kind of wisdom in a world where
many people believe such a thing to be impossible.
CONCEPT and BELIEFS OF TAO IN TAOISM
 Taoist interpretations of Tao, means a road, path, way; and hence, the
way in which one does something; method, doctrine, principle. The Tao
is what gives Taoism its English name, in both its philosophical and
201
religious forms. The Tao is the fundamental and central concept of these
schools of thought.
 The Tao is not God and is not worshipped. Taoism does include many
deities, but although these are worshipped in Taoist temples, they are
part of the universe and depend, like everything, on the Tao. The Tao
includes several concepts in one word, the source of creation, the
ultimate.
 Tao (Dao) and Tê (De) are central concepts of Taoism. Tao (meaning “The
Way”) has been described as “the divine way of the universe” and the
“unproduced producer of all that is." Tê is the power of Tao and the
power to bring Tao into realization. It incorporates the belief that human
interference is damaging.
 Tao is invisible, unnamable, impalpable, unknowable and imitable.
Taoists believe that nothing exists before something, inaction exists
before action and rest exists before motion. Thus, nothingness is the
fundamental state and qualities inherent to this state include tranquility,
silence and humility and associations with feminine yin rather than
masculine yang. Motion and change are important concepts, because
from the state of inaction every kind of action is possible, and is why the
term “Way” (Tao) is used.
 The De means virtue or the proper adherence to Dao.
 Wu-Wei means “no behavior” or doing nothing or “action less activity”
 Qi/Chi refers to the natural energy or life force that sustains living
beings.
FOCUS OF TAOISM
 The focus of Taoism is the individual in nature rather than the individual
 Taoism is a philosophy that is based in nature and the energies that

keep everything in order and harmony. Wu-wei is the non-action aspect
of Taoism when you realize you are a part of the whole and understand
the Taoism principle of oneness.
202
Taoists stress the importance of harmonizing with nature by

balancing yin and yang, and developing chi through meditation and
disengagement. The human body is regarded as a source of chi-derived
energy, which some people have the power to concentrate and congeal
into an essence.
ADDITIONAL IDEAS ABOUT TAOISM
203
1. Don’t concentrate on the meaning of Tao (this will come later naturally)
2. Understand what Taoism is. Taoism is more than just a “philosophy” or a
“religion”. Taoism should be understood as being: A system of belief,
attitudes, and practices set towards the service and living to a person’s
nature.
3. The path of understanding Taoism is simply accepting oneself. This
leads to inner peace. Live life and discover who you are. Your
nature is ever changing and is always the same. Don’t try to resolve
the various contradictions in life, instead learn acceptance of your
nature.
PRACTICES OF TAOISM

 Meditation.
 Breathing.
 Energy flow.
 Martial arts.
 Diet.

 Do not get intoxicated but always think of pure conduct.
Symbol of Taoism: Yin and Yang
The ubiquitous yin-yang symbol holds its roots in Taoism/Daoism, a Chinese

religion and philosophy. The yin, the dark swirl, is associated with shadows,
femininity, and the trough of a wave; the yang, the light swirl, represents
brightness, passion and growth.
204
Explore
Name: ____________________________________ Date

_______________________
Strand and Section ________________________ Score
______________________
wrong.
1. Lao Tzu's philosophy advocates naturalness, spontaneity and freedom
from social conventions and desires. _________________________________
2. To misrepresent good and evil is a teaching of Taoism. _________________
3. Taoism is a religion not philosophy. __________________________________
4. Purity is a Taoist practice that teach the importance of keeping the body
pure in order to ensure spiritual health. ______________________________
5. The focus of Taoism is the individual in nature rather than the individual
in society. ________________________________________________
6. Confucius is the founder of Tao Te Ching. _____________________________
7. Yin is a male energy in the beliefs of Taoism. _________________________
8. The Tao is not God and is not worshipped. ____________________________
9. Tao, means a road, path, way. _______________________________________
10. Living a balance life is the goal and teaching of Taoism. _______________
205
Name: ____________________________________ Date
_______________________
______________________
Activity 2: Answer correctly the questions below and choose wisely on

the given choices provided on the table.
Confucian Taoism Analect Tao Te

ism s Ching
Tao Yin Yang Lao Tzu
Balance Humility Purity Physical
Life Practices
1. It is both philosophy and religion. ___________________________________

2. It is a Chinese classic text traditionally credited to the 6th-century BC
sage Laozi. ___________________________
3. A teaching of Taoism which talks about true balance in life is very freeing
to your soul and personality. _____________________________
4. A philosopher who advocates naturalness, spontaneity and freedom
from social conventions and desires. _________________________________
5. It is the fundamental and central concept of Taoism. _________________
6. Taoism teach the importance of keeping the body pure in order to
ensure spiritual health. _____________________________________________
7. Male energies. ______________________________________________________
8. Female energies. ___________________________________________________
9. The core of the basic belief and doctrine of this teaching is that "Tao" is
the origin and law of all things in the universe. _____________________
10. Taoism doesn't make a rigid division between body and spirit; it
recognizes that physical actions have a spiritual effect.
___________________________________
206
Deepen
Name: ____________________________________ Date

_______________________
______________________
Activity 1: Taoism is both philosophy and religion. Connect the

significance of Taoism in relation to other religions and philosophical
teaching.
TAOISM
HINDUISM BUDDHISM ISLAM CONFUCIANISM

_____________ ______________ _____________ _________________
_____________ ______________ _____________ _________________
_____________ ______________ _____________ _________________
_____________ ______________ _____________ _________________
_____________ ______________ _____________ _________________
_____________ ______________ _____________ _________________
_____________ ______________ _____________ _________________
_____________ ______________ _____________ _________________
_____________ ______________ _____________ _________________
_____________ ______________ _____________ _________________
_____________ ______________ _____________ _________________
_____________ ______________ _____________ _________________
_____________ ______________ _____________ _________________
___ ___
Gauge
Name: ____________________________________ Date

_______________________
______________________

connection to the teachings of Taoism.
1. What are don’ts of Taoism?
207
a.
b.
c.
d.
2. Give at least five (5) practices of Taoism?

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
3. Give at least six (6) Principles of Taoism?

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
208
Key Answers

Activity 1
1. True.
2. False
3. False
4. True
5. True
6. False
7. False
8. True
9. True
10. True
Activity 2
1. Taoism
2. Tao Te Ching
3. Balance Life
4. Lao Tzu
5. Tao
6. Purity
7. Yang
8. Yin
9. Taoism
10. Physical Practices
Key Answers
Deepen (Activity 1)
FOCUS OF TAOISM
209
 The focus of Taoism is the individual in nature rather than the individual in society. It holds that the goal of
life for each individual is to find one's own personal adjustment to the rhythm of the natural (and

 Taoists stress the importance of harmonizing with nature by balancing yin and yang, and developing chi
through meditation and disengagement. The human body is regarded as a source of chi-derived energy, which
some people have the power to concentrate and congeal into an essence.
Gauge (Activity 1)

Do not get intoxicated but always think of pure conduct.
PRACTICES OF TAOISM
 Physical practices - Taoism doesn't make a rigid division between body and spirit, it recognizes that physical
actions have a spiritual effect.
 Purity - Taoist texts teach the importance of keeping the body pure in order to ensure spiritual health.
 Meditation.
 Breathing.
 Energy flow.
 Martial arts.
 Diet.
 Taoism is a philosophy that is based in nature and the energies that keep everything in order and harmony. Wu-wei is the non-action aspect of Taoism when you realize you are a part of the whole and understand the
Taoism principle of oneness.
 The dynamic balance in life is two opposites completing each other in the effort to form one. This is clearly demonstrated in the yin (female) and yang (male) energies. These two energies are opposites, but when joined
together form a complete energy known as chi which is the governing energy of all life and the perfectly balanced form of energy.
 You can witness the cycles of life by being the observer. The day and night are a twenty-four-cycling process of the sun and the moon. The four seasons of winter, spring, summer, and fall are the life cycles of nature. The
human and animal cycle is birth and death. The Tao is a never-ending cycle of energy transformation.
 Having compassion is necessary to understand and relate to all living life. When you achieve this level of empathy, you find that you cannot do any harm to any living creature. You recognize that everything is connected
and is part of the whole.
 Experiencing and living in humility means you appreciate others. You experience a genuine respect and gratitude for those who serve as your mentors and teachers.
 Living a balance life is the goal and teachings of Taoism. This path leads you to a life of moderation. Finding a true balance in life is very freeing to your soul and personality.
 Living a healthy life is not just a guideline, but should be an act of reverence. Practicing forms of meditation is essential to tapping into that spiritual well of light and energy.
 Longevity is part of the Taoist goals. This includes integrating the mind, body and soul for a union of balance and unison.
 Reverence for ancestors, specifically the spirits of ancestors isn't the final guidepost, but a pivotal one.
210
REFERENCES:
Websites:
https://www.ancient.eu/Taoism/#:~:text=Taoism%20(also%20known%20as
%20Daoism,a%20philosophy%20and%20a%20religion.
https://personaltao.com/taoism/taoism-101/#What-is-Taoism
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tao_Te_Ching
https://feng-shui.lovetoknow.com/Taoism_Principles
Introduction to World Religions and Belief Systems by Mary Dorothy dL.Jose
SHINTOISM
211
Target
Shinto means the way of the gods. Shintoism is an Ancient religion

of Japan. We know that religion is the belief in and worship of a
superhuman controlling power, especially a personal God or Gods. In
this module you are expected to:
 Analyze and understand the brief history, philosophical teachings,
fundamental beliefs, practices, and other context of Shintoism.
Jumpstart
We start the discussion of Shintoism by asking you a queston. Do

you believe in God and who is your God? Write your answer on the box I
provided and after that go to the next page for some activity that will
enhance your thinking ability.
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
212
Activity 1: Give your brief understanding or observations to the following
pictures below that has connection to Shintoism. Write your answer inside the
circle.
213
Discover
BRIEF OVERVIEW
Shinto, was used to designate the religion of the Japanese people
only during the eight century C.E. The name is derived from two words,
shin (meaning Kami or gods) and to (or do, meaning path). The name
Shinto therefore means “ the kami way” or, more colloquially, “ the way
of the gods.” Prior to the eighth century C.E., it is believed that it had no
name at all, but because of the rise of Buddhism and Confucianism
from China, it was necessary to distinguish this mode of religious
practice.
In the late 6th century AD, the name Shinto was created for the
native religion to distinguish it from Buddhism and Confucianism, which
had been introduced from China. It started at least as long ago as 1000
B.C.E. but is still practiced today by at least five million people.
The followers of Shintoism believe that spiritual powers exist in the
natural world. They believe that spirits called "kami" live in natural
even the dead. According also to revived Shinto doctrine, the sovereignty
of the emperor was exercised by divine right through his reputed descent
from the sun goddess Amaterasu Omikami, who is considered the
founder of the Japanese nation. Related beliefs included the doctrines
that the Japanese were superior to other peoples because of their
descent from the gods, and that the emperor was destined to rule over
the entire world.
Shinto places of worship are called shrines and are usually found
in beautiful natural settings. The shrine contains an Inner Hall which is
only entered by Shinto priests since it is believed kami are present.
Shinto priests can be either male or female. Purity is important to Shinto
followers and therefore they rinse their mouths and wash their hands
and hang up wooden tablets with prayers on them before entering the
prayer hall.
As compared to other world religions, Shinto is quiet unique
because the religion is nature-centric. Shinto does not recognize any book
as its authoritative scriptures, focusing instead on temple worship and
maintenance of the beauty of nature.
214
WHAT IS SHINTOISM?
Shinto, also known as kami-no-michi, is a religion originating in
Japan. Shinto is polytheistic and revolves around the kami ("gods" or
"spirits"), supernatural entities believed to inhabit all things. The link
between the kami and the natural world has led to Shinto being
considered animistic and pantheistic.
The essence of Shinto is the Japanese devotion to invisible
spiritual beings and powers called kami, to shrines, and to various
rituals. Shinto is a very local religion, in which devotees are likely to be
concerned with their local shrine rather than the religion as a whole.
Shinto is primarily found in Japan, where there are around 80,000
public shrines. Shinto is also practiced elsewhere, in smaller numbers.
WHO STARTED SHINTOISM?

The peoples of ancient Japan had long held animistic beliefs,
worshipped divine ancestors and communicated with the spirit world via
shamans; some elements of these beliefs were incorporated into the first
recognized religion practiced in Japan, Shinto, which began during the
period of the Yayoi culture.
Short History in Connection to the Start of Shintoism
• Izanagi (Husband) + Izanami (Wife) = First Pair of Kami

• They descended from Heaven along a rainbow bridge and created
the eight-great island of Japan.
• Many Kami were born to the couple.
• But when the fire Kami was born, Izanami, the mother, was killed
by the flames.
• Izanagi washed his left eye: AMATERASU (Sun-Kami) is born.
• Izanagi washed his right eye: TSUKIYOMI (Moon-Kami) is born.
• Izanagi washed his nose: SUSANOO (Valiant Raging Male Kami)
• Jimmu Tenno, the first emperor of Japan descended directly from
Amaterasu.
• Amaterasu sent her grandson NIHINGI to rule the earth.
215
PRINCIPLE OF SHINTOISM
There is no absolute right and wrong, and nobody is perfect.
Shinto is an optimistic faith, as humans are thought to be fundamentally
good, and evil is believed to be caused by evil spirits. Consequently, the
purpose of most Shinto rituals is to keep away evil spirits by purification,
prayers and offerings to the kami.
BELIEFS OF SHINTOISM
Shinto is an optimistic faith, as humans are thought to be
fundamentally good, and evil is believed to be caused by evil spirits.
Consequently, the purpose of most Shinto rituals is to keep away evil
spirits by purification, prayers and offerings to the kami.
Other core belief of the Shinto religion is the idea that everything
possesses a spiritual essence or energy called “kami.” Mountains, rivers,
places, animals and people are said to have kami inside. People share on
many levels and in many ways with kami.
SYMBOLS OF SHINTOISM
Perhaps the most recognizable symbols of Shintoism are the
majestic gates that mark the entrance to Shinto shrines. Made of wood
or stone, these two-post gateways are known as “torii” and show the
boundaries in which a kami life.
216
The holy books of Shinto are the Kojiki or 'Records of Ancient
Matters' (712 CE) and the Nihon-gi or 'Chronicles of Japan' (720 CE).
These books are compilations of ancient myths and traditional teachings
that had previously been passed down orally.
NOTABLE KAMI OR GODS OF SHINTO

SHINTO GODS - are called kami. They are sacred

spirits which take the form of things and concepts important to life, such as
wind, rain, mountains, trees, rivers and fertility. Humans become kami after
they die and are revered by their families as ancestral kami.

 Mountain Worshipers.
 Shamanism and Divination.
 Pure Shinto and Mythological Elements.
MAIN DIVISION IN SHINTO
 Jinja Shinto
 Kyoha Shinto
 Tsuzoko Shinto
MAIN GOD OF SHINTOISM
INARI is the Shinto god of industry, prosperity, finance, and
agriculture. With over 40,000 shrines, or one-third of the total number of
shrines in Japan, devoted to Inari, it's safe to say that this kami is one of
the most important and respected of all the Shinto deities.
CONCEPTS OF KAMI
Kami, unlike the western concept of gods, are not omnipotent nor
perfect. They sometimes make mistakes and behave badly as well. They
217
are more like humans in a higher manifestation of energy. Deities or
spirits are closer to Kami beings. The term kami is sometimes applied to
spirits that live in things, but it is also applied directly to the things
themselves. So, the kami of a mountain or a waterfall may be the actual
mountain or waterfall, rather than the spirit of the mountain or waterfall.
 The Spirits that inhabit many living beings
 Some being themselves
 Elements of the landscape, like mountains, river, and lakes
 Powerful forces of nature, like storms, lightning, and earthquakes
 Human being who became kami after their deaths
SHINTOISM VS. OTHER RELIGION
Shinto is one of the few religions in which its practice and beliefs
separate it from other religions. Because Shinto doesn't rely upon
spiritual texts and authority figures, it becomes a belief that suits those
who live in communities that worship and cleanse local shrines and
deities.
218
219
 Shinto is strictly focused on the present. In Shinto, life is about a
celebration of what we know and what we have right now. Although they
don’t believe in the afterlife, once a person dies, he becomes ancestral
Kami which keeps an eye on his offspring, sort of a guardian angel.
Japanese Kami are closer to humans, they make mistakes, do
mischievous stuff, feel joy and sorrow. You treat your environment by
keeping it clean with a sincere heart, the harmony will come naturally.
NATURE AND VARIETIES

Shinto consists of the traditional Japanese religious practices as
well as the beliefs and life attitudes that are in accord with these
practices. Shinto is more readily observed in the social life of the
Japanese people and in their personal motivations than in a pattern of
formal belief or philosophy. It remains closely connected with the
Japanese value system and the Japanese people’s ways of thinking and
acting.
CULTURE OF SHINTOISM
Shintoism is Japan's indigenous spirituality. It is believed that
every living thing in nature (e.g. trees, rocks, flowers, animals - even
sounds) contains kami, or gods. Consequently, Shinto principles can be
seen throughout Japanese culture, where nature and the turning of the
seasons are cherished
220
Explore
Name: ____________________________________ Date

_______________________
______________________
wrong.
1. Teaching of Shintoism believe that spirits called "kami" live in natural
even the dead. __________________________________________________
2. Purity and sincerity are not part of the core values of Shintoism. _______
3. Coffins and cemeteries are the main symbol of Shintoism. _____________
4. SHINTO GODS are called kami. ______________________________________
5. Shintoism originated in India. _______________________________________
6. The holy books of Shinto are the Kojiki and the Nihon-gi. ______________
7. There are three core values in Shintoism which includes Mountain
Worshipers, Shamanism and Divination and Pure Shinto and
Mythological Elements. ______________________________________________
8. There is no absolute right and wrong, and nobody is perfect is a principle
of Shintoism. ______________________________________________
9. One concept of Kami is the idea that spirits inhabit many living beings.
______________________
10. Celebrating and participating to Festivals is a form of Shintoism
practices. __________________________
221
Name: ____________________________________ Date
_______________________
______________________
Activity 2: Answer the following questions objectively.
1. Differentiate Shintoism to other religions?
2. What is the purpose of having a symbol in every beliefs, teachings

and religion?
3. If you will be given a chance to choose among the Kami or Gods of

Shintoism who will it be and why?
222
Deepen
Name: ____________________________________ Date

_______________________
______________________
Activity 1: Write at least six (6) ideas or understanding you have gained in
connection to Shintoism and make your idea expand by applying concept
mapping.
SHINTOISM
Gauge
Name: ____________________________________ Date

_______________________
______________________

connection to the teachings of Shintoism.
1. What are the three forms of Shinto?

a.
223
b.
c.
2. Give the two holy books of Shintoism?

a.
b.
3. Give the five core values of Shintoism.

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
224
Gauge
Name: ____________________________________ Date

_______________________
______________________
Activity 2: Match column A from column B to make the correct and

proper identification of Kami’s or Gods in the teaching of Shintoism.
Write only the letter of the correct answer to the line provided.
_____1. Kotoamatsukami A. The god of wind.

B. The god of war.
_____2. Inari
C. The primary kami trinity.
_____3. Fūjin
D. The god of rice and
_____4. Hachiman
agriculture.
_____5. Izanami-no-Mikoto E. The sun goddess.
_____6. Inari Ōkami F. The moon goddess.
_____7. Izanagi-no-Mikoto - G. One of seven gods of fortune.
_____8. Ebisu H. Shinto god of industry,
_____9. Amaterasu Ōmikami prosperity, finance, and agriculture.
I. The first woman.
J. The first man.
225
Key Answers

Activity 1
1.True
2.False
3.False
4.True
5.False
6.True
7.False
8.True
9.True
10. True
Activity 2
1. SHINTOISM VS. OTHER RELIGION
Shinto is one of the few religions in which its practice and beliefs separate it from other religions. Because Shinto
doesn't rely upon spiritual texts and authority figures, it becomes a belief that suits those who live in communities that
worship and cleanse local shrines and deities.
2. SYMBOLS OF SHINTOISM
Perhaps the most recognizable symbols of Shintoism are the majestic gates that mark the entrance
to Shinto shrines. Made of wood or stone, these two-post gateways are known as “torii” and show the
boundaries in which a kami life.
3. NOTABLE KAMI OR GODS OF SHINTO

Key Answers
Gauge (Activity 1)
1. Mountain Worshipers.
226
2. Shamanism and Divination.
3. Pure Shinto and Mythological Elements.

1. Kojiki or 'Records of Ancient Matters'
2. Nihon-gi or 'Chronicles of Japan'

Gauge (Activity 2)
1. C
2. H
3. A
4. B
5. I
6. D
7. J
8. G
9. E
227
REFERENCES:
Websites:
https://www.qcc.cuny.edu/socialsciences/ppecorino/phil_of_religion_text/CHAPTER_2_RELIGIONS/Shin
toism.htm
https://uri.org/kids/world-religions/shintoism
https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/shinto/ataglance/glance.shtml#:~:text=The%20essence%20of
%20Shinto%20is,are%20not%20God%20or%20gods.
https://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2056.html
https://ourhappyschool.com/religion/shintoism-basic-terms-and-concepts
Introduction to World Religions and Belief Systems by Jayeel Serrano,Ph.D, Mark Joseph Tumanda
Calano,Ph.D, Manuel Victor Jamias Sapitula,Ph.D
228
Module
15 CONFUCIANISM, TAOISM, AND SHINTOISM

(COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS)
Target
Since you are already done with the modules containing the
discussions on Confucianism, Taoism, and Shintoism, we shall now be
conducting a comparative analysis about them. By comparing and
contrasting such religions, you will be able to determine their
uniqueness and similarities as required in this course, thus providing
you a better understanding and more reason to respect them regardless
of their nature.
At the end of this module, I am expecting you to be able to
perform the following competency:
1. Determine the uniqueness and similarities of Confucianism,
Taoism, and Shintoism.
Discover
Comparative Matrix:
Religion Confucian Taoism Shintoism

ism
The The Taoism Just like
Beginning entirety of has a Taoism,
of the its nature mythologic Shintoism
universe and belief al concept view on
does not
and of how it the
provide a
humanity clear
views the beginning
concept of beginning of both
universal of the universe
and human universe and
origin. and mankind
However, mankind. is
they believe Their mythoplog
that all heaven ical.
things in which is Compare
the the Yin to other
universe
and Yang non-
are
dependent
came from theistic
to each an egg religion, it
other and with believes
should be which a that it was
binded with giant was created
each other created through
229
harmoniou and died the
sly without while his interventio
any body parts n from a
conflict. became Sun
part of the Goddess
earth. named
Human Amaterasu
were , in
created addition,
from the Shintoism
fleas believes
around his that
body. Japanese
people are
his
(Amateras
u) direct
descendan
t.
Morality Confuciani As Shintoism
sm mentioned give
emphasize above, the importanc
s the great all e on the
importanc componen possession
e of ts of the of brilliant
morality universe and pure
as its core are mind as it
teaching interdepen is
revolves dent to necessary
on each to make
becoming other. This kami and
a gentle is why in man’s
person Taoism, communio
morally harmony n possible.
driven by is greatly Such also
righteousn emphasize enables
ess, love, d for the them to
wisdom, maintenan receive the
loyalty, ce of blessings
and balance of Kami.
prudence. and
prevention
of chaos.
Actions
that are
detrimenta
l to the
maintenan
ce of such
balance is
condemne
d in this
religion
such as
murder,
230
greediness
, and
lying.
Life The view The Shintoism
Purpose of ultimate purpose of is an
purpose of life in optimistic
life in Taoism is in faith as
Confuciani to be it believes
sm to capable of that
reach the understan humans
human’s ding and could be
highest living with either
potential Tao. This good or
which they in general bad. Their
call, “the sense bad
perfected means actions
person”. being able and
They to live character
believe harmonio as a whole
that such usly with is
potential the influenced
can be environme or caused
attained nt and by evil
through maintain spirits.
rigorous their This is
process of balance why, they
self- instead of have to
cultivation making empower
which may actions themselve
even last a that may s to resist
lifetime. affect it in it and
the choose to
contrary. be good all
the time.
Based
from the
Associatio
n of
Shinto
Shrine’s
proclamati
on of their
purpose in
the year
1956, as
cited by
Quebral
(2018),
Shintoism
s purpose
of life is to
live in
accordanc
e with
their
231
emperor’s
will. To be
harmonio
us, and
peaceful,
prayerful
for the
developme
nt and
prosperity
of the
world.
Destiny In In Taoism, Shintoism
Confuciani it is believes
sm, it is believed that the
believed that death world is a
that a is continuou
man’s inevitable. s and
destiny is Person will unending
to live in eventually process
the die in the growth
guidance day and
of ethics outside developme
and their nt. This
physical awareness means,
rules. In . However, they don’t
general while they have the
sense its are still concept of,
view about living, universal
destiny is they must ending
to be more do their and
rational in ultimate believes
dealing purpose that
with all as this will humans
life definitely should not
circumsta grant be
nces. them resistant
immortalit to such
y. This in cyclical
simple approach.
sense
means,
man’s
destiny is
to either
live his
ultimate
purpose or
disobey it.
View on Women in As this In
women Confuciani relation Shintoism,
sm are set emphasize women are
in their s balance not
society to and deemed to
232
occupy a harmony be in a
position between lower
lower than everything position
men. Even in the the man
so, they universe, nor equal
are being Taoism is as they
respected considered are viewed
and gender in
honoured neutral. indigenou
as They do s
mothers believe Japanese
and that men traditions
mother-in- and as unique
laws women are and
within equal and should
their inseparabl have a
family. e as both unique
of them participati
are on as
dependent temple
with each stewards
other. and
shamans.
This
signifies
that
women are
also
viewed as
children of
God.
233
Gauge:
Name:_______________________________ Grade & Section________________

Teacher: ____________________________ Score: _________________________
Creating:
In a separate sheet of paper, choose from any of the three religions and draw
and artwork which depict how your chosen religion views the origin of the
universe and mankind. (20 pts)
Rubric for Scoring:
Needs Fair (3) Good (5)
Improvement (1)
Cleanliness The output is full With limited The overall looks
of erasures, not errors or of the output
shaded evenly, erasures. shows
and has an cleanliness free
overall untidy from erasures.
look.
Attractiveness The output does Satisfactorily Used effective
not draw used color color
attention to the combination but combination to
viewer. Bad color still needs make the output
combination. improvement for wholesome and
a more presentable to
wholesome the viewer.
output.
Originality The entire output Some ideas were Shows unique
was obviously obviously taken thoughts and
taken from a from others with ideas.
source. some traces of
originality.
Relevance to the The output does Does not totally Shows relevance
Chosen Religious not show any show relevance to to the topic
view. relevance to what the discussed discuss.
is being topic but made
discussed in his an appreciable
chosen religious output.
view.
Name:_______________________________ Grade & Section________________

Teacher: ____________________________ Score: _________________________
I. In the criterion of morality, the three religions namely, Confucianism,
Taoism, and Shintoism have three words belong to them in the box. Your task
234
is to look for those words and place it to the blanks below each of them. Write
your answer on the bubble below each religion.
Morality
Love Wisdom Loyalty

Balance Harmony
Yin Yang Kami Communion
Resistance-to-Evil-Spirit
Confucianism Taoism Shintoism

______________ ______________ ______________
______________ ______________ ______________
______________ ______________ ______________
II. Essay:
Which religion has a view on women closer to how women are viewed in the
Philippines? Explain your answer.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
____________________________
235

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Grade

SCHOOL YEAR 2020-2021 FIRST SEMESTER

THEA ZONETTE S. MEDRIANO BRENDA A. SABADO

EPS In- Charge of Values Educ:

Understanding the nature of religion enlightens learners about the

MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCY

Before we go with our topic let us have a pre-test to know your

NAME: _____________________________ SCORE___________

Read and understand the lesson and do the following activity.

UNDERSTANDING BELIEFS AND WORLDVIEWS

COMMON CHARACTERISTICE AMONG RELIGIONS

Here is an enrichment activity for you to familiarize with our lesson.

Theism, often used as a synonym to monotheism, is defined as “belief in

Different kinds of belief system or worldview

_______1. What is that organized system of belief, ceremonies, or rules to reverent a

____1. Theism is an antonym to monotheism as the latter believes only in the

____3. Religion is the study of the nature of God.

____4. Philosophy of religion deals primarily with issues concerning religion

This is our second week on this new teaching-learning modality which is

MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCIES

Zimran jokshan medon midian

The Indian Mosaic

The Way of Dao

1. The Western Frontier

The Indian Subcontinent

The Eastern End

Below is enrichment activity to ponder and answer.

The Cultural Milieu

Originated from a certain founder Hard to convert because members come

- religion is considered universal and it can be found in all known

GREAT!!! You are showing your participation, attention and

A. Make a poster presentation illustrating the unity of world religions in a 1/8

RUBRIC FOR POSTER PRESENTATION

Organization The concept was clearly and 4

B. Write TRUE if the statement is correct. Write FALSE if the statement is

__________1. The term “Shinto” came from two Indian words.

_______1. Type of Buddhism that

D. Fill in the blank with the correct answer.

2. these four great religions – Hinduism, Jainism, Sikhism and ______________

MELC-Analyze the influence of religion to culture and society

This topic is about religion Imagine there’s no countries

POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF RLIGION

POSITIVE EFFECTS OF RELIGION

1.RELIGION PROMOTES SOCIAL HARMONY

2.RELIGION PROVIDES MORAL VALUE

3.RELIGION PROVIDES SOCIAL CHANGE

4.RELIGION REDUCES FEAR OF THE UNKNOWN

5.RELIGION GIVES POSITIVE GOALS IN LIFE

6. RELIGION GIVES PEOPLE A SENSE OF BELONGING

NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF RELIGION

1.RELIGION AFFIRMS SOCIAL HIERARCHY

2.RELIGION CAUSES DISCRIMINATION

3.RELIGION TRIGGERS CONFLICTS AND FIGHTS

4.RELIGION AS AN ECONOMIC TOOL FOR EXPLOITING THE MASSES

5.RELIGION IMPEDES SCIENTIFIC SUCCESS AND DEVELOPMENT

6. RELIGION OBSTRUCTS THE USE OF REASON

HISTORICAL EVENTS CAUSED BY RELIGION

1.SELF-IMMOLATION OF A BUDDHIST MONK IN VIETNAM

2.WIDOW BURNING AMONG THE HINDUS IN INDIA

___________ 1. A form of torture used during the inquisition

CRITERIA DESCRIPTION POINTS POINTS

MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCY

Read and reflect this story in the bible then do the

NAME: ___________________ SCORE_

Name: ______________ Date _

Name __ Date

Name __ Date

Name:________ Date :_

Name:________ Date :_

Name: ____ Date _