Uganda

AIDS Indicator
Survey (AIS) 2011
 UGANDA
AIDS INDICATOR SURVEY
2011
Ministry of Health
Kampala, Uganda

ICF International
Calverton Maryland, USA

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Entebbe, Uganda

U.S. Agency for International Development

Kampala, Uganda

WHO Uganda
Kampala, Uganda

August 2012

UGANDANS AND AMERICANS

IN PARTNERSHIP TO FIGHT HIV/AIDS
This report presents findings from the 2011 Uganda AIDS Indicator Survey (UAIS) carried out by the Ministry of
Health. The Demographic and Health Surveys division at ICF International provided financial and technical
assistance for the survey through a contract with the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)/Uganda.
Financial and technical assistance was also provided by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC),
especially in the area of HIV and syphilis testing. Financial support was provided by the Government of Uganda, the
U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), the President’s Emergency Fund for AIDS Relief, the World
Health Organisation (WHO), and DFID and DANIDA through the Partnership Fund. The Uganda Bureau of
Statistics also partnered in the implementation of the survey. The Uganda Virus Research Institute conducted central
laboratory tests. The opinions expressed in this report do not necessarily reflect the views of the donor organisations.
It is also important to acknowledge the contribution of the central coordination office, field staff, district officials,
communities, and survey respondents, without whom the survey would not have been possible.

Additional information about the survey may be obtained from the Ministry of Health (MOH),
P.O. Box 7272, Kampala (Telephone: 256.414.340.874 or 256.414.259.669; Fax: 256.414.348.278; E-mail:
[email protected]; jmusinguzi@ infocom.co.ug; [email protected]).

Additional information about the survey may be obtained from Demographic and Health Surveys, ICF International,
11785 Beltsville Drive, Suite 300, Calverton, MD 20705, U.S.A. (Telephone: 301.572.0200; Fax: 301.572.0999;
E-mail: [email protected]).
CONTENTS

CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................................................... iii

TABLES AND FIGURES ........................................................................................................................................ vii
FOREWORD ..............................................................................................................................................................xi
MAP OF UGANDA .................................................................................................................................................. xii

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Background Information ................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Objectives of the Survey ................................................................................................................... 3
1.3 Sample Design and Implementation ................................................................................................. 4
1.4 Questionnaires................................................................................................................................... 5
1.5 Biomarkers ........................................................................................................................................ 6
1.5.1 Blood Collection ................................................................................................................. 6
1.5.2 Home-Based Testing for HIV and Syphilis ........................................................................ 8
1.5.3 Central Laboratory Testing .................................................................................................9
1.5.4 Quality Control Testing .................................................................................................... 10
1.6 Training and Data Collection .......................................................................................................... 10
1.7 Data Processing ............................................................................................................................... 11
1.8 Response Rates ............................................................................................................................... 12

CHAPTER 2 HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS AND HOUSEHOLD POPULATION .............................. 13

2.1 Household Characteristics............................................................................................................... 13
2.1.1 Water and Sanitation......................................................................................................... 14
2.1.2 Housing Characteristics .................................................................................................... 15
2.1.3 Household Remoteness ..................................................................................................... 17
2.1.4 Household Food Security.................................................................................................. 17
2.1.5 Household Possessions ..................................................................................................... 18
2.2 Wealth Index ................................................................................................................................... 19
2.3 Household Population by Age, Sex, and Residence ....................................................................... 20
2.4 Household Composition .................................................................................................................. 22
2.5 Birth Registration ............................................................................................................................ 22
2.6 Children’s Living Arrangements and Orphanhood ......................................................................... 23
2.7 Educational Attainment of Household Population .......................................................................... 25

CHAPTER 3 CHARACTERISTICS OF SURVEY RESPONDENTS............................................................ 29

3.1 Background Characteristics ............................................................................................................ 29
3.2 Educational Attainment of Respondents ......................................................................................... 31
3.3 Exposure to Mass Media ................................................................................................................. 33
3.4 Employment and Occupation .......................................................................................................... 35
3.5 Marital Status .................................................................................................................................. 39
3.6 Polygyny ......................................................................................................................................... 40
3.7 Age at First Marriage ...................................................................................................................... 41

Contents • iii
 CHAPTER 4 KNOWLEDGE OF HIV AND AIDS ..........................................................................................45
4.1 Awareness of HIV/AIDS ................................................................................................................ 45
4.2 Knowledge of Means of Preventing HIV Transmission ................................................................. 46
4.3 Knowledge of Mother-to-Child Transmission ................................................................................ 54

CHAPTER 5 ATTITUDES RELATED TO HIV/AIDS ................................................................................... 57

5.1 Accepting Attitudes towards Those Living with HIV..................................................................... 57
5.2 Negative Attitudes towards Those Living with HIV....................................................................... 61
5.3 Personal Knowledge of Discrimination Related to HIV/AIDS ....................................................... 63
5.4 Attitudes towards Negotiating Safer Sexual Relations ................................................................... 64
5.5 Educating Youth About Condom Use and Postponing Sex Until Marriage ................................... 66
5.6 Perceived Risk of Getting HIV ....................................................................................................... 67

CHAPTER 6 SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR ............................................................................................................... 69

6.1 Age at First Sexual Intercourse ....................................................................................................... 69
6.2 Recent Sexual Activity.................................................................................................................... 71
6.3 Multiple Sexual Partners ................................................................................................................. 73
6.4 Concurrent Sexual Partners ............................................................................................................. 77
6.5 Higher Risk Sexual Intercourse ...................................................................................................... 78
6.6 Transactional Sex ............................................................................................................................ 80
6.7 Alcohol Use during Sex .................................................................................................................. 82
6.8 Forced and Coerced Sex ................................................................................................................. 84
6.9 Prevalence of Sexually Transmitted Infections ............................................................................... 86
6.10 Prevalence of Injections .................................................................................................................. 87

CHAPTER 7 HIV AND YOUTH ........................................................................................................................ 91

7.1 Comprehensive Knowledge about HIV among Young People ....................................................... 91
7.2 Early Initiation of Sexual Intercourse ............................................................................................. 93
7.3 Condom Use at First Sexual Intercourse ......................................................................................... 94
7.4 Abstinence and Premarital Sex ....................................................................................................... 95
7.5 Multiple Sexual Partners among Youth .......................................................................................... 97
7.6 Age Differences between Sexual Partners ...................................................................................... 98

CHAPTER 8 HIV PREVALENCE................................................................................................................... 101

8.1 Coverage Rates for HIV Testing ................................................................................................... 101
8.2 HIV Prevalence by Age and Sex ................................................................................................... 104
8.3 Trends in HIV Prevalence ............................................................................................................. 105
8.4 HIV Prevalence by Socioeconomic Characteristics ...................................................................... 106
8.5 HIV Prevalence by Demographic Characteristics ......................................................................... 109
8.6 HIV Prevalence by Sexual Behaviour ........................................................................................... 110
8.7 HIV Prevalence among Youth ...................................................................................................... 112
8.8 HIV Prevalence and Other Sexually Transmitted Infections ........................................................ 116
8.9 HIV Prevalence among Cohabiting Couples ................................................................................ 117
8.10 HIV Prevalence among Children under Age 5 .............................................................................. 119

CHAPTER 9 HIV PROGRAMME COVERAGE INDICATORS ................................................................ 123

9.1 Coverage of HIV Counseling and Testing .................................................................................... 123
9.2 HIV Counseling and Testing among Youth .................................................................................. 128
9.3 HIV Prevalence by Prior HIV Test Results .................................................................................. 129

iv • Contents
 9.4 Use of Cotrimoxazole ................................................................................................................... 131
9.5 Prior CD4 Testing Coverage ......................................................................................................... 131
9.6 CD4 Cells Test Results from the Survey ...................................................................................... 132
9.7 ARV Eligibility and Use ............................................................................................................... 132
9.8 Testing and Counseling during Pregnancy.................................................................................... 135
9.9 Male Circumcision ........................................................................................................................ 136
9.9.1 Prevalence of Male Circumcision ................................................................................... 136
9.9.2 Age and Place of Male Circumcision ............................................................................. 138
9.9.3 Attitudes about Male Circumcision ................................................................................ 139
9.9.4 HIV Prevalence and Male Circumcision ........................................................................ 140

CHAPTER 10 SYPHILIS PREVALENCE........................................................................................................ 143

10.1 Coverage Rates for Syphilis Testing ............................................................................................. 143
10.2 Syphilis Prevalence by Age and Sex ............................................................................................. 146
10.3 Trends in Syphilis Prevalence ....................................................................................................... 146
10.4 Syphilis Prevalence by Socioeconomic Characteristics ................................................................ 147
10.5 Syphilis Prevalence by Demographic Characteristics ................................................................... 148
10.6 Syphilis Prevalence by Sexual Behaviour ..................................................................................... 149
10.7 Syphilis Prevalence among Youth ................................................................................................ 150
10.8 Syphilis Prevalence by Other Characteristics ............................................................................... 152
10.8.1 Syphilis Prevalence and Other Sexually Transmitted Infections .................................... 152
10.8.2 Syphilis Prevalence and Male Circumcision .................................................................. 152
10.9 Syphilis Prevalence among Cohabiting Couples........................................................................... 153

REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................................ 157

APPENDIX A SAMPLE DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION ..................................................................... 161

A.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 161
A.2 Sampling Frame ............................................................................................................................ 161
A.3 Sample Design and Selection ........................................................................................................ 163
A.4 Sample Implementation ................................................................................................................ 164
A.5 Sample Probabilities and Sample Weights.................................................................................... 168

APPENDIX B SAMPLING ERRORS ............................................................................................................... 171

APPENDIX C DATA QUALITY TABLE ......................................................................................................... 181

APPENDIX D PERSONS INVOLVED IN THE 2011 UGANDA AIDS INDICATOR SURVEY................ 183

APPENDIX E QUESTIONNAIRES .................................................................................................................. 187

Contents • v
TABLES AND FIGURES

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
Table 1.1 Results of the household and individual interviews ........................................................................ 12

CHAPTER 2 HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS AND HOUSEHOLD POPULATION

Table 2.1 Household drinking water ............................................................................................................... 14
Table 2.2 Household sanitation facilities ........................................................................................................ 15
Table 2.3 Housing characteristics ................................................................................................................... 15
Table 2.4 Household fuel and lighting ............................................................................................................ 16
Table 2.5 Household remoteness .................................................................................................................... 16
Table 2.6 Household food security ................................................................................................................. 17
Table 2.7 Household possessions .................................................................................................................... 18
Table 2.8 Wealth quintiles .............................................................................................................................. 20
Table 2.9 Household population by age, sex, and residence ........................................................................... 21
Table 2.10 Household composition................................................................................................................... 22
Table 2.11 Birth registration of children under age 5 ....................................................................................... 23
Table 2.12 Children’s living arrangements and orphanhood ............................................................................ 24
Table 2.13 School attendance by survivorship of parents ................................................................................. 25
Table 2.14.1 Educational attainment of the female household population........................................................... 26
Table 2.14.2 Educational attainment of the male household population.............................................................. 27

Figure 2.1 Frequency of problems satisfying household food needs................................................................ 18

Figure 2.2 Trends in ownership of selected household assets, Uganda, 2004-05 and 2011 ............................. 19
Figure 2.3 Population pyramid ......................................................................................................................... 21

CHAPTER 3 CHARACTERISTICS OF SURVEY RESPONDENTS

Table 3.1 Background characteristics of respondents ..................................................................................... 30
Table 3.2.1 Educational attainment: Women ..................................................................................................... 31
Table 3.2.2 Educational attainment: Men .......................................................................................................... 32
Table 3.3.1 Exposure to mass media: Women ................................................................................................... 33
Table 3.3.2 Exposure to mass media: Men ........................................................................................................ 34
Table 3.4.1 Employment status: Women ........................................................................................................... 36
Table 3.4.2 Employment status: Men ................................................................................................................ 37
Table 3.5.1 Occupation: Women ....................................................................................................................... 38
Table 3.5.2 Occupation: Men ............................................................................................................................. 39
Table 3.6 Current marital status ...................................................................................................................... 40
Table 3.7 Number of women’s co-wives and men’s wives............................................................................. 41
Table 3.8 Age at first marriage ....................................................................................................................... 42
Table 3.9 Median age at first marriage by background characteristics ........................................................... 43

Figure 3.1 Exposure to mass media at least once a week among women and men age 15-49 ......................... 35

CHAPTER 4 KNOWLEDGE OF HIV AND AIDS

Table 4.1 Knowledge of AIDS........................................................................................................................ 46
Table 4.2 Knowledge of HIV prevention methods ......................................................................................... 47
Table 4.3.1 Comprehensive knowledge about AIDS: Women .......................................................................... 49
Table 4.3.2 Comprehensive knowledge about AIDS: Men ................................................................................ 50
Table 4.4 Knowledge of prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV ................................................ 54

Tables and Figures • vii

 Figure 4.1 Knowledge of means of HIV transmission among women and men age 15-49.............................. 48
Figure 4.2 Rejection of misconceptions about HIV transmission among women and men age 15-49............. 51
Figure 4.3 Differentials in comprehensive knowledge of HIV among women and men 15-49,
Uganda 2011 ................................................................................................................................... 53
Figure 4.4 Trends in comprehensive knowledge of HIV among women and men 15-49, Uganda 2011 ......... 53
Figure 4.5 Trends in knowledge of mother-to-child transmission* among women and men 15-49,
Uganda 2011 ................................................................................................................................... 55

Map 4.1 Percentage with comprehensive knowledge about AIDS: Women 15-49....................................... 52
Map 4.2 Percentage with comprehensive knowledge about AIDS: Men 15-49 ............................................ 52

CHAPTER 5 ATTITUDES RELATED TO HIV/AIDS

Table 5.1.1 Accepting attitudes toward those living with HIV/AIDS: Women ................................................. 58
Table 5.1.2 Accepting attitudes toward those living with HIV/AIDS: Men ...................................................... 59
Table 5.2 Negative attitudes toward those living with HIV/AIDS.................................................................. 62
Table 5.3 Personal knowledge of people living with HIV/AIDS and discrimination ..................................... 63
Table 5.4 Attitudes toward negotiating safer sexual relations with husband .................................................. 65
Table 5.5 Adult support of education for youth to prevent AIDS ................................................................... 66
Table 5.6 Perceived chances of getting HIV ................................................................................................... 67

Figure 5.1 Trends in accepting attitudes towards people with HIV among women and men 15-49, Uganda .. 61
Figure 5.2 Most likely person to get HIV from among women and men age 15-49 ........................................ 68

Map 5.1 Percentage with accepting attitudes on four indicators: Women 15-49 .......................................... 60
Map 5.2 Percentage with accepting attitudes on four indicators: Men 15-49 ............................................... 60

CHAPTER 6 SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR

Table 6.1 Age at first sexual intercourse ......................................................................................................... 70
Table 6.2 Median age at first sexual intercourse by background characteristics ............................................ 70
Table 6.3.1 Recent sexual activity: Women ....................................................................................................... 71
Table 6.3.2 Recent sexual activity: Men ............................................................................................................ 72
Table 6.4.1 Multiple sexual partners: Women ................................................................................................... 74
Table 6.4.2 Multiple sexual partners: Men ........................................................................................................ 75
Table 6.5 Point prevalence and cumulative prevalence of concurrent sexual partners ................................... 77
Table 6.6 Higher risk sex ................................................................................................................................ 79
Table 6.7 Transactional sex among women .................................................................................................... 80
Table 6.8 Payment for sexual intercourse and condom use at last paid sexual intercourse among men ......... 81
Table 6.9.1 Alcohol use during sex: Women ..................................................................................................... 82
Table 6.9.2 Alcohol use during sex: Men .......................................................................................................... 83
Table 6.10.1 Forced or coercive sex: Women ...................................................................................................... 84
Table 6.10.2 Forced or coercive sex: Men ........................................................................................................... 85
Table 6.11 Self-reported prevalence of sexually-transmitted infections (STIs) and STI symptoms ................. 86
Table 6.12 Prevalence of medical injections ..................................................................................................... 88

Figure 6.1 Timing of most recent sexual intercourse among women and men age 15-49 ............................... 73

Map 6.1 Percentage of men 15-49 with more than one sexual partner in previous 12 months ..................... 76
Map 6.2 Percentage who had an injection in previous 12 months: Women 15-49........................................ 89
Map 6.3 Percentage who had an injection in previous 12 months: Men 15-49 ............................................. 89

CHAPTER 7 HIV AND YOUTH

Table 7.1 Comprehensive knowledge about AIDS and of a source of condoms among young people .......... 92
Table 7.2 Age at first sexual intercourse among youth ................................................................................... 93
Table 7.3 Condom use at first sex ................................................................................................................... 94
Table 7.4 Premarital sexual intercourse and condom use during premarital sexual intercourse among
young people ................................................................................................................................... 95

viii • Tables and Figures

Table 7.5 Multiple sexual partners in the past 12 months among young people............................................. 98
Table 7.6 Age-mixing in sexual relationships among women age 15-19........................................................ 99

Figure 7.1 Trends in premarital sex among youth ............................................................................................ 96

Figure 7.2 Trends in condom use at last premarital sex among youth ............................................................. 97

CHAPTER 8 HIV PREVALENCE

Table 8.1 Coverage of HIV testing by residence and region ........................................................................ 102
Table 8.2 Coverage of HIV testing by selected background characteristics ................................................. 103
Table 8.3 HIV prevalence by age .................................................................................................................. 104
Table 8.4 Trends in HIV prevalence by age.................................................................................................. 105
Table 8.5 HIV prevalence by socioeconomic characteristics ........................................................................ 106
Table 8.6 HIV prevalence by demographic characteristics ........................................................................... 110
Table 8.7 HIV prevalence by sexual behaviour ............................................................................................ 111
Table 8.8 HIV prevalence among young people by background characteristics .......................................... 113
Table 8.9 HIV prevalence among young people by sexual behaviour .......................................................... 116
Table 8.10 HIV prevalence by sexually transmitted infections ...................................................................... 117
Table 8.11 HIV prevalence among couples .................................................................................................... 118
Table 8.12 Coverage of HIV testing among children under age 5 .................................................................. 120
Table 8.13 HIV prevalence among children under age 5 ................................................................................ 121

Figure 8.1 HIV prevalence by sex and age ..................................................................................................... 104

Figure 8.2 Trends in HIV prevalence among women by age ......................................................................... 105
Figure 8.3 Trends in HIV prevalence among men by age .............................................................................. 106
Figure 8.4 Socioeconomic differentials in HIV prevalence, Uganda 2011 .................................................... 107

Map 8.1 Percentage HIV-positive: Women 15-49 ...................................................................................... 108

Map 8.2 Percentage HIV-positive: Men 15-49 ........................................................................................... 108
Map 8.3 Percentage HIV-positive: Both sexes 15-49 ................................................................................. 109
Map 8.4 Percentage HIV-positive: Women 15-24 ...................................................................................... 114
Map 8.5 Percentage HIV-positive: Men 15-24 ........................................................................................... 114
Map 8.6 Percentage HIV-positive: Both sexes 15-24 ................................................................................. 115

CHAPTER 9 HIV PROGRAMME COVERAGE INDICATORS

Table 9.1.1 Coverage of prior HIV testing: Women ........................................................................................ 124
Table 9.1.2 Coverage of prior HIV testing: Men ............................................................................................. 125
Table 9.1.3 Coverage of prior HIV testing: Both sexes (women and men combined)..................................... 126
Table 9.2 Recent HIV tests among young people ......................................................................................... 129
Table 9.3 HIV prevalence by self-reported prior HIV testing....................................................................... 130
Table 9.4 Prior HIV testing by current HIV status........................................................................................ 131
Table 9.5 Coverage of cotrimoxazole ........................................................................................................... 131
Table 9.6 Prior CD4 testing .......................................................................................................................... 132
Table 9.7 CD4 levels among those HIV-positive.......................................................................................... 132
Table 9.8 Eligibility for and use of ARVs by background characteristics .................................................... 133
Table 9.9 Source of ARVs and duration of use............................................................................................. 134
Table 9.10 Pregnant women counseled and tested for HIV and syphilis ........................................................ 135
Table 9.11 Prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV ..................................................... 136
Table 9.12 Male circumcision ......................................................................................................................... 137
Table 9.13 Characteristics of circumcision ..................................................................................................... 138
Table 9.14 Desire for circumcision ................................................................................................................. 139
Table 9.15 Attitudes toward male circumcision.............................................................................................. 139
Table 9.16 HIV prevalence by male circumcision .......................................................................................... 140

Figure 9.1 Trends in prior HIV testing, Uganda............................................................................................. 128

Figure 9.2 Differentials in ARV coverage...................................................................................................... 134

Tables and Figures • ix

 Map 9.1 Percentage ever tested for HIV and received results: Women 15-49 ............................................ 127
Map 9.2 Percentage ever tested for HIV and received results: Men 15-49 ................................................. 127
Map 9.3 Percentage of men age 15-49 who are circumcised ...................................................................... 138

CHAPTER 10 SYPHILIS PREVALENCE

Table 10.1 Coverage of syphilis testing by residence and region ................................................................... 144
Table 10.2 Coverage of syphilis testing by selected background characteristics ............................................ 145
Table 10.3 Syphilis prevalence by age ............................................................................................................ 146
Table 10.4 Trends in syphilis prevalence by age ............................................................................................ 146
Table 10.5 Syphilis prevalence by socioeconomic characteristics .................................................................. 147
Table 10.6 Syphilis prevalence by demographic characteristics ..................................................................... 148
Table 10.7 Syphilis prevalence by sexual behaviour ...................................................................................... 149
Table 10.8 Syphilis prevalence among young people by background characteristics..................................... 150
Table 10.9 Syphilis prevalence among young people by sexual behaviour .................................................... 151
Table 10.10 Syphilis prevalence by other characteristics ................................................................................. 152
Table 10.11 Syphilis prevalence by male circumcision .................................................................................... 152
Table 10.12 Syphilis prevalence among couples .............................................................................................. 154

APPENDIX A SAMPLE DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION

Table A.1 Enumeration areas ......................................................................................................................... 162
Table A.2 Population ..................................................................................................................................... 162
Table A.3 Sample allocation of clusters and households ............................................................................... 163
Table A.4 Sample allocation of expected number of completed interviews .................................................. 163
Table A.5 Sample implementation................................................................................................................. 164
Table A.6 Coverage of HIV testing by social and demographic characteristics: Women ............................. 165
Table A.7 Coverage of HIV testing by social and demographic characteristics: Men................................... 166
Table A.8 Coverage of HIV testing among interviewed women by sexual behaviour characteristics .......... 167
Table A.9 Coverage of HIV testing among interviewed men by sexual behaviour characteristics ............... 168

APPENDIX B SAMPLING ERRORS

Table B.1 List of selected variables for sampling errors, Uganda AIS 2011 ................................................. 172
Table B.2 Sampling errors for national sample, Uganda AIS 2011 ............................................................... 173
Table B.3 Sampling errors for urban sample ................................................................................................. 174
Table B.4 Sampling errors for rural sample................................................................................................... 175
Table B.5. Sampling errors for Central 1 region, Uganda AIS 2011 .............................................................. 175
Table B.6 Sampling errors for Central 2 region, Uganda 2011 ..................................................................... 176
Table B.7 Sampling errors for Kampala region ............................................................................................. 176
Table B.8 Sampling errors for East Central region ........................................................................................ 177
Table B.9. Sampling errors for Mid Eastern region, Uganda ......................................................................... 177
Table B.10 Sampling errors for North East region, Uganda 2011 ................................................................... 178
Table B.11 Sampling errors for West Nile region, Uganda ............................................................................. 178
Table B.12 Sampling errors for Mid Northern region, Uganda 2011 .............................................................. 179
Table B.13 Sampling errors for South Western region, Uganda 2011 ............................................................ 179
Table B.14. Sampling errors for Mid Western region, Uganda 2011 ............................................................... 180

APPENDIX C DATA QUALITY TABLE

Table C.1 Household age distribution ........................................................................................................... 181

x • Tables and Figures

FOREWORD

It is now three decades since the first case of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) was
reported in Uganda. Over the years, the country has experienced a big burden of AIDS. The national human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV) surveillance system established in the mid-1980s to track the epidemic has
documented more than 2 million people in the country who have been infected by the HIV virus. A large
proportion of them have died from AIDS-related conditions. Furthermore, mathematical projection estimates
have shown that approximately 130,000 new HIV infections occur annually in Uganda. To address this high
burden, a national prevention strategy is being implemented and various approaches are used to monitor the
progress of the national response.

In line with the national HIV surveillance system, the Ministry of Health, in collaboration with its
Health Development Partners, conducted the 2011 Uganda AIDS Indicator Survey (UAIS 2011). The main
aim of this nationwide survey was to obtain national and regional estimates of the prevalence of HIV and
syphilis, their risk factors, the extent of programme coverage, and indicators of behaviour, knowledge, and
attitudes. The survey was conducted on a nationally representative sample of 11,340 households, including
12,153 women and 9,588 men age 15-59, as well as about 10,000 children age 0-4. The survey involved
individual interviews and blood sample analysis.

This report constitutes the latest, most comprehensive national HIV and AIDS information for
Uganda. Information is wide ranging and includes data on HIV-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours,
patient care, and biomarker indicators. The survey results demonstrate both the strengths and challenges of
Uganda’s response. Furthermore, the results demonstrate indisputably that HIV infection remains a significant
health problem for Uganda; for this reason, the report should serve as a call to action for all stakeholders. The
report should be used as a resource to inform the process of planning and policy formulation as well as the
monitoring and evaluation of HIV and AIDS programmes. All categories of HIV and AIDS stakeholders,
whether policymakers, programme staff, the general public, or those affiliated with academia and research
institutions, will find the report to be useful.

Finally, the Ministry of Health, along with our dedicated international partners, takes the publication
of this report, which shows the current burden of the HIV and AIDS epidemic, as an opportunity to recommit
ourselves to continued scale-up of proven HIV interventions, to the goal of universal access to antiretroviral
treatment, and to our shared vision of a future free of HIV.

Thank you,

Dr. Christine Ondoa

MINISTER OF HEALTH

Foreword • xi
xii • Map of Uganda
INTRODUCTION 1
Key Findings
• The 2011 UAIS covered over 11,000 households and almost 22,000
women and men age 15-59 throughout Uganda.
• The survey provides HIV/AIDS indicators for the country as a whole, for
urban and rural areas separately, and for each of 10 geographic regions.
• The survey included testing for HIV and syphilis, with both rapid and
laboratory tests for adults, CD4 counts for those who tested positive for
HIV, and HIV testing for children under age 5.
• The survey was implemented by the Ministry of Health from early
February to early September 2011.

1.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION

U ganda has endured a severe HIV/AIDS epidemic for over a quarter of a century. Beginning in the late
1980s, a comprehensive and multi-sectoral national response was designed and implemented. Over
the years, the national response led to declining trends in both HIV prevalence and incidence. This
success story, however, followed a period of soaring HIV prevalence during the 1980s. HIV prevalence peaked
around 1992 and steadily declined. In the latter half of the 1990s, there were declines in both prevalence and
incidence. However, according to available surveillance data, HIV prevalence stabilized from 2000-2007 in
most parts of the country (MOH, 2009). In recent times, there has been increased support for HIV/AIDS
control programmes by government and development partners.

A population-based, HIV serological survey conducted in 2004-05 established that 6 percent of adults
age 15-49 and less than one percent of children under age 5 were HIV positive (MOH and ORC Macro, 2006).
The prevalence of HIV in the country was heterogeneous among groups, with women and urban residents
disproportionately affected. In addition, there were marked geographical differences, with Kampala and the
central and mid-northern parts of the country most affected. There were also variations in HIV prevalence by
socioeconomic and sociodemographic characteristics. Estimates of HIV incidence obtained from mathematical
modelling indicated that over 120,000 new infections occur annually (Hladik et al., 2007). Analysis of the
trends in HIV prevalence and incidence in Uganda over the last 8 years suggests that the declines observed
during the 1990s have levelled off. This appears to coincide with declines in protective sexual behaviour and
increased risk-taking behaviour in the general population (Opio et al., 2007; Opio et al., 2008). Furthermore,
analysis of factors associated with HIV incidence and prevalence indicates that HIV risk factors appear to have
changed (MOH, 2007). The Mode of Transmission study shows that there is increased risk of HIV infection
among married and cohabiting couples (Uganda AIDS Commission and UNAIDS, 2009).

Over the last 20 years, Uganda has piloted and implemented various HIV prevention, care, treatment,
and support interventions. Currently, a National HIV Prevention Strategy (NPS) is being implemented. The
NPS consists of a combination of structural, behavioural, and biological interventions stressing abstinence,
being faithful, and condom use, referred to as ‘ABC’. These interventions include the promotion of safe sexual

Introduction • 1
 behaviour through abstinence, mutual faithfulness among uninfected partners, and risk reduction through
consistent condom use, especially with casual partners and partners of unknown or discordant HIV sero-status.
Other interventions include prevention of mother-to-child transmission, promotion of safe medical
circumcision, provision of treatment for sexually transmitted infections, promotion of knowledge of HIV status
through counselling and testing programmes, and promotion of medical infection control through precautions
such as safe blood transfusion and hygienic injections. Interventions for care and support include positive
living through testing and counselling, home and facility-based HIV/AIDS care, treatment of opportunistic
infections, co-trimoxazole prophylaxis, and antiretroviral therapy. Recent intervention efforts include increased
focus on HIV-prevention among HIV-infected individuals (Bunnel, et al., 2008).

To inform the design and implementation of these interventions, the Ministry of Health collects data
to provide strategic information. The main sources of data about HIV/AIDS consist of the routine morbidity
reports produced through the Health Management Information System (HMIS), the HIV/AIDS surveillance
system, periodic household and facility surveys, and special studies.

The antenatal-care-based HIV sentinel surveillance is the main source of HIV/AIDS prevalence data
in Uganda. This surveillance system was established in Uganda in 1989, primarily to monitor the magnitude of
and trends in HIV infection (Kirungi, et al., 2006; Asiimwe-Okiror, et al., 1997). Currently there are 30 HIV
sentinel sites widely distributed throughout the country taking into consideration rural and urban
representation. More than 90 percent of pregnant women in Uganda attend an antenatal clinic at least once
during pregnancy, indicating that ANC sentinel surveillance data are representative of pregnant women in the
country (UBOS and Macro International, 2007). Furthermore, data from the 2004-05 Uganda HIV/AIDS Sero-
Behavioural Survey indicated a close correlation between HIV prevalence estimates from the survey with
those from an ANC-based HIV prevalence survey conducted over the same period of time (Musinguzi, et al.,
2009). Antenatal sero-prevalence surveys are conducted annually in Uganda.

Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) have been important sources of information on HIV/AIDS in
Uganda. These surveys complement routine HIV/AIDS data sources in providing strategic information to
guide programmes. The DHS surveys are based on nationally representative household samples, providing
national and subnational estimates of a range of demographic and health indicators. In Uganda, five DHS
surveys have been conducted, in 1988-89, 1995, 2000-01, 2006, and 2011. The data collected in the DHS
surveys include HIV/AIDS knowledge and attitudes, sexual behaviour, and coverage of HIV prevention, care,
and treatment programmes. The sexual behaviour information collected includes indicators to measure higher-
risk sex, multiple partnerships, primary and secondary abstinence, condom use, prevalence of symptoms of
sexually transmitted infections, and health-seeking behaviour. The data on programme coverage includes
prevention of mother-to-child transmission, use of counselling and testing services, and knowledge of sources
for obtaining condoms.

Population-based serological surveys have provided invaluable HIV/AIDS information that has
guided programme plans and implementation. In 1987 and 2004-05, population-based serological surveys were
conducted on nationally representative samples. These surveys also provided data on a range of biological
markers. For example, the 2004-05 UHSBS included testing for HIV, syphilis, and genital herpes (HSV-2).
Information obtained from these surveys has formed a basis for the National Strategic Plan 2010-2015 (NSP
2010-2015) and the Health Sector HIV/AIDS strategic plan.

The HIV/AIDS programme in Uganda also derives data on the dynamics and impact of HIV/AIDS
and the potential impact of HIV control interventions from standard mathematical models and projections. In
these models, estimates are obtained from triangulation of HIV surveillance and population survey data with
population demographic parameters. The models currently used include the Estimation and Projection Package

2 • Introduction
(EPP) (Brown, et al., 2005) and Spectrum (Stover et al., 2006). Based on these models, the programme
estimates the numbers of new HIV infections that occur annually, the number of people living with HIV, the
number in need of anti-retroviral therapy, the burden of HIV/AIDS morbidity and mortality, and the number of
infections averted through existing programmes.

Additional sources of HIV/AIDS data include special studies, longitudinal cohort studies, and data
from programmes such as HIV counselling and testing services, blood transfusions, and prevention of mother-
to-child transmission services. A historical database on voluntary counselling and testing shows trends in HIV
prevalence that closely match those in antenatal care HIV surveillance, especially in the major towns
(Baryarama, et al., 2004). In Uganda, there are two large-scale cohort studies: the Medical Research Council
Kyamulibwa project and the Rakai Health Sciences project, both of which have been operating for about two
decades. They provide vital natural history HIV/AIDS data together with annual sero-prevalence and sero-
conversion data. They have also included community-based, randomized HIV prevention trials, such as a study
to assess the effect of treatment of sexually transmitted infections on incidence of HIV (Wawer et al., 1999;
Kamali et al., 2003) and a multi-country study to assess the protective effect of male circumcision in reducing
HIV acquisition (Gray et al., 2007). Recently, a sub-national study conducted by the Rakai Health Sciences
Project showed that scaling up medical circumcision in Rakai district led to a reduction of HIV acquisition by
circumcised men (Gray et al., 2012). Furthermore, analysis of HIV trends in a population-based cohort in
Rakai recently showed a rise in HIV prevalence, but a decline in HIV incidence (Wawer et al., 2012). The
increase in HIV prevalence is partly explained by prolonged survival of HIV infected persons due to
widespread use of antiretroviral drugs.

1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE SURVEY

The 2011 Uganda AIDS Indicator Survey (AIS) is a nationally representative, population-based, HIV
serological survey. The survey was designed to obtain national and sub-national estimates of the prevalence of
HIV and syphilis infection as well as information about other indicators of programme coverage, such as
knowledge, attitudes, and sexual behaviour related to HIV/AIDS. Data collection took place from 8 February
to the first few days of September 2011.

The UAIS was implemented by the Ministry of Health. ICF International provided financial and
technical assistance for the survey through a contract with USAID/Uganda. Financial and technical assistance
was also provided by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Financial support was
provided by the Government of Uganda, the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), the
President’s Emergency Fund for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), the World Health Organisation (WHO), the UK
Department for International Development (DFID), and the Danish International Development Agency
(DANIDA) through the Partnership Fund. The Uganda Bureau of Statistics also partnered in the
implementation of the survey. Central testing was conducted at the Uganda Virus Research Institute, with
CDC conducting CD4 counts, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing for children, and quality control tests.

The survey provided information on knowledge, attitudes, and behaviour regarding HIV/AIDS and
indicators of coverage and access to other programmes, for example, HIV testing, access to antiretroviral
therapy, services for treating sexually transmitted infections, and coverage of interventions to prevent mother-
to-child transmission of HIV. The survey also collected information on the prevalence of HIV and syphilis and
their social and demographic variations in the country. The overall goal of the survey was to provide
programme managers and policymakers involved in HIV/AIDS programmes with strategic information to
effectively plan, implement, and evaluate HIV/AIDS interventions.

Introduction • 3
 The information obtained from the survey will help programme implementers to monitor and evaluate
existing programmes and design new strategies for combating the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Uganda. The survey
data will in addition be used to make population projections and to calculate indicators developed by the UN
General Assembly Special Session (UNGASS), USAID, PEPFAR, the UNAIDS Programme, WHO, the
Uganda Health Sector Strategic and Investment Plan, and the Uganda AIDS Commission.

The specific objectives of the 2011 UAIS were to provide information on:

• Prevalence and distribution of HIV and syphilis

• Indicators of knowledge, attitudes, and behaviour related to HIV/AIDS and other sexually
transmitted infections

• HIV/AIDS programme coverage indicators

• Levels of CD4 T-lymphocyte counts among HIV-positive adults to quantify HIV treatment
needs and to calibrate model-based estimates

• HIV prevalence that can be used to calibrate and improve the sentinel surveillance system

• Risk factors for HIV and syphilis infections in Uganda.

1.3 SAMPLE DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION

The sample for the 2011 UAIS covered the population residing in households. A representative
probability sample of 11,750 households was selected for the survey. The sample was constructed to allow for
separate estimates for HIV/AIDS indicators for each of 10 geographic regions. The regions were created for
the survey and do not represent administrative units of the country. Other than Kampala, each region
comprised between 8 and 15 contiguous administrative districts of Uganda that share similar languages and
cultural characteristics. Because of its unique character as an entirely urban district and capital city of Uganda,
Kampala comprised a separate region. The 10 regions were comprised of the following districts1:

• Central 1: Bukomansimbi, Gomba, Lwengo, Lyantonde, Kalangala, Kalungu, Masaka, Mpigi,

Rakai, Ssembabule, and Wakiso.

• Central 2: Buikwe, Buvuma, Kayunga, Kiboga, Kyankwanzi, Luwero, Mityana, Mubende,

Mukono, Nakaseke, and Nakasongola.

• Kampala: Kampala district.

• East-Central: Bugiri, Buyende, Iganga, Jinja, Kaliro, Kamuli, Luuka, Mayuge, and
Namutumba

• Mid Eastern: Budaka, Bududa, Bukwa, Bulambuli, Busia, Butaleja, Kapchorwa, Kibuku,
Kween, Manafwa, Mbale, Pallisa, Sironko, and Tororo.

• North East: Abim, Amudat, Amuria, Bukedea, Kaabong, Kaberamaido, Katakwi, Kotido,
Kumi, Moroto, Nakapiripirit, Napak, Nora, Serere, and Soroti.

1
The 2011 UAIS regions are similar to those used for the 2004-05 Uganda HIV/AIDS Sero-Behavioural Survey, but
the 2004-05 Central region is divided into two regions, and two districts from the 2004-05 East Central region are
transferred to Central 2 region. Thus comparisons by region across these two surveys need to be made cautiously.

4 • Introduction
 • West Nile: Arua, Adjumani, Koboko, Moyo, Nebbi, Maracha, Yumbe, and Zombo.

• Mid Northern: Agago, Alebtong, Amolatar, Amuru, Apac, Dokolo, Gulu, Kitgum, Kole,
Lamwo, Lira, Otuke, Oyam, and Pader.

• South Western: Buhweju, Bushenyi, Ibanda, Isingiro, Kabale, Kanungu, Kiruhura, Kisoro,
Mbarara, Mitooma, Ntungamo, Rubirizi, Rukungiri, and Sheema.

• Mid Western: Buliisa, Bundibugyo, Hoima, Kabarole, Kamwenge, Kasese, Kibaale,

Kiryandongo, Kyegegwa, Kyenjojo and Masindi.

The sample was allocated equally across all 10 regions, so as to allow a sufficient size to produce
reliable estimates in each region. Since the sample was not allocated in proportion to the size of each region,
the UAIS sample is not self-weighting at the national level. Consequently, weighting factors have been applied
to the data to produce nationally representative estimates.

The survey utilised a two-stage sample design. The first stage involved selecting sample points or
clusters from a list of enumeration areas (EAs) covered in the 2002 Population Census. A total of 470 clusters
was selected (47 in each region), comprised of 79 urban and 391 rural points. The second stage of selection
involved the systematic sampling of 25 households per cluster from a list of households in each cluster that
was produced by the Uganda Bureau of Statistics prior to the UAIS data collection.

All women and men age 15-59 years who were either permanent residents of the households in the
sample or visitors present in the household on the night before the survey were eligible for interviews. All
women and men who were interviewed were asked to voluntarily give a blood sample for testing. In addition,
blood samples were drawn from children under age 5 after obtaining consent from their parents or caretaker.

1.4 QUESTIONNAIRES
Two questionnaires were used to collect data: the Household Questionnaire and the Individual
Questionnaire for women and men age 15-59. The contents of the questionnaires were based on the model
AIDS Indicator Survey questionnaires developed by the MEASURE DHS programme and on the
questionnaires used in the 2004-05 Uganda HIV/AIDS Sero-Behavioural Survey (UHSBS). The two
questionnaires were loaded onto personal digital assistants (PDAs) that were used to conduct the interviews.

In consultation with stakeholders from government agencies and local and international organisations,
the questionnaires were revised to reflect HIV/AIDS issues relevant to Uganda. The questionnaires were then
translated from English into six local languages—Ateso-Karamajong, Luganda, Lugbara, Luo, Runyankole-
Rukiga, and Runyoro-Rutoro. They were further refined after the pretest and training of the field staff.

The Household Questionnaire on PDAs was used to list all the usual members and visitors in the
selected households. Some basic information was collected on the characteristics of each person listed,
including age, sex, education, relationship to the head of the household, and orphanhood among children under
age 18. An important purpose of the Household Questionnaire was to identify women and men who were
eligible for the individual interview. The Household Questionnaire was also used to collect information on
characteristics of the household’s dwelling unit, such as the source of water, type of toilet facilities, materials
used to construct the house, ownership of various durable goods, and ownership of land and farm animals.
Information was also collected on adult chronic illness and deaths in the household during the 12 months
before the survey.

Introduction • 5
 The Individual Questionnaire on PDAs was used to collect information from all women and men age
15-59 and covered the following topics:

• Background characteristics (including education, media exposure, occupation, and religion)

• Reproduction

• Antenatal care and breastfeeding for recent births (women only)

• Marriage and sexual activity (including sexual violence)

• Knowledge of and attitudes towards HIV/AIDS

• Prior testing for HIV, results of prior testing, and whether taking medication

• Recent injections received

• Prevalence and attitudes towards male circumcision

• Knowledge and prevalence of other sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

In addition to the questionnaires, two paper forms were used to record results of home-based testing: a
Field Test Result Form for Adults and a Field Test Result Form for Children. These forms were used by the
teams’ laboratory technicians to obtain informed consent and record the results of the home-based testing and
any treatment provided to respondents.

All aspects of the UAIS data collection were pretested in October 2010. For this, four teams were
formed, each with one supervisor, two female interviewers, two male interviewers, three laboratory
technicians, and two HIV/AIDS counsellors. Team members were trained for two weeks and then proceeded to
conduct the pretest in four locations: Hoima in the west, Lira in the north, Soroti in the east, and Wakiso, just
outside of Kampala city. The four clusters were selected by the Uganda Bureau of Statistics to exclude clusters
that had been selected for the main survey and to represent a range of languages. Interviews were conducted
using the PDAs. The lessons learned from the pretest were used to finalise the survey instruments and
logistical arrangements for the survey.

1.5 BIOMARKERS
One of the main objectives of the survey was to provide up-to-date estimates of the prevalence of HIV
and syphilis infections in the country. The survey was also designed to provide information on CD4 levels
among HIV-positive adults.

1.5.1 Blood Collection

All adults age 15-59 who were interviewed were asked to voluntarily provide a blood sample for
testing for HIV and syphilis. Blood samples were also requested from all children under age 5 for HIV testing.
In the households, home-based HIV and syphilis testing was conducted, and results were provided to
respondents. For respondents who were reactive for the syphilis test in the household, confirmation was
conducted in field laboratories the same evening (see Box). For those who tested HIV-positive in the home,
CD4 counts were done later in a central laboratory and respondents were advised that they could obtain their
CD4 results from a nearby health facility approximately 6 weeks after the interview.

6 • Introduction
 Biomarker Testing in the UAIS

No. Biomarker Population Type of test Sample

1 Syphilis 15-59 years Bioline syphilis rapid test and if positive, RPR Venous blood
test in field lab—results returned to respondents
Subsequent EIA testing at UVRI (Qunati-Flexx-
Anti-Treponema Screen)
2a HIV 0-4 years Home-based rapid tests (Determine, Statpak, Finger prick (heel prick
UniGold)—results returned for those 18-59 for <6 months)
months
Dried blood spots (DBS) for all children
Subsequent PCR testing for those <18 months
who tested HIV+ on Determine rapid test
2b HIV 15-59 years Home-based rapid tests (Determine, Statpak, Venous blood; finger
UniGold)—results returned for those who prick for respondents
consented for venous blood draw (backup DBS who prefer it to
prepared in the field) venous blood draw
Dried blood spots for those who refused venous
blood draw
Subsequent EIA testing at UVRI (Murex and
Vironostika Uniform II+O, and ANILAB as a
tie breaker)
2c CD4 15-59 years who BD TruCount at CDC-Uganda Venous blood held at
test HIV+ on ambient temperature
rapid test and tested within 5-7
days

To collect and test blood samples, three laboratory technicians and two HIV counsellors were included
on each of the 20 field teams. The laboratory technicians were recruited from public and private health
facilities. To obtain informed consent for blood collection, the laboratory technician explained the procedure,
the confidentiality of the data, the fact that respondents could obtain their HIV and syphilis results immediately
if they wished, that they would be provided with counselling before and after the rapid tests, that those testing
positive for syphilis could be treated the following day after confirmatory testing, and that, if they tested
positive for HIV, they could obtain their CD4 count from a nearby health facility. Respondents were also told
that they could opt for all, only some, or none of the tests and that they could decide for each test if they
wanted the results given to them or not. Laboratory technicians also asked for permission to store leftover
blood for future unspecified tests. Finally, they asked respondents if they had any questions and gave them a
card with contact information for the three principal investigators of the survey and the chair of the ethics
committee in case they wanted to ask further questions or lodge a complaint. For non-emancipated respondents
age 15-17 (i.e., those who still live with other adults), laboratory technicians also sought consent of the parent
or guardian in addition to the respondent.

After obtaining consent, laboratory technicians proceeded to draw blood from the arm by
venipuncture using an evacuated tube collection system. Three tubes of blood were collected:

• Tube 1: 5 millilitres (ml) of blood was collected into an EDTA Vacutainer tube (with
anticoagulant) from which all the rapid tests (HIV and syphilis) were performed in the field.

• Tube 2: 5 ml of blood was collected into an SST Vacutainer tube (no anticoagulant) from which
serum was obtained for storage and transport to the central laboratory (UVRI)

Introduction • 7
 • Tube 3: 2 ml of blood was collected into a special blood collection tube (BD Vacutainer CD4
Stabilisation Blood Collection System) designed to stabilize CD4 cells for up to 7 days at 30° C.

The laboratory technician placed labels with the same alphanumeric bar codes onto all three tubes as
well as onto the Field Test Results Form for that respondent and onto field control forms. They noted the
results of the home-based tests on a Participation, Results, and Referral Card that was left with all respondents
who consented to the testing. Respondents who tested positive for HIV were also provided with a Retrieval
Card that contained the same bar code label that the laboratory technician placed on the venous blood tubes.
They were instructed where and when to go to present the card in order to obtain the results of the laboratory
testing of their CD4 level.

In cases where respondents were willing to participate but refused the venous blood draw and in cases
where the venipuncture process did not prove feasible, such as with subjects who had very small veins,
respondents were offered the rapid tests based on finger-prick blood samples.

For children under age 5, laboratory technicians administered informed consent to the child’s parent or
guardian. Children were only tested for HIV using a finger-prick capillary blood sample for the same algorithm
of rapid tests that were used for adults. Results were given to the parent or guardian and, for children under 18
months, the parent was given a card and told where they could obtain the results of the more definitive
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing performed at the central laboratory.

The protocol for the blood specimen collection and analysis was developed jointly by all parties to the
survey. It was reviewed and approved by the Science and Ethics Committee of the Uganda Virus Research
Institute (UVRI), ICF Macro’s Institutional Review Board, and a review committee at the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta. It was also cleared by the Ethics Committee of the Uganda National
Council of Science and Technology.

1.5.2 Home-Based Testing for HIV and Syphilis

Home-based rapid HIV testing was conducted based on existing national protocols. For adults, an
aliquot of blood was obtained from the EDTA Vacutainer tube and applied to the Determine rapid HIV test
platform. In the case of children, the blood samples were obtained directly from the finger-prick using a
Microtainer tube. Those testing negative on Determine were categorized as HIV-negative. Adult respondents
and children above 18 months who tested positive on Determine were retested using Stat-pak for confirmation.
Any discrepancy between the two test results was resolved using Uni-gold as a tie-breaker. Test results were
returned to the respondents by the HIV counsellors on the team during post-test counselling. Adult respondents
who were HIV positive were offered CD4 testing, which was done at the CDC laboratory in Entebbe. For
those respondents, a counsellor advised them to use the Retrieval Card to get the results of the CD4 T-cell
counts at a nearby health facility after about six weeks. In the interim, the counsellor also referred them for
chronic HIV/AIDS care including co-trimoxazole prophylaxis from a nearby facility, in line with current MOH
guidelines.

In the case of children, HIV results were provided in the household for those age 18-59 months. For
those under age 18 months with a positive Determine test, the counsellor advised the parent or guardian that
the test results were not definitive. They were given a Retrieval Card and referred to a nearby health facility for
the results after about six weeks. In such cases, the laboratory technician marked the dried blood spot for that
child ‘for PCR’ and dispatched it to the central laboratory for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing.

Syphilis testing was only performed for adults. An aliquot of blood was obtained from the EDTA
Vacutainer tube and tested using the Bioline syphilis rapid diagnostic test at the same time as the rapid HIV

8 • Introduction
testing. For those whose syphilis test was positive, a qualitative rapid plasma reagin (RPR) test (on undiluted
plasma) was conducted in a field-based laboratory that evening. Results were returned to respondents the
following day, and those with reactive RPR results were offered treatment according to national treatment
guidelines. Drugs for treatment included Benzathine penicillin (2.4 million units by deep intramuscular
injection) or doxycycline (100 mg tablets/capsules twice daily for 14 days) for those who were hyper-sensitive
to penicillin. For participants who were pregnant and hyper-sensitive to penicillin, erythromycin (250 mg
tablets for 14 days) was used instead. All teams carried emergency Ana-Packs for management of anaphylactic
shock. As part of the syphilis treatment, field workers counselled respondents to inform their sexual partners of
the possible transmission of the illness and to encourage them to get tested for syphilis.

Before starting work in a given area, each team arranged to establish a temporary field laboratory,
usually setting up their mobile equipment in a spare room in a laboratory attached to a hospital or health
centre. Each team carried cold boxes, centrifuges, a generator, a liquid nitrogen tank, and routine lab supplies
such as pipettes, gloves, and tubes.

In the field laboratories, the laboratory technicians performed the RPR syphilis test for any
respondents who had tested positive on the home-based Bioline syphilis test. They also centrifuged the blood
and transferred the plasma to microvials labelled with the same bar code identification. Packed blood cells in
the EDTA Vacutainer tubes were transferred to microvials and labelled with bar codes for long-term storage.
Microvials containing plasma and packed blood cells were stored in liquid nitrogen tanks, and their location
within the tank was recorded on a pre-printed specimen inventory form. All dried blood spots were air-dried
overnight in plastic boxes and stored at ambient temperature in ziplock bags containing desiccants. The CD4
sample tubes from those who tested HIV-positive were placed in a special container. Laboratory technicians
called the central office to alert them to any CD4 samples. The central office dispatcher then arranged for one
of the ten sample retrieval vehicles to transport the samples to the CDC laboratory in Entebbe for CD4 testing
within 5 to 7 days. Other blood specimens were also transported periodically from the field to the HIV
Reference Laboratory (HRL) at the Uganda Virus Research Institute (UVRI) in Entebbe in liquid nitrogen
tanks.

1.5.3 Central Laboratory Testing

Specimens received at UVRI were checked against the specimen shipping forms and registered
electronically using bar-code readers. Specimens were assigned unique laboratory numbers during the
registration process. Laboratory testing and storage were carried out using those reference numbers.

HIV: Plasma specimens from the venous blood draw were tested first with the Murex HIV 1.2.0
(Abbott) assay. All samples found to be HIV-reactive with Murex were re-tested with Vironostika HIV Uni-
Form II Plus-O to confirm their sero-status. Discordant results were resolved using ANILAB Systems HIV
EIA. For quality control, all positive specimens and 5 percent of negative specimens were re-tested using the
same testing algorithm in the CDC/Uganda laboratory. The purpose of quality control testing was solely to
document the quality of the original testing; quality assurance test results were not used to correct original test
results.

The CD4 T-cell count testing of HIV-positives was implemented within a 7-day window after
specimen collection (current specifications for the CD4 stabilisation tubes). These tests were conducted at the
CDC/Uganda laboratory.

The dried blood spots (DBS) prepared in the field from anticoagulated blood were stored in freezers at
temperatures of -20o C at the UVRI laboratory. The DBS samples from adults were tested only if the serum
samples were lost in transit or if respondents did not provide a venous blood sample. Serum was eluted from 6

Introduction • 9
 mm discs punched from the DBS and tested following the same algorithm described previously. For quality
control, all positive specimens and 5 percent of negative specimens were re-tested at the CDC/Uganda
laboratory using the same testing algorithm. DBS specimens from children under 18 months who tested HIV
positive were tested for HIV-DNA (Cobas AmpliPrep/Cobas Taqman HIV-1 Qual Test) at the CDC/Uganda
laboratory. Results for these children were returned to designated health facilities so that parents could retrieve
results.

Syphilis: All adult serum specimens, regardless of field result, were screened at the central laboratory
with the Qunati-Flexx-Anti-Treponema Screen EIA. Reactive specimens were re-tested on RPR to detect
active syphilis infection. The RPR card test was used in dilutions of 1:8. For quality control, all positive and 5
percent of negative specimens were re-tested with the same algorithm at the CDC/Uganda Laboratory.

Biomarker results shown in this report are based on the centralised testing of blood specimens at the
Uganda Virus Research Institute and CDC/Uganda.

1.5.4 Quality Control Testing

As mentioned above, primary testing was implemented by the HIV Reference Laboratory (HRL) at
UVRI. Both internal and external quality control measures were taken throughout the laboratory testing for
HIV and syphilis in order to ensure the quality of the testing procedures. For HIV testing, to ensure internal
quality, both positive and negative serum controls provided by the manufacturer of each of the HIV assays
were included on each microtiter plate of samples tested. A plate was comprised of 80 samples and 16
controls. In addition to the manufacturer’s controls, dried blood spot controls prepared by CDC/Atlanta that
were negative, low positive, and high positive were included in duplicate on each plate of samples. A ‘run’
(complete testing of all samples and controls on the microtiter plate) was considered valid if all controls met all
the quality control parameters.

For external quality control, all samples that tested positive and 5 percent of samples that tested
negative at HRL were selected for re-testing at the CDC/Uganda laboratory in Entebbe. For HIV, a total of
2,156 samples (1,913 serum samples and 245 dried blood spot samples) were re-tested. CDC used a similar
algorithm and the same HIV assays as those used by HRL/UVRI. Of the 1,551 positive samples submitted to
CDC, 1,436 were confirmed positive and 115 were found to be negative. Of the 605 negative samples
submitted to CDC, 598 were confirmed negative and 7 were found to be positive. Based on the outcome of the
external quality control testing, the concordance for samples tested by HRL/UVRI and CDC was 94 percent
[2034/2156]. The results provided by UVRI were considered final and used to calculate the national
prevalence of HIV in Uganda.

1.6 TRAINING AND DATA COLLECTION

The survey was coordinated by a survey director and two deputy directors based at the Ministry of
Health headquarters. In the central office, a field coordinator and laboratory coordinator linked the central level
functions with the survey implementation in the field. In addition, four regional supervisory teams—each
comprised of a specialist in interviewing and fieldwork management, laboratory techniques, and HIV
counselling—coordinated data collection activities in Eastern, Western, Northern, and Central sectors of the
country. Two PDA programmers supported data management for the survey. They were based in the central
office but visited teams in the field to check on the pace and quality of the data collection and resolve technical
problems.

The training of field staff for the UAIS was held at the Hotel Africana in Kampala from 17-29 January
2011. During the two weeks prior to the start of training, the UAIS management team, along with other senior

10 • Introduction
trainers, interviewed short-listed candidates for the various positions. A total of some 250 trainees were
recruited, consisting of 120 supervisor/interviewer candidates, 80 laboratory technicians, and 50 HIV
counsellors. Trainers were senior staff from the UAIS project and staff from the Uganda Bureau of Statistics,
UVRI, the Ministry of Health, and ICF Macro. After two days of plenary sessions that provided an overview
of the survey design and explanations of the administrative issues, participants were divided into six groups—
three for supervisors/interviewers, two for laboratory technicians, and one for counsellors. Many of the trainers
and trainees had participated in the 2004-05 Uganda HIV/AIDS Sero-Behavioural Survey (UHSBS), the 2006
Uganda Demographic and Health Survey (UDHS), or the 2009 Uganda Malaria Indicator Survey (UMIS).

For supervisors and interviewers, training consisted of an overview of the survey and its objectives,
techniques of interviewing, field procedures, a detailed description of the Household Questionnaire and the
Individual Questionnaire, use of the personal digital assistants (PDAs), instructions for transferring
information between team members, mock interviews, and periodic tests. Trainees were divided into language
groups to review the questionnaires in their local languages. Two days were set aside for practice interviewing
in sites close to Kampala; the interviewing was interspersed with discussions of the experience. A few days
before the end of training, project staff appointed regional and team supervisors. They were provided a half-
day of special training on how to supervise and how to receive, store, and transfer data on the tablet computers
that were provided to the team supervisors.

The lab technicians were trained on blood draw procedures (for both venous and capillary blood),
specimen processing in the field lab, storage and transport of specimens, rapid HIV and syphilis testing, lab
safety procedures, labelling of samples, and consent administration. In addition, the nurse-interviewers were
trained on how to administer syphilis treatment.

HIV counsellors were trained on how to administer pre- and post-test counselling, how to counsel
respondents on their test results, and how to maintain privacy as well as encourage test result disclosure to
partners.

Twenty teams carried out data collection for the survey. Each team consisted of one supervisor, four
interviewers (two female and two male), three laboratory technicians, and two HIV counsellors. On each team,
at least two of the interviewers were health personnel capable of treatment and referral. The laboratory
technicians were responsible for drawing blood samples, carrying out HIV and syphilis testing, and preparing
samples for shipment to UVRI. The HIV counsellors were responsible for performing pre-test and post-test
counselling and referral of clients who required further care. Because of their size and the amount of
equipment and supplies, each team had two vehicles.

Data collection took place over a seven-month period, from 7 February to very early September 2011.

1.7 DATA PROCESSING

Because all interviews were conducted using PDAs, data entry was minimal. Paper forms were used to
record the results of the blood draw and the home-based HIV and syphilis testing. These results were entered
in the field by the team supervisor. Interviewers transferred completed household and adult questionnaires to
the team supervisor using Bluetooth technology. For the first time in a national survey, a ‘real-time’ web-based
data management system developed by the DHS programme at ICF was implemented. The system transferred
encrypted data from the field to the central office via the Internet. It also delivered system updates to the field
from the central office. The system was completely automated and required little action on the part of team
supervisors. Supervisors were equipped with GPRS modems, which were used to access the web. The system
required supervisors to connect the modem to their tablets to transmit data to the Central Office.

Introduction • 11
 The CDC office in Entebbe worked with the UVRI to program a system to track blood samples as
they were received at the laboratory and were tested. Bar code labels on the samples were scanned upon
receipt, and sequential lab numbers were assigned to ease tracking of samples. Final checking of the complete
survey dataset and production of tables were done by ICF.

1.8 RESPONSE RATES

Table 1 shows response rates for the 2011 UAIS. A total of 11,750 households were selected in the
sample, of which 11,434 were found to be occupied at the time of the fieldwork. The shortfall is largely due to
structures that were vacant or destroyed (see Appendix A). Among the occupied households, 11,340 were
interviewed, yielding a household response rate of 99 percent.

In the households interviewed in the survey, a total of 12,374 eligible women age 15-59 were
identified, of whom 12,153 were interviewed, yielding a response rate of 98 percent. With regard to the male
survey results, 9,983 eligible men age 15-59 were identified, of whom 9,588 were interviewed, yielding a
response rate of 96 percent. Response rates were only slightly lower in urban than in rural areas.

The principal reason for non-response among both eligible men and women was the failure to find
individuals at home despite repeated visits to the household. The lower response rate for men reflects the more
frequent and longer absence of men from the households.

Table 1.1 Results of the household and individual interviews

Number of households, number of interviews, and response rates, according
to residence (unweighted), Uganda 2011
Residence
Result Urban Rural Total
Household interviews
Households selected 2,350 9,400 11,750
Households occupied 2,278 9,156 11,434
Households interviewed 2,250 9,090 11,340
Household response rate1 98.8 99.3 99.2
Interviews with women age 15-59
Number of eligible women 2,536 9,838 12,374
Number of eligible women interviewed 2,480 9,673 12,153
Eligible women response rate2 97.8 98.3 98.2
Interviews with men age 15-59
Number of eligible men 1,938 8,045 9,983
Number of eligible men interviewed 1,849 7,739 9,588
Eligible men response rate2 95.4 96.2 96.0
1
Households interviewed/households occupied
2
Respondents interviewed/eligible respondents

12 • Introduction
HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS AND
HOUSEHOLD POPULATION 2
Key Findings
• More than 7 in 10 Ugandan households use improved sources of drinking
water, but only 16 percent have improved, unshared toilet facilities.
• Two-thirds of households live in dwellings with dirt floors; more than one-
third have walls made of mud and poles.
• Very few households (14 percent) have electricity.
• One-fifth of households report that in the year before the survey, they
often or always had problems in meeting their food needs.
• Over half of households have at least one mobile phone.
• Over half of the Ugandan population is under age 15.
• Twelve percent of children under age 18 are orphaned (i.e., one or both
parents have died).

T
his chapter presents information on the social, economic, and demographic characteristics of the
population in the households interviewed in the 2011 Uganda AIDS Indicator Survey (UAIS). For the
purpose of the 2011 UAIS, a household was defined as a person or group of persons, related or
unrelated, who live together and share a common source of food. The Household Questionnaire (see
Appendix E) included a schedule to collect basic demographic and socioeconomic information (e.g., age, sex,
and education attainment) for all usual residents and visitors who spent the night preceding the interview. This
method of data collection allows the analysis of the results for either the de jure (usual residents) or de facto
(those who are there at the time of the survey) populations. The Household Questionnaire also obtained
information on housing facilities (e.g., sources of water supply and sanitation facilities) and household
possessions. Finally, results regarding the level of orphanhood and fostering of children under age 18 are
presented.

The information in this chapter is intended to facilitate interpretation of the key demographic,
socioeconomic, and health indices presented later in the report. It is also intended to help assess the representa-
tiveness of the survey sample.

2.1 HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS

Basic utilities, sources of drinking water, sanitation facilities, type of cooking fuel, housing structure,
and number of persons living in dwelling spaces are physical characteristics of a household that are used to
assess the general well-being and socioeconomic status of household members. Millennium Development Goal
7 (MDG 7), which focuses on environmental sustainability, is measured according to the percentage of the
population using solid fuels, the percentage with sustainable access to an improved water source, and the
percentage with access to improved sanitation. This section provides information from the 2011 UAIS on
household drinking water, household sanitation facilities, housing characteristics, and possession of basic
amenities and utilities.

Housing Characteristics and Household Population • 13

 2.1.1 Water and Sanitation

The source of drinking water is important because unsafe sources can contain waterborne pathogens
that cause diarrhoea, which is still an important cause of child deaths in Uganda (UBOS et al., 2008). Sources
of water expected to be relatively disease-free are piped water, protected or covered wells, boreholes, and
protected springs. Other sources, like open wells, unprotected springs, rivers, streams, ponds, and lakes, are
more likely to carry pathogens that cause diseases.

Table 2.1 shows that Table 2.1 Household drinking water

more than 7 in 10 Ugandan Percent distribution of households and de jure population by source of drinking water and time to
households (72 percent) have obtain drinking water, according to residence, Uganda 2011
water sources considered to Households Population

be safe. Urban households are Characteristic Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total

greatly advantaged—94 per- Source of drinking water

Improved source
cent have improved sources of Piped into dwelling/yard/
plot 20.8 1.7 5.4 21.2 1.4 4.5
drinking water compared with Public tap/standpipe 51.2 6.7 15.5 46.3 6.3 12.5
Tube well/ borehole/
67 percent of rural house- protected well 11.5 37.2 32.1 14.2 38.2 34.4
holds. Over 70 percent of ur- Protected spring
Rain water
9.2
0.5
20.5
0.6
18.3
0.6
11.2
0.6
20.7
0.6
19.2
0.6
ban households have water Bottled water 0.9 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.1

piped either into their dwell- Non-improved

Open well
source
3.3 12.3 10.5 3.3 12.1 10.7
ing or from a public tap, while Unprotected spring 0.4 7.2 5.8 0.5 7.2 6.1
Tanker truck/cart with drum 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1
rural households are most Surface water 0.9 12.5 10.2 0.9 12.5 10.7
Other source
likely to get drinking water 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.1 1.1
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
from a protected well or
Percentage using any
tubewell (37 percent) or from improved source of drinking
a protected spring (21 per- water 94.0 66.7 72.1 93.8 67.1 71.3
Time to obtain drinking
cent). There has been some water (round trip)
progress over the past five Water on premises
Less than 30 minutes
29.0
47.9
5.1
32.0
9.8
35.1
28.3
44.0
4.5
30.5
8.2
32.6
years in the pro-portion of 30 minutes or longer 22.5 62.5 54.6 27.5 64.7 58.8
Don't know/missing 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.3
households with improved Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
sources of drinking water, Number 2,247 9,093 11,340 8,280 44,560 52,840

which has increased from 67

percent of house-holds in the 2006 Uganda DHS to 72 percent of house-holds in the 2011 UAIS.

Table 2.1 also shows that drinking water is generally not readily accessible. More than half of
households spend 30 minutes or longer to get drinking water, while only 10 percent have drinking water on the
premises. Accessing drinking water takes longer in rural areas than in urban areas.

Table 2.2 shows information on household toilet facilities. Only 16 percent of Ugandan households
have improved toilet facilities (flush toilet, ventilated, improved pit toilet, pit toilet with a slab, and composting
toilet) that are not shared with other households. An additional 21 percent of households have sanitary toilets
that they share with other households. The remaining 63 percent of households either have non-improved toilet
facilities (54 percent) or no facilities whatsoever (9 percent). Urban households are more likely than rural
households to have improved hygienic toilet facilities—either shared or not shared, although the most common
facility for urban households is a pit latrine with a slab that is shared with other households (46 percent).

14 • Housing Characteristics and Household Population

 Table 2.2 Household sanitation facilities

Percent distribution of households and de jure population by type of toilet/latrine facilities, according to residence,
Uganda 2011
Households Population
Type of toilet/latrine facility Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total
Improved, not shared facility
Flush toilet 4.9 0.1 1.0 5.2 0.1 0.9
Ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrine 3.2 1.2 1.6 4.2 1.4 1.8
Pit latrine with slab 11.7 13.7 13.3 16.1 14.8 15.0
Composting toilet 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2
Shared facility1
Flush toilet 4.9 0.0 1.0 3.9 0.0 0.7
Ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrine 8.4 1.3 2.7 7.8 1.1 2.2
Pit latrine with slab 46.1 9.5 16.7 40.2 7.7 12.7
Composting toilet 0.7 0.1 0.2 0.6 0.1 0.2
Non-improved facility
Pit latrine without slab/open pit 18.1 62.2 53.5 20.1 64.0 57.1
No facility/bush/field 1.7 11.2 9.4 1.8 10.2 8.8
Other 0.1 0.5 0.4 0.1 0.5 0.4
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number 2,247 9,093 11,340 8,280 44,560 52,840
1
Facilities that would be considered improved if they were not shared by two or more households

The availability of sanitary facilities has expanded over time. The proportion of households with
improved, unshared toilet facilities has increased from 9 percent in 2006 to 16 percent in 2011. The proportion
of households with no toilet has declined from 12 percent in 2006 to 9 percent in 2011.

2.1.2 Housing Characteristics

Table 2.3 Housing characteristics
Percent distribution of households by type of material used for flooring,
To assess socioeconomic conditions in roofing, and walls and number of rooms used for sleeping, according to
Uganda, household respondents were asked a residence, Uganda 2011

number of questions on issues related to their Residence

Housing characteristic Urban Rural Total
household environment. These included
Flooring material
questions about the building materials of the Earth, sand, dung 18.2 79.5 67.4
Cement 79.6 18.8 30.9
household dwelling unit, access to electricity, Other 2.2 1.6 1.8
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
type of cooking fuel, and source of lighting.
Main roof material
Thatched 6.8 37.3 31.2
The type of housing materials can help Iron sheets
Tiles
86.0
4.0
61.7
0.1
66.5
0.8
to distinguish broad socioeconomic levels of Other
Total
3.2
100.0
1.0
100.0
1.4
100.0
households. Survey results show that two-thirds Main wall material
of Ugandan households (67 percent) have dirt Thatched/straw
Mud and poles
0.1
9.4
1.1
44.1
0.9
37.3
or earthen floors, with another 31 percent Un-burnt bricks
Un-burnt bricks with plaster
2.9
7.1
13.8
6.5
11.6
6.6
having cement floors (Table 2.3). Dirt floors are Burnt bricks with mud 2.9 8.3 7.3
Cement blocks 4.5 0.9 1.6
much more common in rural areas, while a Stone 0.2 0.1 0.1
Timber 0.7 0.7 0.7
large majority of urban households have cement Burnt bricks with cement 69.1 23.3 32.4
Other 3.1 1.1 1.5
floors. The proportion of households with earth Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
or dung floors has declined over time, from 78 Rooms used for sleeping
One 53.6 35.6 39.2
percent in 2004-05 to 77 percent in 2006 and to Two 22.8 31.9 30.1
Three or more 17.1 28.3 26.1
67 percent in 2011. The proportion of Missing 6.4 4.2 4.7
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
households with cement floors has increased
Number 2,247 9,093 11,340
from 20 percent in 2004-05 to 31 percent in
2011.

Housing Characteristics and Household Population • 15

 With regard to roofing material, 67 percent of Table 2.4 Household fuel and lighting
households in Uganda have roofs made of iron sheets,
Percent distribution of households by availability of electricity and
while 31 percent have thatched roofs. Urban type of cooking fuel and percentage using solid fuel for cooking;
and percent distribution by source of lighting, according to
households are more likely than rural households to residence, Uganda 2011
have metal roofs and far less likely to have thatched Residence
roofs. Housing characteristic Urban Rural Total
Electricity
Yes 57.2 3.5 14.2
Table 2.3 also shows the distribution of No 42.8 96.5 85.8
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
households by the main type of material used in the
Cooking fuel
wall of the dwelling. Almost four in ten Ugandan Electricity 3.8 0.3 1.0
Charcoal 71.2 8.0 20.5
households live in dwellings with walls made of mud Wood 17.6 90.7 76.2
Other 3.8 0.4 1.1
and poles or sticks, while 32 percent live in dwellings No food cooked in household 3.6 0.6 1.2
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
with walls made of burnt bricks with cement. Unburnt
Percentage using solid fuel
bricks are another common material in wall for cooking1 88.9 98.8 96.8
construction. Almost 70 percent of urban households Source of lighting
Electricity 55.9 3.9 14.2
live in dwellings with walls made of burnt bricks with Solar 1.0 1.4 1.3
Gas 0.1 0.0 0.0
cement, while the most common wall material for rural Paraffin - hurricane lamp 13.6 11.8 12.1
Paraffin - pressure lamp 1.2 1.0 1.0
households is mud and poles (44 percent). Paraffin - wick lamp 20.6 73.9 63.3
Firewood 0.2 2.7 2.2
Candles 5.8 2.0 2.8
Almost four in ten Ugandan households use Other 1.7 3.4 3.1
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
only one room for sleeping. The proportion of Number 2,247 9,093 11,340
households with only one room for sleeping has 1
Includes charcoal and wood
declined from 47 percent in 2006 to 39 percent in
2011.

Access to electricity not only opens a Table 2.5 Household remoteness

household to a wider number of consumer appliances Percent distribution of households by distance to nearest market,
distance to nearest health facility, and most likely means of
but also is a measure of socioeconomic level. As transport to health facility by residence, Uganda 2011
shown in Table 2.4, only 14 percent of Ugandan Residence

households have electricity, slightly higher than the Distance/means of transport Urban Rural Total
Distance to nearest market
proportion found in 2004-05 and 2006 (9 percent 0 km 59.7 20.5 28.3
1-4 km 36.4 45.9 44.1
each). There are large differences by residence, with 5-9 km 2.8 22.4 18.6
10-14 km 0.2 5.8 4.7
over half of urban households being electrified, 15+ km 0.1 3.8 3.1
compared with only 4 percent of rural households. Does not know
Total
0.7
100.0
1.5
100.0
1.3
100.0
Distance to nearest health
facility
Over three-quarters of Ugandan households 0 km 48.5 15.2 21.8
use wood for cooking. Urban households, however, are 1-4 km
5-9 km
44.9
5.0
50.1
25.8
49.0
21.7
much more likely to use charcoal for cooking, while 10-14 km
15+ km
0.4
0.0
4.8
3.1
3.9
2.5
rural households almost exclusively rely on wood. As Does not know 1.2 1.1 1.1
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
for lighting, most households use paraffin wick lamps, Means of transport to
facility1
especially in rural areas. Over half of urban households Car/motorcycle 19.6 12.0 13.5
have electric lights. Public transport
Walking
9.9
66.6
2.2
63.7
3.7
64.2
Bicycle 3.9 21.8 18.3
Other 0.0 0.3 0.3
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number 2,247 9,093 11,340
1
Most likely means of transport

16 • Housing Characteristics and Household Population

2.1.3 Household Remoteness

In the 2011 UAIS, households were asked how far it was to the nearest marketplace and the nearest
health facility. They were also asked how they would most likely get to the health facility if they needed to go
there. The results are shown in Table 2.5.

Over 90 percent of Ugandan households are within 10 kilometres (6 miles) of a market and 93 percent
are within 10 kilometres of a health facility. As expected, urban households tend to be closer than rural
households to markets and health facilities.

Walking is the main means of transport to health facilities (cited by 64 percent of household
respondents), followed by bicycles (18 percent) and cars or motorcycles (14 percent). Rural households are
more likely than urban households to use bicycles, whereas urban households are more likely to use cars or
motorcycles than rural households.

2.1.4 Household Food Security

Availability of a sufficient quantity of food is a

Table 2.6 Household food security
basic necessity of life. The UAIS included questions
Percent distribution of households by usual number of meals
about how many meals the household usually has per per day, number of days the household ate meat during the
day, how many days in the previous week the household past week, and frequency of problems in satisfying the food
needs of the household in the past year, by residence, Uganda
ate meat, and how often in the year before the survey the 2011
household had problems satisfying food needs. Results Residence
are shown in Table 2.6. Indicator Urban Rural Total
Usual number of meals
Most Ugandan households usually have two per day
1 10.7 13.6 13.0
meals a day (55 percent), while 30 percent have three 2 39.9 58.3 54.7
3 43.3 26.8 30.0
meals each day and 13 percent have only one meal a day. 4+ 6.1 1.3 2.3
Urban households tend to have more meals per day than Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number of days ate meat
rural households. Half of households reported that they in the past week
did not eat meat in the week before the survey (50 0
1
29.6
20.8
55.0
20.9
50.0
20.9
percent). Rural households are almost twice as likely as 2 20.3 13.3 14.7
3 14.7 5.9 7.7
urban households to report that they did not eat meat in 4+ 14.7 4.9 6.8
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
the week before the survey.
Problems satisfying
household food needs in
Only 29 percent of Ugandan households report past year
Never 40.0 25.9 28.7
that they never had problems satisfying their food needs Seldom 15.8 15.3 15.4
Sometimes 33.3 37.9 37.0
in the year before the survey. Fifteen percent said they Often 7.7 13.4 12.2
seldom had problems, 37 percent said they sometimes Always
Total
3.3
100.0
7.5
100.0
6.7
100.0
had problems, 12 percent said they often had problems, Number 2,247 9,093 11,340
and 7 percent said they always had problems with food
sufficiency (Figure 2.1). Rural households are more likely than urban households to have problems meeting
household food needs; more than one in five rural households often or always has problems satisfying food
needs.

Housing Characteristics and Household Population • 17

 Figure 2.1 Frequency of problems satisfying
household food needs

Seldom
15

Never
29

Sometimes
37

Always
7

Often
12

Note: Refers to the 12 months before the survey Uganda AIS 2011

2.1.5 Household Possessions

Another indication of a household’s Table 2.7 Household possessions

socioeconomic status is the durable assets that it Percentage of households possessing various household effects, means of
owns. Ownership of some durable goods is itself transportation, agricultural land, and livestock/farm animals by residence,
Uganda 2011
of interest. For example, information on ownership Residence
of radios, televisions, and cell phones is useful in Possession Urban Rural Total
planning educational outreach programmes, while Household effects
data on refrigerators may be useful for nutrition Radio
Cassette player
76.1
27.6
63.2
6.6
65.7
10.8
programmes. These results are also used to create Television
Mobile telephone
45.8
86.1
3.4
49.2
11.8
56.5
a wealth index (see next section). Table 2.7 shows Non-mobile telephone
Refrigerator
4.8
17.3
1.5
1.2
2.1
4.4
the proportion of households that report owning Table 76.1 65.5 67.6
Chairs 76.1 82.0 80.8
specific items. Sofa set 52.5 15.3 22.6
Bed 91.2 79.1 81.5
Cupboard 50.0 21.3 27.0
Of the list of items asked about in the Clock
Watch
41.9
34.2
12.4
14.2
18.3
18.2
2011 UAIS, the most commonly owned durable Bank account 48.9 14.3 21.2

goods are beds (owned by 82 percent of Means of transport

Bicycle 18.1 42.4 37.6
households), chairs (81 percent of households), Animal drawn cart
Motorcycle/scooter
0.2
9.7
0.5
6.7
0.4
7.3
and tables (68 percent). Sixty-six percent of Car/truck
Boat with a motor
7.0
0.4
1.4
0.6
2.5
0.6
households own a radio, and well over half (57 Boat with no motor 0.5 1.4 1.2

percent) own a mobile phone. Over one-quarter of Ownership of agricultural land 25.3 79.5 68.8
Use of agricultural land not owned 10.8 33.4 28.9
Ugandan households own a cupboard, while about Ownership of farm animals1 28.7 73.3 64.5
one-fifth own a sofa set, a bank account, a watch, Number 2,247 9,093 11,340
or a clock. Around one in ten households owns a 1 Cattle, horses, donkeys, mules, goats, sheep, pigs, or chickens
cassette player or a television, while very few
households own a refrigerator (4 percent) or a land-line telephone (2 percent).

18 • Housing Characteristics and Household Population

 While 38 percent of households own a bicycle, ownership of motor vehicles is rare, with only 7
percent of households owning a motorcycle and 3 percent having a car or lorry. Even smaller percentages of
households own any kind of a boat or an animal-drawn cart.

More than two-thirds of Ugandan households own agricultural land, while almost 30 percent of
households use agricultural land that they do not own. Ownership of farm animals is common (65 percent of
households).

All of the items except chairs, bicycles, animal-drawn carts, boats, agricultural land, and farm animals
are more prevalent among urban households than among rural households. For example, 86 percent of urban
households own a mobile telephone, compared with only 49 percent of rural households. Similarly, 46 percent
of urban households have a television, compared with 3 percent of rural households.

Comparison with data from the 2004-05 UHSBS shows an astounding increase in ownership of
mobile phones, from 10 to 57 percent of households (Figure 2.2). Ownership of radios has increased
somewhat, while ownership of refrigerators and bicycles has not changed much over time.

Figure 2.2 Trends in ownership of selected household

assets, Uganda, 2004-05 and 2011

60
Radio
66

10
Mobile Phone
57
2004-05 UHSBS
2011 UAIS
3
Refrigerator
4

39
Bicycle
38

Uganda AIS 2011

2.2 WEALTH INDEX

In addition to standard background characteristics, most of the results in this report are shown by
wealth quintiles, an indicator of the economic status of households. Although the UAIS did not collect data on
consumption or income, it did collect detailed information on dwelling and household characteristics, access to
a variety of consumer goods and services, and ownership of assets, all of which can be used as a measure of
economic status. The wealth index is a measure that has been used in many DHS and other country-level
surveys to indicate inequalities in household characteristics, in the use of health and other services, and in
health outcomes (Rutstein et al., 2000). It is an indicator of the level of wealth that is consistent with
expenditure and income measures (Rutstein, 1999).

Housing Characteristics and Household Population • 19

 The wealth index was constructed using household asset data via principal components analysis. In the
form used for this report, which takes better account of urban-rural differences in the scores and indicators of
wealth than the version used in previous surveys, the wealth index is created in three steps. In the first step, a
subset of indicators common to both urban and rural areas is used to create wealth scores for households in
both areas. Categorical variables to be used are transformed into separate dichotomous (0-1) indicators. These
indicators and those that are continuous are then analysed using principal components analysis to produce a
common factor score for each household. In a second step, separate factor scores are produced for households
in urban and in rural areas using area-specific indicators. The third step combines the separate area-specific
factor scores to produce a nationally applicable combined wealth index by adjusting the area-specific score
through regression on the common factor scores. This three-step procedure permits greater adaptability of the
wealth index in both urban and rural areas. The resulting combined wealth index has a mean of zero and a
standard deviation of one. National-level wealth quintiles are obtained by assigning the household score to
each de jure household member, ranking each person in the population by their score, and then dividing the
ranking into five equal parts, from quintile one (lowest-poorest) to quintile five (highest-wealthiest), each
having approximately 20 percent of the population.

Table 2.8 shows the distribution across the five wealth quintiles of the population of urban and rural
areas and in each region. These distributions indicate the degree to which wealth is evenly (or unevenly)
distributed by geographic areas.

Table 2.8 Wealth quintiles

Percent distribution of the de jure population by wealth quintiles, according to residence and region, Uganda 2011
Wealth quintile
Number of
Residence/region Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total persons
Residence
Urban 1.7 2.2 4.3 14.5 77.2 100.0 8,280
Rural 23.4 23.3 22.9 21.0 9.4 100.0 44,560
Region
Central 1 5.4 11.0 18.9 26.8 37.8 100.0 5,683
Central 2 9.1 18.5 20.5 30.6 21.3 100.0 5,496
Kampala 0.0 0.0 0.9 3.8 95.3 100.0 2,765
East Central 15.1 18.5 26.9 25.5 14.0 100.0 5,660
Mid Eastern 21.3 30.7 23.0 16.4 8.6 100.0 5,847
North East 47.9 20.9 12.1 11.5 7.7 100.0 5,027
West Nile 38.4 24.5 15.3 14.1 7.7 100.0 3,550
Mid Northern 46.5 24.3 12.9 9.9 6.4 100.0 5,768
South Western 6.0 20.9 29.0 28.0 16.0 100.0 6,384
Mid Western 12.3 21.5 26.0 21.2 18.9 100.0 6,660
Total 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 100.0 52,840

By definition, the population as a whole is equally distributed by wealth quintile, but there are quite
large differences by residence and region. For example, an overwhelming majority of urban residents
(77 percent) are from the richest quintile. Similarly, almost all residents of Kampala (95 percent) fall in the
wealthiest quintile. On the other hand, inhabitants of North East, Mid Northern, and West Nile regions are
disproportionately more likely to fall into the poorest quintile.

2.3 HOUSEHOLD POPULATION BY AGE, SEX, AND RESIDENCE

Like many countries with high fertility, Uganda has a much larger proportion of its population in the
younger age groups than in the older age groups (Figure 2.3). Table 2.9 shows how the distribution of the
household population declines gradually by each older five-year age group. A remarkably high proportion of
the household population (53 percent) consists of children under age 15; however, there is an implausibly
sharp drop between the proportion age 10-14 and the proportion age 15-19, which probably indicates some
deliberate transference by interviewers of people in the household from the eligible age range for the

20 • Housing Characteristics and Household Population

individual interview so as to reduce their work load. This conclusion is supported by the fact that the number
of 14 year-olds reported in the interviewed households is about 45 percent greater than the number of 15 year-
olds (Appendix Table C.1).

Individuals age 15-59 represent 42 percent of the population, while those age 60 and over account for
less than 5 percent of the population. The age distribution reflects Uganda’s high fertility (UBOS and Macro
International, 2007) that produces a large base of youth. The age distribution differs substantially by residence,
with fewer children in urban areas than in rural areas. The age distribution in 2011 is similar to that reported in
both the 2006 UDHS and the 2004-05 UHSBS.

Figure 2.3 Population pyramid

80 +
75-79
70-74
65-69 Male Female
60-64
55-59
50-54
Age Group

45-49
40-44
35-39
30-34
25-29
20-24
15-19
10-14
5-9
<5

Percent
Uganda AIS 2011

Table 2.9 Household population by age, sex, and residence

Percent distribution of the de facto household population by five-year age groups, according to sex and residence, Uganda
2011
Urban Rural Total
Age Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
<5 20.1 14.8 17.2 20.8 18.8 19.8 20.7 18.2 19.4
5-9 15.5 12.9 14.1 18.9 17.1 18.0 18.4 16.4 17.4
10-14 12.0 13.2 12.7 17.7 15.8 16.7 16.8 15.4 16.1
15-19 10.0 12.4 11.3 8.4 8.2 8.3 8.6 8.9 8.8
20-24 9.6 12.8 11.4 5.1 7.3 6.3 5.8 8.2 7.1
25-29 9.7 10.5 10.1 5.0 6.6 5.8 5.7 7.2 6.5
30-34 6.3 7.0 6.7 4.4 5.2 4.8 4.7 5.5 5.1
35-39 5.7 5.0 5.3 4.5 4.9 4.7 4.7 4.9 4.8
40-44 3.7 3.0 3.3 3.6 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.4 3.5
45-49 2.3 2.3 2.3 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.0
50-54 1.8 2.0 1.9 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.1
55-59 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.3
60-64 0.9 1.1 1.0 1.5 1.8 1.7 1.4 1.7 1.6
65-69 0.5 0.7 0.6 1.1 1.3 1.2 1.0 1.2 1.1
70-74 0.3 0.7 0.5 1.0 1.1 1.0 0.9 1.1 1.0
75-79 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.5
80 + 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7
Don't know/missing 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number 3,867 4,564 8,431 21,468 23,312 44,780 25,334 27,876 53,210

Housing Characteristics and Household Population • 21

 2.4 HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION
Table 2.10 shows that 65 percent of
Table 2.10 Household composition
Ugandan households are headed by men, with a
Percent distribution of households by sex of head of household and by
lower percentage in urban than in rural households household size; mean size of household, and percentage of
(57 percent vs. 67 percent, respectively). The households with orphans and foster children under 18 years of age,
according to residence, Uganda 2011
proportion of female-headed households has Residence
increased from 29 percent in 2004-05 to 30 percent Characteristic Urban Rural Total
in 2006 to 35 percent in 2011. Household headship
Male 56.7 67.4 65.2
Female 43.3 32.6 34.8
Table 2.10 also shows the distribution of Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
households by size. Ugandan households tend to be Number of usual members
1 20.9 10.8 12.7
rather large, with almost one-quarter having seven 2 16.8 10.2 11.5
or more members. The mean household size is 4.7, 3
4
14.2
16.1
12.7
14.3
13.0
14.7
which is less than the 5.0 reported in the 2006 5 11.5 13.5 13.1
6 8.5 12.2 11.5
UDHS or the 5.2 reported in the 2004-05 UHSBS. 7 5.2 9.6 8.8
8 3.3 7.2 6.4
Rural households are substantially larger on 9+ 3.5 9.5 8.3
average than urban households (4.9 vs. 3.7, respect- Total
Mean size of households
100.0
3.7
100.0
4.9
100.0
4.7
ively). Percentage of households with
orphans and foster children
under 18 years of age
Almost 3 in 10 households include a foster Foster children1 26.4 29.0 28.5
child, i.e., a child who is not living with either a Double orphans 3.4 3.9 3.8
biological mother or father. Four percent of Single orphans2 12.3 15.0 14.5
households include a child who has lost both Foster and/or orphan children 29.4 34.2 33.2

biological parents (a ‘double orphan’), while 15 Number of households 2,247 9,093 11,340

percent include a child who has lost only one Note: Table is based on de jure household members, i.e., usual residents.
1
Foster children are those under age 18 living in households with neither
parent. their mother nor their father present.
2
Includes children with one dead parent and an unknown survival status of
the other parent.
2.5 BIRTH REGISTRATION
The 2011 UAIS Household Questionnaire included a question about whether children under age 5 had
a birth certificate and if not, whether the child’s birth had ever been registered. Table 2.11 shows the results by
background characteristics of the child.

Results indicate that the births of two-fifths of children under age 5 were registered. One-fifth of
children under age 5 had a birth certificate, while another one-fifth did not have a certificate even though the
birth was reported as registered.

The proportion of children under age 5 whose births have been registered does not vary substantially
by age or sex of the child. Urban children are somewhat more likely than rural children to have had their births
registered. Birth registration is highest in Mid Northern, Kampala, East Central, and North East regions and
lowest in the Mid Eastern region.

There has been an increase in the proportion of children under age 5 whose births are registered, from
21 percent in 2006 to 39 percent in 2011.

22 • Housing Characteristics and Household Population

 Table 2.11 Birth registration of children under age 5

Percentage of de jure children under five years of age whose births are registered
with the civil authorities, according to background characteristics, Uganda 2011
Children whose births are registered
Percentage
Percentage who did not
Background who had a birth have a birth Percentage Number of
characteristic certificate certificate registered children
Age
<2 17.5 20.2 37.6 3,692
2-4 21.7 18.0 39.7 6,440
Sex
Male 19.4 19.3 38.7 5,164
Female 20.9 18.3 39.2 4,968
Residence
Urban 30.7 22.4 53.1 1,419
Rural 18.4 18.2 36.6 8,713
Region
Central 1 18.5 10.0 28.6 1,089
Central 2 14.1 16.5 30.5 1,066
Kampala 27.2 24.1 51.3 454
East Central 21.3 25.4 46.7 1,159
Mid Eastern 11.5 10.8 22.3 1,162
North East 22.7 22.4 45.1 1,069
West Nile 8.2 33.7 41.9 654
Mid Northern 36.0 40.2 76.2 1,041
South Western 20.7 6.9 27.6 1,120
Mid Western 21.3 10.4 31.7 1,316
Wealth quintile
Lowest 14.6 21.6 36.2 2,160
Second 15.8 19.4 35.3 2,195
Middle 17.8 16.6 34.4 2,099
Fourth 22.8 18.0 40.8 1,897
Highest 32.1 18.2 50.3 1,780
Total 20.1 18.8 39.0 10,132

2.6 CHILDREN’S LIVING ARRANGEMENTS AND ORPHANHOOD

In the UAIS, information was collected for all children under age 18 as to whether they were living
with one or both of their biological parents and whether either or both parents were still alive. Table 2.12
shows the percent distribution of children under age 18 by living arrangement and survivorship of biological
parents.

Results show that only half of children under age 18 (51 percent) are living with both parents, while
23 percent live with their mothers and not their fathers, 6 percent live with their fathers and not their mothers,
and 20 percent live with neither parent. Younger children are more likely than older ones to live with both
parents.

The table also provides data on the extent of orphanhood, the proportion of children whose natural
father or mother has died. The study reveals that 9 percent of children under age 18 have lost their biological
fathers, 4 percent have lost their mothers, and 2 percent have lost both parents (‘double orphans’). Altogether,
12 percent of children have lost one or both parents (i.e., they are considered to be orphans).

Housing Characteristics and Household Population • 23

 Table 2.12 Children's living arrangements and orphanhood

Percent distribution of de jure children under 18 years of age by living arrangements and survival status of parents, the percentage of children not
living with a biological parent, and the percentage of children with one or both parents dead, according to background characteristics, Uganda 2011
Living with Living with father
mother but not but not
with father with mother Not living with either parent
Percent-
Missing age not Percent-
infor- living age with
mation with a one or
Living Only Only on bio- both Number
Background with both Father Father Mother Mother Both father mother Both father/ logical parents of
1
characteristic parents alive dead alive dead alive alive alive dead mother Total parent dead children
Age
0-4 59.8 23.9 1.8 2.8 0.3 9.1 0.5 0.8 0.4 0.8 100.0 10.8 3.8 10,132
<2 64.4 28.5 1.1 1.3 0.0 3.6 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.4 100.0 4.2 1.8 3,692
2-4 57.1 21.2 2.1 3.6 0.4 12.3 0.6 1.2 0.6 0.9 100.0 14.6 4.9 6,440
5-9 51.6 16.8 3.5 6.0 0.8 14.7 1.5 2.6 1.5 0.9 100.0 20.3 10.1 9,172
10-14 44.7 14.9 6.5 6.6 1.4 14.9 2.3 4.6 3.2 0.8 100.0 25.1 18.2 8,544
15-17 36.7 12.3 8.9 5.8 1.8 18.2 2.3 6.8 6.2 1.0 100.0 33.5 26.2 2,860
Sex
Male 51.7 18.1 4.1 5.5 1.0 12.2 1.4 3.0 2.2 0.8 100.0 18.7 11.9 15,528
Female 50.3 18.3 4.4 4.7 0.7 14.3 1.5 3.0 1.9 0.8 100.0 20.7 11.7 15,180
Residence
Urban 35.2 27.5 3.7 6.8 0.8 16.7 2.1 3.9 2.4 0.9 100.0 25.1 13.1 4,184
Rural 53.5 16.7 4.3 4.9 0.9 12.7 1.3 2.8 2.0 0.8 100.0 18.9 11.5 26,524
Region
Central 1 42.4 18.3 3.1 7.3 1.4 18.1 2.0 4.2 2.1 1.1 100.0 26.5 13.0 3,206
Central 2 45.0 20.9 4.1 5.2 1.1 16.1 2.0 2.7 1.7 1.1 100.0 22.5 11.8 3,254
Kampala 28.8 35.4 2.6 7.3 0.9 17.8 1.6 2.6 1.8 1.0 100.0 23.9 9.8 1,265
East Central 54.3 16.4 3.2 5.7 0.6 14.5 1.3 2.1 1.4 0.5 100.0 19.3 8.6 3,442
Mid Eastern 61.5 12.0 2.9 3.4 0.7 11.7 1.6 2.9 2.4 0.9 100.0 18.5 10.5 3,439
North East 59.5 16.8 4.4 3.5 0.8 8.6 1.0 3.0 1.9 0.5 100.0 14.5 11.2 3,104
West Nile 46.2 18.4 3.8 7.7 0.6 15.7 1.7 3.5 1.6 0.6 100.0 22.6 11.5 2,088
Mid Northern 60.3 11.1 6.9 4.1 1.1 7.1 1.4 3.9 3.3 0.8 100.0 15.7 16.7 3,400
South Western 48.2 23.2 5.2 3.4 0.6 12.6 1.0 2.1 2.8 1.0 100.0 18.4 11.8 3,670
Mid Western 48.2 19.7 4.9 5.9 1.0 14.0 1.0 3.0 1.3 0.8 100.0 19.3 11.4 3,841
Wealth quintile
Lowest 53.7 18.1 6.2 4.3 0.8 9.0 1.6 3.1 2.4 0.8 100.0 16.1 14.2 6,329
Second 57.0 14.9 4.5 4.8 0.6 11.8 1.2 3.1 1.4 0.8 100.0 17.5 11.0 6,303
Middle 54.4 16.7 4.0 4.8 1.0 13.2 1.1 2.4 1.6 0.8 100.0 18.3 10.2 6,428
Fourth 48.5 18.0 4.0 5.4 1.0 15.2 1.6 3.0 2.5 0.9 100.0 22.2 12.0 6,286
Highest 39.6 24.2 2.4 6.5 1.1 17.7 1.7 3.5 2.4 0.8 100.0 25.3 11.3 5,362
Total <15 52.5 18.8 3.8 5.0 0.8 12.7 1.4 2.6 1.6 0.8 100.0 18.3 10.3 27,848
Total <18 51.0 18.2 4.3 5.1 0.9 13.2 1.4 3.0 2.0 0.8 100.0 19.7 11.8 30,708

Note: Table is based on de jure members, i.e., usual residents.

1
Includes children with father dead, mother dead, both dead, and those with one parent dead but missing information on survival status of the other parent.

Table 2.12 shows that the proportion of children who are not living with a biological parent and the
proportion with one or both parents dead both increase with the age of the child. The proportion of children
who do not live with a biological parent is relatively high in urban areas, presumably because children leave
home for the city in order to attend school. Central 1, Central 2, Kampala, and West Nile regions have higher
than average proportions of children not living with a biological parent. Regional variations in the proportion
of children whose parent has died are modest except for the Mid Northern region, which stands out with a high
proportion. The proportion of children under 18 who are not living with a biological parent tends to increase as
wealth quintile increases. This could be due to children being placed with wealthier relatives in order to go to
school.

Orphans are usually considered to be at a disadvantage compared with children whose parents are still
alive. To assess whether orphans are educationally disadvantaged, an indicator was devised that compares the
proportion of children age 10-14 who are attending school among those whose parents are both dead with the
proportion among those whose parents are both alive and who are living with at least one of them. As shown in
Table 2.13, the results indicate that among children age 10-14 whose parents are both alive and who are living

24 • Housing Characteristics and Household Population

with one or both parents, 96 percent attended school during the 2011 school year, compared with 84 percent of
children who have lost both parents (‘double orphans’). The ratio of school attendance among orphaned to
non-orphaned children is 0.88. This implies that double orphans have a disadvantage in school attendance
compared with children who are living with one or both parents.

Table 2.13 School attendance by survivorship of parents

Among de jure children age 10-14, the percentage attending school by parental survival and
the ratio of the percentage attending, by parental survival, according to background
characteristics, Uganda 2011
Percentage attending school by survivorship of parents
Both parents
alive and living
Background Both parents with at least
characteristic deceased Number one parent Number Ratio1
Sex
Male 82.7 152 95.3 2,890 0.87
Female 85.8 124 95.7 2,773 0.90
Residence
Urban (91.9) 36 96.7 637 (0.95)
Rural 82.9 241 95.3 5,026 0.87
Wealth quintile
Lowest 69.8 69 91.1 1,103 0.77
Second (82.3) 37 95.0 1,190 (0.87)
Middle (89.1) 49 96.9 1,224 (0.92)
Fourth 91.6 65 97.1 1,254 0.94
Highest (89.7) 55 97.6 892 (0.92)
Total 84.1 276 95.5 5,663 0.88

Note: Table is based only on children who usually live in the household. Figures in parentheses are
based on 25-49 unweighted cases.
1
Ratio of the percentage with both parents deceased to the percentage with both parents alive and
living with a parent

2.7 EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT OF HOUSEHOLD POPULATION

Educational attainment is a key determinant of an individual’s lifestyle and status. It also affects many
aspects of human life, including those related to demographic and health issues. This survey, like many others,
indicates that educational attainment is strongly associated with awareness, knowledge, attitudes, and
behaviour related to HIV/AIDS. Tables 2.14.1 and 2.14.2 show the percent distribution of women and men age
6 and older by the highest level of education attained.

There are differences in educational attainment between women and men. Overall, 20 percent of
women in Uganda have never been to school, compared with 11 percent of men. Those with only some
primary education account for 57 percent of women and 59 percent of men. The percentage of women
attaining higher education levels is also lower than the percentage of men. For example, 16 percent of women
have attended secondary school or higher, compared with 21 percent of men.

The proportion with no education increases steadily for both sexes, starting with those in their teens.
Educational attainment is substantially higher in urban areas than in rural areas, with the median number of
years of schooling for women being 6.0 in urban areas and 2.7 in rural areas. Among men, the difference is 6.7
in urban areas and 3.4 in rural areas. Level of education differs significantly among regions. The region with
the highest educational attainment is Kampala for both women and men, while the region with the lowest is
West Nile for women and North East for men.

Housing Characteristics and Household Population • 25

 Results show that educational attainment is considerably higher for those in the higher wealth
quintiles. For example, the proportion of women with no education declines from 34 percent among those in
the lowest quintile to 7 percent among those in the highest quintile.

These results show some modest improvement in educational attainment among women. For example,
the proportion of women age 6 and over with no education has declined from 23 percent in 2006 to 20 percent
in 2011. The corresponding change for men was from 12 percent in 2006 to 11 percent in 2011.

Table 2.14.1 Educational attainment of the female household population

Percent distribution of the de facto female household population age six and over by highest level of schooling attended or completed and
median years completed, according to background characteristics, Uganda 2011
Don't Median
Background No Some Completed Some Completed More than know/ years
characteristic education primary primary1 secondary secondary2 secondary missing Total Number completed
Age
6-9 24.5 75.1 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 3,684 0.2
10-14 3.1 89.5 3.0 4.2 0.0 0.1 0.1 100.0 4,295 3.1
15-19 4.0 48.0 10.7 34.3 1.4 1.3 0.3 100.0 2,485 5.9
20-24 6.9 36.7 18.2 27.5 3.2 7.0 0.4 100.0 2,295 6.3
25-29 13.7 44.8 13.3 18.8 2.3 6.9 0.3 100.0 2,015 5.3
30-34 20.2 47.0 10.6 14.5 0.7 6.3 0.7 100.0 1,533 4.2
35-39 25.6 47.7 9.9 12.4 0.4 3.4 0.7 100.0 1,374 3.7
40-44 31.3 43.4 11.3 10.9 0.1 1.7 1.2 100.0 934 3.1
45-49 34.3 44.2 11.9 7.7 0.1 1.6 0.2 100.0 823 2.4
50-54 41.0 35.8 11.4 8.1 0.0 3.3 0.5 100.0 591 1.6
55-59 48.1 36.9 6.9 5.6 0.2 1.8 0.6 100.0 387 0.3
60-64 55.6 32.3 5.1 4.2 0.2 2.0 0.7 100.0 477 0.0
65+ 76.1 20.1 0.9 1.0 0.1 0.9 0.9 100.0 1,008 0.0
Residence
Urban 8.9 40.7 9.5 28.3 3.3 8.6 0.7 100.0 3,773 6.0
Rural 21.7 59.9 7.5 9.0 0.3 1.3 0.3 100.0 18,145 2.7
Region
Central 1 11.9 52.5 10.8 18.9 1.9 3.3 0.8 100.0 2,332 4.4
Central 2 18.0 55.4 9.0 14.7 0.5 1.6 0.9 100.0 2,263 3.6
Kampala 5.5 31.5 10.8 35.8 4.3 10.9 1.1 100.0 1,277 7.0
East Central 15.8 63.7 5.5 12.8 0.2 1.9 0.1 100.0 2,249 3.2
Mid Eastern 19.8 59.3 8.9 10.5 0.3 1.2 0.1 100.0 2,384 3.0
North East 30.6 55.2 5.8 6.4 0.0 1.9 0.1 100.0 2,028 2.1
West Nile 24.4 64.4 3.5 5.8 0.2 1.6 0.1 100.0 1,462 1.8
Mid Northern 25.1 61.2 6.3 5.1 0.5 1.6 0.3 100.0 2,376 2.4
South Western 19.8 56.5 10.0 10.2 1.0 2.4 0.2 100.0 2,820 3.0
Mid Western 20.8 57.8 7.1 11.4 0.3 2.4 0.2 100.0 2,729 2.7
Wealth quintile
Lowest 34.1 58.9 3.7 2.9 0.0 0.2 0.2 100.0 4,282 1.2
Second 23.8 63.7 6.8 5.1 0.0 0.3 0.2 100.0 4,210 2.3
Middle 19.7 62.7 8.5 8.2 0.2 0.4 0.3 100.0 4,258 2.8
Fourth 14.1 58.9 9.6 14.8 0.3 1.9 0.5 100.0 4,490 3.7
Highest 7.4 40.4 10.4 28.8 3.3 9.1 0.6 100.0 4,679 6.2
Total 19.5 56.6 7.9 12.3 0.8 2.5 0.4 100.0 21,918 3.1

Note: Total includes 18 women with missing information on age.

1
Completed 7 grade at the primary level
2
Completed 6 grade at the secondary level

26 • Housing Characteristics and Household Population

Table 2.14.2 Educational attainment of the male household population

Percent distribution of the de facto male household population age six and over by highest level of schooling attended or completed and
median years completed, according to background characteristics, Uganda 2011
Don't Median
Background No Some Completed Some Completed More than know/ years
characteristic education primary primary1 secondary secondary2 secondary missing Total Number completed
Age
6-9 24.9 74.8 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 100.0 3,713 0.2
10-14 3.4 91.3 1.9 3.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 4,267 2.9
15-19 2.7 50.8 9.7 34.8 1.0 0.7 0.2 100.0 2,179 5.8
20-24 4.5 33.0 15.2 31.3 6.3 8.9 0.9 100.0 1,473 6.7
25-29 5.9 31.7 15.9 27.0 4.9 13.2 1.3 100.0 1,450 6.7
30-34 7.6 39.1 15.9 22.9 3.1 9.5 1.9 100.0 1,186 6.1
35-39 8.9 43.6 16.2 19.9 0.9 8.9 1.5 100.0 1,182 5.7
40-44 10.3 41.0 15.0 22.0 1.2 9.2 1.2 100.0 914 5.8
45-49 13.6 39.6 18.2 17.5 1.6 7.2 2.3 100.0 769 5.5
50-54 14.8 38.9 20.2 15.2 0.5 8.0 2.4 100.0 548 5.6
55-59 16.5 35.8 20.0 15.1 2.3 10.2 0.2 100.0 331 5.8
60-64 19.1 42.1 11.7 19.6 0.0 6.6 0.8 100.0 348 4.9
65+ 36.8 45.6 5.4 6.5 0.1 4.1 1.5 100.0 775 2.4
Residence
Urban 5.7 37.7 7.5 27.9 5.3 14.4 1.5 100.0 2,952 6.7
Rural 12.4 62.4 8.9 12.5 0.7 2.5 0.6 100.0 16,204 3.4
Region
Central 1 9.4 54.1 10.3 18.3 2.2 4.7 0.9 100.0 2,119 4.3
Central 2 14.3 56.9 9.2 14.6 0.5 2.9 1.6 100.0 1,984 3.4
Kampala 3.9 27.7 8.4 32.3 7.1 18.2 2.5 100.0 1,015 8.6
East Central 10.1 65.1 6.3 14.4 1.1 2.2 0.8 100.0 2,079 3.5
Mid Eastern 11.7 60.6 9.9 13.7 1.1 2.8 0.2 100.0 2,168 3.8
North East 19.1 56.8 7.9 11.5 0.7 3.7 0.3 100.0 1,707 3.1
West Nile 9.2 65.5 8.8 12.2 0.6 3.3 0.3 100.0 1,301 3.2
Mid Northern 10.8 59.8 10.3 13.3 1.5 4.0 0.4 100.0 2,118 4.0
South Western 11.1 62.9 8.4 12.2 0.9 4.1 0.5 100.0 2,248 3.3
Mid Western 10.9 62.0 7.6 14.0 0.8 4.2 0.5 100.0 2,417 3.4
Wealth quintile
Lowest 19.4 65.7 7.4 6.2 0.3 0.5 0.4 100.0 3,659 2.5
Second 12.8 66.7 8.8 10.0 0.3 1.1 0.3 100.0 3,836 3.0
Middle 11.3 63.2 9.6 13.3 0.6 1.5 0.5 100.0 3,838 3.4
Fourth 8.9 59.3 9.6 16.9 1.1 3.3 1.0 100.0 3,913 4.0
Highest 5.0 38.8 8.1 27.1 4.6 14.9 1.4 100.0 3,909 6.6
Total 11.4 58.6 8.7 14.9 1.4 4.3 0.7 100.0 19,156 3.7

Note: Total includes 19 men with missing information on age.

1
Completed 7 grade at the primary level
2
Completed 6 grade at the secondary level

Housing Characteristics and Household Population • 27

CHARACTERISTICS OF SURVEY RESPONDENTS 3
Key Findings:
• The bulk of Ugandan adults have had at least some education;
nevertheless, 14 percent of women and 6 percent of men age 15-49
have had no education at all.
• Women are disadvantaged in terms of educational attainment compared
with men; however, gender differences in education are disappearing
among younger adults.
• Radio is by far the most popular of the mass media—72 percent of
women and 87 percent of men age 15-49 listen to the radio weekly.
• Sixty-six percent of women and 85 percent of men age 15-49 are
currently employed.
• Men tend to marry about 5 years later than women; the median age at
marriage is 18 for women and 23 for men.

T
he purpose of this chapter is to provide a demographic and socioeconomic profile of the individual
women and men interviewed in the 2011 Uganda AIDS Indicator Survey (UAIS). This information
helps in the interpretation of findings presented later in the report and provides an indication of the
representativeness of the survey. The chapter first describes basic background characteristics such as age,
marital status, religion, ethnicity, and wealth status. It then provides more detailed information on education,
media exposure, employment, occupation, and marital status.

Although women and men age 15-59 were interviewed in the survey, the tables in this report present
data for those age 15-49. Data for those age 50-59 and 15-59 are presented at the bottom of the tables as row
totals. This facilitates comparison with data from other sources such as the 2004-05 Uganda HIV/AIDS Sero-
Behavioural Survey (UHSBS) and the 2006 Uganda Demographic and Health Survey (UDHS).

3.1 BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS

The distribution of women and men age 15-49 years by background characteristics is shown in Table
3.1. The proportions of both women and men decrease with increasing age, reflecting the comparatively young
age structure of the Ugandan population. Also of note are the lower proportions of men than women who are
age 20-29. A similar dearth of men in their twenties was evident in the 2004-05 UHSBS and the 2006 UDHS
and may result from higher male migration out of the country and higher male attendance in institutions such
as the armed forces and prisons, which are not covered in the survey.

About 4 in 10 respondents are Catholic, while just over one-third are Protestant, and 13 percent are
Muslim. Nine percent of women and 6 percent of men are Pentecostal. In terms of ethnic composition, the
most common group is Baganda, which accounts for 17 percent of women and men. Banyankore and Basoga
follow, with each accounting for about 9 to 10 percent of the population.

Characteristics of Survey Respondents • 29

 Table 3.1 Background characteristics of respondents

Percent distribution of women and men age 15-49 by selected background characteristics, Uganda 2011
Women Men
Background Weighted Weighted Unweighted Weighted Weighted Unweighted
characteristic percent number number percent number number
Age
15-19 22.0 2,458 2,451 23.7 2,072 2,089
20-24 19.4 2,163 2,164 16.1 1,406 1,392
25-29 17.4 1,942 1,921 15.5 1,354 1,335
30-34 13.2 1,478 1,464 13.3 1,160 1,164
35-39 12.1 1,355 1,361 12.9 1,129 1,117
40-44 8.5 948 945 10.2 890 887
45-49 7.3 816 842 8.3 722 734
Religion
Catholic 40.3 4,498 4,626 41.5 3,627 3,673
Anglican/Protestant 33.6 3,752 3,602 35.0 3,060 2,934
SDA 1.6 180 156 1.6 136 125
Pentecostal 8.6 954 931 5.8 506 481
Other Christian 2.3 253 244 2.4 210 220
Muslim 12.8 1,431 1,500 12.7 1,112 1,195
Other 0.8 92 89 1.0 84 90
Ethnicity
Baganda 16.7 1,867 1,879 16.9 1,474 1,465
Banyankore 10.9 1,216 1,029 10.1 884 732
Iteso 7.6 844 892 7.6 665 675
Lugbara/Madi 4.8 536 808 4.8 419 631
Basoga 9.1 1,020 1,012 9.2 806 807
Langi 5.8 650 675 6.8 590 610
Bakiga 6.3 699 593 5.3 467 385
Karimojong 2.1 230 271 1.5 127 142
Acholi 4.6 517 471 4.8 421 408
Bagisu/Sabiny 5.8 642 662 6.7 582 616
Alur/Jopadhola 5.0 557 635 4.6 403 468
Banyoro 3.9 430 416 4.7 414 386
Batoro 3.4 381 291 3.7 322 264
Other 14.1 1,572 1,514 13.3 1,160 1,129
Marital status
Never married 23.7 2,641 2,620 36.9 3,227 3,235
Married 50.8 5,672 5,739 48.4 4,226 4,269
Living together 12.8 1,425 1,342 8.8 768 682
Divorced/separated 9.0 1,007 1,025 5.4 467 487
Widowed 3.7 415 422 0.5 46 45
Residence
Urban 21.2 2,365 2,352 19.9 1,739 1,746
Rural 78.8 8,795 8,796 80.1 6,995 6,972
Region
Central 1 10.8 1,206 1,018 11.6 1,009 804
Central 2 10.4 1,162 1,089 10.2 888 842
Kampala 7.8 875 1,184 7.7 674 924
East Central 10.3 1,153 1,143 10.7 933 938
Mid Eastern 10.1 1,133 1,151 10.9 950 979
North East 8.2 919 1,027 7.8 683 708
West Nile 6.4 712 1,148 6.3 548 876
Mid Northern 9.9 1,106 1,067 10.9 950 942
South Western 12.7 1,414 1,104 10.8 947 747
Mid Western 13.3 1,480 1,217 13.2 1,151 958
Education
No education 14.0 1,566 1,629 5.6 485 468
Primary incomplete 46.8 5,218 5,245 42.7 3,727 3,720
Primary complete 12.4 1,388 1,329 14.1 1,230 1,235
Secondary or higher 26.8 2,988 2,945 37.7 3,292 3,295
Wealth quintile
Lowest 17.0 1,894 2,126 17.2 1,504 1,648
Second 18.1 2,024 2,050 18.7 1,632 1,676
Middle 18.4 2,056 1,993 19.1 1,667 1,633
Fourth 20.5 2,292 2,165 19.5 1,706 1,609
Highest 25.9 2,894 2,814 25.5 2,226 2,152
Total 15-49 100.0 11,160 11,148 100.0 8,735 8,718
Total 15-59 na 12,153 12,153 na 9,588 9,588

Note: Education categories refer to the highest level of education attended, whether or not that level was completed.
na = Not applicable

30 • Characteristics of Survey Respondents

 Sixty-four percent of women are married or living in an informal union with a man, compared with 57
percent of men. Because men marry later in life than women, over one-third of men (37 percent) age 15-49
have never married, compared with less than one-quarter (24 percent) of the women. On the other hand,
women are more likely than men to be widowed (4 percent vs. less than 1 percent) and more likely to be
divorced or separated (9 percent vs. 5 percent, respectively). This pattern is probably due to the greater
likelihood that men will re-marry.

The vast majority (79 to 80 percent) of adult women and men live in rural areas. Respondents are
fairly evenly distributed by region, with West Nile having the smallest share, accounting for just 6 percent of
respondents. The vast majority of respondents (86 percent of women and almost 95 percent of men) have had
at least some formal education, with 14 percent of women and 6 percent of men age 15-49 having never
attended school. However, 47 percent of women and 43 percent of men have only attended some primary
school, without completing it. Women are considerably disadvantaged in education compared with men. For
example, 38 percent of men have attended secondary school or higher, compared with only 27 percent of
women.

3.2 EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT OF RESPONDENTS

Tables 3.2.1 and 3.2.2 show the distribution of female and male respondents by highest level of school
attended according to selected background characteristics. As mentioned previously, men are better educated
than women.

Table 3.2.1 Educational attainment: Women

Percent distribution of women age 15-49 by highest level of schooling attended or completed, and median years completed, according to
background characteristics, Uganda 2011
Highest level of schooling
Median
Background No Some Completed Some Completed More than years Number of
characteristic education primary primary1 secondary secondary2 secondary Total completed women
Age
15-24 3.7 44.8 14.0 31.2 1.8 4.5 100.0 6.1 4,621
15-19 2.0 48.6 11.7 34.7 1.3 1.7 100.0 6.0 2,458
20-24 5.7 40.5 16.5 27.2 2.3 7.8 100.0 6.2 2,163
25-29 11.2 47.3 13.1 19.1 2.0 7.4 100.0 5.4 1,942
30-34 20.4 50.5 9.0 13.6 0.6 6.0 100.0 3.9 1,478
35-39 22.9 49.3 12.1 11.8 0.4 3.5 100.0 3.7 1,355
40-44 29.4 47.0 10.8 10.0 0.1 2.8 100.0 3.1 948
45-49 35.0 45.3 10.7 7.5 0.0 1.6 100.0 2.2 816
Residence
Urban 4.8 26.0 12.9 38.9 4.0 13.3 100.0 7.7 2,365
Rural 16.5 52.3 12.3 16.0 0.4 2.4 100.0 4.7 8,795
Region
Central 1 5.9 37.8 16.7 30.5 1.7 7.4 100.0 6.3 1,206
Central 2 12.7 44.8 14.3 24.4 1.1 2.8 100.0 5.5 1,162
Kampala 2.6 18.7 14.2 43.1 5.8 15.6 100.0 8.6 875
East Central 10.9 54.9 7.9 22.1 0.4 3.6 100.0 5.2 1,153
Mid Eastern 14.4 47.7 16.5 18.8 0.5 2.1 100.0 5.2 1,133
North East 27.0 50.1 7.7 11.5 0.2 3.6 100.0 3.7 919
West Nile 18.4 60.5 6.8 11.1 0.4 2.8 100.0 3.5 712
Mid Northern 20.1 56.7 10.5 9.2 0.7 2.7 100.0 4.2 1,106
South Western 13.2 45.6 15.9 19.1 1.5 4.7 100.0 5.3 1,414
Mid Western 16.6 50.1 10.5 18.7 0.4 3.6 100.0 4.6 1,480
Wealth quintile
Lowest 29.5 58.1 6.8 5.0 0.2 0.4 100.0 2.7 1,894
Second 19.1 59.8 11.3 9.2 0.1 0.5 100.0 4.1 2,024
Middle 15.1 56.1 13.1 14.5 0.3 0.9 100.0 4.6 2,056
Fourth 8.8 46.5 15.8 24.8 0.5 3.6 100.0 5.7 2,292
Highest 3.8 23.7 13.8 40.8 3.8 14.0 100.0 8.0 2,894
Total 15-49 14.0 46.8 12.4 20.9 1.2 4.7 100.0 5.2 11,160
50-59 42.2 39.1 9.2 6.9 0.1 2.5 100.0 1.5 993
Total 15-59 16.3 46.1 12.2 19.7 1.1 4.5 100.0 5.0 12,153
1
Completed Grade 7 at the primary level
2
Completed 6 years at the secondary level

Characteristics of Survey Respondents • 31

 Table 3.2.2 Educational attainment: Men

Percent distribution of men age 15-49 by highest level of schooling attended or completed, and median years completed, according to
background characteristics, Uganda 2011
Highest level of schooling
Median
Background No Some Completed Some Completed More than years Number of
characteristic education primary primary1 secondary secondary2 secondary Total completed men
Age
15-24 1.8 44.7 11.5 34.7 2.6 4.8 100.0 6.3 3,479
15-19 1.3 52.1 8.8 36.2 1.0 0.7 100.0 5.8 2,072
20-24 2.5 33.7 15.4 32.5 5.1 10.9 100.0 6.8 1,406
25-29 5.6 32.2 16.2 28.2 4.7 13.1 100.0 6.7 1,354
30-34 5.6 43.3 15.1 22.2 2.9 10.9 100.0 6.1 1,160
35-39 9.0 45.1 16.1 20.1 1.2 8.5 100.0 5.6 1,129
40-44 9.7 45.0 15.6 19.6 1.3 8.8 100.0 5.6 890
45-49 13.1 45.0 16.1 16.8 1.5 7.5 100.0 5.2 722
Residence
Urban 1.8 18.5 8.4 41.9 7.8 21.7 100.0 9.7 1,739
Rural 6.5 48.7 15.5 23.4 1.3 4.6 100.0 5.6 6,995
Region
Central 1 4.1 39.8 13.9 28.4 5.1 8.6 100.0 6.4 1,009
Central 2 7.8 45.0 14.1 27.0 1.1 5.0 100.0 5.8 888
Kampala 1.5 13.3 8.6 42.6 10.2 23.8 100.0 10.3 674
East Central 5.6 48.2 11.8 28.1 2.3 3.9 100.0 5.8 933
Mid Eastern 7.4 42.9 17.2 25.7 2.1 4.7 100.0 6.0 950
North East 11.6 39.0 15.4 25.0 1.0 8.0 100.0 5.9 683
West Nile 4.1 47.3 15.8 25.1 1.1 6.6 100.0 5.9 548
Mid Northern 2.5 44.4 17.6 25.5 1.8 8.2 100.0 6.2 950
South Western 6.4 48.0 13.3 23.7 1.3 7.3 100.0 5.7 947
Mid Western 4.8 50.1 12.7 23.6 0.9 7.7 100.0 5.6 1,151
Wealth quintile
Lowest 11.7 58.9 14.8 12.9 0.5 1.2 100.0 4.7 1,504
Second 7.3 54.0 16.1 20.1 0.4 2.1 100.0 5.2 1,632
Middle 5.8 47.8 16.7 25.5 1.0 3.2 100.0 5.8 1,667
Fourth 3.5 41.2 15.3 32.0 1.8 6.2 100.0 6.3 1,706
Highest 1.5 20.7 9.3 39.2 7.3 22.0 100.0 9.6 2,226
Total 15-49 5.6 42.7 14.1 27.1 2.6 8.0 100.0 6.1 8,735
50-59 14.2 40.1 19.9 16.0 1.1 8.7 100.0 5.6 853
Total 15-59 6.3 42.4 14.6 26.1 2.4 8.1 100.0 6.1 9,588
1
Completed Grade 7 at the primary level
2
Completed 6 years at the secondary level

Younger respondents are more likely to have attended school and to have reached a higher level of
education than older respondents. For example, only 2 percent of women age 15-19 have never attended
school, compared with 35 percent of women age 45-49. Education among women has increased faster than
education among men, helping to reduce the gender gap in education among younger respondents. For
example, among respondents age 45-49, the proportion of women who have ever attended secondary school is
substantially lower than for men (9 percent and 26 percent, respectively), while among the younger
respondents age 15-19, these percentages are identical, at 38 percent for women and men.

Respondents living in urban areas are better educated than respondents in rural areas. Among urban
respondents, 5 percent of women 15-49 and 2 percent of men have never attended school, compared with
17 percent of women and 7 percent of men in rural areas. Education also differs by region. North East region
has the highest proportion of women (27 percent) and men (12 percent) with no formal education, while
Kampala has the lowest proportion who have never attended school (3 percent of women and 2 percent of
men) and by far the highest proportion to attend secondary school or higher (65 percent of women and 77
percent of men).

32 • Characteristics of Survey Respondents

 Regarding the relationship between education and wealth, the data show that the percentage of women
age 15-49 who have never attended school drops from 30 percent in the lowest wealth quintile to 4 percent in
the highest wealth quintile. The proportion of women who completed primary school increases with wealth, as
does the proportion attending secondary school or higher. Wealth is also strongly related to educational
attainment for men.

3.3 EXPOSURE TO MASS MEDIA

Information about HIV/AIDS is often carried by mass media. Having access to mass media is
essential to increase peoples’ awareness and knowledge of HIV/AIDS, which may eventually affect societal
norms and influence individual attitudes and behaviour. In the 2011 UAIS, access to mass media was assessed
by asking respondents whether they read a newspaper, listen to the radio, or watch television almost every day,
at least once a week, less than once a week, or not at all.

In general, men have more exposure to mass media than women (see Tables 3.3.1 and 3.3.2 and
Figure 3.1). For example, only 17 percent of women age 15-49 watch television at least once a week,
compared with 27 percent of men. More than twice as many women as men say they do not access any of the
types of media asked about at least once a week (25 percent of women and 11 percent of men).

Table 3.3.1 Exposure to mass media: Women

Percentage of women age 15-49 who are exposed to specific media on a weekly basis, by background
characteristics, Uganda 2011
Accesses
Reads a Watches Accesses all none of the
newspaper at television at Listens to the three media three media
Background least once a least once radio at least at least once at least once Number of
characteristic week a week once a week a week a week women
Age
15-19 18.0 18.4 72.9 6.4 22.6 2,458
20-24 16.3 21.3 74.5 9.0 22.2 2,163
25-29 13.1 18.5 74.3 7.0 23.9 1,942
30-34 11.1 15.3 70.0 5.9 27.8 1,478
35-39 8.4 13.5 68.3 4.5 29.6 1,355
40-44 8.6 10.1 71.1 4.1 27.8 948
45-49 5.0 7.9 68.3 2.3 31.0 816
Residence
Urban 33.4 56.4 82.6 23.2 9.9 2,365
Rural 7.5 5.8 69.2 1.7 29.5 8,795
Region
Central 1 20.0 31.6 82.8 11.5 13.4 1,206
Central 2 17.7 16.1 82.9 6.3 15.2 1,162
Kampala 37.1 80.8 84.1 29.5 4.4 875
East Central 9.7 9.5 73.5 3.6 25.8 1,153
Mid Eastern 8.5 7.1 59.9 2.4 37.4 1,133
North East 5.1 3.5 50.1 0.9 49.1 919
West Nile 11.3 3.5 70.6 1.8 27.0 712
Mid Northern 9.3 4.7 66.6 1.9 32.1 1,106
South Western 7.8 9.4 71.9 3.7 26.6 1,414
Mid Western 8.7 9.3 74.2 4.1 24.2 1,480
Education
No education 0.8 3.3 51.8 0.1 47.6 1,566
Primary incomplete 5.1 7.6 69.8 1.1 28.6 5,218
Primary complete 12.0 17.7 77.6 4.8 20.0 1,388
Secondary or higher 33.6 38.5 84.0 19.0 10.5 2,988
Wealth quintile
Lowest 3.0 0.8 44.1 0.1 55.1 1,894
Second 4.0 1.9 65.2 0.3 33.9 2,024
Middle 5.5 3.0 75.2 0.7 23.7 2,056
Fourth 11.2 6.8 80.0 2.3 18.3 2,292
Highest 32.5 54.3 86.5 21.4 6.7 2,894
Total 15-49 13.0 16.5 72.0 6.2 25.4 11,160
50-59 7.2 9.2 68.3 3.7 30.6 993
Total 15-59 12.5 15.9 71.7 6.0 25.8 12,153

Characteristics of Survey Respondents • 33

 Table 3.3.2 Exposure to mass media: Men

Percentage of men age 15-49 who are exposed to specific media on a weekly basis, by background
characteristics, Uganda 2011
Accesses
Reads a Watches Accesses all none of the
newspaper at television at Listens to the three media three media
Background least once least once radio at least at least once at least once Number
characteristic a week a week once a week a week a week of men
Age
15-19 19.0 27.6 85.1 9.8 11.9 2,072
20-24 26.8 36.5 90.2 18.3 7.2 1,406
25-29 28.4 33.8 89.2 18.8 9.1 1,354
30-34 24.2 26.7 89.0 14.2 8.6 1,160
35-39 19.8 21.1 85.3 11.4 13.2 1,129
40-44 21.6 17.2 86.2 9.7 11.9 890
45-49 15.6 14.6 86.2 7.9 13.3 722
Residence
Urban 54.9 69.5 91.7 41.9 2.4 1,739
Rural 14.4 16.3 86.2 6.1 12.6 6,995
Region
Central 1 33.7 39.7 90.3 21.7 6.3 1,009
Central 2 22.8 25.2 94.4 11.6 3.7 888
Kampala 62.4 84.0 90.5 52.1 2.0 674
East Central 13.1 25.4 88.9 5.5 9.5 933
Mid Eastern 13.2 13.6 80.6 6.7 18.1 950
North East 27.1 19.9 73.2 14.4 25.2 683
West Nile 12.8 14.8 91.4 6.3 8.2 548
Mid Northern 18.6 14.1 85.2 8.3 13.7 950
South Western 13.9 20.7 87.5 6.5 10.8 947
Mid Western 16.5 21.3 89.6 7.9 8.8 1,151
Education
No education 2.1 7.1 72.5 0.7 26.9 485
Primary incomplete 6.9 15.6 84.7 2.5 13.9 3,727
Primary complete 17.0 20.6 89.0 8.8 9.8 1,230
Secondary or higher 45.3 45.0 91.8 28.8 4.6 3,292
Wealth quintile
Lowest 5.7 7.4 73.3 2.0 25.5 1,504
Second 10.2 10.1 85.0 2.8 14.1 1,632
Middle 10.2 13.6 88.5 3.7 10.2 1,667
Fourth 21.6 20.9 92.9 7.4 5.8 1,706
Highest 52.8 67.0 93.3 39.9 1.8 2,226
Total 15-49 22.5 26.9 87.3 13.2 10.6 8,735
50-59 17.4 11.7 83.9 6.7 15.1 853
Total 15-59 22.0 25.6 87.0 12.6 11.0 9,588

Radio is the medium that is by far the most widely used by both men and women. Seventy-two
percent of women and 87 percent of men report that they listen to the radio at least once a week. Newspapers
are the least commonly used type of media.

Women and men in younger age groups report greater exposure to all three media types. Among
women age 15-19, 18 percent read a newspaper weekly, compared with 5 percent of women age 45-49. Urban
women and men have much greater access to all three sources of media than rural women and men. Television
is the medium with the greatest disparity between rural and urban areas. Only 6 percent of women in rural
areas watch television weekly compared with 56 percent of urban women. Kampala has the highest proportion
of both women and men who report exposure to each of the three media sources, except for radio exposure
among men, where the level is highest among men in Central 2 and West Nile regions.

34 • Characteristics of Survey Respondents

 Exposure to mass media increases substantially with education and wealth. Newspaper is the medium
most sensitive to changes in level of education, due to the link between education and literacy. Over 45 percent
of men with secondary or higher education read a newspaper at least once a week, compared with 2 percent of
men with no formal education. Television is the medium most sensitive to increases in wealth. Both women
and men in the highest wealth quintile have a much stronger probability of reading a newspaper and watching
television once a week than those in the fourth quintile. Exposure to radio is also strongly related to level of
education and wealth.

Compared with results from the 2004-05 UHSBS, weekly exposure to newspapers has declined,
exposure to television has increased, and exposure to radio has remained fairly stable.

Figure 3.1 Exposure to mass media at least once a week

among women and men age 15-49

87

72

27
23
17
13

Reads newspaper Watches TV Listen to radio

Women Men

Uganda AIS 2011

3.4 EMPLOYMENT AND OCCUPATION

Respondents were asked whether they were employed at the time of the survey, and if not, whether
they were employed in the 12 months preceding the survey. Tables 3.4.1 and 3.4.2 show results for women
and men, respectively.

Sixty-six percent of women and 85 percent of men age 15-49 were employed at the time of the survey.
The proportion of women and men age 15-49 who are currently working generally increases with age. Women
and men who never married are the least likely to be currently employed, while there is little difference in
current employment between respondents who are married or living together and those who are divorced,
separated, or widowed. Women in rural areas are more likely to be currently employed (68 percent) than those
in urban areas (55 percent), but the difference for men is much less pronounced (86 percent vs. 82 percent).

Characteristics of Survey Respondents • 35

 Table 3.4.1 Employment status: Women

Percent distribution of women age 15-49 by employment status, according to background

characteristics, Uganda 2011
Employed in the 12
Not
months preceding
employed
the survey
in the 12
Not months
Background Currently currently preceding Number
characteristic employed1 employed the survey Total of women

Age
15-19 39.9 4.2 55.8 100.0 2,458
20-24 64.6 5.2 30.2 100.0 2,163
25-29 71.0 5.3 23.7 100.0 1,942
30-34 73.7 5.7 20.6 100.0 1,478
35-39 77.1 4.4 18.5 100.0 1,355
40-44 79.8 3.3 17.0 100.0 948
45-49 80.6 5.2 14.2 100.0 816
Marital status
Never married 41.0 3.8 55.2 100.0 2,641
Married or living together 72.5 4.8 22.7 100.0 7,097
Divorced/separated/widowed 75.9 6.8 17.3 100.0 1,422
Number of living children
0 43.0 4.0 53.0 100.0 2,752
1-2 68.6 5.4 26.0 100.0 2,786
3-4 75.1 4.8 20.1 100.0 2,320
5+ 74.8 5.0 20.2 100.0 3,302
Residence
Urban 55.0 5.6 39.4 100.0 2,365
Rural 68.3 4.6 27.1 100.0 8,795
Region
Central 1 66.8 6.6 26.6 100.0 1,206
Central 2 57.2 3.2 39.7 100.0 1,162
Kampala 52.7 4.2 43.1 100.0 875
East Central 43.3 4.6 52.1 100.0 1,153
Mid Eastern 80.9 1.7 17.4 100.0 1,133
North East 48.9 3.4 47.6 100.0 919
West Nile 76.3 6.7 17.0 100.0 712
Mid Northern 72.7 6.3 21.0 100.0 1,106
South Western 87.7 1.5 10.8 100.0 1,414
Mid Western 62.3 9.6 28.2 100.0 1,480
Education
No education 68.7 5.0 26.3 100.0 1,566
Primary incomplete 68.4 5.4 26.2 100.0 5,218
Primary complete 70.4 4.0 25.6 100.0 1,388
Secondary or higher 56.3 4.1 39.6 100.0 2,988
Wealth quintile
Lowest 66.1 4.8 29.2 100.0 1,894
Second 70.6 5.7 23.8 100.0 2,024
Middle 69.3 4.9 25.8 100.0 2,056
Fourth 64.0 4.7 31.3 100.0 2,292
Highest 59.9 4.3 35.8 100.0 2,894
Total 15-49 65.5 4.8 29.7 100.0 11,160
50-59 78.9 5.8 15.3 100.0 993
Total 15-59 66.6 4.9 28.5 100.0 12,153
1
"Currently employed" is defined as having done work in the past seven days. Includes persons
who did not work in the past seven days but who are regularly employed and were absent from
work for leave, illness, vacation, or any other such reason.

36 • Characteristics of Survey Respondents

Table 3.4.2 Employment status: Men

Percent distribution of men age 15-49 by employment status, according to background

characteristics, Uganda 2011
Employed in the 12
Not
months preceding
employed
the survey
in the 12
Not months
Background Currently currently preceding Number
characteristic employed1 employed the survey Total of men

Age
15-19 57.8 3.1 39.1 100.0 2,072
20-24 85.5 2.4 12.1 100.0 1,406
25-29 95.7 1.2 3.1 100.0 1,354
30-34 95.9 2.6 1.5 100.0 1,160
35-39 96.0 1.5 2.5 100.0 1,129
40-44 95.8 1.4 2.8 100.0 890
45-49 96.5 2.1 1.5 100.0 722
Marital status
Never married 66.1 2.9 30.9 100.0 3,227
Married or living together 96.4 1.6 1.9 100.0 4,994
Divorced/separated/widowed 95.7 2.6 1.7 100.0 514
Number of living children
0 68.8 2.8 28.3 100.0 3,476
1-2 95.3 1.9 2.8 100.0 1,544
3-4 95.6 2.1 2.4 100.0 1,325
5+ 96.8 1.4 1.8 100.0 2,389
Residence
Urban 82.0 1.4 16.6 100.0 1,739
Rural 86.0 2.4 11.6 100.0 6,995
Region
Central 1 88.8 1.2 10.0 100.0 1,009
Central 2 86.2 4.9 8.8 100.0 888
Kampala 80.9 0.9 18.2 100.0 674
East Central 84.7 1.0 14.3 100.0 933
Mid Eastern 73.8 2.8 23.5 100.0 950
North East 83.1 0.4 16.5 100.0 683
West Nile 86.8 4.1 9.0 100.0 548
Mid Northern 79.4 4.9 15.7 100.0 950
South Western 91.8 1.1 7.1 100.0 947
Mid Western 93.5 0.9 5.7 100.0 1,151
Education
No education 89.7 2.0 8.3 100.0 485
Primary incomplete 86.6 2.3 11.2 100.0 3,727
Primary complete 90.3 2.1 7.6 100.0 1,230
Secondary or higher 81.1 2.1 16.8 100.0 3,292
Wealth quintile
Lowest 83.2 3.1 13.6 100.0 1,504
Second 85.9 2.8 11.3 100.0 1,632
Middle 86.6 2.5 11.0 100.0 1,667
Fourth 86.6 1.8 11.6 100.0 1,706
Highest 83.9 1.1 15.0 100.0 2,226
Total 15-49 85.2 2.2 12.6 100.0 8,735
50-59 93.6 2.8 3.6 100.0 853
Total 15-59 86.0 2.2 11.8 100.0 9,588
1
Currently employed is defined as having done work in the past seven days. Includes persons
who did not work in the past seven days but who are regularly employed and were absent from
work for leave, illness, vacation, or any other such reason.

Characteristics of Survey Respondents • 37

 Women and men with secondary or higher education are less likely to be currently employed than
those in other education categories, perhaps because they tend to be younger and perhaps still in school. There
is no consistent relationship between employment status and wealth quintile.

Tables 3.5.1 and 3.5.2 show the types of occupations for women and men who worked in the year
before the survey. They show that about half of employed women and men work in agricultural occupations,
followed by jobs in the sales and services sector. Women are more likely than men to be employed in sales and
services jobs. Very few employed people work in clerical jobs or in domestic service positions. Urban
respondents are more likely to work in sales and services than rural respondents, and they are less likely to
work in agriculture. Those with no education are more likely to work in agricultural jobs, while those with
secondary or higher education are more likely than those with less education to work in professional, technical,
or managerial jobs and, especially among women, in sales and services.

Table 3.5.1 Occupation: Women

Percent distribution of women age 15-49 employed in the 12 months preceding the survey by occupation, according to background
characteristics, Uganda 2011
Profes-
sional/
Background technical/ Sales and Skilled Unskilled Domestic Agricul- Number of
characteristic managerial Clerical services manual manual service ture Total women
Age
15-19 1.2 0.1 28.2 4.0 6.6 7.9 52.0 100.0 970
20-24 5.6 1.3 33.6 5.1 2.7 1.8 49.9 100.0 1,487
25-29 7.4 1.1 35.4 4.3 3.3 1.2 47.4 100.0 1,478
30-34 5.6 0.4 34.4 5.8 2.1 1.1 50.6 100.0 1,173
35-39 5.2 0.3 33.1 4.0 2.3 0.5 54.5 100.0 1,104
40-44 3.0 0.4 33.3 6.1 3.2 0.3 53.8 100.0 787
45-49 2.7 0.1 29.7 3.3 1.1 0.6 62.4 100.0 701
Marital status
Never married 8.3 1.4 31.1 5.7 7.1 8.2 38.2 100.0 1,045
Married or living together 4.2 0.5 32.2 4.3 2.3 0.6 55.8 100.0 5,480
Divorced/separated/widowed 4.4 0.4 38.1 5.5 3.0 2.5 46.1 100.0 1,175
Number of living children
0 7.7 1.8 31.3 5.3 5.8 6.6 41.5 100.0 1,159
1-2 5.9 0.7 36.8 4.8 2.9 2.4 46.4 100.0 2,054
3-4 6.3 0.6 33.9 4.7 2.6 0.5 51.4 100.0 1,852
5+ 1.6 0.1 29.9 4.4 2.3 0.4 61.2 100.0 2,635
Residence
Urban 12.0 2.7 55.9 6.3 4.9 6.0 12.2 100.0 1,412
Rural 3.2 0.2 27.8 4.3 2.6 1.0 60.9 100.0 6,288
Region
Central 1 4.6 1.0 42.0 8.0 2.7 3.2 38.4 100.0 883
Central 2 5.4 0.9 39.8 5.4 1.8 1.3 45.3 100.0 697
Kampala 11.7 2.1 66.2 4.8 4.5 8.6 2.0 100.0 490
East Central 6.9 0.7 38.5 4.4 2.2 1.3 45.9 100.0 552
Mid Eastern 3.1 0.1 15.1 1.8 2.8 0.5 76.6 100.0 879
North East 4.9 0.1 19.3 2.8 11.7 2.0 59.1 100.0 465
West Nile 3.0 0.4 35.9 11.2 2.3 1.4 45.8 100.0 589
Mid Northern 2.4 0.7 12.6 4.2 0.9 0.7 78.6 100.0 869
South Western 5.8 0.3 31.0 2.7 4.1 0.9 55.3 100.0 1,226
Mid Western 3.4 0.5 40.7 3.8 1.4 2.0 48.1 100.0 1,052
Education
No education 0.3 0.0 25.8 2.6 1.8 0.7 68.8 100.0 1,154
Primary incomplete 0.7 0.0 30.6 4.1 3.0 2.0 59.6 100.0 3,802
Primary complete 2.0 0.2 36.2 7.3 2.7 2.9 48.7 100.0 1,014
Secondary or higher 18.4 2.7 41.0 5.8 4.3 2.0 25.8 100.0 1,729
Wealth quintile
Lowest 0.3 0.0 19.9 3.8 2.7 0.2 73.0 100.0 1,332
Second 0.6 0.0 22.2 3.9 2.5 0.9 69.9 100.0 1,509
Middle 2.5 0.0 26.4 4.2 3.1 0.9 62.9 100.0 1,501
Fourth 4.5 0.5 39.0 5.9 2.3 1.0 46.8 100.0 1,534
Highest 13.7 2.2 51.6 5.4 4.4 5.6 17.1 100.0 1,823
Total 15-49 4.8 0.6 32.9 4.7 3.1 1.9 52.0 100.0 7,700
50-59 4.5 0.3 23.7 3.9 4.6 0.5 62.6 100.0 842
Total 15-59 4.8 0.6 32.0 4.6 3.2 1.8 53.0 100.0 8,542

38 • Characteristics of Survey Respondents

 Table 3.5.2 Occupation: Men

Percent distribution of men age 15-49 employed in the 12 months preceding the survey by occupation, according to background
characteristics, Uganda 2011
Profes-
sional/
Background technical/ Sales and Skilled Unskilled Domestic Agricul- Number
characteristic managerial Clerical services manual manual service ture Total of men
Age
15-19 2.4 0.1 19.0 8.3 11.8 3.5 54.8 100.0 895
20-24 7.4 0.4 16.8 15.6 12.1 0.8 46.9 100.0 1,179
25-29 10.6 0.3 17.2 16.2 12.1 0.1 43.6 100.0 1,306
30-34 11.3 0.3 14.7 14.2 10.6 0.0 48.9 100.0 1,141
35-39 10.7 0.0 15.8 12.2 10.2 0.0 51.1 100.0 1,101
40-44 10.4 0.2 15.9 6.8 8.8 0.1 57.9 100.0 865
45-49 8.3 0.3 11.7 7.8 11.2 0.0 60.6 100.0 712
Marital status
Never married 7.4 0.4 18.6 11.9 12.8 2.3 46.6 100.0 1,802
Married or living together 10.0 0.2 15.1 12.2 10.0 0.0 52.4 100.0 4,891
Divorced/separated/widowed 3.8 0.0 16.5 13.3 15.2 0.0 51.2 100.0 505
Number of living children
0 7.6 0.4 18.4 12.2 12.3 1.9 47.2 100.0 2,065
1-2 11.2 0.2 17.5 15.3 12.4 0.1 43.3 100.0 1,496
3-4 9.1 0.3 14.9 12.7 11.3 0.1 51.6 100.0 1,292
5+ 8.5 0.2 13.7 10.1 8.9 0.0 58.6 100.0 2,346
Residence
Urban 21.1 0.7 26.6 26.8 15.1 1.4 8.3 100.0 1,354
Rural 6.1 0.1 13.6 8.9 10.1 0.4 60.8 100.0 5,845
Region
Central 1 11.4 0.2 13.7 22.2 12.9 0.0 39.6 100.0 865
Central 2 7.3 0.0 14.2 10.1 14.7 0.0 53.7 100.0 779
Kampala 22.6 1.2 33.2 24.4 12.5 2.6 3.7 100.0 508
East Central 6.3 0.0 16.2 13.0 10.7 0.0 53.9 100.0 747
Mid Eastern 6.2 0.3 22.9 7.7 6.6 0.2 56.2 100.0 725
North East 10.4 0.1 7.8 11.3 18.8 3.2 48.3 100.0 505
West Nile 8.5 0.4 18.6 8.0 4.9 0.0 59.5 100.0 473
Mid Northern 5.1 0.2 4.4 10.1 3.9 0.4 75.8 100.0 762
South Western 5.7 0.4 17.3 9.0 14.6 0.7 52.2 100.0 799
Mid Western 10.0 0.1 16.5 8.6 11.1 0.2 53.6 100.0 1,035
Education
No education 1.6 0.0 13.6 5.6 11.3 0.9 67.0 100.0 443
Primary incomplete 2.7 0.0 13.9 10.3 11.6 0.5 61.1 100.0 3,143
Primary complete 5.0 0.1 17.2 11.9 10.1 0.2 55.6 100.0 1,120
Secondary or higher 19.9 0.7 18.7 16.0 10.7 0.8 33.1 100.0 2,493
Wealth quintile
Lowest 1.4 0.0 9.3 4.0 8.7 0.7 75.9 100.0 1,246
Second 2.9 0.0 11.7 7.0 9.2 0.5 68.7 100.0 1,383
Middle 4.4 0.3 13.7 8.1 10.6 0.1 62.8 100.0 1,395
Fourth 8.3 0.2 18.2 14.8 13.6 0.1 44.7 100.0 1,406
Highest 23.0 0.6 24.2 23.4 12.5 1.4 14.9 100.0 1,769
Total 15-49 8.9 0.2 16.0 12.2 11.0 0.6 50.9 100.0 7,199
50-59 8.7 0.1 13.0 6.7 8.4 0.1 63.0 100.0 823
Total 15-59 8.9 0.2 15.7 11.7 10.8 0.5 52.1 100.0 8,021

3.5 MARITAL STATUS

Table 3.6 shows the distribution of women and men by marital status, according to age group. Almost
two-thirds (64 percent) of women age 15-49 are currently married (51 percent married and 13 percent living
with a partner). Almost one-quarter of women age 15-49 have never married, while 9 percent are either
divorced or separated, and 4 percent are widowed. The percentage of women who have never married declines
rapidly between age 15 and age 39. The proportion married increases with age until the 35-39, age group,
where it peaks at 83 percent.

Over half of men age 15-49 are currently married (57 percent), with 48 percent married and 9 percent
living with a partner. Men are much less likely to be either separated (4 percent) or widowed (less than
1 percent) than women (8 percent separated and 4 percent widowed).

Characteristics of Survey Respondents • 39

 Table 3.6 Current marital status

Percent distribution of women and men age 15-49 by current marital status, according to age, Uganda 2011
Marital status Percentage
of
respondents
Never Living currently in Number of
Age married Married together Divorced Separated Widowed Total union respondents
WOMEN

15-19 77.2 13.5 5.4 0.3 3.5 0.1 100.0 18.9 2,458
20-24 22.8 51.1 16.5 0.6 8.4 0.7 100.0 67.5 2,163
25-29 6.8 63.9 17.1 0.8 10.0 1.3 100.0 81.1 1,942
30-34 3.7 68.1 13.1 1.7 9.6 3.7 100.0 81.3 1,478
35-39 1.9 68.1 14.9 1.1 8.3 5.7 100.0 83.0 1,355
40-44 2.2 62.1 13.4 1.9 10.5 9.9 100.0 75.5 948
45-49 2.3 58.4 9.8 2.5 9.0 18.0 100.0 68.2 816
50-54 2.9 50.1 5.7 2.6 11.2 27.5 100.0 55.8 609
55-59 2.9 43.4 6.3 3.3 11.4 32.8 100.0 49.7 384
Total 15-49 23.7 50.8 12.8 1.0 8.0 3.7 100.0 63.6 11,160
Total 15-59 22.0 50.6 12.2 1.2 8.3 5.8 100.0 62.8 12,153

MEN

15-19 97.5 1.5 0.5 0.1 0.4 0.0 100.0 2.1 2,072
20-24 60.6 28.5 6.0 0.6 4.2 0.0 100.0 34.5 1,406
25-29 17.8 59.8 14.9 1.1 6.4 0.2 100.0 74.6 1,354
30-34 6.1 71.0 14.0 1.3 7.2 0.4 100.0 85.0 1,160
35-39 1.6 76.2 13.8 1.3 6.3 0.8 100.0 89.9 1,129
40-44 1.1 80.9 10.5 1.2 4.6 1.8 100.0 91.4 890
45-49 2.2 80.2 8.4 1.7 5.5 1.9 100.0 88.6 722
50-54 1.2 78.9 9.1 1.7 5.6 3.4 100.0 88.1 522
55-59 1.1 78.2 9.1 1.2 7.4 3.1 100.0 87.3 331
Total 15-49 36.9 48.4 8.8 0.9 4.4 0.5 100.0 57.2 8,735
Total 15-59 33.8 51.1 8.8 1.0 4.6 0.8 100.0 59.9 9,588

3.6 POLYGYNY
Polygyny (multiple wives) was measured in the UAIS by asking currently married women, ‘Does your
husband/partner have other wives or does he live with other women as if married?’ Currently married men
were asked, ‘Do you have more than one wife or woman you live with as if married?’

Table 3.7 shows that 25 percent of married women and 16 percent of married men age 15-49 are in
polygynous unions. The prevalence of polygynous unions increases with age. Women and men living in rural
areas are more likely to be in polygynous unions than those living in urban areas. Both women and men who
live in East Central region are far more likely to be in polygynous unions than those living in other regions,
while those living in South Western region and Kampala are least likely to be in polygynous unions.

Higher educational attainment is generally associated with lower levels of polygyny among both
women and men. Wealth quintile is not strongly associated with polygyny for women or men.

The proportion of married women age 15-49 who are in polygynous unions is slightly lower than the
levels found in the 2004-05 UHSBS (33 percent) and the 2006 UDHS (28 percent). The proportion of married
men age 15-49 who are in polygynous unions declined from 22 percent in the 2004-05 UHSBS to 16 percent
in the 2006 UDHS and the 2011 UAIS.

40 • Characteristics of Survey Respondents

Table 3.7 Number of women's co-wives and men’s wives

Percent distribution of currently married women age 15-49 by number of co-wives, according to background characteristics, and percent
distribution of currently married men age 15-49 by number of wives, according to background characteristics, Uganda 2011.
Married women 15-49 Married men 15-49
Number of co-wives Number of wives
Background Does not Number Number
characteristic 0 1 2+ know Total of women 1 2+ Total of men

Age
15-19 85.3 9.9 1.3 3.5 100.0 465 (97.3) (2.7) 100.0 43
20-24 79.9 14.2 2.9 3.0 100.0 1,460 93.4 6.6 100.0 486
25-29 70.5 20.1 4.0 5.4 100.0 1,575 90.6 9.4 100.0 1,011
30-34 67.0 20.9 6.2 5.8 100.0 1,201 85.1 14.8 100.0 985
35-39 66.4 21.3 8.4 3.9 100.0 1,125 79.9 20.1 100.0 1,016
40-44 64.4 22.0 9.9 3.8 100.0 715 77.3 22.7 100.0 813
45-49 61.6 24.8 11.0 2.6 100.0 557 77.3 22.7 100.0 640
Residence
Urban 70.8 15.4 5.1 8.7 100.0 1,218 88.5 11.4 100.0 839
Rural 70.8 19.9 6.0 3.3 100.0 5,879 82.9 17.1 100.0 4,155
Region
Central 1 72.3 15.9 4.3 7.4 100.0 757 86.7 13.3 100.0 596
Central 2 75.9 12.2 4.5 7.3 100.0 725 86.1 13.8 100.0 505
Kampala 71.2 13.9 2.1 12.8 100.0 420 94.2 5.8 100.0 275
East Central 60.8 28.0 10.2 1.0 100.0 793 73.5 26.5 100.0 557
Mid Eastern 74.3 18.2 4.5 3.0 100.0 776 84.8 15.2 100.0 532
North East 67.4 20.5 9.1 2.9 100.0 685 84.6 15.4 100.0 459
West Nile 67.4 23.7 7.4 1.6 100.0 466 86.3 13.7 100.0 325
Mid Northern 70.6 24.0 4.2 1.1 100.0 725 78.9 21.1 100.0 585
South Western 80.5 13.0 2.2 4.4 100.0 861 91.7 8.3 100.0 540
Mid Western 66.5 21.0 8.6 3.9 100.0 889 79.0 21.0 100.0 618
Education
No education 64.5 23.4 8.8 3.3 100.0 1,224 78.3 21.7 100.0 370
Primary incomplete 71.4 19.7 6.0 2.9 100.0 3,524 82.7 17.3 100.0 2,138
Primary complete 73.6 16.0 4.4 6.0 100.0 901 83.3 16.6 100.0 856
Secondary or higher 73.2 15.9 3.8 7.2 100.0 1,448 86.7 13.2 100.0 1,630
Wealth quintile
Lowest 69.6 22.0 6.6 1.8 100.0 1,345 82.2 17.7 100.0 966
Second 73.7 18.6 5.0 2.8 100.0 1,402 84.3 15.7 100.0 1,043
Middle 71.0 21.1 5.0 3.0 100.0 1,381 82.1 17.9 100.0 987
Fourth 70.5 17.4 7.8 4.3 100.0 1,376 82.6 17.4 100.0 890
Highest 69.6 16.9 4.9 8.7 100.0 1,593 87.1 12.8 100.0 1,107
Total 15-49 70.8 19.1 5.8 4.3 100.0 7,097 83.8 16.2 100.0 4,994
Total 50-59 70.3 19.5 7.6 2.6 100.0 531 78.1 21.9 100.0 749
Total 15-59 70.8 19.1 5.9 4.1 100.0 7,628 83.0 16.9 100.0 5,743

Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases.

3.7 AGE AT FIRST MARRIAGE

Age at first marriage may be associated with the spread of HIV because those who marry at younger
ages may be exposed earlier to the risk of contracting the virus. Table 3.8 shows the percentages of women and
men who first married by specific ages. The data show that 17 percent of women age 20-49 said they got
married before their 15th birthday and almost half said they married before age 18. The median age at first
marriage among women is just over 18. The median age at first marriage among women age 20-49 was stable
at age 17.8 in 2000-01, age 17.7 in 2004-05, and age 17.8 in 2006, but rose to age 18.3 in 2011.

Unlike women, less than one-quarter of men marry before reaching age 20. The median age at
marriage among men age 25-49 is 23.1.

Characteristics of Survey Respondents • 41

 Table 3.8 Age at first marriage

Percentage of women and men age 15-49 who were first married by specific exact ages and median age at first
marriage, according to current age, Uganda 2011
Percentage first married by exact age: Percentage Median age
never Number of at first
Current age 15 18 20 22 25 married respondents marriage
WOMEN

15-19 3.5 na na na na 77.2 2,458 a

20-24 11.4 41.0 62.8 na na 22.8 2,163 18.8
25-29 15.7 44.0 62.3 76.7 89.6 6.8 1,942 18.6
30-34 20.5 52.6 70.9 80.3 88.3 3.7 1,478 17.8
35-39 19.8 48.4 69.2 81.1 90.3 1.9 1,355 18.1
40-44 22.2 53.3 70.3 81.5 88.0 2.2 948 17.6
45-49 15.3 44.8 65.7 76.5 87.3 2.3 816 18.5
20-49 16.7 46.5 66.2 na na 8.6 8,702 18.3
25-49 18.5 48.3 67.3 79.1 88.9 3.9 6,539 18.2

MEN

15-19 0.2 na na na na 97.5 2,072 a

20-24 0.9 6.0 17.1 na na 60.6 1,406 a
25-29 2.1 10.6 22.7 40.8 69.2 17.8 1,354 22.9
30-34 4.0 12.1 24.1 41.5 62.0 6.1 1,160 23.1
35-39 2.9 10.6 24.2 40.0 62.1 1.6 1,129 23.3
40-44 2.0 11.5 24.8 41.9 62.6 1.1 890 22.9
45-49 1.5 9.2 22.2 39.1 61.1 2.2 722 23.4
20-49 2.2 9.9 22.2 na na 18.1 6,662 a
25-49 2.6 10.9 23.6 40.8 63.8 6.7 5,256 23.1

Note: The age at first marriage is defined as the age at which the respondent began living with her/his first
spouse/partner
na = Not applicable due to censoring
a = Omitted because less than 50 percent of the women or men began living with their spouse or partner for the first time
before reaching the beginning of the age group

Table 3.9 shows differentials in the median age at first marriage according to background
characteristics. Among women age 25-49, age at marriage is highest among urban residents, those living in
Kampala, those with at least some secondary education, and those in the highest wealth quintile.

42 • Characteristics of Survey Respondents

Table 3.9 Median age at first marriage by background
characteristics

Median age at first marriage among women age 20-49 and age
25-49, and median age at first marriage among men age 25-49,
according to background characteristics, Uganda 2011
Women age Men age
Background
characteristic 20-49 25-49 25-49

Residence
Urban 19.9 19.6 a
Rural 18.0 17.9 22.6
Region
Central 1 18.6 18.4 23.7
Central 2 18.1 18.0 23.4
Kampala a 20.7 a
East Central 17.2 16.9 23.1
Mid Eastern 18.1 18.1 22.5
North East 18.4 18.5 22.3
West Nile 18.1 18.1 22.7
Mid Northern 17.5 17.5 22.1
South Western 19.1 18.7 23.6
Mid Western 18.1 17.9 22.4
Education
No education 17.3 17.2 22.9
Primary incomplete 17.5 17.6 22.2
Primary complete 18.5 18.5 22.2
Secondary or higher a 21.0 24.6
Wealth quintile
Lowest 17.8 17.9 22.1
Second 17.7 17.7 22.3
Middle 17.9 17.7 22.7
Fourth 18.1 17.9 22.8
Highest a 19.8 a
Total 18.3 18.2 23.1

Note: The age at first marriage is defined as the age at which the
respondent began living with her/his first spouse/partner
a = Omitted because less than 50 percent of the respondents began
living with their spouse/partners for the first time before reaching the
beginning of the age group

Characteristics of Survey Respondents • 43

KNOWLEDGE OF HIV AND AIDS 4
Key Findings
• Ninety-nine percent of Ugandans age 15-49 have heard of AIDS.
• Awareness of the modes of HIV transmission is high, with over 90
percent of adults knowing that having only one uninfected, faithful partner
can reduce the chances of getting the AIDS virus.
• Rejection of misconceptions related to HIV is also widespread;
88 percent of women and 90 percent of men know that a healthy-looking
person may be HIV positive, and almost four in five persons know that
HIV cannot be transmitted by sharing food with someone who has the
virus.
• Comprehensive knowledge about HIV has increased somewhat since
2004-05.

A
cquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is caused by a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
that weakens the immune system, thereby making the body susceptible to opportunistic diseases that
often lead to death. The predominant mode of HIV transmission is through sexual contact, followed in
magnitude by perinatal transmission, in which the mother passes the virus to the child during pregnancy,
delivery, or breastfeeding. Other modes of transmission are through direct contact with infected blood and
nonsterile injections.

Information obtained from the Uganda AIDS Indicator Survey (UAIS) provides an assessment of the
level of knowledge regarding transmission of the virus. Survey respondents were asked if they had ever heard
of AIDS, if they knew about several possible means of transmission of the virus, and if they were aware of
mother-to-child transmission. Respondents were also asked about misconceptions regarding transmission or
prevention of the AIDS virus, such as whether a healthy-looking person can have the AIDS virus, if the virus
can be transmitted by mosquito bites or by supernatural means, and whether a person can become infected by
sharing food with a person who has the virus.

4.1 AWARENESS OF HIV/AIDS

Survey results indicate that almost all Ugandan women and men age 15-49 have heard of AIDS
(Table 4.1). Over 95 percent of respondents in all age groups, regions, urban and rural residence groups, and
education levels have heard of AIDS, with the exception of men in North East region (90 percent). Overall, the
level of awareness of AIDS has remained high among both women and men since 2004-05.

Knowledge of HIV and AIDS • 45

 Table 4.1 Knowledge of AIDS

Percentage of women and men age 15-49 who have heard of AIDS, by background
characteristics, Uganda 2011
Women Men
Have Have
Background heard of Number of heard of Number of
characteristic AIDS women AIDS men
Age
15-24 98.9 4,621 97.9 3,479
15-19 98.8 2,458 97.6 2,072
20-24 99.1 2,163 98.3 1,406
25-29 99.7 1,942 98.5 1,354
30-39 99.6 2,833 98.9 2,289
40-49 99.4 1,764 98.7 1,612
Marital status
Never married 98.7 2,641 98.0 3,227
Ever had sex 99.6 1,202 99.4 1,663
Never had sex 98.0 1,440 96.5 1,563
Married/Living together 99.5 7,097 98.6 4,994
Divorced/Separated/Widowed 99.5 1,422 98.7 514
Residence
Urban 99.6 2,365 99.1 1,739
Rural 99.2 8,795 98.2 6,995
Region
Central 1 99.8 1,206 99.8 1,009
Central 2 99.2 1,162 97.9 888
Kampala 99.3 875 99.4 674
East Central 99.6 1,153 99.0 933
Mid Eastern 99.3 1,133 98.2 950
North East 97.7 919 89.8 683
West Nile 99.9 712 99.4 548
Mid Northern 99.4 1,106 99.5 950
South Western 98.9 1,414 99.0 947
Mid Western 99.8 1,480 99.9 1,151
Education
No education 98.6 1,566 92.9 485
Primary incomplete 99.2 5,218 98.5 3,727
Primary complete 99.8 1,388 98.7 1,230
Secondary or higher 99.7 2,988 99.0 3,292
Wealth quintile
Lowest 98.3 1,894 95.9 1,504
Second 99.6 2,024 98.8 1,632
Middle 99.2 2,056 98.7 1,667
Fourth 99.5 2,292 98.9 1,706
Highest 99.6 2,894 99.2 2,226
Total 15-49 99.3 11,160 98.4 8,735
50-59 99.3 993 98.9 853
Total 15-59 99.3 12,153 98.4 9,588

4.2 KNOWLEDGE OF MEANS OF PREVENTING HIV TRANSMISSION

Abstaining from sex, being faithful to one uninfected partner, and using condoms are important ways
to avoid the spread of HIV. To ascertain the depth of knowledge about modes of HIV transmission,
respondents were asked specific questions about whether it is possible for people to reduce their chances of
getting the AIDS virus by having just one sexual partner who is not infected and has no other partners, by
using a condom at every sexual encounter, and by not having sexual intercourse at all. Table 4.2 shows the
percentages of women and men who answer affirmatively in response to each of these questions.

46 • Knowledge of HIV and AIDS

Table 4.2 Knowledge of HIV prevention methods

Percentage of women and men age 15-49 who, in response to prompted questions, say that people can reduce the risk of getting the AIDS virus by
using condoms every time they have sexual intercourse, by having one sexual partner who is not infected and has no other partners, by not having
sexual intercourse at all, and by having male circumcision, by background characteristics, Uganda 2011
Women Men
Using Using
condoms condoms
and and
Limiting limiting Limiting limiting
sexual sexual Not sexual sexual Not
inter- inter- having inter- inter- having
course to course to sexual course to course to sexual
one un- one un- inter- Male one un- one un- inter- Male
Background Using infected infected course circum- Number Using infected infected course circum- Number
characteristic condoms1 partner 2
partner2 at all cision of women condoms1 partner 2
partner2 at all cision of men
Age
15-24 80.3 89.9 75.2 88.1 45.2 4,621 82.1 88.7 77.2 88.4 53.5 3,479
15-19 77.4 88.0 71.6 86.9 43.5 2,458 78.2 86.0 72.2 87.6 52.0 2,072
20-24 83.6 92.1 79.2 89.5 47.3 2,163 87.9 92.7 84.5 89.5 55.7 1,406
25-29 82.1 90.8 76.9 89.7 45.5 1,942 89.1 93.6 85.4 88.5 53.0 1,354
30-39 77.4 89.9 71.5 88.6 40.5 2,833 86.1 92.7 82.3 88.3 49.3 2,289
40-49 73.4 90.5 68.9 88.7 38.0 1,764 81.1 92.1 77.4 88.2 45.4 1,612
Marital status
Never married 78.1 88.0 72.6 87.3 42.9 2,641 81.8 88.3 76.6 88.4 53.4 3,227
Ever had sex 88.6 92.0 83.1 89.8 48.4 1,202 89.7 92.6 85.0 90.6 57.5 1,663
Never had sex 69.4 84.7 63.9 85.2 38.3 1,440 73.4 83.8 67.7 86.0 49.0 1,563
Married/Living
together 78.8 90.9 73.7 88.8 42.7 7,097 85.3 93.0 81.8 88.6 49.3 4,994
Divorced/ Separated/
Widowed 80.0 90.1 74.4 90.0 44.2 1,422 85.9 90.8 80.5 85.4 48.9 514
Residence
Urban 86.3 91.0 79.9 88.3 49.4 2,365 88.9 93.9 85.4 89.7 55.1 1,739
Rural 76.8 89.9 71.9 88.7 41.2 8,795 82.8 90.5 78.4 88.0 49.8 6,995
Region
Central 1 89.7 90.2 82.4 90.9 55.8 1,206 93.1 94.7 89.3 92.5 58.9 1,009
Central 2 84.5 87.5 76.8 87.0 54.6 1,162 88.8 92.3 85.6 87.7 59.4 888
Kampala 87.3 88.5 78.5 86.7 51.0 875 89.6 94.0 86.2 88.5 58.1 674
East Central 91.6 97.1 89.9 96.0 55.8 1,153 83.9 89.1 78.7 86.7 59.1 933
Mid Eastern 78.0 92.1 74.2 92.8 37.7 1,133 79.0 88.3 75.2 87.6 47.1 950
North East 67.4 90.4 65.2 88.8 31.4 919 75.5 84.6 72.8 85.4 44.6 683
West Nile 59.8 80.6 50.8 84.1 23.7 712 79.3 93.3 77.2 91.7 41.2 548
Mid Northern 65.4 81.9 57.1 79.2 19.9 1,106 80.0 88.9 73.2 84.8 27.3 950
South Western 77.3 94.5 74.6 90.7 45.8 1,414 84.4 95.4 81.7 93.9 59.2 947
Mid Western 78.7 92.7 75.1 87.5 43.6 1,480 83.7 90.8 77.4 85.4 50.0 1,151
Education
No education 58.4 84.4 53.0 83.2 27.3 1,566 68.9 84.4 65.9 76.3 41.2 485
Primary incomplete 77.9 89.5 72.5 88.2 40.4 5,218 80.8 88.9 75.7 87.1 46.6 3,727
Primary complete 85.4 92.6 79.6 89.2 48.2 1,388 86.0 93.0 82.4 90.0 49.7 1,230
Secondary or higher 88.0 93.3 83.3 92.0 53.1 2,988 89.2 94.0 85.6 90.9 57.4 3,292
Wealth quintile
Lowest 65.6 84.6 59.9 83.8 28.0 1,894 74.4 85.3 68.7 82.9 37.5 1,504
Second 74.4 89.8 69.6 89.7 36.5 2,024 81.8 91.4 77.9 89.4 48.2 1,632
Middle 77.5 90.6 72.9 88.6 41.9 2,056 83.4 90.2 78.6 87.5 50.6 1,667
Fourth 83.1 92.4 78.2 90.9 48.5 2,292 87.8 92.1 83.7 90.0 55.0 1,706
Highest 88.0 92.0 82.0 89.2 53.6 2,894 89.7 95.0 86.7 90.5 58.8 2,226
Total 15-49 78.8 90.2 73.5 88.6 43.0 11,160 84.0 91.2 79.8 88.3 50.8 8,735
50-59 61.6 85.7 55.5 88.2 32.6 993 75.7 92.0 72.3 88.9 43.7 853
Total 15-59 77.4 89.8 72.1 88.6 42.1 12,153 83.3 91.2 79.2 88.4 50.2 9,588

na = Not applicable
1
Using condoms every time they have sexual intercourse
2
Partner who has no other partners

Knowledge of HIV and AIDS • 47

 The results show that knowledge of HIV prevention methods is widespread. About four in five
respondents (79 percent of women and 84 percent of men age 15-49) indicate that the chance of getting the
AIDS virus can be reduced by using condoms every time they have sex (Figure 4.1). Over 90 percent of
women and men say that people can reduce their chances of getting the AIDS virus by limiting sex to one
partner who is not infected and who has no other partners. Knowledge of both of these means of avoiding HIV
transmission is also high, with 74 percent of women and 80 percent of men citing both as ways of reducing the
risk of getting the AIDS virus. As expected, the proportion of both women and men who know that abstaining
from sex reduces the chances of getting the AIDS virus is high—89 percent among women and 88 percent of
men. Forty-three percent of women and 51 percent of men agree that male circumcision helps to prevent HIV
infection. For each of these knowledge indicators, men are slightly more informed than women, especially
about condom use.

Figure 4.1 Knowledge of means of HIV transmission among

women and men age 15-49

90 91
84
79 80
74

Using condoms Being faithful Both*

Women Men
Note: Knows that using condoms every time and limiting
sex to one uninfected, faithful partner reduce chance of
getting HIV. Uganda AIS 2011

Respondents in their twenties are most likely to know the major ways to avoid getting HIV, while
those in their forties are least likely. Similarly, women and men who have never married, but who have been
sexually active, are most likely to know about both condom use and faithfulness as means of avoiding HIV.
Urban residents, women living in East Central region, and men living in Central 1 region are more
knowledgeable than other respondents. Women in West Nile and Mid Northern regions and men in North East
and Mid Northern regions are least informed about both condom use and faithfulness as ways to avoid getting
HIV. Both education and wealth quintile are strongly correlated with knowledge about AIDS prevention.

In addition to knowing effective ways to avoid contracting HIV, it is likewise useful to identify
incorrect beliefs about AIDS, in order to eliminate popular misconceptions. Common misconceptions about
AIDS include the idea that all HIV-positive people appear ill and the belief that the virus can be transmitted
through mosquito bites, by sharing food with someone who is infected, or by witchcraft or other supernatural
means. Respondents were asked about each misconception.

48 • Knowledge of HIV and AIDS

 Data shown in Tables 4.3.1 and 4.3.2 indicate that the vast majority of Ugandan adults know that
people with HIV do not necessarily show signs of illness. Eighty-eight percent of women and 90 percent of
men age 15-49 know that a healthy-looking person can have the virus that causes AIDS (Figure 4.2).

Table 4.3.1 Comprehensive knowledge about AIDS: Women

Percentage of women age 15-49 who say that a healthy-looking person can have the AIDS virus and who, in response to prompted
questions, correctly reject local misconceptions about transmission or prevention of the AIDS virus, and the percentage with a
comprehensive knowledge about AIDS by background characteristics, Uganda 2011
Percentage of women who say that: Percentage
who say that a
healthy-
A person looking person
The AIDS cannot can have the
virus cannot become AIDS virus
The AIDS be transmitted infected by and who reject Percentage
A healthy- virus cannot by witchcraft sharing food the two most with a compre-
looking person be transmitted or other with a person common local hensive
Background can have the by mosquito supernatural who has the miscon- knowledge Number of
1
characteristic AIDS virus bites means AIDS virus ceptions about AIDS2 women

Age
15-24 86.0 59.9 82.8 76.7 47.1 38.6 4,621
15-19 82.9 61.2 82.4 78.1 46.8 36.3 2,458
20-24 89.4 58.4 83.2 75.0 47.5 41.3 2,163
25-29 89.4 54.5 82.8 73.1 43.7 37.1 1,942
30-39 88.6 52.6 80.0 72.4 42.0 34.1 2,833
40-49 88.9 48.8 77.2 70.6 40.2 31.4 1,764
Marital status
Never married 84.6 65.8 82.6 79.6 52.2 41.6 2,641
Ever had sex 88.9 65.0 84.2 79.7 53.6 46.9 1,202
Never had sex 81.1 66.5 81.3 79.5 51.0 37.1 1,440
Married/Living together 88.9 52.3 80.9 72.6 41.8 34.4 7,097
Divorced/Separated/Widowed 87.3 51.3 79.9 70.5 40.8 34.2 1,422
Residence
Urban 93.5 68.8 87.3 82.8 58.8 49.9 2,365
Rural 86.1 51.7 79.6 71.7 40.2 32.4 8,795
Region
Central 1 95.5 56.9 87.2 76.7 49.2 41.8 1,206
Central 2 91.9 52.2 85.1 73.0 41.9 36.0 1,162
Kampala 95.1 73.7 87.0 79.5 61.7 52.3 875
East Central 93.0 48.5 83.5 70.6 40.7 38.6 1,153
Mid Eastern 82.3 47.8 77.0 70.3 35.0 31.0 1,133
North East 82.1 47.2 66.2 67.6 35.7 29.4 919
West Nile 79.9 42.7 67.9 70.7 29.8 17.2 712
Mid Northern 80.3 46.2 83.9 79.4 36.5 24.3 1,106
South Western 90.7 67.7 81.1 75.1 57.3 45.1 1,414
Mid Western 83.5 63.1 85.0 75.4 46.5 37.4 1,480
Education
No education 78.1 40.0 71.6 62.2 27.4 19.0 1,566
Primary incomplete 86.2 47.4 78.1 69.3 36.1 28.5 5,218
Primary complete 92.2 60.4 86.0 76.9 48.7 40.5 1,388
Secondary or higher 93.3 74.9 89.4 87.2 64.9 56.3 2,988
Wealth quintile
Lowest 78.6 39.7 71.3 65.8 28.5 20.7 1,894
Second 83.7 50.0 78.3 70.2 37.2 28.6 2,024
Middle 86.2 51.8 79.0 70.6 39.8 32.0 2,056
Fourth 91.6 56.8 84.1 76.0 46.4 39.1 2,292
Highest 94.3 70.7 89.0 82.9 60.6 52.0 2,894
Total 15-49 87.7 55.3 81.2 74.0 44.2 36.1 11,160
50-59 83.3 41.5 72.6 66.2 31.3 21.4 993
Total 15-59 87.3 54.2 80.5 73.4 43.1 34.9 12,153
1
Two most common local misconceptions: AIDS can be transmitted by mosquito bites and sharing food
2
Comprehensive knowledge means knowing that consistent use of condom during sexual intercourse and having just one uninfected faithful partner
can reduce the chance of getting the AIDS virus, knowing that a healthy-looking person can have the AIDS virus, and rejecting the two most common
local misconceptions about transmission or prevention of the AIDS virus.

Knowledge of HIV and AIDS • 49

 Table 4.3.2 Comprehensive knowledge about AIDS: Men

Percentage of men age 15-49 who say that a healthy-looking person can have the AIDS virus and who, in response to prompted
questions, correctly reject local misconceptions about transmission or prevention of the AIDS virus, and the percentage with a
comprehensive knowledge about AIDS by background characteristics, Uganda 2011
Percentage of men who say that: Percentage
who say that a
healthy-
A person looking person
cannot can have the
The AIDS The AIDS become AIDS virus and
A healthy- virus virus cannot infected by who reject the Percentage
looking cannot be be transmitted sharing food two most with a compre-
person can transmitted by witchcraft with a person common local hensive
Background have the by mosquito or other super- who has the miscon- knowledge Number
characteristic AIDS virus bites natural means AIDS virus ceptions1 about AIDS2 of men
Age
15-24 86.4 59.7 83.4 79.0 47.5 39.3 3,479
15-19 83.4 58.7 82.1 77.9 45.6 36.1 2,072
20-24 90.7 61.1 85.3 80.7 50.3 44.0 1,406
25-29 92.3 62.7 85.5 82.6 54.3 48.7 1,354
30-39 92.9 57.8 84.0 80.7 51.4 45.9 2,289
40-49 91.6 53.5 81.9 79.3 47.5 40.7 1,612
Marital status
Never married 86.4 62.6 83.6 80.0 50.4 41.6 3,227
Ever had sex 90.9 62.9 87.2 81.6 51.7 45.4 1,663
Never had sex 81.6 62.4 79.8 78.3 49.0 37.6 1,563
Married/Living together 92.1 56.3 83.9 80.3 49.3 43.5 4,994
Divorced/Separated/Widowed 90.9 53.8 80.7 78.8 47.8 42.5 514
Residence
Urban 94.2 72.6 88.7 88.5 65.8 58.3 1,739
Rural 88.9 55.0 82.3 78.0 45.6 38.9 6,995
Region
Central 1 93.4 57.6 93.4 82.6 49.5 46.2 1,009
Central 2 92.2 61.6 91.3 75.8 51.2 46.7 888
Kampala 96.3 76.5 95.1 88.8 71.3 63.6 674
East Central 91.9 50.5 91.0 77.1 43.1 36.5 933
Mid Eastern 81.3 51.1 80.1 76.9 38.6 32.2 950
North East 83.1 53.1 73.3 74.8 47.9 44.7 683
West Nile 91.9 57.5 76.8 79.9 49.3 40.2 548
Mid Northern 88.5 61.4 77.4 89.5 54.5 43.1 950
South Western 91.7 60.2 74.9 72.8 48.2 40.4 947
Mid Western 90.0 58.9 80.8 82.5 48.2 39.8 1,151
Education
No education 81.0 40.5 68.7 61.1 30.6 27.2 485
Primary incomplete 87.3 47.1 80.5 72.5 36.3 30.1 3,727
Primary complete 91.8 55.7 83.5 81.8 47.9 41.6 1,230
Secondary or higher 93.6 75.2 89.3 90.8 68.1 59.8 3,292
Wealth quintile
Lowest 83.0 44.6 75.2 73.2 35.6 28.3 1,504
Second 89.7 52.0 80.6 78.2 43.7 36.6 1,632
Middle 89.3 57.1 82.7 77.1 46.0 39.4 1,667
Fourth 91.3 60.9 86.2 80.6 51.2 45.0 1,706
Highest 94.3 71.9 90.2 87.9 64.9 57.8 2,226
Total 15-49 90.0 58.5 83.6 80.1 49.6 42.7 8,735
50-59 91.0 58.0 81.9 75.4 49.4 39.7 853
Total 15-59 90.0 58.5 83.4 79.7 49.6 42.5 9,588
1
Two most common local misconceptions: AIDS can be transmitted by mosquito bites and sharing food.
2
Comprehensive knowledge means knowing that consistent use of condom during sexual intercourse and having just one uninfected faithful
partner can reduce the chance of getting the AIDS virus, knowing that a healthy-looking person can have the AIDS virus, and rejecting the two
most common local misconceptions about transmission or prevention of the AIDS virus.

50 • Knowledge of HIV and AIDS

 Considerably fewer respondents understand that the AIDS virus is not transmitted by mosquito bites;
55 percent of women and 59 percent of men know that AIDS cannot be transmitted by mosquito bites.
Knowledge that HIV is not transmitted by witchcraft or other supernatural means is widespread; 81 percent of
women and 84 percent of men reject this rumour. Similarly, 74 percent of women and 80 percent of men know
that people cannot get the AIDS virus by sharing food with a person who has AIDS.

Figure 4.2 Rejection of misconceptions about HIV

transmission among women and men age 15-49

88 90
81 84
80
74

59
55

Healthy-looking AIDS virus AIDS virus AIDS virus

person can have not transmitted not transmitted not transmitted
the AIDS virus by mosquito bites by witchcraft by sharing food

Women Men

Uganda AIS 2011

An indicator of comprehensive knowledge about HIV combines several individual indicators

previously discussed. It is the percentage of respondents who say: (1) that people can reduce the chances of
getting the AIDS virus by using a condom every time they have sex, and (2) that people can reduce the chances
of getting the AIDS virus by having sex with just one partner who is not infected and who has no other
partners, and (3) that people cannot get the AIDS virus from mosquito bites, and (4) that people cannot get the
AIDS virus from sharing food with a person who has AIDS, and (5) that a healthy-looking person can have the
AIDS virus. As shown in the next-to-last columns of Tables 4.3.1 and 4.3.2, only 36 percent of women and
43 percent of men age 15-49 have such comprehensive knowledge about HIV/AIDS.

Comprehensive knowledge about HIV and AIDS tends to be slightly lower among the youngest and
oldest age groups. Sexually active, never-married respondents are somewhat more likely than those in other
marital status categories to have comprehensive knowledge of HIV. The same is true for women and men who
live in urban areas and in Kampala (Maps 4.1 and 4.2). The proportion of respondents with comprehensive
knowledge of HIV and AIDS increases with increasing educational attainment and wealth quintile
(Figure 4.3).

Knowledge of HIV and AIDS • 51

 Map 4.1 Percentage with comprehensive knowledge
about AIDS: women 15-49

Map 4.2 Percentage with comprehensive knowledge

about AIDS: men 15-49

52 • Knowledge of HIV and AIDS

 Figure 4.3 Differentials in comprehensive knowledge of HIV
among women and men 15-49, Uganda 2011

RESIDENCE
Urban 50
58
Rural 32
39
EDUCATION
No education 19
27
Primary incomplete 29
30
Primary complete 41
42 Women
Secondary+ 56 Men
60
WEALTH
Lowest 21
28
Second 29
37
Middle 32
39
Fourth 39
45
Highest 52
58

Uganda AIS 2011

There has been a modest increase in comprehensive knowledge of HIV and AIDS over time. For
example, the proportion of women age 15-49 with comprehensive knowledge increased from 28 percent in
2004-05 to 31 percent in 2006 and to 36 percent in 2011. Similarly, the proportion of men age 15-49 with
comprehensive knowledge increased from 36 percent in 2004-05 to 42 percent in 2006 and to 43 percent in
2011 (Figure 4.4).

Figure 4.4 Trends in comprehensive knowledge of HIV

among women and men 15-49, Uganda 2011

42 43

36 36

31
28

Women Men

2004-2005 2006 2011

Uganda AIS 2011

Knowledge of HIV and AIDS • 53

 4.3 KNOWLEDGE OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION
Current strategies in Uganda call for reducing the mother-to-child transmission of HIV. Increasing the
level of general knowledge of transmission of the virus from mother to child and of knowledge about the use
of anti-retroviral drugs is critical to achieving this goal.

All women and men interviewed in the 2011 UAIS were asked if the virus that causes AIDS can be
transmitted from a mother to a child during pregnancy, delivery, or breastfeeding. They were also asked if
there are any special drugs that a doctor or nurse can give to a woman infected with the AIDS virus to reduce
the risk of transmission to the baby. The international indicator is focused on knowledge of mother-to-child
transmission by breastfeeding; it is shown in Table 4.4 for women and men.

Table 4.4 Knowledge of prevention of mother- to-child transmission of HIV

Percentage of women and men age 15-49 who know that HIV can be transmitted from mother to child by breastfeeding and that the risk of mother to child
transmission (MTCT) of HIV can be reduced by mother taking special drugs during pregnancy, by background characteristics, Uganda 2011
Women Men
Percentage who know that: Percentage who know that:
HIV can be HIV can be
Risk of MTCT transmitted by Risk of MTCT transmitted by
can be breastfeeding and can be breast-feeding
reduced by risk of MTCT can reduced by and risk of MTCT
HIV can be mother taking be reduced by HIV can be mother taking can be reduced by
transmitted special drugs mother taking transmitted special drugs mother taking
Background by breast- during special drugs Number of by breast- during special drugs Number
characteristic feeding pregnancy during pregnancy women feeding pregnancy during pregnancy of men
Age
15-24 84.8 67.8 62.6 4,621 76.4 55.1 47.2 3,479
15-19 80.6 59.9 54.4 2,458 72.5 49.8 41.5 2,072
20-24 89.6 76.8 72.0 2,163 82.0 62.9 55.7 1,406
25-29 89.2 79.7 74.7 1,942 84.6 68.6 62.8 1,354
30-39 85.9 77.4 70.4 2,833 80.5 68.9 59.8 2,289
40-49 82.6 70.7 64.5 1,764 77.4 66.2 57.2 1,612
Marital status
Never married 81.3 62.5 56.8 2,641 76.2 55.2 47.2 3,227
Ever had sex 88.9 75.5 69.4 1,202 81.2 62.8 54.1 1,663
Never had sex 74.9 51.6 46.2 1,440 70.9 47.2 39.7 1,563
Married/Living together 87.1 76.1 70.4 7,097 80.9 68.3 60.2 4,994
Divorced/Separated/Widowed 85.7 75.2 69.3 1,422 76.7 58.2 50.4 514
Currently pregnant
Pregnant 88.5 76.2 71.5 1,276 na na na 0
Not pregnant or not sure 85.1 72.3 66.4 9,884 na na na 0
Residence
Urban 90.0 80.6 75.0 2,365 82.1 68.8 60.6 1,739
Rural 84.3 70.7 64.9 8,795 78.1 61.4 53.3 6,995
Region
Central 1 88.1 85.7 77.9 1,206 76.7 75.2 62.5 1,009
Central 2 86.1 73.5 67.3 1,162 73.7 62.5 51.9 888
Kampala 91.2 80.3 75.4 875 82.7 65.3 57.3 674
East Central 79.0 80.6 68.3 1,153 72.0 67.4 53.4 933
Mid Eastern 76.1 62.7 58.3 1,133 73.5 45.8 40.3 950
North East 86.5 71.3 68.0 919 78.4 66.5 62.2 683
West Nile 82.0 49.4 44.9 712 83.9 56.4 52.2 548
Mid Northern 90.1 68.1 65.2 1,106 89.9 70.2 66.2 950
South Western 90.8 75.3 72.4 1,414 80.7 65.3 57.0 947
Mid Western 84.4 72.1 64.9 1,480 80.3 54.4 47.5 1,151
Education
No education 79.2 59.7 54.6 1,566 64.1 49.9 41.2 485
Primary incomplete 83.8 70.7 64.8 5,218 76.8 57.4 50.0 3,727
Primary complete 88.5 78.6 72.7 1,388 79.4 64.2 55.1 1,230
Secondary or higher 90.3 80.4 74.8 2,988 83.4 70.5 62.1 3,292
Wealth quintile
Lowest 81.5 60.0 55.7 1,894 77.6 55.5 49.7 1,504
Second 83.2 68.9 63.9 2,024 78.6 59.3 52.7 1,632
Middle 83.4 71.9 65.0 2,056 76.5 59.7 50.2 1,667
Fourth 87.9 76.0 70.2 2,292 78.9 66.1 56.8 1,706
Highest 89.3 81.9 75.5 2,894 81.9 70.4 61.6 2,226
Total 15-49 85.5 72.8 67.0 11,160 78.9 62.9 54.8 8,735
50-59 78.6 61.4 54.5 993 75.2 64.6 56.1 853
Total 15-59 85.0 71.8 66.0 12,153 78.6 63.0 54.9 9,588
na = Not applicable

54 • Knowledge of HIV and AIDS

 More than four in five women (86 percent) and 79 percent of men age 15-49 know that HIV can be
transmitted from a mother to her child by breastfeeding. Knowledge about antiretroviral drugs is somewhat
less widespread; 73 percent of women and 63 percent of men know that there are special drugs that a doctor or
nurse can give to a pregnant woman infected with the AIDS virus to reduce the risk of transmitting the virus to
the baby. The combined indicator shows that only 67 percent of women and 55 percent of men know that HIV
can be transmitted through breastfeeding and that the risk can be reduced by special drugs.

Knowledge of mother-to-child transmission and of antiretroviral drugs is lower among younger and
older respondents than among those in their late twenties. Those who are currently married and those who have
never married but have had sex tend to be more knowledgeable than those who have never had sex. Urban
residents, women in Central 1 region, and men in Mid Northern region are more knowledgeable than other
respondents. Information programmes might want to target residents of West Nile, Mid Eastern, and Mid
Western regions. There is a steady increase in knowledge of mother-to-child transmission by education and
wealth quintile among both women and men.

There has been a huge increase in the level of knowledge of mother-to-child transmission of HIV
through breastfeeding. The proportion of women age 15-49 who know that HIV can be transmitted by
breastfeeding and who know that the risk can be reduced by the mother taking special drugs has increased
from 36 percent in 2004-05 to 52 percent in 2006 to 67 percent in 2011. Among men, the proportion has
increased from 35 percent in 2004-05 to 43 percent in 2006 and to 55 percent in 2011 (Figure 4.5).

Figure 4.5 Trends in knowledge of mother-to-child

transmission* among women and men 15-49, Uganda 2011
67

55
52

43
36 35

Women Men

2004-2005 2006 2011

Note: Percentage who know that HIV can be transmitted by

breastfeeding and can be reduced by special drugs for Uganda AIS 2011
pregnant women.

Knowledge of HIV and AIDS • 55

ATTITUDES RELATED TO HIV/AIDS 5
Key Findings
• A large majority of Ugandan adults have accepting attitudes towards
those with HIV; over 90 percent would care for a relative with HIV in their
own homes, and about 80 percent think an HIV-positive female teacher
should be allowed to continue teaching.
• Nevertheless, about one in five adults believes that people with HIV
should be ashamed of themselves and should be blamed for bringing the
disease into the community.
• There is widespread acceptance of the ability of a woman to negotiate
safer sexual relations with her husband, either by refusing to have sex or
asking him to use a condom if she knows he has a sexually transmitted
infection.
• About two-thirds of adults believe children age 12-14 should be taught
about condom use to avoid HIV; over 90 percent believe children should
be taught to abstain from sexual relations until marriage.

T
his chapter covers issues related to attitudes towards HIV as assessed in the 2011 Uganda AIDS
Indicator Survey (UAIS). Specifically, it includes indicators of the level of acceptance and negative
attitudes towards people living with HIV, as well as findings related to the ability to negotiate safer
sex, attitudes towards teaching youth about condom use and abstinence until marriage, and perceptions about
the likelihood of getting HIV.

5.1 ACCEPTING ATTITUDES TOWARDS THOSE LIVING WITH HIV

The HIV epidemic has generated fear, anxiety, and prejudice towards people living with the virus. In
Uganda, efforts have been made to reduce the stigma towards those living with the disease. To assess the level
of stigma, UAIS respondents who had heard of AIDS were asked if they would be willing to care for a family
member sick with AIDS in their own households and if they would be willing to buy fresh vegetables from a
market vendor who had the AIDS virus. Another question assessed whether respondents thought that a female
teacher who has the AIDS virus but is not sick should be allowed to continue teaching. A fourth question
asked, if a member of the family got infected with the virus that causes AIDS, whether they would want it to
remain secret or not. Tables 5.1.1 and 5.1.2 show the results for women and men.

Attitudes Related to HIV/AIDS • 57

 Survey results show that over 90 percent of Ugandan women and men age 15-49 say they would be
willing to care in their own household for a relative who is sick with AIDS. Fewer women (72 percent) and
men (80 percent) say they would buy fresh vegetables from a vendor if they knew that he or she were HIV-
positive. About 8 in 10 Ugandans feel that a female teacher who has the AIDS virus but is not sick should be
allowed to continue teaching in the school, while 32 percent of women and 44 percent of men say that if a
member of their family got infected with the virus, they would not necessarily want it to remain a secret.

Table 5.1.1 Accepting attitudes toward those living with HIV/AIDS: Women

Among women age 15-49 who have heard of AIDS, percentage expressing specific accepting attitudes toward people with
HIV/AIDS, by background characteristics, Uganda 2011
Percentage of women who:
Say that a
female teacher
Are willing to Would buy who has the Would not
care for a fresh AIDS virus but want to keep
family member vegetables is not sick secret that a Percentage
with AIDS in from should be family member expressing Number of
the shopkeeper allowed to got infected accepting women who
Background respondent's who has the continue with the AIDS attitudes on all have heard of
characteristic home AIDS virus teaching virus four indicators AIDS
Age
15-24 89.7 71.3 76.9 30.5 18.2 4,571
15-19 86.3 69.0 73.7 30.8 16.8 2,428
20-24 93.5 73.8 80.5 30.3 19.7 2,142
25-29 93.9 73.8 80.3 33.2 21.3 1,936
30-39 93.8 72.3 79.4 34.7 21.4 2,821
40-49 92.5 70.0 76.3 32.7 19.1 1,754
Marital status
Never married 88.4 73.1 76.9 31.0 18.9 2,608
Ever had sex 92.9 79.0 83.4 28.7 20.3 1,197
Never had sex 84.6 68.2 71.4 32.9 17.8 1,411
Married/Living together 92.9 70.7 78.0 32.9 19.7 7,059
Divorced/Separated/Widowed 93.2 74.7 80.2 32.2 21.3 1,414
Residence
Urban 95.8 84.2 88.3 32.4 25.0 2,355
Rural 90.8 68.4 75.3 32.4 18.3 8,727
Region
Central 1 96.4 80.0 84.4 26.2 20.6 1,203
Central 2 96.6 74.0 80.8 22.4 13.7 1,153
Kampala 96.5 86.3 90.4 27.4 21.5 868
East Central 95.4 65.2 77.0 14.0 7.9 1,149
Mid Eastern 93.7 67.7 82.7 32.0 18.7 1,125
North East 80.5 70.2 75.0 31.8 19.7 898
West Nile 85.5 66.0 70.3 52.5 30.4 711
Mid Northern 92.9 78.5 71.7 59.0 34.9 1,098
South Western 86.1 63.5 72.7 35.2 17.1 1,399
Mid Western 92.5 69.5 76.0 30.9 18.4 1,477
Education
No education 85.2 59.4 67.1 33.4 16.0 1,544
Primary incomplete 90.7 66.1 73.6 33.2 17.9 5,174
Primary complete 94.6 77.9 82.8 31.2 20.8 1,385
Secondary or higher 96.2 85.1 89.1 31.0 24.2 2,979
Wealth quintile
Lowest 86.3 63.0 67.1 40.2 20.3 1,862
Second 90.5 66.1 73.3 33.3 17.9 2,015
Middle 90.6 66.4 74.4 30.8 17.5 2,040
Fourth 93.4 73.4 81.3 29.7 18.4 2,280
Highest 96.3 83.9 88.4 29.9 23.2 2,884
Total 15-49 91.9 71.8 78.0 32.4 19.7 11,082
50-59 92.3 66.0 72.3 34.4 18.1 986
Total 15-59 91.9 71.3 77.6 32.5 19.6 12,068

58 • Attitudes Related to HIV/AIDS

 Table 5.1.2 Accepting attitudes toward those living with HIV/AIDS: Men

Among men age 15-49 who have heard of AIDS, percentage expressing specific accepting attitudes toward people with
HIV/AIDS, by background characteristics, Uganda 2011
Percentage of men who:
Say that a
female teacher
Are willing to Would buy who has the Would not
care for a fresh AIDS virus but want to keep
family member vegetables is not sick secret that a Percentage
with AIDS in from should be family member expressing
the shopkeeper allowed to got infected accepting Number of
Background respondent's who has the continue with the AIDS attitudes on all men who have
characteristic home AIDS virus teaching virus four indicators heard of AIDS
Age
15-24 89.8 75.8 75.5 39.4 25.7 3,406
15-19 86.3 70.4 71.2 37.4 22.2 2,023
20-24 95.0 83.8 81.9 42.4 30.9 1,382
25-29 94.6 83.6 83.7 44.5 32.1 1,334
30-39 96.0 83.6 82.1 46.4 33.9 2,265
40-49 95.3 81.3 81.8 51.0 37.6 1,591
Marital status
Never married 89.4 75.6 75.6 39.1 25.3 3,162
Ever had sex 92.7 80.2 78.7 40.3 27.0 1,654
Never had sex 85.7 70.7 72.2 37.8 23.3 1,509
Married/Living together 95.6 83.2 82.5 47.6 35.0 4,926
Divorced/Separated/Widowed 93.0 77.2 78.1 42.9 29.7 507
Residence
Urban 96.3 87.3 88.5 40.7 33.0 1,724
Rural 92.4 78.3 77.5 45.1 30.6 6,871
Region
Central 1 96.0 83.1 81.2 30.4 23.1 1,007
Central 2 96.8 81.3 79.4 25.6 18.0 870
Kampala 96.5 85.6 89.3 39.2 31.6 670
East Central 94.7 81.0 79.8 36.0 25.9 924
Mid Eastern 86.2 68.3 76.5 50.1 30.0 933
North East 94.5 79.7 85.7 49.5 35.7 613
West Nile 89.6 77.3 70.6 53.3 40.8 545
Mid Northern 96.4 88.2 88.0 72.6 59.2 946
South Western 91.2 74.4 77.3 48.8 27.3 938
Mid Western 90.6 81.6 71.6 40.9 25.5 1,150
Education
No education 90.8 67.2 69.0 37.1 20.1 451
Primary incomplete 90.9 72.8 71.7 41.9 25.4 3,671
Primary complete 93.9 81.7 80.8 48.7 34.5 1,214
Secondary or higher 95.8 89.4 89.7 46.1 37.7 3,259
Wealth quintile
Lowest 90.7 73.8 75.1 50.9 33.3 1,443
Second 91.4 76.9 76.4 47.1 32.0 1,612
Middle 93.0 77.7 76.4 42.6 28.4 1,645
Fourth 93.3 81.8 79.0 42.8 29.2 1,687
Highest 96.2 87.0 88.0 40.0 32.3 2,209
Total 15-49 93.2 80.1 79.7 44.2 31.1 8,595
50-59 93.4 76.7 80.8 46.8 32.3 844
Total 15-59 93.2 79.8 79.8 44.4 31.2 9,439

A composite indicator combines all four of these attitudes. As shown in the last column in Tables
5.1.1 and 5.1.2, only 20 percent of women and 31 percent of men express positive attitudes on all four
indicators. It is also interesting that for all four indicators, women are less likely than men to express accepting
attitudes towards people with HIV or AIDS.

The composite measure of accepting attitudes shows some modest differences across background
characteristics. For example, older men tend to be more accepting of people with HIV; however differences
among women by age are minimal. Married men tend to be more accepting of people with HIV than those in
other marital categories, but there is no difference among women by marital status. Urban women and men are
somewhat more likely than rural respondents to express accepting attitudes on all four issues examined.

Attitudes Related to HIV/AIDS • 59

 Interestingly, women and men in Mid Northern region are the most likely to express accepting
attitudes on all four of the indicators, while women in East Central and men in Central 2 regions are the least
likely (Maps 5.1 and 5.2). Education is positively related to accepting attitudes; however, the wealth quintile is
not.

Map 5.1 Percentage with accepting attitudes on

four indicators: Women 15-49

Map 5.2 Percentage with accepting attitudes

on four indicators: Men 15-49

60 • Attitudes Related to HIV/AIDS

 As shown in Figure 5.1, the proportion of adults expressing accepting attitudes on all four of the
indicators increased somewhat between 2004-05 and 2006, but then declined slightly in 2011.

Figure 5.1 Trends in accepting attitudes towards people

with HIV among women and men 15-49, Uganda

36

31
28
26

20
19

Women Men
2004-2005 2006 2011
Note: Percentage expressing accepting
attitudes on four indicators (See Tables Uganda AIS 2011
6.1.1 and 6.1.2)

5.2 NEGATIVE ATTITUDES TOWARDS THOSE LIVING WITH HIV

Stigma refers to the fact that, in some societies, people living with HIV are viewed as shameful, and
the disease is perceived to be a result of personal irresponsibility. If not counteracted, such attitudes fuel
prejudice against those living with HIV, marginalising and excluding individuals. Ultimately such attitudes
allow societies to excuse themselves from the responsibility of caring for and looking after those who are
infected. More importantly, stigma leads to secrecy and denial that hinder people from seeking counselling and
testing for HIV, as well as care and support services.

In addition to the standard indicators about acceptance of people with HIV, respondents in the 2011
UAIS were asked two additional questions relating to negative attitudes towards those living with HIV.
Specifically, they were asked if they agreed or disagreed with two statements: ‘People with the AIDS virus
should be ashamed of themselves’ and ‘People with the AIDS virus should be blamed for bringing the disease
into the community’. Results are shown in Table 5.2.

Attitudes Related to HIV/AIDS • 61

 Table 5.2 Negative attitudes toward those living with HIV/AIDS

Percentage of women and men 15-49 who agree that people with the AIDS virus should be ashamed of themselves and
percentage who agree that people with the AIDS virus should be blamed for bringing the disease into the community, by
background characteristics, Uganda 2011
Women Men
Agree that Agree that
people with people with
Agree that HIV should be Agree that HIV should be
people with blamed for people with blamed for
HIV should be bringing the HIV should be bringing the
Background ashamed of disease to the ashamed of disease to the
characteristic themselves community Number themselves community Number
Age
15-24 17.5 19.9 4,621 25.3 26.2 3,479
15-19 19.8 21.8 2,458 27.4 29.3 2,072
20-24 14.9 17.6 2,163 22.3 21.7 1,406
25-29 14.4 15.7 1,942 19.4 18.3 1,354
30-39 16.5 17.6 2,833 19.8 19.2 2,289
40-49 16.6 16.9 1,764 19.1 20.7 1,612
Marital status
Never married 17.8 19.6 2,641 24.7 25.7 3,227
Married or living together 16.5 18.0 7,097 20.1 19.9 4,994
Divorced/separated/widowed 15.0 15.9 1,422 19.7 21.2 514
Residence
Urban 13.2 12.8 2,365 18.0 16.4 1,739
Rural 17.5 19.5 8,795 22.7 23.5 6,995
Region
Central 1 24.8 28.5 1,206 26.9 24.4 1,009
Central 2 22.0 15.3 1,162 36.2 30.7 888
Kampala 13.0 13.0 875 17.3 15.4 674
East Central 3.3 5.3 1,153 20.2 22.8 933
Mid Eastern 19.6 21.5 1,133 27.5 30.7 950
North East 17.5 19.8 919 23.2 17.4 683
West Nile 10.8 14.3 712 33.0 43.8 548
Mid Northern 12.1 15.5 1,106 8.7 7.3 950
South Western 13.6 20.8 1,414 14.5 23.6 947
Mid Western 24.3 22.4 1,480 16.2 13.3 1,151
Education
No education 19.1 21.8 1,566 25.8 27.7 485
Primary incomplete 18.3 20.1 5,218 27.0 26.8 3,727
Primary complete 14.8 17.4 1,388 20.6 22.2 1,230
Secondary or higher 13.1 13.0 2,988 15.8 16.0 3,292
Wealth quintile
Lowest 19.1 21.3 1,894 23.5 25.2 1,504
Second 16.0 19.4 2,024 23.8 25.1 1,632
Middle 19.5 20.9 2,056 22.0 24.0 1,667
Fourth 15.9 16.9 2,292 24.2 22.8 1,706
Highest 13.8 14.0 2,894 17.2 16.0 2,226
Total 15-49 16.6 18.1 11,160 21.8 22.1 8,735
50-59 18.6 20.3 993 19.7 20.7 853
Total 15-59 16.8 18.3 12,153 21.6 22.0 9,588

Overall, about one-fifth of women and men agree with both statements. Differences by background
characteristics are not large. There is a slight tendency for older respondents to be less likely to have negative
attitudes towards those with HIV. Urban women and men are also less likely than rural residents to have
negative attitudes. Women in East Central region and men in Mid Northern region are far less likely than those
in other regions to agree with the negative statements about people with HIV. There is a slight tendency for
negative attitudes to decline with increasing educational attainment and increasing wealth quintile, but the
pattern is not uniform.

62 • Attitudes Related to HIV/AIDS

 5.3 PERSONAL KNOWLEDGE OF DISCRIMINATION RELATED TO HIV/AIDS
The 2011 UAIS also included questions about respondents’ personal knowledge of discrimination
regarding HIV. Respondents were asked if they know someone who (1) was denied health services; (2) was
denied involvement in social events, religious services, or community events; (3) was verbally abused or
teased in the previous 12 months because he or she was suspected to have HIV or actually had HIV. Finally,
they were also asked if they know someone who is suspected to have HIV or actually has HIV. Results from
these questions are shown in Table 5.3.

Table 5.3 Personal knowledge of people living with HIV/AIDS and discrimination
Percentage of women and men age 15-49 who know someone who, in the previous 12 months, has been denied health services; or has been denied
involvement in social events, religious services or community events; or who has been verbally abused or teased because he or she is suspected to have HIV
and percentage of women and men age 15-49 who know someone who is suspected to have HIV, by background characteristics, Uganda 2011
Women Men
Percentage who know someone, Percentage who know someone,
who in the previous 12 months: who in the previous 12 months:
Was denied Was denied
involvement involvement
Was in social, Was Was in social, Was
denied religious or verbally denied religious or verbally
health community abused or Percentage health community abused or Percentage
services events teased who know services events teased who know
because because because someone because because because someone
he/she is he/she is he/she is who is he/she is he/she is he/she is who is
suspected suspected to suspected suspected suspected suspected suspected suspected
Background to have or have or has to have or to have or Number of to have or to have or to have or to have or Number of
characteristic has HIV HIV has HIV has HIV women has HIV has HIV has HIV has HIV men
Age
15-24 5.4 3.8 17.3 60.7 4,621 5.2 4.1 14.6 57.5 3,479
15-19 5.0 3.9 16.4 57.5 2,458 4.6 3.7 13.5 52.3 2,072
20-24 5.9 3.6 18.2 64.4 2,163 6.1 4.8 16.1 65.3 1,406
25-29 7.2 4.1 19.1 67.6 1,942 6.5 4.3 17.3 66.6 1,354
30-39 7.3 4.9 20.2 67.8 2,833 8.1 4.5 19.6 68.6 2,289
40-49 7.7 5.6 20.5 69.2 1,764 6.3 5.1 17.9 69.8 1,612
Marital status
Never married 5.3 3.9 16.5 59.2 2,641 5.1 4.1 14.3 56.2 3,227
Ever had sex 6.5 3.7 18.3 69.1 1,202 5.5 4.5 16.7 66.5 1,663
Never had sex 4.3 4.2 15.0 51.0 1,440 4.7 3.7 11.9 45.2 1,563
Married/Living together 6.9 4.3 19.2 66.3 7,097 7.0 4.5 18.5 68.9 4,994
Divorced/Separated/
Widowed 7.2 5.9 21.4 69.7 1,422 7.9 5.5 18.1 67.5 514
Residence
Urban 4.6 3.0 17.9 66.8 2,365 6.4 4.0 16.1 61.4 1,739
Rural 7.1 4.8 19.1 64.6 8,795 6.4 4.5 17.1 64.8 6,995
Region
Central 1 10.1 2.8 19.5 68.4 1,206 10.7 7.2 16.1 64.5 1,009
Central 2 5.0 3.6 17.9 65.1 1,162 7.9 3.0 12.2 59.2 888
Kampala 4.2 1.7 16.5 65.8 875 6.9 6.0 11.8 60.1 674
East Central 2.8 2.5 8.8 74.0 1,153 8.7 6.1 27.8 68.1 933
Mid Eastern 12.1 10.2 30.2 67.0 1,133 6.1 4.2 15.9 60.5 950
North East 6.1 3.5 10.5 61.3 919 4.6 3.0 11.9 64.9 683
West Nile 4.8 6.3 12.9 56.9 712 2.2 1.5 19.6 80.3 548
Mid Northern 7.2 2.9 28.2 67.3 1,106 4.3 3.3 26.1 63.5 950
South Western 8.4 7.3 19.9 60.9 1,414 3.8 2.8 13.6 58.5 947
Mid Western 3.8 2.9 19.5 62.1 1,480 6.5 5.5 13.2 66.7 1,151
Education
No education 6.8 5.6 19.0 54.3 1,566 8.7 4.9 17.6 57.7 485
Primary incomplete 6.6 4.1 20.0 65.6 5,218 7.0 4.6 17.1 62.7 3,727
Primary complete 7.4 4.4 17.4 69.8 1,388 5.7 4.5 18.2 68.3 1,230
Secondary or higher 5.9 4.3 17.3 67.7 2,988 5.6 4.1 16.1 65.1 3,292
Wealth quintile
Lowest 5.9 3.4 17.3 58.9 1,894 5.5 4.7 18.7 61.0 1,504
Second 7.7 5.7 19.8 63.4 2,024 5.5 3.4 17.2 63.4 1,632
Middle 7.6 5.5 19.2 63.9 2,056 7.6 5.7 16.7 64.9 1,667
Fourth 7.1 5.1 21.2 70.3 2,292 6.9 4.2 17.9 68.3 1,706
Highest 4.9 2.8 17.1 67.0 2,894 6.3 4.2 15.0 62.9 2,226
Total 15-49 6.6 4.4 18.8 65.1 11,160 6.4 4.4 16.9 64.1 8,735
50-59 8.7 4.1 22.0 67.7 993 5.5 2.9 16.5 69.9 853
Total 15-59 6.7 4.4 19.1 65.3 12,153 6.3 4.3 16.9 64.6 9,588

Attitudes Related to HIV/AIDS • 63

 Only a small proportion of respondents (6 to 7 percent) know someone who was denied health
services because they were suspected of having HIV. Even fewer (4 percent of women and men) know
someone who was denied participation in social, religious, or community events because they were suspected
of being HIV-positive. Somewhat larger proportions of respondents (19 percent of women and 17 percent of
men) know someone who was verbally abused or teased because they either had HIV or were suspected to
have it. Almost two-thirds of respondents know someone with HIV or someone they believe has HIV.

Differences in these proportions by background characteristics are not large. Older women and men
are somewhat more likely to know someone with HIV than younger respondents. Discrimination against
people with HIV is reported by more women in Mid Eastern region than any other region; among men, the
pattern varies by region depending on the indicator. It is interesting to note that women in West Nile region are
the least likely to say they know someone who is either suspected or known to be HIV-positive, while men in
West Nile are the most likely to say so.

5.4 ATTITUDES TOWARDS NEGOTIATING SAFER SEXUAL RELATIONS

Knowledge about HIV transmission and ways to prevent it are less useful if people feel powerless to
negotiate safer sex with their partners. To gauge attitudes towards safer sex, respondents in the 2011 UAIS
were asked if they think a wife is justified in refusing to have sex with her husband under three circumstances:
(1) if she knows he has a sexually transmitted infection; (2) if she is tired or not in the mood; and (3) if she
knows he has sex with other women. They were also asked if they think that a woman is justified in asking her
husband to use a condom if she knows that he has a sexually transmitted infection.

As shown in Table 5.4, about three-quarters or more of both women and men agree that a woman is
justified in taking each of the four actions, indicating widespread acceptance of the ability of women to
negotiate safer sex with their husbands. The largest proportions of both women and men believe that a woman
is justified in asking her husband to use a condom if she knows he has a sexually transmitted infection. Both
women and men are least supportive of a woman’s right to refuse sex if she knows he has sex with other
women. For each of the situations asked about, women were somewhat less likely than men to feel that a wife
is justified in negotiating safer sex.

Urban women and men are more likely than rural respondents to accept women’s rights to negotiate in
each of the four specified circumstances. Regionally, women in Central 1 and East Central regions tend to be
the most likely to support women’s rights to negotiate sexual relations, while men in Central 1, Central 2, and
Kampala regions are most likely to support such rights. The proportion of both women and men who support
women’s ability to negotiate in each of the specified circumstances increases with education level and wealth
quintile.

64 • Attitudes Related to HIV/AIDS

Table 5.4 Attitudes toward negotiating safer sexual relations with husband

Percentage of women and men age 15-49 who believe that a woman is justified in refusing to have sexual intercourse with her husband or in asking
that they use a condom if she knows that he has sexually transmitted infection (STI), and percentage who believe that a woman is justified in refusing
to have sexual intercourse if she is tired or not in the mood or if she knows that her husband has sexual intercourse with other women, by background
characteristics, Uganda 2011
Women Men
Refusing to Refusing to
Refusing to Refusing to have Refusing to Refusing to have
have have sexual have have sexual
sexual Asking that sexual intercourse sexual Asking that sexual intercourse
intercourse they use a intercourse with her intercourse they use a intercourse with her
with her condom if with her husband if with her condom if with her husband if
husband if she knows husband if she knows husband if she knows husband if she knows
she knows that her she is tired he has sex she knows that her she is tired he has sex
Background he has an husband or not in with other Number of he has an husband or not in with other Number
characteristic STI has an STI the mood women women STI has an STI the mood women of men
Age
15-24 75.9 83.2 77.3 75.7 4,621 75.4 83.2 76.5 77.5 3,479
15-19 73.1 80.2 73.7 75.0 2,458 71.1 79.0 70.9 75.3 2,072
20-24 79.1 86.5 81.3 76.5 2,163 81.8 89.3 84.6 80.6 1,406
25-29 80.0 87.2 81.0 74.9 1,942 85.4 91.2 88.1 80.1 1,354
30-39 78.8 81.4 80.2 72.1 2,833 84.9 90.2 86.5 81.7 2,289
40-49 80.2 79.5 79.5 72.1 1,764 83.5 86.1 85.2 80.3 1,612
Marital status
Never married 75.0 81.0 74.2 76.3 2,641 74.6 82.4 75.9 77.2 3,227
Ever had sex 82.2 89.2 81.1 79.2 1,202 82.9 90.3 83.6 80.5 1,663
Never had sex 69.0 74.2 68.5 73.9 1,440 65.8 74.0 67.7 73.7 1,563
Married/Living together 78.8 83.2 80.8 73.2 7,097 84.7 89.6 87.1 81.0 4,994
Divorced/Separated/Widowed 80.0 84.3 79.2 74.5 1,422 84.0 87.3 79.4 79.2 514
Residence
Urban 82.5 89.5 84.5 78.2 2,365 88.0 92.7 88.4 87.3 1,739
Rural 76.9 81.0 77.6 73.0 8,795 79.2 85.3 81.0 77.6 6,995
Region
Central 1 87.1 94.7 90.9 84.4 1,206 90.6 93.9 92.1 88.1 1,009
Central 2 82.5 88.6 82.1 78.6 1,162 90.2 96.1 89.4 89.0 888
Kampala 86.1 92.8 83.5 81.7 875 89.6 94.0 91.6 90.6 674
East Central 90.9 94.7 89.0 78.6 1,153 82.6 85.8 84.9 79.6 933
Mid Eastern 76.5 80.6 80.0 79.6 1,133 78.9 83.1 77.9 77.2 950
North East 63.8 54.5 66.6 57.0 919 74.9 83.0 83.5 80.8 683
West Nile 78.2 59.9 79.2 72.1 712 88.1 86.5 66.5 77.1 548
Mid Northern 49.7 64.6 59.8 52.8 1,106 61.6 77.0 74.4 68.9 950
South Western 85.1 93.6 75.2 70.7 1,414 88.9 95.1 87.6 79.3 947
Mid Western 76.8 87.2 81.4 80.6 1,480 70.3 76.6 75.0 69.3 1,151
Education
No education 71.1 66.8 73.8 65.5 1,566 78.5 77.5 79.9 73.8 485
Primary incomplete 76.8 81.0 77.5 72.7 5,218 78.1 83.5 79.0 76.6 3,727
Primary complete 79.0 89.1 78.9 76.8 1,388 81.1 87.8 83.1 78.7 1,230
Secondary or higher 83.3 91.6 84.6 79.9 2,988 84.4 91.6 86.7 83.9 3,292
Wealth quintile
Lowest 66.6 67.6 71.4 64.1 1,894 72.3 78.9 75.2 73.3 1,504
Second 75.8 77.3 76.5 72.5 2,024 76.9 82.3 77.5 74.7 1,632
Middle 79.3 84.0 78.3 75.6 2,056 80.7 85.9 82.0 77.2 1,667
Fourth 80.7 87.5 80.5 74.7 2,292 82.7 90.7 85.9 81.6 1,706
Highest 84.1 92.2 85.1 80.2 2,894 88.5 93.2 89.0 87.4 2,226
Total 15-49 78.0 82.8 79.0 74.1 11,160 80.9 86.8 82.5 79.5 8,735
50-59 78.0 73.6 77.3 71.4 993 85.3 83.0 85.3 81.9 853
Total 15-59 78.0 82.1 78.9 73.9 12,153 81.3 86.5 82.8 79.7 9,588

Attitudes Related to HIV/AIDS • 65

 5.5 EDUCATING YOUTH ABOUT CONDOM USE AND POSTPONING SEX UNTIL MARRIAGE
Condom use is one of the main strategies for combating the spread of AIDS; however, educating
young people about using condoms is sometimes controversial because some say it promotes early sexual
experimentation. Promoting abstinence before marriage is another strategy to curtail the spread of HIV. To
gauge attitudes towards condom and abstinence education, 2011 UAIS respondents were asked if they thought
that children age 12-14 should be taught about using a condom to avoid getting AIDS and if they thought that
children age 12-14 should be taught to wait until they get married to have sex in order to avoid getting AIDS.
Results are tabulated for respondents age 18-49 in Table 5.5.

Table 5.5 Adult support of education for youth to prevent AIDS

Percentage of women and men age 18-49 who agree that children age 12-14 years should be taught about using a
condom to avoid AIDS and percentage who agree that children age 12-24 years should be taught to wait until they get
married to have sexual intercourse to avoid AIDS, by background characteristics, Uganda 2011
Women Men
Taught to Taught to
wait until wait until
Background Taught to use marriage to Taught to use marriage to
characteristic condoms have sex Number condoms have sex Number

Age
18-24 67.2 93.6 3,523 67.3 94.4 2,547
18-19 64.6 92.9 1,180 63.7 94.5 995
20-24 68.6 94.0 2,343 69.6 94.3 1,552
25-29 65.4 95.2 2,065 68.2 95.2 1,481
30-39 59.9 93.8 3,013 67.3 95.2 2,448
40-49 54.3 94.0 1,860 63.5 94.9 1,722
Marital status
Never married 68.6 94.0 1,276 66.5 94.2 1,906
Married or living together 62.1 93.9 6,985 67.2 95.3 4,988
Divorced/separated/widowed 61.9 94.8 1,403 71.1 93.3 514
Residence
Urban 65.5 95.8 2,028 68.6 96.7 1,525
Rural 62.3 93.6 7,636 67.0 94.4 5,883
Region
Central 1 72.2 96.7 1,059 70.3 97.3 888
Central 2 66.2 96.2 1,019 75.4 96.0 765
Kampala 75.7 96.7 762 68.9 97.7 588
East Central 65.6 92.7 988 71.5 93.1 767
Mid Eastern 63.4 91.7 976 67.3 97.5 756
North East 56.5 91.8 831 63.3 85.3 587
West Nile 42.9 87.7 617 69.9 96.3 476
Mid Northern 59.9 88.8 952 61.1 93.3 802
South Western 55.2 98.1 1,207 63.5 97.3 804
Mid Western 66.2 96.3 1,255 63.2 93.8 974
Education
No education 49.8 91.9 1,546 59.9 88.1 474
Primary incomplete 64.5 93.7 4,432 69.3 94.8 2,940
Primary complete 64.4 95.5 1,238 66.7 94.9 1,120
Secondary or higher 67.8 95.4 2,449 66.7 96.1 2,873
Wealth quintile
Lowest 58.0 90.6 1,695 65.4 90.8 1,302
Second 59.3 93.4 1,788 67.9 95.0 1,392
Middle 62.7 94.4 1,758 66.7 94.8 1,375
Fourth 64.5 95.2 1,923 67.3 95.9 1,384
Highest 68.0 95.8 2,501 68.5 96.8 1,955
Total 18-49 62.9 94.1 9,664 67.3 94.9 7,408
50-59 56.8 93.0 993 61.1 95.0 853
Total 18-59 62.4 94.0 10,657 66.6 94.9 8,261

66 • Attitudes Related to HIV/AIDS

 The data show that close to two-thirds of adults age 18-49 agree that children age 12-14 should be
taught about using a condom to avoid AIDS. Over 94 percent of women and men agree that children age 12-14
should be taught to wait until marriage to have sex. Differences by background characteristics are not large.
Less likely to support condom education for youth are those in their forties and women in West Nile region.
Similarly, women and men with no education and those in the lowest wealth quintile are less likely than others
to support education for youth on condom use or abstinence.

5.6 PERCEIVED RISK OF GETTING HIV

To assess people’s perceptions of their risk of getting HIV, respondents were asked whether the
chances that they could get HIV were high or low. Table 5.6 shows the results for women and men.

Table 5.6 Perceived chances of getting HIV

Percent distribution of women and men age 15-49 by their chances of getting HIV, by background characteristics, Uganda 2011
Women Men
Reports Reports
already already
Background Don't having Number Don't having Number
characteristic High Low know HIV Total of women High Low know HIV Total of men

Age
15-24 26.9 58.2 12.8 2.2 100.0 4,621 17.0 69.8 10.6 2.5 100.0 3,479
15-19 22.5 62.9 12.7 1.8 100.0 2,458 13.4 71.7 12.3 2.5 100.0 2,072
20-24 31.9 52.7 12.9 2.6 100.0 2,163 22.3 67.0 8.2 2.5 100.0 1,406
25-29 35.0 48.0 12.5 4.5 100.0 1,942 21.7 67.3 8.7 2.3 100.0 1,354
30-39 32.4 47.2 13.7 6.6 100.0 2,833 23.0 62.8 9.4 4.8 100.0 2,289
40-49 27.9 50.7 14.0 7.3 100.0 1,764 20.7 62.3 10.9 6.1 100.0 1,612
Marital status
Never married 21.7 63.8 11.8 2.7 100.0 2,641 16.0 71.0 10.6 2.4 100.0 3,227
Ever had sex 29.9 56.7 10.3 3.1 100.0 1,202 21.3 69.1 8.7 1.0 100.0 1,663
Never had sex 15.0 69.8 13.0 2.3 100.0 1,440 10.4 73.0 12.7 3.8 100.0 1,563
Married/Living together 34.0 48.8 13.9 3.4 100.0 7,097 22.1 64.3 9.5 4.1 100.0 4,994
Divorced/separated/
widowed 24.6 49.8 12.2 13.5 100.0 1,422 24.6 54.7 11.9 8.8 100.0 514
Residence
Urban 27.0 56.4 11.0 5.7 100.0 2,365 21.4 67.6 7.7 3.3 100.0 1,739
Rural 30.7 51.4 13.7 4.2 100.0 8,795 19.7 65.9 10.6 3.8 100.0 6,995
Region
Central 1 28.0 51.8 14.6 5.6 100.0 1,206 26.6 65.5 4.8 3.1 100.0 1,009
Central 2 37.1 46.7 11.3 4.9 100.0 1,162 23.1 58.3 14.2 4.3 100.0 888
Kampala 27.1 59.4 8.6 4.9 100.0 875 16.2 70.6 10.7 2.6 100.0 674
East Central 25.7 55.6 15.3 3.4 100.0 1,153 21.3 70.0 6.7 2.1 100.0 933
Mid Eastern 37.3 45.9 13.8 3.1 100.0 1,133 25.4 62.6 9.2 2.8 100.0 950
North East 25.0 61.5 8.5 5.0 100.0 919 11.1 67.7 8.0 13.2 100.0 683
West Nile 22.5 53.1 22.4 2.0 100.0 712 11.0 77.1 9.2 2.8 100.0 548
Mid Northern 36.2 36.6 21.3 5.9 100.0 1,106 22.0 62.5 12.4 3.1 100.0 950
South Western 31.2 48.8 14.2 5.7 100.0 1,414 25.3 66.0 5.2 3.5 100.0 947
Mid Western 25.4 65.3 5.4 3.8 100.0 1,480 12.2 67.4 18.1 2.3 100.0 1,151
Education
No education 27.0 50.3 16.0 6.7 100.0 1,566 20.3 59.8 10.8 9.1 100.0 485
Primary incomplete 31.5 49.4 14.4 4.7 100.0 5,218 20.1 64.0 12.2 3.7 100.0 3,727
Primary complete 31.3 51.0 13.1 4.6 100.0 1,388 19.7 66.6 9.6 4.0 100.0 1,230
Secondary or higher 27.8 59.5 9.6 3.1 100.0 2,988 19.9 69.5 7.7 2.9 100.0 3,292
Wealth quintile
Lowest 30.0 49.5 15.7 4.8 100.0 1,894 19.1 61.8 13.0 6.2 100.0 1,504
Second 33.2 48.7 14.6 3.5 100.0 2,024 18.9 65.6 12.2 3.3 100.0 1,632
Middle 30.2 51.2 14.5 4.1 100.0 2,056 21.5 64.6 10.7 3.1 100.0 1,667
Fourth 29.2 54.1 11.4 5.2 100.0 2,292 20.8 67.4 8.4 3.4 100.0 1,706
Highest 27.7 56.6 10.9 4.8 100.0 2,894 19.7 69.9 7.2 3.2 100.0 2,226
Total 15-49 29.9 52.5 13.2 4.5 100.0 11,160 20.0 66.2 10.1 3.7 100.0 8,735
50-59 15.8 65.5 13.2 5.5 100.0 993 13.9 72.4 9.4 4.3 100.0 853
Total 15-59 28.7 53.5 13.2 4.6 100.0 12,153 19.5 66.8 10.0 3.8 100.0 9,588

Attitudes Related to HIV/AIDS • 67

 Roughly one in four Ugandan adults—30 percent of women and 20 percent of men—perceive
themselves at high risk of getting infected with HIV. Just over half of women age 15-49 say they are at low
risk of getting HIV, while 13 percent say they do not know and 5 percent report that they are HIV-positive.
Men age 15-49 are much more likely than women to report having a low risk of getting HIV (66 percent),
while 10 percent say they do not know their risk and 4 percent report that they are already living with HIV.

Respondents who have never been married and have not had sex are the least likely to believe they
have a high risk of getting HIV. Women and men in West Nile and North East regions have the lowest
proportions who believe they are at high risk of getting HIV. Respondents with more education and in higher
wealth quintiles are more likely to think they have a low chance of getting HIV. It is interesting to note that
respondents who are divorced, widowed, or separated and those with no education are relatively more likely to
report that they are already living with HIV. Also notable is the fact that 2 percent of women and 4 percent of
men who have never had sex say that they are HIV-positive. This could either be due to non-sexual
transmission of HIV or to reluctance on the part of some respondents to admit to having had sexual
intercourse.

Respondents were asked, if they were to get HIV, from whom they thought they would most likely get
the infection. As shown in Figure 5.2, by far the most common response was the husband or wife of the
respondent; 64 percent of women and 40 percent of men perceive their spouses as the most likely source of any
possible HIV infection. Respondents are also likely to report boyfriends and girlfriends as a likely means of
getting HIV. Sizeable proportions of respondents said they did not know from whom they might get HIV.

Figure 5.2 Most likely person to get HIV from

among women and men age 15-49

64

40

26 26

15 16

5 6
3
0

Spouse Boy/girlfriend Stranger Commercial Does not know

sex partner

Women Men
Note: Excludes those who report that they
are HIV-positive Uganda AIS 2011

68 • Attitudes Related to HIV/AIDS

SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR 6
Key Findings
• The median age at first sexual intercourse is 17 for women and 18 for
men.
• Over half of women and men age 15-49 have had sex in the four weeks
before the survey.
• Only 3 percent of women age 15-19 report having two or more sexual
partners in the 12 months before the survey; this contrasts with
19 percent of men.
• Women have a mean of two sexual partners in their lifetimes, which
compares with seven lifetime partners for men.
• 15 percent of women report that they have ever been physically forced to
have sex against their will.

T
his chapter presents data on sexual behaviour and reported levels of sexually transmitted infections
(STIs). Indicators of sexual behaviour include age at first sex, recent sexual activity, and the number of
recent and lifetime sexual partners. Behaviours such as sex with multiple, concurrent partners and
paying or receiving money to have sex are considered high-risk sexual behaviours. This chapter also includes
information on reporting of symptoms of STIs and the prevalence of medical injections.

6.1 AGE AT FIRST SEXUAL INTERCOURSE

Sexual intercourse is the most common mode of HIV transmission in Uganda. Looking at age at first
sex is one way to understand when most individuals are first exposed to the risk of infection with the virus.
Table 6.1 shows the percentage of respondents who had sex by specific ages and the percentage who never had
sex, as well as the median age at first sex.

Seventeen percent of women age 20-49 had sex by age 15, while 62 percent in this age group had sex
before age 18. The percentage of women who first had sex by age 15 has decreased over the years; among
those age 30-49, 17 to 19 percent of women had had sex by age 15, compared with only 11 percent of women
currently age 15-19. The median age at first sex is 17.1 years for women in the age group 20-49.

Men tend to initiate sexual activity later than women. Only 8 percent of men age 20-49 had sex before
age 15, and only 42 percent had sex by age 18. The median age at first sex is 18.4 years for men age 20-49.

Table 6.2 shows the variation in the median age at first sexual intercourse by background
characteristics for women and men. Although urban women tend to initiate sexual activity slightly later than
rural women, there is no difference in the median age at first sex between urban and rural men. By region,
women and men in South Western region tend to start sexual activity at an older age than residents of other
regions, while women and men in East Central region have the lowest median ages at first sexual intercourse.

Sexual Behaviour • 69
 The median age at first sex tends to increase with higher educational attainment, especially among
women. It is also highest among women in the highest wealth quintile. The median age at first sex does not
vary by wealth of men, however.

Table 6.1 Age at first sexual intercourse

Percentage of women and men age 15-49 who had first sexual intercourse by specific exact ages, percentage who never had
sexual intercourse, and median age at first sexual intercourse, according to current age, Uganda 2011
Percentage who had first sexual intercourse by exact age: Percentage
who never Median age
had sexual at first sexual
Current age 15 18 20 22 25 intercourse Number intercourse
WOMEN
15-19 11.4 na na na na 52.7 2,458 a
20-24 15.0 59.1 85.0 na na 5.6 2,163 17.4
25-29 14.9 58.3 82.8 92.1 97.8 0.7 1,942 17.4
30-34 19.0 67.3 87.2 93.9 96.4 0.4 1,478 16.7
35-39 17.2 65.4 87.1 94.1 97.2 0.1 1,355 16.8
40-44 19.3 64.8 85.2 94.0 96.7 0.0 948 16.8
45-49 17.4 63.9 85.1 92.3 96.4 0.0 816 16.9
20-49 16.7 62.4 85.2 na na 1.7 8,702 17.1
25-49 17.2 63.5 85.3 93.2 97.0 0.3 6,539 17.0
15-24 13.1 na na na na 30.7 4,621 a
MEN
15-19 12.9 na na na na 63.9 2,072 a
20-24 10.5 45.1 72.3 na na 13.9 1,406 18.3
25-29 8.2 40.8 70.1 85.2 95.1 1.8 1,354 18.5
30-34 6.3 42.1 68.9 84.4 92.2 0.9 1,160 18.5
35-39 7.6 41.2 67.5 84.6 93.1 0.4 1,129 18.4
40-44 6.5 42.8 68.2 86.3 93.7 0.1 890 18.4
45-49 8.7 39.7 69.3 83.1 90.7 0.3 722 18.5
20-49 8.1 42.2 69.6 na na 3.6 6,662 18.4
25-49 7.4 41.4 68.8 84.8 93.2 0.8 5,256 18.4
15-24 11.9 na na na na 43.7 3,479 a

na = Not applicable due to censoring

a = Omitted because less than 50 percent of the respondents had sexual intercourse for the first time before reaching the beginning of
the age group

Table 6.2 Median age at first sexual intercourse by background characteristics

Median age at first sexual intercourse among women and men age 20-49
and age 25-49, according to background characteristics, Uganda 2011
Women age Men age
Background
characteristic 20-49 25-49 20-49 25-49
Residence
Urban 17.6 17.5 18.4 18.5
Rural 17.0 16.9 18.4 18.4
Region
Central 1 17.0 16.9 18.4 18.4
Central 2 16.9 16.8 18.7 18.6
Kampala 17.7 17.7 18.4 18.5
East Central 15.9 15.8 17.7 17.7
Mid Eastern 16.3 16.2 18.2 18.2
North East 17.6 17.7 18.7 18.7
West Nile 17.4 17.3 18.5 18.6
Mid Northern 17.2 17.1 18.6 18.7
South Western 18.5 18.3 19.2 19.4
Mid Western 16.9 16.7 17.8 17.8
Education
No education 16.6 16.5 18.3 18.3
Primary incomplete 16.7 16.6 18.3 18.3
Primary complete 17.3 17.1 18.4 18.5
Secondary or higher 18.2 18.3 18.6 18.7
Wealth quintile
Lowest 16.9 16.9 18.4 18.4
Second 16.8 16.8 18.3 18.4
Middle 16.9 16.7 18.4 18.4
Fourth 17.0 16.8 18.4 18.4
Highest 17.7 17.6 18.5 18.6
Total 17.1 17.0 18.4 18.4

70 • Sexual Behaviour
6.2 RECENT SEXUAL ACTIVITY
Tables 6.3.1 and 6.3.2 show the percent distribution of women and men by timing of their most recent
sexual intercourse, according to background characteristics. Results indicate that over half of women age
15-49 had sex within the four weeks before the survey, while 22 percent had sex within the previous year but
not in the previous four weeks, 12 percent last had sex more than a year before the survey, and 13 percent had
never had sex (Figure 6.1). Men age 15-49 are more likely than women to have had sex in the four weeks
before the survey but are also more likely to have never had sex (18 percent).

Table 6.3.1 Recent sexual activity: Women

Percent distribution of women age 15-49 by timing of last sexual intercourse, according to background
characteristics, Uganda 2011
Timing of last sexual intercourse
Within the One or Never had
Background past 4 Within more sexual Number
characteristic weeks 1 year1 years intercourse Total of women
Age
15-19 19.8 20.0 7.5 52.7 100.0 2,458
20-24 59.5 27.0 7.9 5.6 100.0 2,163
25-29 66.4 24.1 8.7 0.7 100.0 1,942
30-34 66.2 22.0 11.4 0.4 100.0 1,478
35-39 66.4 20.1 13.3 0.1 100.0 1,355
40-44 58.3 18.5 23.2 0.0 100.0 948
45-49 51.9 18.4 29.7 0.0 100.0 816
Marital status
Never married 8.5 24.1 12.9 54.5 100.0 2,641
Married or living together 77.5 18.5 4.0 0.0 100.0 7,097
Divorced/separated/widowed 13.6 36.3 50.0 0.0 100.0 1,422
Marital duration2
0-4 years 78.4 19.8 1.8 0.0 100.0 1,505
5-9 years 80.7 17.2 2.1 0.0 100.0 1,203
10-14 years 76.8 20.3 2.9 0.0 100.0 984
15-19 years 78.9 17.2 4.0 0.0 100.0 729
20-24 years 75.9 19.9 4.2 0.0 100.0 628
25+ years 73.1 18.0 8.9 0.0 100.0 615
Married more than once 76.1 17.4 6.5 0.0 100.0 1,434
Residence
Urban 44.6 25.7 14.6 15.1 100.0 2,365
Rural 55.3 21.1 11.3 12.3 100.0 8,795
Region
Central 1 56.1 22.1 10.8 11.1 100.0 1,206
Central 2 54.9 22.9 11.1 11.2 100.0 1,162
Kampala 43.0 26.1 13.5 17.5 100.0 875
East Central 56.8 23.3 9.8 10.0 100.0 1,153
Mid Eastern 55.4 20.7 10.6 13.4 100.0 1,133
North East 52.6 26.0 12.4 9.0 100.0 919
West Nile 44.4 27.0 15.0 13.6 100.0 712
Mid Northern 54.3 20.6 12.9 12.2 100.0 1,106
South Western 50.8 17.8 13.7 17.6 100.0 1,414
Mid Western 55.7 19.8 11.5 13.0 100.0 1,480
Education
No education 59.6 21.0 17.5 1.9 100.0 1,566
Primary incomplete 56.1 20.9 10.9 12.1 100.0 5,218
Primary complete 55.7 22.5 11.5 10.3 100.0 1,388
Secondary or higher 42.9 24.7 11.2 21.2 100.0 2,988
Wealth quintile
Lowest 54.0 24.0 13.2 8.8 100.0 1,894
Second 57.8 20.4 11.6 10.2 100.0 2,024
Middle 56.6 19.8 9.9 13.8 100.0 2,056
Fourth 50.0 22.7 12.0 15.3 100.0 2,292
Highest 48.9 23.2 13.0 14.9 100.0 2,894
Total 15-49 53.0 22.1 12.0 12.9 100.0 11,160
Total 50-59 29.3 14.0 56.4 0.3 100.0 993
Total 15-59 51.1 21.4 15.6 11.9 100.0 12,153
1
Excludes women who had sexual intercourse within the last 4 weeks
2
Excludes women who are not currently married

Sexual Behaviour • 71
 Table 6.3.2 Recent sexual activity: Men

Percent distribution of men age 15-49 by timing of last sexual intercourse, according to background
characteristics, Uganda 2011
Timing of last sexual intercourse
Within the One or Never had
Background past 4 Within more sexual Number
characteristic weeks 1 year1 years intercourse Total of men
Age
15-19 7.8 15.5 12.7 63.9 100.0 2,072
20-24 43.8 29.7 12.6 13.9 100.0 1,406
25-29 70.9 20.6 6.7 1.8 100.0 1,354
30-34 78.5 15.7 4.8 0.9 100.0 1,160
35-39 82.0 13.1 4.5 0.4 100.0 1,129
40-44 83.0 10.9 6.1 0.1 100.0 890
45-49 80.3 12.3 7.1 0.3 100.0 722
Marital status
Never married 12.1 23.0 16.5 48.5 100.0 3,227
Married or living together 86.8 12.0 1.2 0.0 100.0 4,994
Divorced/separated/widowed 32.7 37.7 29.6 0.0 100.0 514
Marital duration2
0-4 years 84.4 14.7 0.9 0.0 100.0 1,137
5-9 years 87.1 12.2 0.7 0.0 100.0 846
10-14 years 87.3 11.9 0.7 0.0 100.0 765
15-19 years 86.6 11.7 1.8 0.0 100.0 585
20-24 years 89.5 8.8 1.6 0.0 100.0 453
25+ years 86.7 10.9 2.4 0.0 100.0 271
Married more than once 88.0 10.4 1.6 0.0 100.0 938
Residence
Urban 50.8 21.6 10.3 17.2 100.0 1,739
Rural 57.3 16.5 8.1 18.1 100.0 6,995
Region
Central 1 57.1 21.1 8.6 13.3 100.0 1,009
Central 2 56.0 16.4 11.1 16.5 100.0 888
Kampala 45.9 22.5 11.3 20.3 100.0 674
East Central 58.7 16.3 7.7 17.3 100.0 933
Mid Eastern 54.5 16.2 6.4 23.0 100.0 950
North East 55.5 20.8 5.0 18.6 100.0 683
West Nile 56.5 19.6 8.9 15.0 100.0 548
Mid Northern 59.6 15.0 7.1 18.4 100.0 950
South Western 55.0 11.0 11.8 22.1 100.0 947
Mid Western 58.1 19.1 7.8 15.0 100.0 1,151
Education
No education 72.2 12.7 10.0 5.1 100.0 485
Primary incomplete 55.9 15.2 7.6 21.3 100.0 3,727
Primary complete 66.7 16.4 6.6 10.3 100.0 1,230
Secondary or higher 49.8 21.4 10.1 18.8 100.0 3,292
Wealth quintile
Lowest 58.7 17.8 7.6 15.9 100.0 1,504
Second 60.9 15.1 7.7 16.4 100.0 1,632
Middle 59.4 15.1 6.7 18.8 100.0 1,667
Fourth 51.9 17.9 9.6 20.6 100.0 1,706
Highest 51.4 20.8 10.2 17.5 100.0 2,226
Total 15-49 56.0 17.6 8.5 17.9 100.0 8,735
Total 50-59 73.5 12.9 13.2 0.4 100.0 853
Total 15-59 57.6 17.1 8.9 16.3 100.0 9,588
1
Excludes men who had sexual intercourse within the last 4 weeks
2
Excludes men who are not currently married

Among women, the level of recent sexual activity increases to its highest level in the 25-39 age groups
and then declines. In the younger age groups, recent sexual activity among men is lower than that of women.
Recent sexual activity then continues to increase to 83 percent among men in the 40-44 age group. Women and
men who are currently married or living together are far more likely to have had sex in the previous four weeks
than respondents who have never married or who are divorced, separated, or widowed; over three-quarters of
currently married women and 87 percent of currently married men had sex in the four weeks preceding the
survey. Among respondents who have never married, recent sexual activity is more prevalent among men
(12 percent) than among women (9 percent). Among currently married respondents, recent sexual activity
levels do not vary much by the duration of marriage.

72 • Sexual Behaviour
 Figure 6.1 Timing of most recent sexual intercourse
among women and men age 15-49

56
53

22
18 18
12 13
9

Last 4 weeks Within last year* More than 1 year ago Never had sex

Women Men

Note: Excludes the last four weeks Uganda AIS 2011

Rural women and men are more likely to have had sex in the four weeks prior to the survey than urban
respondents. Respondents in Kampala are least likely to have had sex in the four weeks before the survey.
Women and men with more education are less likely than those with less education to have had sex in the last
four weeks, which may be related to the fact that better-educated respondents tend to be younger and not yet
married. Those in the highest two wealth quintiles are somewhat less likely to have had sex recently than
respondents in the lower quintiles.

6.3 MULTIPLE SEXUAL PARTNERS

Women and men interviewed in the 2011 Uganda AIDS Indicator Survey (UAIS) were asked
questions about the number of partners with whom they had had sex in the 12 months preceding the survey, the
type of relationship they had with these partners, condom use with each partner, and the total number of sexual
partners in their lives.

Tables 6.4.1 and 6.4.2 show that a much larger proportion of men than women report having two or
more sexual partners in the 12 months before the survey. Almost one in five of all men age 15-49 (19 percent)
report having two or more sexual partners in the previous year, compared with only 3 percent of all women.
Proportions are higher among those who had sexual intercourse in the 12 months before the survey. Among
those with two or more partners, condom use at the last sexual intercourse is almost the same among women
(16 percent) and men (15 percent). The mean number of lifetime sexual partners among those who have ever
had sex is just over two for women and seven for men.

Sexual Behaviour • 73
 Table 6.4.1 Multiple sexual partners: Women

Among all women age 15-49 and among women age 15-49 who had sexual intercourse in the 12 months before the survey, the percentage
who had sexual intercourse with more than one sexual partner in the past 12 months; among those having more than one partner in the past
12 months, the percentage reporting that a condom was used at last intercourse; and the mean number of sexual partners during their lifetime
for women who ever had sexual intercourse, by background characteristics, Uganda 2011
Among women who had Among women who had
sex in the past 12 2+ partners in the past Among women who ever
All women months 12 months had sexual intercourse1
Percent-
age who
reported
Percentage Percentage using a Mean
who had 2+ who had 2+ condom number of
partners in partners in during last sexual
Background the past Number the past Number of sexual Number partners in Number
characteristic 12 months of women 12 months women intercourse of women lifetime of women
Age
15-24 3.1 4,621 5.0 2,848 24.2 143 2.1 3,193
15-19 2.2 2,458 5.5 979 25.5 54 1.8 1,160
20-24 4.1 2,163 4.8 1,869 23.4 90 2.2 2,033
25-29 3.5 1,942 3.8 1,759 12.8 68 2.4 1,916
30-39 3.0 2,833 3.4 2,475 11.0 84 2.5 2,804
40-49 2.1 1,764 2.9 1,302 (0.0) 38 2.9 1,749
Marital status
Never married 2.7 2,641 8.2 860 37.7 71 2.1 1,194
Married or living together 2.7 7,097 2.8 6,814 7.1 194 2.3 7,062
Divorced/Separated/
Widowed 4.8 1,422 9.6 710 17.8 68 3.0 1,406
Residence
Urban 4.4 2,365 6.3 1,663 30.1 105 2.8 1,991
Rural 2.6 8,795 3.4 6,721 9.2 228 2.3 7,670
Region
Central 1 4.2 1,206 5.4 943 (10.8) 51 2.9 1,068
Central 2 3.3 1,162 4.3 904 (18.9) 39 2.8 1,029
Kampala 5.4 875 7.8 604 23.3 47 3.0 714
East Central 4.6 1,153 5.8 924 20.6 53 2.7 1,034
Mid Eastern 3.8 1,133 5.0 862 (12.1) 43 3.2 959
North East 1.5 919 1.9 722 * 14 1.9 836
West Nile 1.3 712 1.8 508 * 9 1.9 611
Mid Northern 1.9 1,106 2.5 828 * 21 1.7 966
South Western 0.9 1,414 1.3 971 * 12 1.7 1,164
Mid Western 3.0 1,480 3.9 1,118 (8.2) 44 2.3 1,280
Education
No education 2.1 1,566 2.6 1,262 (6.2) 33 2.2 1,520
Primary incomplete 3.1 5,218 4.1 4,017 8.1 164 2.4 4,559
Primary complete 3.3 1,388 4.2 1,085 (22.6) 46 2.5 1,241
Secondary or higher 3.0 2,988 4.5 2,021 30.0 90 2.5 2,341
Wealth quintile
Lowest 2.4 1,894 3.1 1,477 (5.7) 46 2.1 1,718
Second 2.6 2,024 3.4 1,583 3.6 53 2.2 1,801
Middle 2.7 2,056 3.5 1,569 18.9 55 2.3 1,762
Fourth 2.7 2,292 3.7 1,667 17.8 62 2.5 1,934
Highest 4.0 2,894 5.6 2,087 22.9 116 2.7 2,446
Total 15-49 3.0 11,160 4.0 8,384 15.8 333 2.4 9,661
50-59 0.4 993 1.0 430 * 4 2.8 967
Total 15-59 2.8 12,153 3.8 8,814 15.6 337 2.4 10,628

Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases; an asterisk denotes a figure based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases
that has been suppressed.
1
Means are calculated excluding respondents who gave non-numeric responses.

74 • Sexual Behaviour
Table 6.4.2 Multiple sexual partners: Men

Among all men age 15-49 and among men age 15-49 who had sexual intercourse in the 12 months before the survey, the percentage who
had sexual intercourse with more than one sexual partner in the past 12 months; among those having more than one partner in the past 12
months, the percentage reporting that a condom was used at last intercourse; and the mean number of sexual partners during their lifetime
for men who ever had sexual intercourse, by background characteristics, Uganda 2011
Among men who Among men who had 2+ Among men who
had sex in the past partners in the past ever had sexual
All men 12 months 12 months intercourse1
Percentage
who
reported
Percentage Percentage using a Mean
who had 2+ who had 2+ condom number of
partners in partners in during last sexual
Background the past Number the past Number sexual inter- Number partners in Number
characteristic 12 months of men 12 months of men course of men lifetime of men
Age
15-24 9.9 3,479 22.7 1,517 30.7 344 4.5 1,918
15-19 4.7 2,072 20.0 484 31.7 97 2.8 737
20-24 17.6 1,406 23.9 1,033 30.3 247 5.6 1,181
25-29 22.0 1,354 24.1 1,240 14.3 298 6.2 1,283
30-39 26.2 2,289 27.7 2,167 10.8 599 8.0 2,134
40-49 24.1 1,612 25.8 1,504 7.3 388 10.2 1,462
Marital status
Never married 7.6 3,227 21.8 1,132 41.2 247 4.3 1,634
Married or living together 25.9 4,994 26.3 4,933 8.6 1,295 7.9 4,687
Divorced/Separated/
Widowed 17.2 514 24.4 362 32.4 88 9.8 476
Residence
Urban 18.6 1,739 25.7 1,260 28.4 324 8.0 1,341
Rural 18.7 6,995 25.3 5,168 11.4 1,306 6.9 5,457
Region
Central 1 21.2 1,009 27.2 789 30.1 214 9.0 819
Central 2 17.0 888 23.4 644 13.0 151 7.3 688
Kampala 11.5 674 16.8 461 33.1 78 7.5 496
East Central 30.6 933 40.7 701 12.2 285 8.4 760
Mid Eastern 16.6 950 23.5 671 9.2 158 8.1 711
North East 15.1 683 19.7 522 7.0 103 5.1 545
West Nile 13.8 548 18.1 417 18.7 76 6.6 462
Mid Northern 15.6 950 20.9 709 7.8 148 5.3 741
South Western 13.8 947 21.0 626 9.7 131 5.6 709
Mid Western 24.9 1,151 32.2 889 12.9 286 7.5 865
Education
No education 18.6 485 21.9 412 5.8 90 7.5 438
Primary incomplete 18.1 3,727 25.5 2,651 10.9 675 7.3 2,780
Primary complete 22.5 1,230 27.1 1,023 12.3 277 7.0 1,039
Secondary or higher 17.8 3,292 25.1 2,342 21.9 587 6.9 2,541
Wealth quintile
Lowest 15.9 1,504 20.8 1,150 4.8 240 5.9 1,216
Second 17.9 1,632 23.6 1,239 8.8 292 6.3 1,299
Middle 19.7 1,667 26.4 1,241 9.6 328 7.4 1,291
Fourth 19.0 1,706 27.3 1,190 15.2 324 7.8 1,282
Highest 20.0 2,226 27.7 1,608 27.7 445 8.0 1,710
Total 15-49 18.7 8,735 25.4 6,427 14.8 1,630 7.1 6,798
50-59 18.0 853 20.8 737 4.7 153 12.2 738
Total 15-59 18.6 9,588 24.9 7,164 13.9 1,783 7.6 7,535
1
Means are calculated excluding respondents who gave non-numeric responses.

Sexual Behaviour • 75
 There is little variation by background characteristics in the proportion of all women with two or more
sexual partners in the 12 months before the survey. The proportion is less than 5 percent among all groups
except women in Kampala and East Central, where it is 5 percent. The results regarding condom use at last sex
among women who had two or more sexual partners in the previous 12 months must be interpreted with
caution due to the small numbers of women, but it appears that younger women, never-married women, urban
women, and women with more education and a higher wealth quintile are more likely than other women with
multiple partners to have used a condom at last sex. The mean number of lifetime partners among women who
have ever had sex does not vary strongly by background characteristics, though it is slightly higher among
older women and those in urban areas.

Among all men, the percentage with two or more sexual partners in the 12 months before the survey
increases from 5 percent among men age 15-19 to 26 percent among men age 30-39. Men who are currently
married or living together with a partner are far more likely to report having multiple partners in the previous
12 months (26 percent) than men who are never-married (8 percent) or who are divorced, widowed, or
separated (17 percent). To a large extent, the higher level of multiple partnerships among married men could
be due to polygynous unions because 16 percent of married men report having more than one wife (Chapter 3).
Men in East Central and Mid Western regions are more likely than men in other regions to report having two
or more sexual partners in the previous 12 months (Map 6.1). There are only minor differences in the level of
multiple partnerships by education and wealth quintile among men.

Map 6.1 Percentage of men 15-49 with more than one

sexual partner in previous 12 months

Among men with two or more partners in the previous 12 months, those who are more likely to have
used a condom at last sex include younger men, never-married and previously married men, urban men, men in
Kampala and Central 1 regions, and men who have more education and wealth. For men who have ever had
sex, the number of lifetime sexual partners increases with age and wealth. It is also higher among men who are
divorced, separated, or widowed and among men in Central 1 region.

76 • Sexual Behaviour
6.4 CONCURRENT SEXUAL PARTNERS
According to UNAIDS, concurrent sexual partnerships are defined as ‘overlapping sexual partnerships
where intercourse with one partner occurs between two acts of intercourse with another partner’ (UNAIDS,
2009). If an individual has multiple sexual partners in the same year, it is important to know whether these
partnerships are serial or concurrent. Concurrent sexual partnerships are theoretically more risky than serial
partnerships because concurrent partnerships can create large, interconnected sexual networks whose members
are at heightened risk of infection.

The 2011 UAIS collected information on the time since the first and most recent sexual intercourse
with each sexual partner in the 12 months before the survey. This information is used to determine if sexual
intercourse with one partner occurred between two acts of intercourse with another partner, i.e., whether two
partnerships are concurrent. There are two indicators to measure concurrent sexual partnerships. Point
prevalence of concurrent sexual partnerships is defined as the proportion of women and men age 15-49 with
more than one ongoing sexual partnership at the point in time six months before the survey. Cumulative
prevalence of concurrent sexual partnerships is defined as the proportion of women and men age 15-49 who
have had any overlapping sexual partnerships in the 12 months before the survey (UNAIDS, 2009). A
partnership that consists of a single sexual encounter is considered overlapping if it occurs during another
ongoing partnership. The point prevalence is generally lower than the cumulative prevalence because the point
prevalence only includes relationships ongoing on a particular day rather than over an entire year. Among men,
overlapping polygynous unions are considered concurrent partnerships in both the point prevalence and the
cumulative prevalence indicators.

Table 6.5 shows that only about 2 percent of women age 15-49 had concurrent sexual partnerships in
the 12 months before the survey, by either the point prevalence or cumulative prevalence definition. Among
women who reported having two or more partners in the previous 12 months, over two-thirds (68 percent) had
concurrent partnerships.

Table 6.5 Point prevalence and cumulative prevalence of concurrent sexual partners
Percentage of all women and men age 15-49 who had concurrent sexual partners six months before the survey (point prevalence1), and
percentage of all women and all men 15-49 who had any concurrent sexual partners during the 12 months before the survey
(cumulative prevalence2), and among women and men age 15-49 who had multiple sexual partners during the 12 months before the
survey, percentage who had concurrent sexual partners, Uganda 2011
Among respondents who had
multiple partners in the 12 months
Among all respondents before the survey
Cumulative
Point prevalence prevalence of Percentage who
Background of concurrent concurrent sexual Number of had concurrent Number of
characteristic sexual partners1 partners2 respondents sexual partners2 respondents
WOMEN
Age
15-24 0.2 2.1 4,621 66.4 143
15-19 0.1 1.4 2,458 63.8 54
20-24 0.2 2.8 2,163 68.0 90
25-29 0.5 2.2 1,942 62.5 68
30-39 0.8 2.1 2,833 70.2 84
40-49 0.3 1.7 1,764 (79.0) 38
Marital status
Never married 0.1 1.7 2,641 64.4 71
Married or living together 0.6 2.0 7,097 74.3 194
Divorced/Separated/Widowed 0.2 2.6 1,422 53.9 68
Residence
Urban 0.4 3.5 2,365 77.7 105
Rural 0.4 1.6 8,795 63.5 228
Total 15-49 0.4 2.0 11,160 68.0 333
50-59 0.1 0.3 993 * 4
Total 15-59 0.4 1.9 12,153 68.0 337

Continued…

Sexual Behaviour • 77
 Table 6.5—Continued
MEN
Age
15-24 0.3 6.3 3,479 63.5 344
15-19 0.1 3.0 2,072 63.4 97
20-24 0.5 11.2 1,406 63.5 247
25-29 2.4 16.6 1,354 75.3 298
30-39 7.6 22.1 2,289 84.5 599
40-49 11.3 21.4 1,612 89.1 388
Marital status
Never married 0.2 4.8 3,227 63.2 247
Married or living together 7.7 21.8 4,994 83.9 1,295
Divorced/Separated/Widowed 1.3 10.3 514 59.7 88
Type of union
Polygynous 33.0 62.9 808 84.8 599
Non-polygynous 2.8 13.8 4,184 83.1 695
Not in union 0.4 5.6 3,740 62.3 335
Residence
Urban 2.8 13.9 1,739 74.9 324
Rural 5.0 15.0 6,995 80.6 1,306
Total 15-49 4.5 14.8 8,735 79.5 1,630
50-59 10.4 16.7 853 92.7 153
Total 15-59 5.1 15.0 9,588 80.6 1,783
Note: Two sexual partners are considered to be concurrent if the date of the most recent sexual intercourse with the earlier partner is
after the date of the first sexual intercourse with the later partner. Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases; an
asterisk denotes a figure based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases that has been suppressed. Total includes 2 men missing
information about type of union.
1
The percentage of respondents who had two (or more) sexual partners that were concurrent at the point in time six months before the
survey
2
The percentage of respondents who had two (or more) sexual partners that were concurrent anytime during the 12 months preceding
the survey

Among men, 5 percent had concurrent sexual partnerships, according to the point prevalence
indicator, while 15 percent had concurrent sexual partnerships, according to the cumulative prevalence
indicator. According to the cumulative prevalence indicator, the proportion of men with concurrent sexual
partnerships increases from 3 percent of men age 15-19 to 22 percent of men in their thirties. It is highest
among married men, mainly because of men who have more than one wife (polygynous unions). Looking just
at men who had multiple partners during the previous 12 months, 80 percent of them had concurrent
partnerships.

6.5 HIGHER RISK SEXUAL INTERCOURSE

Condom use is an important tool in controlling the transmission of HIV and other sexually transmitted
infections. Although truly effective protection would require condom use at every sexual act, some encounters
entail greater risk than others. One category of sexual activity that is considered to be of ‘higher risk’ is sex
with a nonmarital, noncohabiting partner. Table 6.6 shows the proportion of women and men age 15-49 who
engaged in higher risk sex in the 12 months before the survey as well as the proportion of those who used
condoms the most recent time they had higher risk sex.

The results show that, among respondents age 15-49 who were sexually active in the preceding
12 months, 17 percent of women and 34 percent of men engaged in sex with a non-marital, non-cohabiting
partner. Of them, 29 percent of women and 38 percent of men reported using condoms at the most recent high-
risk sex.

By the definition used here, all premarital sex is higher risk sex; consequently, the prevalence of
higher risk sex is greater among the youngest respondents and among those who have never married or who
used to be married. Among women, condom use at last higher risk sex is also highest among younger women,
while among men, it is highest among those in their twenties. Urban women and men are more likely than
rural respondents to engage in higher risk sex and also more likely to use condoms when having higher risk
sex. Differences in the extent of higher risk sex by region could be due in part to differences in the age and
marital status composition of the respondents. In Kampala—where higher risk sex is most prevalent—condom
use at last higher risk sex is also more prevalent than in other regions.

78 • Sexual Behaviour
Table 6.6 Higher risk sex

Among women and men age 15-49 who had sexual intercourse in the 12 months before the survey, percentage who had higher risk sex in the
12 months preceding the survey and among those, the percentage who used a condom at the last higher risk sexual intercourse, according to
background characteristics, Uganda 2011
Women Men
Percentage Percentage
engaging in Percentage Number who engaging in Percentage Number who
higher risk Number who who used had higher higher risk Number who who used had higher
sex in had sex in condom at risk sex sex in had sex in condom at risk sex
Background the last the last last higher in last the last the last last higher in last
characteristic 12 months 12 months risk sex 12 months 12 months 12 months risk sex 12 months
Age
15-19 49.2 979 33.8 482 92.6 484 31.5 448
20-24 21.2 1,869 29.5 396 60.4 1,033 41.9 624
25-29 10.5 1,759 30.1 185 33.9 1,240 42.0 420
30-39 8.9 2,475 24.1 221 22.3 2,167 38.9 483
40-49 8.3 1,302 19.0 108 14.0 1,504 28.8 211
Marital status
Never married1 95.0 860 33.6 817 98.3 1,132 39.0 1,113
Married or living together 2.9 6,814 29.3 200 16.5 4,933 37.7 812
Divorced/Separated/Widowed 52.7 710 20.2 374 72.5 362 33.6 262
Residence
Urban 28.3 1,663 39.7 471 47.2 1,260 51.9 594
Rural 13.7 6,721 24.1 921 30.8 5,168 32.6 1,592
Region
Central 1 21.3 943 29.5 201 40.7 789 46.9 321
Central 2 21.7 904 29.1 196 34.4 643 43.1 222
Kampala 32.5 604 38.6 197 49.3 461 62.2 227
East Central 16.6 924 31.8 153 38.6 700 25.2 271
Mid Eastern 15.8 862 27.4 136 29.1 671 26.6 195
North East 9.9 722 25.3 71 20.0 522 34.1 104
West Nile 8.4 508 (28.9) 43 26.3 417 42.2 110
Mid Northern 12.3 828 34.0 102 22.0 708 46.5 156
South Western 7.6 971 25.3 74 28.8 626 31.5 180
Mid Western 19.6 1,118 21.6 219 45.0 889 27.2 400
Education
No education 6.3 1,262 12.0 80 18.4 412 14.2 76
Primary incomplete 13.5 4,017 22.3 542 31.0 2,651 30.9 821
Primary complete 16.3 1,085 22.4 177 29.0 1,023 32.8 297
Secondary or higher 29.3 2,021 40.4 593 42.4 2,342 46.9 993
Wealth quintile
Lowest 8.8 1,477 16.2 130 20.8 1,150 26.5 239
Second 12.7 1,583 16.6 200 26.0 1,239 28.6 323
Middle 13.1 1,569 24.6 205 32.5 1,241 27.6 403
Fourth 19.7 1,667 33.4 328 40.0 1,190 37.8 476
Highest 25.2 2,087 36.9 527 46.4 1,607 51.1 746
Total 15-49 16.6 8,384 29.4 1,391 34.0 6,427 37.9 2,186
50-59 8.1 430 (22.5) 35 10.8 737 17.9 79
Total 15-59 16.2 8,814 29.2 1,426 31.6 7,164 37.2 2,266

Note: Higher risk sex is defined as sex with a non-marital, non-cohabiting partner. Numbers in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted
cases.
1
Evidently a few respondents who had sex in the 12 months preceding the survey and who were recorded as never having been married
nevertheless reported having only sexual partners who were either a spouse or cohabiting partner; this is why the proportion is not quite 100.0
percent.

The prevalence of higher risk sexual behaviour increases with education; however, the likelihood of
having used a condom during the most recent higher risk sexual encounter also increases steadily with
education level for both sexes. The same pattern is evident by wealth quintile.

The level and patterns of higher risk sex in 2011 parallel those found in the 2004-05 UHSBS. For
example, the proportion of sexually active women age 15-49 who engaged in higher risk sex in the 12 months
before the survey increased only slightly from 15 percent in 2004-05 to 17 percent in 2011. Among men, the
proportion declined from 37 percent to 34 percent between the two surveys. However, condom use among
those engaging in higher risk sex has declined sharply. In 2004-05, 47 percent of women age 15-49 who had

Sexual Behaviour • 79
 higher risk sex in the 12 months before the survey said they used a condom at the most recent higher risk sex.
By 2011, this proportion had declined to 29 percent. Among men, the proportion using condoms at the most
recent higher risk sex declined from 53 percent in 2004-05 to 38 percent in 2011.

6.6 TRANSACTIONAL SEX

Transactional sex Table 6.7 Transactional sex among women
is the exchange of money, Among women age 15-49 who had sexual intercourse in the past 12 months, percentage who ever
favours, or gifts for sexual gave sex in exchange for goods or services, percentage who gave sex in exchange for goods or
services in the past 12 months, percentage who ever gave sex in exchange for money and percentage
intercourse. This type of who gave sex in exchange for money in the past 12 months, according to background characteristics,
sexual intercourse is Uganda, 2011

associated with a greater Percentage

Percentage who gave sex Percentage
risk of contracting HIV and who ever in exchange Percentage who gave sex Number of
other sexually transmitted gave sex in for goods or
exchange for services in
who ever
gave sex in
in exchange women who
for money in had sex in
infections because of com- Background goods or the past exchange the past the past
characteristic services 12 months for money 12 months 12 months
promised power relations
Age
and the likelihood of 15-24 4.1 2.7 4.0 2.5 2,848
having multiple partners as 15-19 5.3 3.7 6.0 4.1 979
20-24 3.5 2.2 2.9 1.7 1,869
a result. 25-29 3.2 1.7 2.0 1.2 1,759
30-39 2.4 1.1 1.7 0.7 2,475
40-49 2.2 1.0 1.9 0.8 1,302
Women
Marital status
interviewed in the 2011 Never married 5.7 4.2 5.8 4.9 860
UAIS who had had sexual Married/Living together
Divorced/Separated/
2.3 0.9 1.7 0.6 6,814

intercourse in the 12 Widowed 7.9 6.6 6.7 5.0 710

months before the survey Residence
Urban 3.4 1.8 2.6 1.4 1,663
were asked if they had ever Rural 3.0 1.7 2.5 1.4 6,721
given sex in exchange for Region
Central 1 3.6 1.2 3.3 0.9 943
goods or services and if so, Central 2 6.1 3.1 3.7 2.1 904
whether this had happened Kampala 3.5 1.4 2.8 1.3 604
East Central 1.0 0.5 1.4 0.4 924
in the 12 months before the Mid Eastern 4.1 3.6 3.8 3.5 862
survey and whether a North East
West Nile
0.3
0.7
0.3
0.7
0.7
1.0
0.4
0.3
722
508
condom was used at the Mid Northern 1.0 0.6 1.0 0.7 828
South Western 3.0 1.3 2.5 1.3 971
most recent such Mid Western 5.6 3.5 4.0 2.5 1,118
encounter. They were also Education
asked the same set of No education 2.4 1.5 2.0 1.2 1,262
Primary incomplete 3.1 1.8 2.6 1.5 4,017
questions with regard to Primary complete 4.0 2.4 4.2 2.1 1,085
Secondary or higher 3.1 1.5 1.9 1.1 2,021
whether they had given sex
Wealth quintile
in exchange for money. Lowest 1.8 1.0 2.2 1.1 1,477
Results are shown in Table Second 2.9 1.7 2.2 1.3 1,583
Middle 3.6 2.1 3.2 1.9 1,569
6.7. Fourth 3.6 2.2 2.7 1.6 1,667
Highest 3.5 1.7 2.4 1.2 2,087
Only 3 percent of Total 15-49 3.1 1.7 2.6 1.4 8,384

women who had sex in the 50-59 1.6 0.3 1.0 0.4 430
Total 15-59 3.0 1.7 2.5 1.4 8,814
12 months before the
survey reported that they had ever given sex in exchange for goods or services and only 2 percent said they had
given sex in exchange for goods or services in the 12 months before the survey. Similarly, 3 percent of women
said they ever gave sex in exchange for money and only 1 percent said they had done so in the previous 12
months.

80 • Sexual Behaviour
 Younger women—especially those age 15-19—are slightly more likely than older women to engage
in transactional sex. Women who are divorced, separated, or widowed are also more likely to give sex in
exchange for goods, services, or money than women who are currently married or living with a man. Women
in Central 2, Mid Eastern, and Mid Western regions are somewhat more likely to engage in transactional sex
than women in other regions.

It is encouraging to note Table 6.8 Payment for sexual intercourse and condom use at last paid sexual intercourse among
that 38 percent of women age 15- men

49 who gave sex in exchange for Percentage of men age 15-49 who ever paid for sexual intercourse and percentage who paid
for sexual intercourse in the past 12 months, and among them, the percentage reporting that a
goods or services in the 12 condom was used the last time they paid for sexual intercourse, by background
months before the survey said characteristics, Uganda 2011

they used a condom at the last Among all men

Among men who paid for sex in
the past 12 months
such encounter (data not shown). Percentage
Similarly, 34 percent of women Percentage who reporting
paid for sexual condom use at
who gave sex in exchange for Background intercourse in the Number last paid sexual Number
characteristic past 12 months of men intercourse of men
money in the previous 12 months
Age
said they used a condom. The 15-24 2.3 3,479 52.1 79
proportion of women who report 15-19
20-24
1.2
3.9
2,072
1,406
*
(53.9)
24
54
that they engaged in transactional 25-29 2.9 1,354 (58.0) 39
30-39 2.4 2,289 46.4 55
sex is so small that it is not 40-49 2.2 1,612 (35.3) 36
possible to show data on condom Marital status
Never married 1.8 3,227 53.3 57
use by background character- Married or living together 2.4 4,994 51.7 119
Divorced/separated/
istics. widowed 6.3 514 (30.5) 32
Residence
Men interviewed in the Urban 2.8 1,739 (71.6) 49
Rural 2.3 6,995 41.9 160
2011 UAIS were asked if they
Region
had paid anyone in exchange for Central 1 3.0 1,009 (69.9) 30
Central 2 2.9 888 * 26
having sexual intercourse in the Kampala 2.4 674 * 16
12 months before the survey. East Central
Mid Eastern
2.1
2.2
933
950
*
*
20
21
Respondents who had engaged in North East 0.5 683 * 3
West Nile 2.2 548 * 12
paid sexual intercourse in the Mid Northern 0.5 950 * 5
South Western 1.7 947 * 16
previous 12 months were asked if Mid Western 5.2 1,151 (32.0) 60
they had used a condom the last Education
No education 2.7 485 * 13
time they paid someone for sex. Primary incomplete 2.4 3,727 50.3 89
Results are shown in Table 7.3. Primary complete
Secondary or higher
3.4
1.9
1,230
3,292
(41.9)
60.4
42
64
Wealth quintile
Overall, only 2 percent Lowest 1.6 1,504 * 24
Second 1.5 1,632 * 25
of men reported that they paid for Middle 3.4 1,667 (38.5) 57
sex in the 12 months before the Fourth
Highest
2.8
2.5
1,706
2,226
(42.5)
68.2
47
55
survey. Men who are divorced, Total 15-49 2.4 8,735 48.8 208
separated, or widowed (6 per- 50-59 0.6 853 * 5
cent) are more likely to have paid Total 15-59 2.2 9,588 48.3 213
for sex than men who are
currently married (2 percent) or have never married (2 percent). Men in Mid Western region are more likely to
have paid for sex in the previous 12 months than men in other regions; those in North East and Mid Northern
regions are the least likely to have paid for sex.

Sexual Behaviour • 81
 Almost half of men who paid for sex in the 12 months before the survey reported that they used a
condom the last time they had paid sex. Differences in condom use at the last paid sex are difficult to interpret
due to the small numbers of men who reported paying for sex.

6.7 ALCOHOL USE DURING SEX

Alcohol can reduce inhibitions and lead to impaired judgement and increased risk-taking behaviour.
To investigate the extent of alcohol use and sexual activity, respondents in the 2011 UAIS were asked—for
each of their sexual partners in the previous 12 months—whether they or their partner drank alcohol the last
time they had sex and if so, whether they or their partner or both were drunk. Results are shown in Tables 6.9.1
and 6.9.2.

Table 6.9.1 Alcohol use during sex: Women

Among women age 15-49 who had sexual intercourse in the past 12 months, percentage who reported having sexual
intercourse when either they or their partner drank alcohol and percentage who reported having sex when either one
of the partners was drunk, both were drunk, or neither was drunk, according to background characteristics,
Uganda, 2011
Among those who had sex in the past 12 months,
percentage who had sex when:
Number who
Either woman had sex in
Background or partner Both were Neither the past
characteristic drank alcohol One was drunk drunk was drunk 12 months
Age
15-24 14.2 11.2 2.2 0.8 2,848
15-19 9.3 7.5 1.3 0.4 979
20-24 16.8 13.2 2.7 1.0 1,869
25-29 21.3 16.2 4.2 0.9 1,759
30-39 29.7 22.9 5.4 1.5 2,475
40-49 36.4 27.3 7.5 1.5 1,302
Marital status
Never married 12.0 8.6 2.1 1.2 860
Married/Living together 25.1 19.4 4.6 1.2 6,814
Divorced/Separated/Widowed 24.8 18.6 5.5 0.7 710
Residence
Urban 15.8 10.9 4.4 0.6 1,663
Rural 25.7 20.0 4.4 1.3 6,721
Region
Central 1 16.8 14.3 1.6 0.9 943
Central 2 18.7 16.0 2.2 0.6 904
Kampala 13.2 8.6 4.0 0.6 604
East Central 15.2 11.5 3.3 0.4 924
Mid Eastern 26.9 18.1 6.8 2.0 862
North East 35.6 17.1 18.2 0.2 722
West Nile 28.3 22.5 3.9 1.9 508
Mid Northern 36.2 29.1 2.7 4.4 828
South Western 29.0 26.4 2.2 0.4 971
Mid Western 20.3 17.7 2.2 0.5 1,118
Education
No education 36.0 23.7 11.0 1.4 1,262
Primary incomplete 25.5 20.6 3.6 1.3 4,017
Primary complete 19.0 16.5 1.6 1.0 1,085
Secondary or higher 15.0 11.1 3.3 0.7 2,021
Wealth quintile
Lowest 36.5 24.8 9.9 1.7 1,477
Second 27.3 22.0 3.5 1.8 1,583
Middle 24.6 20.5 3.2 0.9 1,569
Fourth 18.7 15.7 2.4 0.7 1,667
Highest 15.3 11.0 3.6 0.7 2,087
Total 15-49 23.7 18.2 4.4 1.1 8,384
50-59 39.7 28.0 9.6 2.2 430
Total 15-59 24.5 18.7 4.6 1.2 8,814

82 • Sexual Behaviour
 About one-quarter of women and men who had sex in the 12 months before the survey said that either
they or one of their sexual partners had taken alcohol the last time they had sex and 17 to 18 percent said that
one of them was drunk. Respondents that are more likely to engage in alcohol drinking are those who are
older, those who live in rural areas, those with less education, and those in the lower wealth quintiles.
Respondents who are currently or formerly married are also more likely to mix alcohol and sex than
respondents who have never married. Women and men in Mid Northern region are the most likely to report
that they drank alcohol during a sexual encounter in the previous year. Respondents in Kampala, East Central,
Central 1, and Central 2 regions are the least likely to mix alcohol and sex.

Table 6.9.2 Alcohol use during sex: Men

Among men age 15-49 who had sexual intercourse in the past 12 months, percentage who reported having sexual
intercourse when either they or their partner drank alcohol and percentage who reported having sex when either one
of the partners was drunk, both were drunk, or neither was drunk, according to background characteristics,
Uganda, 2011
Among those who had sex in the past 12 months,
percentage who had sex when:
Number who
Either man or had sex in
Background partner drank Both were Neither the past
characteristic alcohol One was drunk drunk was drunk 12 months
Age
15-24 11.8 9.2 2.0 0.6 1,517
15-19 7.5 7.3 0.2 0.0 484
20-24 13.8 10.1 2.8 0.8 1,033
25-29 20.2 14.4 4.5 1.3 1,240
30-39 28.3 18.5 7.9 1.8 2,167
40-49 35.5 23.8 10.1 1.6 1,504
Marital status
Never married 11.0 7.5 3.0 0.5 1,132
Married/Living together 26.6 18.8 6.3 1.5 4,933
Divorced/Separated/Widowed 38.5 18.1 18.1 2.3 362
Residence
Urban 19.3 10.8 6.8 1.7 1,260
Rural 25.8 18.2 6.2 1.3 5,168
Region
Central 1 21.2 10.0 8.4 2.8 789
Central 2 15.7 10.5 2.4 2.8 643
Kampala 13.3 8.7 3.3 1.3 461
East Central 14.2 10.1 3.9 0.2 700
Mid Eastern 30.7 20.3 9.3 1.1 671
North East 26.9 13.2 12.2 1.6 522
West Nile 33.8 27.9 5.9 0.0 417
Mid Northern 39.6 33.6 5.8 0.3 708
South Western 23.1 16.6 4.7 1.7 626
Mid Western 26.3 17.8 7.1 1.3 889
Education
No education 33.3 20.1 11.4 1.8 412
Primary incomplete 28.3 19.8 6.7 1.7 2,651
Primary complete 25.8 18.9 5.4 1.5 1,023
Secondary or higher 18.1 11.9 5.4 0.9 2,342
Wealth quintile
Lowest 38.4 26.8 10.3 1.3 1,150
Second 26.2 19.5 5.3 1.5 1,239
Middle 23.5 16.6 6.1 0.8 1,241
Fourth 19.1 13.0 4.5 1.6 1,190
Highest 18.1 10.4 6.0 1.7 1,607
Total 15-49 24.5 16.8 6.4 1.4 6,427
50-59 29.9 18.5 9.6 1.7 737
Total 15-59 25.1 17.0 6.7 1.4 7,164

Sexual Behaviour • 83
 6.8 FORCED AND COERCED SEX
The UAIS included questions relating to sexual violence. Specifically, women and men were asked if
they were ever physically forced to have sex against their will and if so, whether this had happened in the
previous 12 months. They were further asked if they were ever coerced to have sex against their will but
without the use of physical force. In order to reduce the risk that others in the household might take reprisals
against the respondent, the questions on sexual violence were administered to only one randomly selected
woman or man per household. Results are shown in Tables 6.10.1 and 6.10.2 for women and men,
respectively.

Table 6.10.1 Forced or coercive sex: Women

Percentage of women age 15-49 who were ever physically forced to have sex against their will, percentage who
were physically forced to have sex against their will in the past 12 months, percentage who were ever coerced to
have sex against their will but without the use of physical force and percentage who were coerced to have sex
against their will in the past 12 months, according to background characteristics, Uganda, 2011
Coerced to
Physically Ever coerced have sex
Ever forced to to have sex against her
physically have sex against her will but
forced to against her will but without
have sex will in without physical force
Background against the past physical in the past
characteristic her will 12 months force 12 months Number
Age
15-24 12.2 5.8 13.8 8.7 1,400
15-19 8.8 4.0 9.4 6.0 612
20-24 14.8 7.2 17.2 10.8 789
25-29 15.4 6.2 17.4 9.2 762
30-39 15.4 5.3 16.8 8.8 1,057
40-49 19.7 5.8 19.0 7.5 616
Marital status
Never married 10.5 3.7 9.7 4.8 594
Ever had sex 17.6 6.4 17.6 8.5 296
Never had sex 3.5 1.0 1.9 1.2 298
Married/Living together 15.1 6.4 16.8 9.5 2,786
Divorced/Separated/Widowed 19.2 4.3 21.0 8.3 454
Residence
Urban 17.3 6.2 17.7 9.8 792
Rural 14.3 5.6 15.8 8.3 3,042
Region
Central 1 16.5 4.8 25.3 13.6 449
Central 2 20.4 11.4 20.8 14.7 390
Kampala 17.4 4.6 17.1 10.3 301
East Central 12.4 2.2 10.1 3.4 400
Mid Eastern 18.2 10.6 14.5 7.2 373
North East 9.3 2.2 7.3 1.0 348
West Nile 14.8 5.9 18.9 9.8 240
Mid Northern 10.8 5.5 10.6 6.1 392
South Western 19.5 6.9 10.8 3.8 478
Mid Western 9.5 3.1 24.8 15.6 464
Education
No education 11.3 3.9 12.4 5.9 580
Primary incomplete 16.6 6.9 17.4 9.8 1,838
Primary complete 16.6 5.9 15.9 8.8 496
Secondary or higher 12.9 4.6 16.2 7.9 920
Wealth quintile
Lowest 9.4 3.6 10.8 5.1 715
Second 16.3 6.9 16.4 9.1 748
Middle 17.2 6.1 16.7 9.2 722
Fourth 16.4 7.7 18.2 10.3 718
Highest 15.0 4.5 18.2 9.3 932
Total 15-49 14.9 5.7 16.2 8.6 3,834
50-59 14.9 3.7 14.9 5.2 360
Total 15-59 14.9 5.6 16.1 8.3 4,194

84 • Sexual Behaviour
 Table 6.10.2 Forced or coercive sex: Men

Percentage of men age 15-49 who were ever physically forced to have sex against their will, percentage who were
physically forced to have sex against their will in the past 12 months, percentage who were ever coerced to have sex
against their will but without the use of physical force and percentage who were coerced to have sex against their will in
the past 12 months, according to background characteristics, Uganda, 2011
Coerced to
have sex
Physically Ever coerced to against her will
Ever physically forced to have have sex but without
forced to have sex against her against her will physical force
Background sex against will in the past but without in the past
characteristic her will 12 months physical force 12 months Number
Age
15-24 4.1 2.1 6.3 4.0 1,079
15-19 3.4 2.3 4.2 2.9 571
20-24 4.9 1.9 8.7 5.3 509
25-29 3.6 2.3 7.2 5.1 618
30-39 2.4 1.0 6.9 3.0 1,088
40-49 2.8 0.9 6.5 1.9 677
Marital status
Never married 3.5 1.9 5.3 3.5 960
Ever had sex 4.3 2.3 7.8 5.2 523
Never had sex 2.6 1.5 2.4 1.6 437
Married/Living together 2.9 1.3 7.2 3.3 2,284
Divorced/Separated/Widowed 5.4 3.1 7.9 5.4 218
Residence
Urban 3.1 2.2 7.9 4.6 683
Rural 3.2 1.4 6.4 3.2 2,779
Region
Central 1 6.7 2.8 12.2 7.8 403
Central 2 4.4 3.2 7.4 4.7 377
Kampala 4.0 2.9 4.7 2.8 240
East Central 2.6 0.3 4.2 0.8 369
Mid Eastern 6.2 4.3 8.6 4.9 362
North East 0.4 0.0 1.3 0.2 285
West Nile 1.3 0.0 2.1 0.0 210
Mid Northern 0.8 0.8 2.3 2.0 376
South Western 3.6 1.1 8.2 3.9 400
Mid Western 1.1 0.0 10.8 4.7 441
Education
No education 2.0 1.4 1.5 1.5 209
Primary incomplete 3.2 1.5 6.4 3.3 1,491
Primary complete 1.8 1.0 7.9 3.9 500
Secondary or higher 4.0 1.9 7.4 3.8 1,262
Wealth quintile
Lowest 2.7 1.5 4.7 2.7 640
Second 2.2 0.8 4.0 2.1 663
Middle 2.0 0.7 5.0 2.5 644
Fourth 6.0 2.8 10.0 5.7 646
Highest 3.1 1.8 9.1 4.3 868
Total 15-49 3.2 1.6 6.7 3.5 3,462
50-59 2.7 0.0 4.0 0.9 341
Total 15-59 3.2 1.4 6.5 3.3 3,803

Results show that 15 percent of women have ever been physically forced to have sex against their will
and 16 percent have ever been coerced to have sex but without physical force. Six percent of women say they
were physically forced to have sex in the 12 months before the survey, while 9 percent said they were coerced
to have sex in the previous 12 months. Experience of forced sex and coerced sex is more common among older
women and those who are divorced, separated or widowed; however, for the 12 months before the survey, the
proportions of women experiencing forced and coerced sex are highest for women in their twenties and those
who are currently married or have never married but have had sex. Interestingly, a small proportion of women
who say they never had sex reported that they had been forced or coerced to have sex against their will.
Women in Central 2 region are the most likely to report that they were ever physically forced to have sex

Sexual Behaviour • 85
 against their will and also the most likely to report that they were forced to have sex in the previous 12 months.
Women in Central 1, Mid Western, and Central 2 regions are the most likely to experience coerced sex.

Men are far less likely than women to report experiencing sexual violence. Only 3 percent of men
have ever been physically forced to have sex against their will and 7 percent have ever been coerced to have
sex. Differentials in sexual violence among men by background characteristics are mostly small. Men in
Central 1 and Mid Eastern regions have experienced the highest levels of sexual violence.

6.9 PREVALENCE OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS

All respondents who ever had sex were asked if they had had a sexually transmitted infection (STI) or
symptoms of an STI in the 12 months preceding the survey. It is important to point out that a respondent’s self
report of STI symptoms is not the same as a clinical diagnosis. In addition, if a respondent does not report
symptoms of an STI, it does not mean that he or she does not have one. Due to the stigma associated with
STIs, individuals may underreport the prevalence of STIs and their symptoms. Furthermore, it is possible to
have an STI with no symptoms, especially in women.

According to Table 6.11, 36 percent of women and 18 percent of men who ever had sex report they
either had an STI or had symptoms of an STI (a bad-smelling or abnormal genital discharge or a genital sore or
ulcer) in the 12 months preceding the survey.

Table 6.11 Self-reported prevalence of sexually-transmitted infections (STIs) and STI symptoms

Among women and men age 15-49 who ever had sexual intercourse, the percentage reporting having an STI and/or symptoms of an STI in the past
12 months, by background characteristics, Uganda 2011
Women Men
Percentage who reported having in the Percentage who reported having in the
past 12 months: past 12 months:
Bad Number of Bad Number of
smelling/ women who smelling/ men who
abnormal STI/ genital ever had abnormal STI/ genital ever had
Background genital Genital sore discharge/ sexual genital Genital sore discharge/ sexual
characteristic STI discharge or ulcer sore or ulcer intercourse STI discharge or ulcer sore or ulcer intercourse
Age
15-24 15.8 23.2 20.3 33.5 3,203 9.1 8.3 9.8 16.4 1,958
15-19 11.2 20.6 17.2 29.4 1,162 3.9 5.4 6.2 11.3 748
20-24 18.5 24.7 22.1 35.8 2,041 12.4 10.0 12.0 19.5 1,210
25-29 20.7 28.5 24.3 39.1 1,928 11.7 9.9 12.3 19.2 1,330
30-39 19.9 25.9 23.5 37.5 2,824 12.5 8.7 14.2 21.0 2,274
40-49 18.0 23.1 22.3 34.2 1,764 8.2 7.0 11.2 16.6 1,609
Marital status
Never married, had sex 12.4 19.7 17.6 29.4 1,202 6.8 6.1 7.3 13.3 1,663
Married/Living together 19.2 25.8 23.3 37.2 7,097 11.0 8.6 13.1 19.4 4,994
Divorced/Separated/
Widowed 19.2 25.8 21.7 34.7 1,422 17.7 14.2 16.0 24.9 514
Male circumcision
Circumcised na na na na na 11.0 8.5 9.4 17.3 1,998
Not circumcised na na na na na 10.3 8.4 12.9 18.8 5,173
Residence
Urban 20.6 26.8 22.2 38.8 2,008 10.0 7.4 10.7 17.1 1,440
Rural 17.8 24.6 22.4 35.2 7,712 10.6 8.7 12.3 18.7 5,732
Region
Central 1 23.7 34.7 32.7 50.6 1,073 15.4 11.8 16.0 25.0 875
Central 2 23.2 29.7 26.2 43.7 1,033 10.8 9.2 16.3 23.6 742
Kampala 21.4 27.8 23.4 39.8 722 9.0 6.3 11.0 17.0 537
East Central 17.7 30.6 23.6 41.3 1,038 12.8 8.4 13.3 22.6 772
Mid Eastern 11.3 13.0 10.6 19.2 981 11.0 9.8 8.8 15.7 732
North East 11.8 16.1 12.0 22.6 837 8.0 9.3 9.4 12.1 556
West Nile 8.7 7.7 9.2 16.4 615 5.6 4.1 5.1 8.7 466
Mid Northern 13.0 21.2 21.3 28.9 971 4.0 4.9 5.1 9.3 776
South Western 21.2 28.4 21.2 37.2 1,165 11.7 8.5 15.5 20.2 738
Mid Western 24.8 30.3 33.2 45.8 1,288 12.4 9.0 14.3 22.2 979
Continued…

86 • Sexual Behaviour
Table 6.11—Continued
Women Men
Percentage who reported having in the Percentage who reported having in the
past 12 months: past 12 months:
Bad Number of Bad Number of
smelling/ women who smelling/ men who
abnormal STI/ genital ever had abnormal STI/ genital ever had
Background genital Genital sore discharge/ sexual genital Genital sore discharge/ sexual
characteristic STI discharge or ulcer sore or ulcer intercourse STI discharge or ulcer sore or ulcer intercourse
Education
No education 14.1 20.5 19.7 30.7 1,535 13.4 9.0 11.9 19.9 461
Primary incomplete 19.0 26.5 24.0 37.2 4,584 10.6 9.2 13.5 19.9 2,933
Primary complete 21.2 27.2 23.8 38.7 1,245 10.1 10.3 11.9 18.7 1,103
Secondary or higher 18.4 24.1 20.3 35.3 2,356 9.9 6.6 10.3 16.3 2,674
Wealth quintile
Lowest 12.4 19.8 17.3 27.4 1,727 7.1 7.2 9.2 13.2 1,264
Second 16.3 21.7 20.2 31.4 1,818 10.4 8.5 11.0 17.1 1,365
Middle 19.4 27.0 22.9 38.1 1,772 11.0 9.9 12.8 20.2 1,353
Fourth 20.6 28.1 26.9 41.0 1,941 13.5 9.5 16.0 23.4 1,354
Highest 21.7 27.4 23.7 39.6 2,462 10.3 7.3 10.9 18.0 1,835
Total 15-49 18.4 25.0 22.4 35.9 9,720 10.5 8.4 12.0 18.4 7,171
50-59 11.5 14.2 15.9 24.4 990 8.6 6.8 11.6 16.4 850
Total 15-59 17.7 24.0 21.8 34.8 10,711 10.3 8.2 11.9 18.2 8,021

na = Not applicable

The likelihood of reporting an STI or symptoms of an STI is highest among women age 25-29 and
men age 30-39. Women and men who had never married but who had sex are least likely to report having an
STI or symptoms of an STI in the 12 months before the survey. Urban and rural residents have roughly the
same probability of reporting STI symptoms.

Respondents in Central 1 region are most likely to report having had an STI or symptoms of an STI in
the previous 12 months (51 percent of women and 25 percent of men). Respondents in West Nile region are
least likely to report STI symptoms (16 percent of women and 9 percent of men). There is no clear pattern in
the prevalence of STIs or STI symptoms by education or wealth quintile.

Among women age 15-49 who have ever had sex, the proportion who report having had an STI or
symptoms of an STI in the 12 months before the survey has fluctuated from 33 percent in 2004-05 to
22 percent in 2006 and to 36 percent in 2011. Similarly, the proportion among men has changed from 21
percent in 2004-05 to 13 percent in 2006 and to 18 percent in 2011.

6.10 PREVALENCE OF INJECTIONS

When given with nonsterile equipment, injections pose a risk of infection with HIV and other
diseases. Table 6.12 shows that 40 percent of women and 25 percent of men age 15-49 reported receiving an
injection in the 12 months preceding the survey, with an average of two injections per respondent. Almost all
respondents report that for their most recent injection, the syringe and needle were taken from a new, unopened
package (96 percent of women and men).

The data show little variation in the use of injections by background characteristics. Married women
and women in urban areas are slightly more likely than other women to have received an injection in the
previous 12 months. The likelihood of receiving an injection also increases with level of education and wealth
among women, but the patterns are less clear among men. Differences by region are shown in Maps 6.2 and
6.3 for women and men, respectively.

Sexual Behaviour • 87
 Table 6.12 Prevalence of medical injections
Percentage of women and men age 15-49 who received at least one medical injection in the past 12 months, the mean number of medical injections per
person in the past 12 months, and among those who received a medical injection, the percentage of last medical injections for which the syringe and needle
were taken from a new, unopened package, by background characteristics, Uganda 2011
Women Men
For last Number of For last Number of
Percentage Mean number injection, women Percentage Mean number injection, men
who received of medical syringe and receiving who received of medical syringe and receiving
a medical injections per needle taken medical a medical injections per needle taken medical
injection in person in from a new, injections in injection in person in the from a new, injections in
Background the past the past Number of unopened the past the past past Number of unopened the past
characteristic 12 months 12 months women package 12 months 12 months 12 months men package 12 months
Age
15-24 37.5 1.9 4,621 96.7 1,735 22.4 1.3 3,479 95.8 781
15-19 31.0 1.6 2,458 96.5 763 20.7 1.1 2,072 95.4 429
20-24 45.0 2.3 2,163 96.9 972 25.0 1.5 1,406 96.4 352
25-29 45.3 2.3 1,942 97.6 879 26.8 1.9 1,354 95.9 363
30-39 42.6 2.4 2,833 95.9 1,208 28.8 2.2 2,289 97.1 660
40-49 34.6 2.2 1,764 94.6 611 25.3 1.9 1,612 96.2 407
Marital status
Never married 29.9 1.4 2,641 96.7 790 22.4 1.2 3,227 95.5 723
Ever had sex 35.5 1.4 1,202 96.6 427 25.8 1.4 1,663 95.4 429
Never had sex 25.2 1.5 1,440 96.7 363 18.8 1.0 1,563 95.7 294
Married/Living
together 43.8 2.5 7,097 96.3 3,112 26.8 2.0 4,994 96.7 1,340
Divorced/Separated/
Widowed 37.4 2.1 1,422 96.4 531 28.9 2.1 514 96.5 148
Residence
Urban 44.5 2.4 2,365 97.0 1,052 27.0 1.9 1,739 96.6 470
Rural 38.4 2.1 8,795 96.2 3,381 24.9 1.7 6,995 96.2 1,741
Region
Central 1 49.7 2.3 1,206 97.4 599 29.1 1.7 1,009 95.7 294
Central 2 42.8 2.5 1,162 97.9 498 30.0 1.9 888 96.8 266
Kampala 44.1 2.5 875 96.0 386 23.0 1.3 674 95.1 155
East Central 40.8 1.9 1,153 96.2 471 16.7 1.0 933 95.4 156
Mid Eastern 38.7 1.8 1,133 94.5 439 18.8 1.1 950 95.1 179
North East 23.1 1.1 919 97.0 213 29.3 2.2 683 99.6 200
West Nile 39.9 1.5 712 97.0 284 29.1 1.6 548 97.8 160
Mid Northern 42.5 3.1 1,106 98.4 470 26.4 1.7 950 96.2 251
South Western 31.8 1.7 1,414 94.3 450 17.0 1.2 947 95.8 161
Mid Western 42.2 3.0 1,480 95.3 625 33.8 3.1 1,151 95.8 390
Education
No education 34.6 2.5 1,566 95.9 543 22.1 1.4 485 95.5 107
Primary incomplete 38.9 2.1 5,218 96.3 2,029 25.0 1.6 3,727 96.0 932
Primary complete 41.7 2.2 1,388 95.3 579 23.1 1.7 1,230 95.3 284
Secondary or higher 42.9 2.2 2,988 97.1 1,283 27.0 1.9 3,292 97.1 887
Wealth quintile
Lowest 35.4 2.0 1,894 95.7 671 22.6 1.2 1,504 97.4 340
Second 36.5 1.9 2,024 95.1 738 25.4 1.7 1,632 94.3 415
Middle 38.7 2.1 2,056 96.2 797 22.5 1.3 1,667 95.3 375
Fourth 41.6 2.1 2,292 97.0 954 25.8 2.5 1,706 96.2 439
Highest 44.0 2.6 2,894 97.1 1,273 28.9 1.8 2,226 97.7 642
Total 15-49 39.7 2.2 11,160 96.4 4,433 25.3 1.7 8,735 96.3 2,211
50-59 31.4 2.3 993 93.6 312 27.6 2.6 853 97.0 236
Total 15-59 39.0 2.2 12,153 96.2 4,744 25.5 1.8 9,588 96.4 2,447

Note : Medical injections are those given by a doctor, nurse, pharmacist, dentist or other health worker

88 • Sexual Behaviour
Map 6.2 Percentage who had an injection in
previous 12 months: Women 15-49

Map 6.3 Percentage who had an injection in

previous 12 months: Men 15-49

Sexual Behaviour • 89
HIV AND YOUTH 7
Key Findings
• Young people are as likely as older adults to know how to prevent HIV
infection, and they reject major misconceptions about HIV transmission
just as often.
• Only 12 to 13 percent of young women and men say they had sex before
age 15; however, by age 18, 60 percent of young women and 47 percent
of young men have initiated sexual activity.
• Among never-married youth, 31 percent of women and 32 percent of
men age 15-24 had sex in the 12 months prior to the survey. Less than
half of young women (42 percent) and men (46 percent) who had
premarital sex in the year before the survey reported using a condom the
last time they had sex.

T
his chapter addresses HIV-related knowledge and sexual behaviour among youth age 15-24. Special
attention is paid to members of this group because they are at an age when they are more likely to
experiment with sexual activity and engage in high-risk sexual behaviour. In addition to knowledge of
HIV transmission, data are presented in this chapter on youth who have sex at young ages, abstinence among
never-married youth, multiple sexual partners, age differences between sexual partners, and coverage of
voluntary counselling and testing for HIV.

7.1 COMPREHENSIVE KNOWLEDGE ABOUT HIV AMONG YOUNG PEOPLE

Young respondents interviewed in the 2011 Uganda AIDS Indicator Survey (UAIS) were asked the
same set of questions on facts and beliefs about HIV transmission as older respondents. As shown in Tables
4.2, 4.3.1, and 4.3.2, young people are generally just as likely as older adults to know how to prevent HIV
infection and to reject major misconceptions about the illness (see Chapter 4).

Table 7.1 shows the level of the composite indicator, ‘comprehensive knowledge’, among young
people by selected background characteristics. Youth who are defined as having comprehensive knowledge are
those (1) who agree with prompted questions regarding whether people can reduce their chances of contracting
HIV by having just one faithful, uninfected sexual partner and by consistently using condoms during sexual
intercourse; (2) who know that a healthy-looking person can have the AIDS virus; and (3) who know that HIV
cannot be transmitted by mosquito bites or by sharing food with a person who has HIV.

Almost 40 percent of young women and men age 15-24 have comprehensive knowledge about HIV
and AIDS (39 percent for each sex). Knowledge increases slightly with age and is higher among never-married
youth who have had sex than among those never-married youth who never had sex. It is also higher among
those who have never married in comparison with those who have been married. Young people in urban areas
are more likely than rural youth to have comprehensive knowledge about HIV and AIDS. Those in Kampala
are also more likely to have comprehensive knowledge than those in other regions. The proportion with
comprehensive knowledge increases steadily with education.

HIV and Youth • 91

 Table 7.1 Comprehensive knowledge about AIDS and of a source of condoms among young people
Percentage of women and men age 15-24 with comprehensive knowledge about AIDS and percentage who know of a
source of condoms, by background characteristics, Uganda 2011
Women 15-24 Men 15-24
Percentage with Percentage Percentage with
comprehensive who know a comprehensive Percentage
Background knowledge condom Number of knowledge of who know a
characteristic of AIDS1 source2 women AIDS 1
condom source2 Number of men
Age
15-19 36.3 57.2 2,458 36.1 68.6 2,072
15-17 35.6 50.4 1,496 33.5 61.7 1,327
18-19 37.5 67.7 962 40.7 80.9 746
20-24 41.3 72.7 2,163 44.0 90.5 1,406
20-22 41.2 71.4 1,330 43.8 89.7 872
23-24 41.4 74.7 832 44.3 91.7 535
Marital status
Never married 40.7 59.7 2,389 40.3 75.3 2,872
Ever had sex 45.9 76.2 972 43.1 91.7 1,352
Never had sex 37.2 48.4 1,417 37.7 60.7 1,521
Ever married 36.4 69.4 2,232 34.6 87.6 606
Residence
Urban 49.7 79.6 1,112 55.2 88.3 740
Rural 35.2 59.6 3,509 35.0 74.5 2,739
Region
Central 1 39.8 86.0 503 33.9 82.3 351
Central 2 41.4 66.7 457 42.0 77.0 324
Kampala 50.4 86.7 430 60.5 88.2 308
East Central 41.0 76.5 468 36.2 90.9 396
Mid Eastern 36.8 64.0 465 29.2 66.3 428
North East 31.9 39.8 333 45.1 59.2 229
West Nile 20.0 46.0 278 38.6 82.3 202
Mid Northern 27.7 44.2 465 41.7 58.0 367
South Western 46.5 59.2 559 37.7 78.2 386
Mid Western 40.2 62.3 663 36.4 86.8 488
Education
No education 15.4 35.3 173 18.1 57.9 62
Primary incomplete 27.4 51.9 2,071 26.7 68.1 1,554
Primary complete 37.8 70.5 646 34.2 80.2 399
Secondary or higher 54.7 80.0 1,731 54.9 87.4 1,465
Total 38.6 64.4 4,621 39.3 77.4 3,479
1
Comprehensive knowledge means knowing that consistent use of condom during sexual intercourse and having just one uninfected
faithful partner can reduce the chance of getting the AIDS virus, knowing that a healthy-looking person can have the AIDS virus, and
rejecting the two most common local misconceptions about transmission or prevention of the AIDS virus. The components of
comprehensive knowledge are presented in Tables 4.2, 4.3.1, and 4.3.2
2
For this table, the following responses are not considered sources for condoms: friends, family members and home

Condom use among young people plays an important role in the prevention of transmission of HIV
and other sexually transmitted infections, as well as unwanted pregnancies. Table 7.1 shows that two-thirds of
young women (64 percent) and three-quarters of young men (77 percent) know a source for condoms.
Knowledge of a condom source is higher among youth age 20-24 than those age 15-19. Never-married youth
who have ever had sex are most likely to know a source for condoms. Youth in urban areas, those in Kampala
and East Central region, and those with more education are more likely to know a source for condoms. For
young women, knowledge of a condom source increases from 35 percent among those with no education to 80
percent among those with at least some secondary education.

There has been an increase in the level of comprehensive knowledge about HIV among Ugandan
youth. The proportion of young women with comprehensive knowledge increased from 30 percent in 2004-05
to 32 percent in 2006 and to 39 percent in 2011. Among young men, the proportion increased from 35 percent
in 2004-05 to 38 percent in 2006 and to 39 percent in 2011. Knowledge of a condom source increased between
2004-05 and 2006, after which it has fallen back. For example, the proportion of young women who know a
condom source was 53 percent in 2004-05, 70 percent in 2006, and 64 percent in 2011. Proportions among
young men were 77 percent in 2004-05, 90 percent in 2006, and 77 percent in 2011.

92 • HIV and Youth

7.2 EARLY INITIATION OF SEXUAL INTERCOURSE
Table 7.2 shows the percentage of young women and men who had sexual intercourse before reaching
age 15 and age 18, according to background characteristics. The table shows that 13 percent of women and 12
percent of men age 15-24 reported that they had sex before they turned age 15, while 60 percent of women and
47 percent of men age 18-24 said they had sex before age 18.

Table 7.2 Age at first sexual intercourse among youth

Percentage of women and men age 15-24 who had sexual intercourse before age 15 and percentage of women and men age 18-24 who had
sexual intercourse before age 18, by background characteristics, Uganda 2011
Women age 15-24 Women age 18-24 Men age 15-24 Men age 18-24
Percentage Percentage Percentage Percentage
who had who had who had who had
sexual sexual sexual sexual
intercourse Number of intercourse Number of intercourse Number of intercourse Number of
Background before women before women before men before men
characteristic age 15 15-24 age 18 18-24 age 15 15-24 age 18 18-24
Age
15-19 11.4 2,458 na na 12.9 2,072 na na
15-17 11.5 1,496 na na 12.5 1,327 na na
18-19 11.3 962 62.7 962 13.5 746 49.8 746
20-24 15.0 2,163 59.1 2,163 10.5 1,406 45.1 1,406
20-22 14.4 1,330 61.2 1,330 9.9 872 46.7 872
23-24 16.1 832 55.8 832 11.4 535 42.6 535
Marital status
Never married 7.7 2,389 39.4 1,024 11.4 2,872 44.7 1,552
Ever married 18.9 2,232 70.3 2,101 14.0 606 52.0 600
Knows condom source1
Yes 14.4 2,976 62.7 2,223 13.4 2,694 49.7 1,876
No 10.7 1,644 54.1 902 6.7 785 26.9 276
Residence
Urban 10.8 1,112 55.0 775 11.6 740 44.6 526
Rural 13.8 3,509 61.9 2,350 12.0 2,739 47.4 1,627
Region
Central 1 15.6 503 65.8 356 10.0 351 46.2 230
Central 2 12.7 457 66.8 313 13.6 324 43.7 201
Kampala 8.5 430 54.3 318 10.4 308 46.9 222
East Central 22.3 468 75.6 303 19.3 396 55.9 230
Mid Eastern 17.8 465 67.2 308 10.6 428 50.2 235
North East 15.1 333 65.3 244 4.2 229 37.3 133
West Nile 9.3 278 55.0 183 7.1 202 49.8 130
Mid Northern 8.1 465 59.6 311 9.8 367 43.0 219
South Western 5.1 559 32.7 352 8.2 386 35.2 243
Mid Western 15.5 663 61.5 438 18.2 488 54.0 311
Education
No education 18.8 173 61.6 153 14.5 62 (51.4) 51
Primary incomplete 17.8 2,071 70.5 1,284 14.0 1,554 48.6 767
Primary complete 13.1 646 63.3 496 13.0 399 48.4 289
Secondary or higher 6.9 1,731 47.6 1,192 9.2 1,465 44.7 1,045
Total 13.1 4,621 60.2 3,125 11.9 3,479 46.7 2,152

Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases.

na = Not available
1
For this table, the following responses are not considered a source for condoms: friends, family members and home

Ever-married women and men are more likely to initiate sexual activity at an early age than never-
married youth. Early sexual initiation is somewhat more likely among those who know of a source for
condoms. Young people in rural areas are slightly more likely to have early initiation of sexual activity than
urban youth. East Central region stands out as having the highest proportions of youth having sex at early ages.
Education is related to age at first sex for young people. Among women age 15-24 with no education, 19
percent had sex before age 15, compared with only 7 percent of young women with at least some secondary
school education. Among women, a roughly similar pattern pertains for having sex before age 18. Education is
only weakly associated with age at first sex for young men.

HIV and Youth • 93

 The proportions of young women and men who initiated sex before age 15 and before age 18 have
hardly changed at all since 2004-05. For example, the proportion of women age 15-24 that had sex by age 15
was 14 percent in 2004-05, 16 percent in 2006, and 13 percent in 2011.

7.3 CONDOM USE AT FIRST SEXUAL INTERCOURSE

Table 7.3 shows the percentage of young women and men who used a condom the first time they had
sexual intercourse, according to background characteristics. The table shows that over one-third of young
people who ever had sex reported that they used a condom the first time they had sex.

Women age 15-19 are more likely than women in their early twenties to have used a condom the first
time they had sex; the reverse is true among men. Condom use at first sex is substantially higher among never-
married youth, those who know of a condom source, those who live in urban areas, and those in Kampala. It
increases with education level.

Table 7.3 Condom use at first sex

Among women and men age 15-24 who have ever had sex, the percentage who used a
condom the first time they ever had sex, according to background characteristics, Uganda
AIS 2011
Women 15-24 who Men 15-24 who
ever had sex ever had sex
Percent who Number Percent who Number
used a 15-24 who used a 15-24 who
Background condom at ever had condom at ever had
characteristic first sex sex first sex sex
Age
15-19 42.1 1,126 29.4 743
15-17 44.5 442 21.4 310
18-19 40.6 684 35.1 433
20-24 31.1 1,932 37.1 1,193
20-22 33.5 1,167 40.1 701
23-24 27.5 765 32.8 492
Marital status
Never married 55.5 972 38.2 1,352
Ever married 25.7 2,087 24.5 584
Knows condom source1
Yes 40.0 2,212 36.2 1,752
No 22.6 846 14.1 185
Residence
Urban 52.8 748 50.1 450
Rural 29.5 2,311 29.3 1,487
Region
Central 1 39.2 369 43.4 224
Central 2 44.2 325 35.9 184
Kampala 55.7 282 52.9 175
East Central 40.7 327 26.7 238
Mid Eastern 27.0 298 22.2 211
North East 37.0 210 43.2 104
West Nile 31.0 161 38.5 117
Mid Northern 29.7 328 43.1 194
South Western 18.4 318 21.2 175
Mid Western 30.2 439 26.5 314
Education
No education 7.5 117 18.4 42
Primary incomplete 22.6 1,358 21.0 761
Primary complete 31.6 490 30.2 274
Secondary or higher 55.3 1,093 47.8 859
Total 35.2 3,059 34.1 1,936
1
For this table, the following responses are not considered a source for condoms: friends,
family members and home

94 • HIV and Youth

 7.4 ABSTINENCE AND PREMARITAL SEX
The time between initiation of sexual activity and marriage often carries a higher risk of exposure to
HIV since relationships may be less stable. Table 7.4 shows the percentage of never-married youth who have
never had sex, the percentage who had sex in the 12 months preceding the survey, and among those who had
sex, the percentage who used a condom at their most recent sexual intercourse.

Table 7.4 Premarital sexual intercourse and condom use during premarital sexual intercourse among young people
Among never-married women and men age 15-24, the percentage who have never had sexual intercourse, the percentage who had sexual
intercourse in the past 12 months, and, among those who had premarital sexual intercourse in the past 12 months, the percentage who used a
condom at the last sexual intercourse, by background characteristics, Uganda 2011
Never-married women age 15-24 Never-married men age 15-24
Among women who had Among men who had
sexual intercourse in the sexual intercourse in the
past 12 months: past 12 months:
Percentage Percentage
Percentage who had Percentage Percentage who had Percentage
who have sexual Number of who used a who have sexual Number of who used a
never had intercourse never condom at never had intercourse never condom at
Background sexual in the past married last sexual Number of sexual in the past married last sexual Number of
characteristic intercourse 12 months women intercourse women intercourse 12 months men intercourse men

Age
15-19 68.3 23.6 1,897 46.3 447 65.6 21.5 2,020 38.3 433
15-17 76.6 18.3 1,365 47.6 250 76.9 13.3 1,321 29.5 175
18-19 47.0 37.0 532 44.6 197 44.1 36.9 700 44.2 258
20-24 24.7 58.6 492 36.2 288 23.0 57.4 852 52.9 489
20-22 28.1 55.0 360 36.1 198 25.5 55.4 635 51.8 352
23-24 15.5 68.3 132 36.4 90 15.7 63.4 217 55.6 137
Knows condom
source1
Yes 48.1 39.9 1,427 44.3 570 42.7 39.8 2,163 47.4 862
No 76.0 17.2 962 35.5 166 84.1 8.6 710 26.1 61
Residence
Urban 49.4 41.0 703 50.4 288 43.6 38.2 657 61.7 251
Rural 63.5 26.5 1,686 37.2 447 55.7 30.3 2,216 40.2 672
Region
Central 1 53.4 39.2 248 40.2 97 42.8 41.6 295 52.7 123
Central 2 55.6 36.9 233 44.5 86 53.4 29.6 263 52.5 78
Kampala 52.5 39.4 278 48.3 110 47.6 37.5 279 75.0 105
East Central 51.3 34.0 225 36.6 77 47.9 32.5 326 42.5 106
Mid Eastern 63.7 27.1 237 41.7 64 59.5 27.8 359 29.8 100
North East 60.4 25.8 135 (55.6) 35 69.1 27.5 178 (44.1) 49
West Nile 74.4 17.9 130 (51.4) 23 50.2 38.6 158 56.0 61
Mid Northern 62.3 30.0 217 (47.1) 65 59.9 25.6 289 47.4 74
South Western 71.4 15.7 335 (28.4) 53 61.1 20.0 338 22.2 68
Mid Western 54.2 35.9 351 39.2 126 43.7 41.3 388 37.3 160
Education
No education (73.0) (23.6) 30 * 7 (50.2) (37.4) * 22.5 13
Primary
incomplete 67.8 23.6 932 29.5 220 62.1 26.1 1,255 39.5 327
Primary complete 55.2 31.9 255 31.2 82 44.2 41.5 276 37.9 115
Secondary or
higher 53.1 36.4 1,172 51.3 426 46.1 35.8 1,306 53.2 468
Total 59.3 30.8 2,389 42.3 735 52.9 32.1 2,872 46.0 923

Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases; an asterisk denotes a figure based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases that has been
suppressed.
1
For this table, the following responses are not considered a source for condoms: friends, family members and home

HIV and Youth • 95

 Almost 6 in 10 never-married women age 15-24 report that they have never had sex, slightly higher
than the 53 percent of never-married young men. The percentage of unmarried youths who report that they
have never had sex drops substantially from the 15-19 age group to the 20-24 age group. Primary abstinence is
higher among those who do not know a source for condoms and for rural youth. It is highest among women in
West Nile region and among men in North East region. The proportion of never-married youth who have never
had sex decreases as education level increases. This may be due to the fact that youth with higher levels of
education are likely to be older. Comparison of data with previous surveys shows very little change in the
proportion of youth who have never had sex.

Among never-married youth, 31 percent of women and 32 percent of men age 15-24 had sex in the 12
months prior to the survey. The proportion of never-married young men and women who have been sexually
active in the past 12 months more than doubles between age groups 15-19 and 20-24. Premarital sexual
activity is more common among youth in urban areas and among youth with higher levels of education. As
shown in Figure 7.1, changes in the level of premarital sex over the recent past are not large.

Figure 7.1 Trends in premarital sex among youth

32
31
30
28

24 24

Women Men
2004-2005 2006 2011
Note: Percentage of never-married
women and men 15-24 who had sex
Uganda AIS 2011
in the 12 months before the survey

Less than half of young women (42 percent) and men (46 percent) who had premarital sex in the year
before the survey reported using a condom the last time they had sex. Condom use at last sex is higher among
urban youth and those with higher levels of education. As shown in Figure 7.2, the proportion of youth who
had premarital sex in the year before the survey and who said they used a condom the last time they had sex
has declined somewhat since 2004-05, though the pattern fluctuates.

96 • HIV and Youth

 Figure 7.2 Trends in condom use at last premarital
sex among youth

56
54 54

46
42
39

Women Men
2004-2005 2006 2011
Note: Among never-married women and
men 15-24 who had sex in the 12 months
before the survey, percentage who used a Uganda AIS 2011
condom at last sex.

7.5 MULTIPLE SEXUAL PARTNERS AMONG YOUTH

Table 7.5 shows the proportion of women and men age 15-24 who reported that they had two or more
sexual partners in the 12 months before the survey and, among those, the proportion who used a condom the
last time they had sex. Overall, only 3 percent of young women reported having two or more partners,
compared with 10 percent of young men. Among those who had two or more sexual partners in the 12 months
before the survey, 24 percent of women and 31 percent of men said they used a condom the last time they had
sex.

There are only minor differences by background characteristics in the proportion of young women
who had two or more partners. Among men, the level rises with age and is higher among men who have
married than among never-married young men. It is also higher among men who know a condom source, urban
young men, and those in East Central and Mid Western regions. Young men who have completed primary
school are more likely to have had two or more partners in the past 12 months than those with less education.

Analysis of differentials in condom use at last sex among young women with two or more sexual
partners in the 12 months before the survey is difficult because of the small number of women reporting
multiple partners. Among young men with two or more partners, condom use is higher among never-married
men, men in urban areas, and men who have at least some secondary education than among other young men
with multiple partners.

HIV and Youth • 97

 Table 7.5 Multiple sexual partners in the past 12 months among young people
Among all young women and men age 15-24, the percentage who had sexual intercourse with more than one sexual partner in the past 12
months, and among those having more than one partner in the past 12 months, the percentage reporting that a condom was used at last
intercourse, by background characteristics, Uganda 2011
Among women age 15-24 Among men age 15-24
Among all women who had 2+ partners in the Among all men who had 2+ partners in the
age 15-24 past 12 months age 15-24 past 12 months
Percentage Percentage
Percentage who reported Percentage who reported
who had 2+ using a who had 2+ using a
partners in condom partners in condom
Background the past Number at last Number the past Number at last Number
characteristic 12 months of women intercourse of women 12 months of men intercourse of men

Age
15-19 2.2 2,458 25.5 54 4.7 2,072 31.7 97
15-17 1.4 1,496 * 21 2.3 1,327 (40.1) 30
18-19 3.4 962 (12.4) 32 9.0 746 27.9 67
20-24 4.1 2,163 23.4 90 17.6 1,406 30.3 247
20-22 4.0 1,330 19.8 53 15.8 872 34.3 138
23-24 4.4 832 (28.6) 37 20.5 535 25.3 110
Marital status
Never married 2.4 2,389 41.9 56 7.3 2,872 39.2 210
Ever married 3.9 2,232 12.8 87 22.1 606 17.3 134
Knows condom source1
Yes 3.7 2,976 27.2 111 12.3 2,694 31.5 331
No 1.9 1,644 (13.9) 32 1.7 785 * 13
Residence
Urban 4.4 1,112 (38.5) 49 11.5 740 49.6 85
Rural 2.7 3,509 16.7 94 9.5 2,739 24.5 259
Region
Central 1 5.3 503 * 27 13.3 351 (35.0) 47
Central 2 4.0 457 * 18 6.7 324 * 22
Kampala 4.6 430 * 20 8.5 308 (55.1) 26
East Central 4.4 468 * 20 17.1 396 31.6 68
Mid Eastern 2.5 465 * 12 7.2 428 (30.8) 31
North East 1.1 333 * 4 6.8 229 * 15
West Nile 2.1 278 * 6 9.6 202 (33.1) 19
Mid Northern 2.2 465 * 10 4.1 367 * 15
South Western 1.1 559 * 6 8.2 386 * 32
Mid Western 3.2 663 * 21 14.2 488 22.5 69

Education
No education 2.1 173 * 4 8.0 62 * 5
Primary incomplete 3.4 2,071 7.0 71 8.1 1,554 25.6 126
Primary complete 3.0 646 * 19 15.8 399 20.2 63
Secondary or higher 2.9 1,731 (41.5) 50 10.2 1,465 40.5 150
Total 15-24 3.1 4,621 24.2 143 9.9 3,479 30.7 344

Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases; an asterisk denotes a figure based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases that has
been suppressed.
1
For this table, the following responses are not considered a source for condoms: friends, family members and home

7.6 AGE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SEXUAL PARTNERS

Examining age differences between young women and their partners is important because young
women may have less power to negotiate sex and condom use with older men. In order to assess age
differences between sexual partners, young women who had sex in the 12 months prior to the survey were
asked the ages of all their sexual partners in the last 12 months. If they did not know the ages of their partners,
they were asked if their partners were older or younger than they were, and if older, whether they were 10 or
more years older than they were.

98 • HIV and Youth

 As shown in Table 8.5, 13 percent of women age 15-19 who had sex in the 12 months preceding the
survey had sex with a partner who was 10 or more years older. Girls who have been married are more likely to
have older partners than those who have never been married. The proportion of sexually active girls who had
sexual intercourse with a partner who was 10 or more years older decreases as education level increases.

Table 7.6 Age-mixing in sexual relationships among women age

15-19
Among women of age 15-19 who had sexual intercourse in the
past 12 months, percentage who had sexual intercourse with a
partner who was 10 or more years older than themselves, by
background characteristics, Uganda 2011
Women 15-19 who had sexual
intercourse in the past
12 months
Percentage who
had sexual
intercourse with
Background a man 10+ Number
characteristic years older of women

Age
15-17 10.1 377
18-19 14.2 602
Marital status
Never married 7.8 447
Ever married 16.7 532
Knows condom source1
Yes 12.7 677
No 12.5 301
Residence
Urban 16.9 217
Rural 11.5 761
Region
Central 1 19.7 108
Central 2 6.6 122
Kampala 17.9 64
East Central 10.5 126
Mid Eastern 12.4 89
North East 9.7 69
West Nile 5.0 47
Mid Northern 10.4 106
South Western 13.9 73
Mid Western 16.4 175

Education
No education (24.3) 29
Primary incomplete 13.5 508
Primary complete 15.7 136
Secondary or higher 8.8 305
Total 12.7 979

Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases.

1
For this table, the following responses are not considered a source for
condoms: friends, family members and home

HIV and Youth • 99

HIV PREVALENCE 8
Key Findings
• Among Ugandan adults, 7.3 percent are HIV-positive, with prevalence
being higher among women (8.2 percent) than among men (6.1 percent).
• HIV prevalence increased slightly from the level of 6.4 percent in 2004-
05.
• HIV prevalence is highest among women and men in Central 1 region
and lowest among those in Mid Eastern region.
• HIV is much more common among women and men who are widowed,
divorced, or separated than among those who are married or never-
married.
• Six percent of co-habiting couples in Uganda are discordant, i.e., one
partner is HIV-positive and the other is HIV-negative.
• Less than one percent of children under age 5 tested positive for HIV.

I
n Uganda, national HIV prevalence estimates have been derived primarily from sentinel surveillance
among pregnant women. The HIV sentinel surveillance system was established in 1989 to provide
information on the magnitude and trends of HIV infection in the country in order to inform programme
strategic planning, monitoring, and evaluation. There are a number of recognised limitations in estimating HIV
prevalence from the sentinel surveillance system because it represents only pregnant women in a limited
number of sentinel clinics. The inclusion of HIV testing in the 2004-05 Uganda HIV Sero-Behavioural Survey
(UHSBS) and again in the 2011 Uganda AIDS Indicator Survey (UAIS) offers the opportunity to better
understand the magnitude and pattern of the infection in the Ugandan general population of reproductive age
as well as to track trends over time among this group. Tracking new infections—incidence—is a better
measure of the dynamics of the epidemic but there are limitations on how it can be tracked.

This chapter presents information on HIV testing coverage among eligible survey respondents, the
prevalence of HIV infection among those tested, and the factors associated with HIV infection in the
population. The methodology of blood specimen collection and testing used in the UAIS is described in
Chapter 1.

8.1 COVERAGE RATES FOR HIV TESTING

Table 8.1 shows the percent distribution of women and men age 15-49 who were eligible for HIV
testing by testing status, according to residence and region. Of all respondents age 15-49 who were eligible, 96
percent were interviewed and tested for HIV. Three percent were not interviewed, and only 1 percent were
interviewed and refused to provide a blood sample for testing. A tiny fraction of eligible women and men was
interviewed but either was absent when the laboratory technician was available to do the testing or was missing
HIV test results for some other reason.

Coverage levels for the HIV testing in the UAIS are higher for women (97 percent) than men
(94 percent), mainly because men are more likely not to have been interviewed (4 percent) than women

HIV Prevalence • 101

 (2 percent). Coverage levels for HIV testing do not vary much by urban-rural residence. They are lower in
North East region for both women and men, but especially low for men, mainly due to higher-than-average
levels of non-interview but also due to higher levels of refusal to provide blood samples.

Table 8.1 Coverage of HIV testing by residence and region

Percent distribution of women and men age 15-49 eligible for HIV testing by testing status, according to residence and region (unweighted),
Uganda 2011
Testing status
Interviewed and:
Not
Refused to Absent at the interviewed
Background HIV tested in provide blood time of blood Other/ and not
characteristic central lab sample collection missing1 tested Total Number
WOMEN

Residence
Urban 96.3 1.3 0.0 0.2 2.1 100.0 2,403
Rural 96.9 1.0 0.1 0.3 1.7 100.0 8,950
Region
Central 1 97.1 1.1 0.0 0.1 1.7 100.0 1,036
Central 2 98.5 0.4 0.0 0.2 1.0 100.0 1,100
Kampala 95.5 1.2 0.1 0.1 3.1 100.0 1,222
East Central 98.2 0.4 0.0 0.2 1.2 100.0 1,157
Mid Eastern 99.0 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.7 100.0 1,159
North East 93.3 2.6 0.1 0.7 3.3 100.0 1,062
West Nile 95.4 1.4 0.3 0.3 2.7 100.0 1,180
Mid Northern 95.8 1.1 0.2 0.8 2.1 100.0 1,090
South Western 96.6 1.4 0.1 0.8 1.1 100.0 1,116
Mid Western 98.1 0.6 0.0 0.1 1.1 100.0 1,231
Total 15-49 96.8 1.0 0.1 0.3 1.8 100.0 11,353
Total 15-59 96.7 1.1 0.1 0.3 1.8 100.0 12,374

MEN

Residence
Urban 93.1 2.0 0.2 0.3 4.5 100.0 1,828
Rural 94.3 1.4 0.1 0.3 3.9 100.0 7,252
Region
Central 1 93.9 1.7 0.0 0.0 4.4 100.0 841
Central 2 97.0 0.7 0.0 0.2 2.1 100.0 860
Kampala 93.7 1.8 0.0 0.3 4.2 100.0 965
East Central 95.5 0.7 0.1 0.4 3.3 100.0 970
Mid Eastern 97.2 0.7 0.3 0.3 1.5 100.0 994
North East 87.6 3.2 0.0 0.4 8.8 100.0 776
West Nile 92.5 1.6 0.3 0.4 5.1 100.0 923
Mid Northern 92.1 2.3 0.2 0.7 4.7 100.0 988
South Western 95.6 1.3 0.0 0.4 2.7 100.0 768
Mid Western 94.8 1.3 0.2 0.0 3.7 100.0 995
Total 15-49 94.1 1.5 0.1 0.3 4.0 100.0 9,080
Total 15-59 94.2 1.5 0.1 0.3 4.0 100.0 9,983

BOTH SEXES

Residence
Urban 94.9 1.6 0.1 0.2 3.1 100.0 4,231
Rural 95.7 1.2 0.1 0.3 2.7 100.0 16,202
Region
Central 1 95.7 1.3 0.0 0.1 2.9 100.0 1,877
Central 2 97.8 0.5 0.0 0.2 1.5 100.0 1,960
Kampala 94.7 1.5 0.0 0.2 3.6 100.0 2,187
East Central 96.9 0.6 0.0 0.3 2.2 100.0 2,127
Mid Eastern 98.1 0.5 0.2 0.1 1.1 100.0 2,153
North East 90.9 2.9 0.1 0.5 5.6 100.0 1,838
West Nile 94.2 1.5 0.3 0.3 3.8 100.0 2,103
Mid Northern 94.0 1.7 0.2 0.8 3.3 100.0 2,078
South Western 96.2 1.4 0.1 0.6 1.8 100.0 1,884
Mid Western 96.6 0.9 0.1 0.0 2.3 100.0 2,226
Total 15-49 95.6 1.2 0.1 0.3 2.8 100.0 20,433
Total 15-59 95.6 1.3 0.1 0.3 2.8 100.0 22,357
1
Includes: 1) other results of blood collection (e.g. technical problem in the field), 2) lost specimens, 3) non corresponding bar codes, and 4)
other lab results such as blood not tested for technical reason, not enough blood to complete the algorithm, etc.

102 • HIV Prevalence

 Table 8.2 shows coverage of HIV testing by age group, education, and wealth quintile. Overall, the
proportion of eligible respondents who were interviewed and for whom there are HIV test results from the
central laboratory varies very little by age, education, or wealth. It increases slightly with age, but only for
women. Coverage is slightly lower among women and men with no education than among those with some
education.

Table 8.2 Coverage of HIV testing by selected background characteristics

Percent distribution of women and men age 15-49 eligible for HIV testing by testing status, according to selected background
characteristics (unweighted), Uganda 2011
Testing status
Interviewed and:
Not
Refused to Absent at the interviewed
Background HIV tested in provide blood time of blood Other/ and not
characteristic central lab sample collection missing1 tested Total Number
WOMEN

Age
15-24 96.1 1.1 0.1 0.3 2.4 100.0 4,728
15-19 95.1 1.2 0.1 0.4 3.2 100.0 2,533
20-24 97.3 1.0 0.1 0.2 1.4 100.0 2,195
25-29 97.2 0.9 0.1 0.5 1.3 100.0 1,947
30-34 97.0 1.3 0.1 0.3 1.3 100.0 1,484
35-39 97.0 1.1 0.1 0.1 1.7 100.0 1,385
40-44 97.3 0.9 0.1 0.5 1.2 100.0 956
45-49 98.0 0.6 0.0 0.1 1.3 100.0 853
Education
No education 93.6 1.8 0.1 0.3 4.2 100.0 1,700
Primary incomplete 97.7 0.8 0.0 0.3 1.1 100.0 5,306
Primary complete 98.0 0.9 0.3 0.2 0.6 100.0 1,337
Secondary or higher 96.3 1.1 0.1 0.3 2.2 100.0 3,010
Wealth quintile
Lowest 95.1 1.5 0.1 0.4 2.9 100.0 2,190
Second 97.4 0.8 0.2 0.2 1.4 100.0 2,079
Middle 97.7 0.6 0.1 0.2 1.3 100.0 2,020
Fourth 97.6 0.8 0.0 0.3 1.3 100.0 2,193
Highest 96.2 1.4 0.0 0.3 2.0 100.0 2,871
Total 96.8 1.0 0.1 0.3 1.8 100.0 11,353

MEN

Age
15-24 93.9 1.4 0.2 0.5 4.0 100.0 3,628
15-19 93.9 1.2 0.3 0.6 4.0 100.0 2,177
20-24 93.9 1.6 0.1 0.4 4.1 100.0 1,451
25-29 94.4 1.4 0.1 0.1 4.0 100.0 1,391
30-34 93.7 2.1 0.0 0.2 4.0 100.0 1,213
35-39 93.9 1.7 0.0 0.3 4.1 100.0 1,165
40-44 94.7 1.7 0.2 0.1 3.3 100.0 917
45-49 94.4 1.0 0.0 0.4 4.2 100.0 766
Education
No education 83.6 3.4 0.0 0.6 12.5 100.0 535
Primary incomplete 95.3 1.3 0.1 0.3 3.0 100.0 3,837
Primary complete 94.7 1.6 0.1 0.3 3.3 100.0 1,277
Secondary or higher 94.1 1.4 0.2 0.3 4.0 100.0 3,431
Wealth quintile
Lowest 92.8 1.9 0.1 0.5 4.7 100.0 1,730
Second 94.4 1.4 0.1 0.3 3.8 100.0 1,743
Middle 96.1 0.9 0.0 0.1 2.9 100.0 1,681
Fourth 94.4 1.4 0.2 0.4 3.5 100.0 1,668
Highest 93.0 1.8 0.2 0.3 4.7 100.0 2,258
Total 94.1 1.5 0.1 0.3 4.0 100.0 9,080
1
Includes: (1) other results of blood collection (e.g., technical problem in the field), (2) lost specimens, (3) noncorresponding bar codes, and
(4) other lab results such as blood not tested for technical reason, not enough blood to complete the algorithm, etc.

HIV Prevalence • 103

 8.2 HIV PREVALENCE BY AGE AND SEX
The survey results show that 7.3 percent of Ugandan adults age 15-49 tested HIV-positive (Table 8.3).
HIV prevalence is higher for women than men; overall, 8.3 percent of women have HIV compared with 6.1
percent of men. Prevalence for women is higher than for men at every age group except in the 40-44 age
group, where it is marginally lower (Figure 8.1). For both sexes, HIV infection levels are highest among those
in their thirties and forties and are lowest in the 15-19 age group—3.0 percent among women and 1.7 percent
among men (Figure 8.1). Prevalence of HIV for both women and men increases with age until it reaches a
peak, which for women is attained at age 35-39 (12.1 percent) and for men at age 40-44 (11.3 percent).

Table 8.3 HIV prevalence by age

Among de facto women and men age 15-59 who were interviewed and tested, the percentage HIV positive, by
age, Uganda 2011
Women Men Both sexes
Percentage Percentage Percentage
Age HIV positive Number HIV positive Number HIV positive Number

15-24 4.9 4,504 2.1 3,450 3.7 7,954

15-19 3.0 2,393 1.7 2,055 2.4 4,448
20-24 7.1 2,111 2.8 1,395 5.4 3,506
25-29 9.8 1,897 4.0 1,350 7.4 3,246
30-34 11.0 1,434 9.1 1,144 10.2 2,578
35-39 12.1 1,326 11.0 1,123 11.6 2,448
40-44 10.7 921 11.3 883 11.0 1,805
45-49 10.5 801 10.2 723 10.4 1,524
50-54 7.7 593 6.5 520 7.1 1,114
55-59 5.5 366 5.8 331 5.7 696
Total 15-49 8.3 10,883 6.1 8,673 7.3 19,556
50-59 6.9 959 6.3 851 6.6 1,810
Total 15-59 8.2 11,842 6.1 9,524 7.3 21,366

Note: Prevalence is based on the central laboratory results, not the home-based rapid test performed in the field.

Figure 8.1 HIV prevalence by sex and age

14

12
12
11 '
11 11 11
10 ' , ,' '
10
10 ' 9 ,
, 8
8
7 '7
' , 6
6 ,'
4
4
3 3 ,
'2 ,
2 ,

0
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59
Age Group
' Women , Men
Uganda AIS 2011

104 • HIV Prevalence

8.3 TRENDS IN HIV PREVALENCE
Results from the 2011 UAIS show a slight increase in HIV prevalence since the 2004-05 UHSBS,
from 6.4 to 7.3 percent of adults age 15-49 (Table 8.4). The proportion of women age 15-49 that are HIV-
positive increased from 7.5 to 8.3 percent, while the proportion among men increased from 5.0 to 6.1 percent.
Given the expansion of programmes to promote healthy living and provide antiretroviral treatment to extend
the lives of those with HIV, it would be expected that HIV prevalence would rise over time.

Table 8.4 Trends in HIV prevalence by age

Among de facto women and men age 15-59 who were interviewed and tested, the percentage HIV positive, by age, Uganda 2004-05 and 2011
Women Men Both sexes
2004-05 2011 2004-05 2011 2004-05 2011
Percent- Percent- Percent- Percent- Percent- Percent-
age HIV Number age HIV Number age HIV Number age HIV Number age HIV Number age HIV Number
Age positive tested positive tested positive tested positive tested positive tested positive tested
15-19 2.6 2,062 3.0 2,393 0.3 1,932 1.7 2,055 1.5 3,994 2.4 4,448
20-24 6.3 1,803 7.1 2,111 2.4 1,184 2.8 1,395 4.7 2,987 5.4 3,506
25-29 8.7 1,679 9.8 1,897 5.9 1,123 4.0 1,350 7.6 2,802 7.4 3,246
30-34 12.1 1,374 11.0 1,434 8.1 1,139 9.1 1,144 10.3 2,513 10.2 2,578
35-39 9.9 1,029 12.1 1,326 9.2 868 11.0 1,123 9.6 1,897 11.6 2,448
40-44 8.4 823 10.7 921 9.3 745 11.3 883 8.8 1,568 11.0 1,805
45-49 8.2 621 10.5 801 6.9 524 10.2 723 7.6 1,145 10.4 1,524
50-54 5.4 513 7.7 593 6.9 452 6.5 520 6.1 965 7.1 1,114
55-59 4.9 322 5.5 366 5.8 332 5.8 331 5.4 654 5.7 696
Total 15-49 7.5 9,391 8.3 10,883 5.0 7,515 6.1 8,673 6.4 16,906 7.3 19,556
Total 15-59 7.3 10,227 8.2 11,842 5.2 8,298 6.1 9,524 6.3 18,525 7.3 21,366
Note: Prevalence is based on the central laboratory results.

Figures 8.2 and 8.3 show trends in HIV prevalence between 2004-05 and 2011 for women and men
separately by age group. The graphs indicate that the small increase in HIV prevalence is concentrated in the
late thirties and forties.

Figure 8.2 Trends in HIV prevalence

among women by age

14

12 12
12 '
11 , 11 11
10 , 10 , ,
10 ,9 '
' 8 8 8
8
7 ' ' ,
,6 6
6 ' 5 5 ,
' '
4
3
,'
2

0
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59
Age Group
' 2004-05 , 2011
Uganda AIS 2011

HIV Prevalence • 105

 Figure 8.3 Trends in HIV prevalence
among men by age

12
11 11
, ,
10
10 ,
9 9 9
, ' '
8
8 '
7 7
' ,'
6
6 ,'
5
'
4
4 ,
3
,
2 2
2 , '
0
0 '
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59
Age Group
' 2004-05 , 2011
Uganda AIS 2011

8.4 HIV PREVALENCE BY SOCIOECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS

Some adults are much more likely than others to be living with HIV. As shown in Table 8.5, there are
large differentials in HIV infection by ethnic group. Survey data indicate that the Batoro are the most affected
by the HIV epidemic, with 13 percent of adults HIV-positive. Rates are also high among the Banyankore, the
Acholi, the Bakiga, and the Baganda (all 9 percent). Those with relatively low infection levels are the
Karimojong (3 percent) and the Lugbara/Madi (4 percent). Differences in HIV infection by religion are
minimal, with only slightly lower rates among Muslims than Christians. HIV prevalence is higher among those
who are employed (8 percent) than those who are not (5 percent). This is true for women and men.

Table 8.5 HIV prevalence by socioeconomic characteristics

Percentage HIV positive among women and men age 15-49 who were tested, by socioeconomic characteristics,
Uganda 2011
Women Men Both sexes
Background Percentage Percentage Percentage
characteristic HIV positive Number HIV positive Number HIV positive Number
Ethnicity
Baganda 10.7 1,818 6.2 1,461 8.7 3,279
Banyankore 10.5 1,192 7.1 885 9.1 2,077
Iteso 6.3 837 5.9 668 6.1 1,504
Lugbara/Madi 4.6 521 3.5 411 4.1 932
Basoga 6.4 991 4.6 802 5.6 1,792
Langi 9.6 636 4.9 588 7.4 1,224
Bakiga 9.6 683 8.2 462 9.0 1,144
Karimojong 3.5 213 3.2 119 3.4 332
Acholi 10.7 501 7.1 409 9.1 910
Bagisu/Sabiny 5.7 623 4.0 580 4.9 1,203
Alur/Jopadhola 5.3 542 5.5 401 5.4 943
Banyoro 6.8 419 5.8 413 6.3 832
Batoro 15.1 372 10.2 319 12.9 691
Other 7.2 1,536 7.2 1,156 7.2 2,692
Religion
Catholic 8.7 4,376 6.8 3,603 7.8 7,979
Anglican/Protestant 8.3 3,668 6.5 3,023 7.5 6,691
SDA 7.3 174 7.9 136 7.5 310
Pentecostal 8.4 933 4.3 511 6.9 1,444
Other Christian 8.7 247 3.7 211 6.4 458
Muslim 7.3 1,396 3.6 1,106 5.7 2,502
Other/None 9.2 89 9.7 83 9.5 172
Continued…

106 • HIV Prevalence

 Table 8.5—Continued
Women Men Both sexes
Background Percentage Percentage Percentage
characteristic HIV positive Number HIV positive Number HIV positive Number
Employment (last 12 months )
Not employed 5.7 3,216 3.1 1,089 5.0 4,305
Employed 9.4 7,667 6.5 7,584 8.0 15,251
Residence
Urban 10.7 2,299 6.1 1,710 8.7 4,009
Rural 7.7 8,584 6.1 6,963 7.0 15,547
Region
Central 1 12.5 1,173 8.4 1,003 10.6 2,176
Central 2 9.7 1,132 8.0 884 9.0 2,016
Kampala 9.5 855 4.1 669 7.1 1,524
East Central 6.7 1,120 4.8 925 5.8 2,045
Mid Eastern 4.4 1,103 3.8 943 4.1 2,046
North East 5.3 904 5.2 683 5.3 1,587
West Nile 4.7 692 5.0 541 4.9 1,232
Mid Northern 10.1 1,075 6.3 935 8.3 2,011
South Western 9.0 1,389 6.6 946 8.0 2,335
Mid Western 9.1 1,440 7.1 1,143 8.2 2,584
Education
No education 9.4 1,521 8.5 476 9.2 1,997
Primary incomplete 8.7 5,106 6.7 3,714 7.9 8,820
Primary complete 9.7 1,351 6.7 1,219 8.3 2,570
Secondary or higher 6.4 2,905 4.9 3,264 5.6 6,169
Wealth quintile
Lowest 6.8 1,841 5.7 1,496 6.3 3,337
Second 7.5 1,979 5.1 1,626 6.4 3,606
Middle 7.3 2,014 6.5 1,672 6.9 3,686
Fourth 9.2 2,241 7.2 1,687 8.4 3,928
Highest 9.9 2,807 5.9 2,192 8.2 4,999
Total 15-49 8.3 10,883 6.1 8,673 7.3 19,556
50-59 6.9 959 6.3 851 6.6 1,810
Total 15-59 8.2 11,842 6.1 9,524 7.3 21,366

Ugandan women in urban areas are more likely to be living with HIV than those in rural areas (11 and
8 percent, respectively); unlike in the 2004-05 survey, there is no urban-rural differential in HIV infection
among men (Figure 8.4). HIV prevalence varies by region (Maps 8.1, 8.2, and 8.3). Overall, Central 1 and
Central 2 regions both have HIV prevalence levels of 9 percent or higher. Regions with relatively low levels of
HIV-positive adults include Mid Eastern (4 percent) and West Nile (5 percent). In all regions except West
Nile, women have a higher prevalence of HIV infection than men.

Figure 8.4 Socioeconomic differentials in

HIV prevalence, Uganda 2011
RESIDENCE

Urban 10.7
6.1
Rural 7.7
6.1
EDUCATION

None 9.4
8.5
Primary incomplete 8.7
6.7
Primary complete 9.7
6.7
Secondary+ 6.4
4.9
WEALTH
Lowest 6.8
5.7
Second 7.5
5.1
Middle 7.3
6.5
Fourth 9.2
7.2
Highest 9.9
5.9
Women Men

Uganda AIS 2011

HIV Prevalence • 107

 Map 8.1 Percentage HIV-positive: Women 15-49

Map 8.2 Percentage HIV-positive: Men 15-49

108 • HIV Prevalence

 Map 8.3 Percentage HIV-positive: Both sexes 15-49

When educational background is considered, the results show that HIV prevalence generally decreases
as the level of education increases, though the pattern is not even among women. There is no consistent pattern
of HIV infection by wealth quintile for men and only a slight tendency to increase for women (Figure 8.4).

8.5 HIV PREVALENCE BY DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS

Table 8.6 shows HIV prevalence according to various demographic and social characteristics. The
proportion of adults who are living with HIV varies considerably by marital status. As expected, those who
have never married and never had sex are the least likely to be infected. Nevertheless, a small proportion
(2 percent) of these respondents is HIV-positive, suggesting either errors in reporting on sexual behaviour or
nonsexual transmission of the virus, perhaps through unsterile injections or blood transfusions. Respondents
who are divorced or separated, and especially those who are widowed, are the most likely to be HIV positive.
Almost one-third of widowed adults are living with HIV.

There is a small difference in HIV prevalence for those in polygynous and non-polygynous marriages
(9 percent and 7 percent, respectively). Those who are not currently in union include those who have never
married as well as those who are widowed, divorced, and separated.

HIV prevalence varies by travel status, e.g., the number of times respondents have travelled away
from their usual residence and the duration of absences. HIV prevalence is higher among respondents who
slept away from home five or more times in the past 12 months (10 percent) than among those who slept away
one to four times (7 percent) or not at all (7 percent). With respect to the duration of time away from home
over the previous year, HIV prevalence is 8 percent for those who were away for more than one month as well
as for those who were away for less than one month; it is 7 percent for those who were not away from home at
all.

HIV Prevalence • 109

 Table 8.6 HIV prevalence by demographic characteristics
Percentage HIV positive among women and men age 15-49 who were tested, by demographic characteristics, Uganda 2011
Women Men Both sexes
Demographic Percentage Percentage Percentage
characteristic HIV positive Number HIV positive Number HIV positive Number
Marital status
Never married 3.9 2,576 2.0 3,194 2.8 5,770
Ever had sexual intercourse 6.4 1,178 2.1 1,643 3.9 2,821
Never had sexual intercourse 1.8 1,398 1.9 1,552 1.8 2,950
Married/living together 7.2 6,924 7.6 4,963 7.4 11,887
Divorced or separated 17.8 979 14.9 468 16.9 1,447
Widowed 32.4 405 (31.4) 47 32.3 452
Type of union
In polygynous union 8.4 1,730 9.1 800 8.6 2,530
In non-polygynous union 6.7 4,900 7.4 4,161 7.0 9,060
Not currently in union 10.2 3,959 4.0 3,709 7.2 7,669
Times slept away from home in past
12 months
None 7.9 5,806 5.8 5,268 6.9 11,073
1-2 8.1 3,065 5.7 1,387 7.3 4,452
3-4 8.2 1,216 6.2 845 7.3 2,060
5+ 12.6 797 7.8 1,174 9.8 1,971
Time away in past 12 months
Away for more than 1 month 9.1 1,304 6.8 1,207 8.0 2,511
Away only for less than 1 month 8.7 3,773 6.4 2,198 7.9 5,972
Not away 7.9 5,806 5.8 5,268 6.9 11,073
Currently pregnant
Pregnant 5.5 1,241 na na na na
Not pregnant or not sure 8.7 9,643 na na na na
ANC for last birth in the past 3 years
Any ANC 6.7 4,898 na na na na
ANC provided by the public sector 6.6 4,228 na na na na
ANC provided by other than the public
sector 7.9 670 na na na na
No ANC, but birth in last 3 years 7.4 168 na na na na
No birth in last 3 years 9.7 5,817 na na na na
Total 15-49 8.3 10,883 6.1 8,673 7.3 19,556
50-59 6.9 959 6.3 851 6.6 1,810
Total 15-59 8.2 11,842 6.1 9,524 7.3 21,366
Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. Total includes 294 women and 2 men whose type of marital
union is not stated.
na = Not applicable
ANC = Antenatal care

Women who are not pregnant have a higher prevalence of infection (9 percent) than those who are
pregnant (6 percent). The HIV prevalence among women who are currently pregnant provides a useful
benchmark for comparison with rates among pregnant women tested as part of the antenatal care sentinel
surveillance system.

The comparison is also made for women who gave birth in the three years before the survey and
received antenatal care from a public facility or from a non-public facility, as opposed to those who did not
receive care or those who did not give birth during the time period. The data show that those who had antenatal
care from a public source for a recent birth are slightly less likely to be HIV-infected than those who had
antenatal care from a non-public source or those who had no antenatal care for a birth in the previous three
years.

8.6 HIV PREVALENCE BY SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR

Table 8.7 examines the prevalence of HIV infection according to several sexual behaviours among
respondents who have had sexual intercourse. While reviewing these results, it is important to remember that
responses about sexual risk behaviours may be subject to reporting bias. Also, indicators of sexual behaviour
in the last 12 months do not reflect prior behaviours that affect lifetime sexual risk. Nor is it possible from the

110 • HIV Prevalence

data to know the sequence of events, between HIV infection and the stated behaviour, e.g., whether condom
use predates or post-dates HIV transmission.

Overall, the data show a slight tendency for HIV levels to be lower for those who initiate sex at a later
age, though the relationship is only evident among women. For example, HIV prevalence is higher among
women who first had sex before age 15 (10 percent) and decreases to 6 percent among women who delayed
first sex until age 20 or older. Among men, the opposite pattern prevails.

Table 8.7 HIV prevalence by sexual behaviour

Percentage HIV positive among women and men age 15-49 who ever had sex and were tested for HIV, by sexual behaviour
characteristics, Uganda 2011
Women Men Both sexes
Sexual behaviour Percentage Percentage Percentage
characteristic HIV positive Number HIV positive Number HIV positive Number

Age at first sexual intercourse

<15 10.4 1,682 6.4 798 9.1 2,480
15-17 9.4 4,633 6.6 2,657 8.4 7,290
18-19 9.6 2,040 7.0 1,890 8.4 3,930
20+ 6.3 1,061 7.9 1,775 7.3 2,836
Multiple sexual partners and partner
concurrency in past 12 months
0 16.5 1,305 6.1 746 12.7 2,050
1 7.9 7,853 6.8 4,749 7.5 12,602
2+ 14.1 328 8.2 1,626 9.2 1,954
Has concurrent partners1 9.5 (44) 7.0 397 7.2 441
None of the partners are
concurrent 14.8 284 8.6 1,229 9.8 1,513
Condom use at last sexual
intercourse in past 12 months
Used condom 16.9 777 11.6 955 14.0 1,732
Did not use condom 7.2 7,404 6.3 5,420 6.9 12,824
No sexual intercourse in last
12 months 16.5 1,305 6.1 746 12.7 2,050
Number of lifetime partners
1 5.2 3,496 2.6 861 4.7 4,357
2 8.0 2,767 4.2 1,042 7.0 3,809
3-4 13.2 2,463 5.6 2,034 9.8 4,498
5-9 20.2 568 7.0 1,662 10.4 2,230
10+ 23.7 133 12.9 1,154 14.1 1,287
Paid for sexual intercourse in past
12 months
Yes na na 15.8 64 na na
No (No paid sex or no sex in last
12 months) na na 6.9 7,057 na na
Alcohol use during sex
Either partner drank alcohol 10.0 1,937 11.2 1,559 10.5 3,496
Either partner was drunk 10.1 1,849 11.1 1,477 10.5 3,326
Neither was drunk 7.6 88 12.9 82 10.1 170
No alcohol use 7.6 6,248 5.8 4,820 6.8 11,068
No sex in last 12 months 16.5 1,301 6.1 742 12.7 2,043
Higher risk sex in past 12 months
Had higher risk sex 12.4 1,363 6.8 2,167 9.0 3,530
Had sex, not higher risk 7.3 6,821 7.3 4,213 7.3 11,034
No sex in past 12 months 16.5 1,301 6.1 742 12.7 2,043
Total 15-49 9.3 9,485 7.0 7,121 8.3 16,606
50-59 6.9 956 6.3 848 6.6 1,804
Total 15-59 9.1 10,442 6.9 7,969 8.2 18,410

Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. Total includes 70 women and 1 man who are missing age
at first sexual intercourse and 58 women and 369 men who are missing the number of lifetime partners.
na = Not applicable
1
A respondent is considered to have had concurrent partners if he or she had overlapping sexual partnerships with two or more
people during the 12 months before the survey. (Respondents with concurrent partners include polygynous men who had
overlapping sexual partnerships with two or more wives).

HIV Prevalence • 111

 HIV prevalence by the number of sexual partners in the 12 months before the survey does not show
the expected patterns. Overall, prevalence is highest for those who have ever had sex but who did not have sex
at all in the previous 12 months (13 percent). Those who had two or more sexual partners in the previous 12
months are only slightly more likely to have HIV (9 percent) than those who had only one partner (8 percent).
For those whose sexual partnerships overlapped (concurrent), HIV prevalence is actually lower (7 percent)
than it is for those who had two or more partners that did not overlap (10 percent). As mentioned above, it is
not possible to trace any causal relationships with regard to sexual behaviour and HIV prevalence because it is
not known whether the behaviour preceded or post-dated the HIV infection.

Similarly, HIV prevalence is higher among those who said they used a condom the last time they had
sex (14 percent) than among those who said they did not use a condom (7 percent). This relationship could be
the result of those who know they have HIV using condoms to protect their sexual partners.

HIV prevalence shows the expected relationship with the number of lifetime sexual partners, rising
steadily with the number of partners, especially for women. Among women, prevalence increases from
5 percent among those who have had only one sexual partner in their lifetime to 24 percent among those who
have had ten or more partners. Among men, HIV prevalence increases from 3 percent among those with only
one lifetime partner to 13 percent among those with ten or more partners.

Among men who said they paid for sexual intercourse in the 12 months before the survey, 16 percent
are HIV-positive, as opposed to 7 percent of those who either did not have sex in the previous 12 months or
had sex, but not paid sex.

Alcohol use in conjunction with sexual activity is correlated with HIV prevalence. Those who had sex
in the 12 months before the survey but did not use alcohol at the last sexual encounter with any partner are less
likely to be HIV positive (7 percent) than those who used alcohol (10 to 11 percent), regardless of whether
either partner was drunk or not. Respondents who did not have sex at all in the previous year are the most
likely to be HIV positive (13 percent).

Differences in HIV infection according to higher risk sexual activity are minor. For both sexes
combined, those who had higher risk sex in the previous 12 months are only slightly more likely to have HIV
than those who had sex, but not higher risk sex (9 percent and 7 percent, respectively). The difference is larger
among women (12 percent for those who had higher risk sex and 7 percent for those who had sex but not
higher risk sex), while it disappears among men (7 percent for both categories).

8.7 HIV PREVALENCE AMONG YOUTH

Generally, cases of HIV infection among youth age 15–24 represent more recent infections and serve
as an important indicator for detecting trends in both prevalence and incidence. Table 8.8 shows HIV
prevalence levels among youth according to background characteristics. Overall, 4 percent of those age 15-24
are living with HIV. However, there is a gender gap; HIV prevalence among women age 15-24 years is 5
percent, while among men, it is only 2 percent. Prevalence rises rapidly with age, especially among women.

Looking at marital status, the lowest levels of infection are found among young people who have
never married. As is true with older adults as well, HIV prevalence is considerably higher among young people
who are divorced, separated, or widowed than among those who are currently married or have never married.
There are no meaningful differences in HIV prevalence by whether a young woman is pregnant or not or by
urban-rural residence for young women or young men. Young women and men in Central 1 and Mid Northern
regions are more likely to be HIV-positive than those living elsewhere, especially those in Mid Eastern and
West Nile regions (Maps 8.4, 8.5, and 8.6). The proportion of young men in Kampala who are HIV positive is
notably low (less than one percent). Differences in HIV prevalence among young adults by education level and
wealth quintile are not large.

112 • HIV Prevalence

Table 8.8 HIV prevalence among young people by background characteristics

Percentage HIV-positive among women and men age 15-24 who were tested for HIV, by background characteristics,
Uganda 2011
Women Men Both sexes
Background Percentage Percentage Percentage
characteristic HIV positive Number HIV positive Number HIV positive Number

Age
15-19 3.0 2,393 1.7 2,055 2.4 4,448
15-17 1.6 1,459 1.8 1,315 1.7 2,773
18-19 5.1 934 1.5 740 3.5 1,674
20-24 7.1 2,111 2.8 1,395 5.4 3,506
20-22 7.1 1,297 2.3 863 5.2 2,160
23-24 7.0 814 3.6 532 5.7 1,346

Respondent's current age

15 2.3 486 0.9 465 1.6 952
16 1.0 470 2.0 421 1.4 891
17 1.4 502 2.5 429 1.9 931
18 4.9 505 1.9 407 3.6 912
19 5.4 429 1.1 333 3.5 762
20 4.6 493 2.5 313 3.8 806
21 9.6 395 2.2 269 6.6 664
22 7.7 409 2.0 281 5.4 690
23 6.6 392 3.1 241 5.3 633
24 7.4 422 4.1 291 6.1 713
Marital status
Never married 2.8 2,332 1.7 2,848 2.2 5,180
Ever had sex 4.2 955 1.5 1,339 2.6 2,294
Never had sex 1.8 1,377 1.9 1,509 1.9 2,886
Married/Living together 6.2 1,875 3.6 523 5.6 2,399
Divorced/Separated/Widowed 13.2 297 7.2 78 11.9 375
Currently pregnant
Pregnant 6.1 552 na na na na
Not pregnant or not sure 4.7 3,952 na na na na
Residence
Urban 5.9 1,082 1.6 724 4.2 1,806
Rural 4.6 3,422 2.3 2,726 3.5 6,148
Region
Central 1 8.0 486 3.9 351 6.3 837
Central 2 5.1 443 3.1 325 4.3 768
Kampala 5.7 422 0.3 307 3.4 729
East Central 3.8 457 1.6 396 2.8 852
Mid Eastern 1.9 454 1.5 424 1.7 878
North East 3.5 326 1.1 228 2.6 554
West Nile 2.3 268 1.9 199 2.1 467
Mid Northern 6.7 453 2.4 350 4.9 803
South Western 4.6 548 2.8 384 3.9 933
Mid Western 5.5 646 2.1 486 4.0 1,132
Education
No education 3.2 164 0.0 58 2.3 222
Primary incomplete 5.3 2,029 2.2 1,549 4.0 3,577
Primary complete 6.2 630 2.9 395 4.9 1,025
Secondary or higher 4.0 1,682 1.9 1,448 3.1 3,130
Wealth quintile
Lowest 4.5 669 1.1 538 3.0 1,207
Second 4.5 797 1.4 600 3.2 1,397
Middle 2.8 789 3.6 667 3.2 1,455
Fourth 5.7 940 2.6 727 4.3 1,666
Highest 5.9 1,310 1.8 919 4.2 2,229
Total 15-24 4.9 4,504 2.1 3,450 3.7 7,954

na = Not applicable

HIV Prevalence • 113

 Map 8.4 Percentage HIV-positive: Women 15-24

Map 8.5 Percentage HIV-positive: Men 15-24

114 • HIV Prevalence

 Map 8.6 Percentage HIV-positive: Both sexes 15-24

Table 8.9 shows HIV prevalence among young adults age 15-24 that have ever had sexual intercourse,
according to indicators of sexual behaviour. Among both young women and men, HIV prevalence is slightly
higher among those who say they had two or more sexual partners in the 12 months preceding the survey than
among those who had only one or none. Condom use has an erratic relationship with HIV prevalence.

Among young people, HIV prevalence is slightly lower among those who did not use alcohol when
they had sex in the past 12 months than among those who reported that either they or their partners were drunk.
With regard to higher risk sex, differences in HIV prevalence are small. Those who had sex in the past 12
months but did not have sex with a non-marital, non-cohabiting partner (higher risk sex) are slightly more
likely to have HIV than those who had higher risk sex.

Among young women, there is a clear relationship between HIV prevalence and age mixing of
partners. Women age 15-24 who had sex in the previous 12 months with a man who was ten or more years
older than she are considerably more likely to be HIV positive (10 percent) than women who did not (6
percent).

HIV Prevalence • 115

 Table 8.9 HIV prevalence among young people by sexual behaviour
Percentage HIV-positive among women and men age 15-24 who have ever had sex and were tested for HIV, by sexual behaviour
characteristics, Uganda 2011
Women Men Both sexes
Sexual behaviour Percentage Percentage Percentage
characteristic HIV positive Number HIV positive Number HIV positive Number
Number of partners in past 12 months
0 6.6 350 1.0 441 3.4 791
1 6.1 2,636 2.2 1,156 4.9 3,792
2+ 9.0 141 4.2 344 5.6 485
Condom use at last sex in past 12 months
Used condom 4.9 432 2.5 493 3.6 926
Did not use condom 6.5 2,345 2.7 1,006 5.3 3,351
No sex in past 12 months 6.6 350 1.0 441 3.4 791
Condom use at first sex
Used condom 6.8 1,066 1.6 650 4.9 1,716
Did not use condom 5.9 2,061 2.6 1,290 4.6 3,351
Alcohol use during sex
Either partner was drunk 6.9 370 6.2 165 6.7 535
Neither was drunk (0.0) 21 * 9 (3.0) 29
No alcohol use 6.2 2,387 2.2 1,327 4.7 3,714
No sex in past 12 months 6.6 350 1.0 440 3.4 789
Higher risk sex in past 12 months
Had higher risk sex 6.5 859 2.3 1,061 4.2 1,921
Had sex, not higher risk 6.1 1,918 3.5 440 5.6 2,358
No sex in past 12 months 6.6 350 1.0 440 3.4 789
Age mixing
Had sex in past 12 months with a man 10+
years older 9.7 542 na na na na
Did not have sex in past 12 months with a
man 10+ years older 5.5 2,585 na na na na
Total 6.2 3,127 2.3 1,941 4.7 5,068

Note: Numbers in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases; an asterisk denotes a figure based on fewer than 25
unweighted cases that has been suppressed.
na = Not applicable

8.8 HIV PREVALENCE AND OTHER SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS

Many studies have demonstrated that sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are a co-factor for HIV
transmission. Management and treatment of STIs may potentially play an important role in the reduction of
HIV transmission. As discussed in Chapter 6, 36 percent of women and 18 percent of men who ever had sex
report they either had an STI or had symptoms of an STI (a bad-smelling or abnormal genital discharge or a
genital sore or ulcer) in the 12 months preceding the survey.

Table 8.10 shows the variation in HIV prevalence by whether respondents report that they had an STI
or symptoms of an STI in the 12 months before the survey. The results imply a link between the two variables,
with the proportion of women and men who are HIV-positive being twice as high among those who had an
STI or STI symptom in the 12 months before the survey than among those who did not.

116 • HIV Prevalence

 Table 8.10 HIV prevalence by sexually transmitted infections
Percentage HIV positive among women and men age 15-49 who ever had sexual intercourse and who were tested for HIV, by
whether they had an STI in the past 12 months, Uganda 2011
Women Men Both sexes
Sexually transmitted infection in Percentage Percentage Percentage
past 12 months HIV positive Number HIV positive Number HIV positive Number

Had STI or STI symptoms 13.0 3,412 12.6 1,321 12.9 4,733
No STI, no symptoms 7.1 5,880 5.8 5,683 6.5 11,562
Does not know/missing 10.8 194 3.1 117 7.9 311
Total 15-49 9.3 9,485 7.0 7,121 8.3 16,606

8.9 HIV PREVALENCE AMONG COHABITING COUPLES

As part of the 2011 UAIS, some 4,724 (unweighted) cohabiting couples were both interviewed and
tested for HIV. Table 8.11 shows that for 90 percent of cohabiting couples, both partners are HIV-negative,
while for 3 percent, both partners are HIV-positive. Data also show that 6 percent of cohabiting couples are
discordant, that is, one partner has HIV and the other does not. In 3 percent of couples, the male partner has
HIV and the woman does not, while in another 3 percent of couples, the woman has HIV and the man does
not. Discordance is more common among couples in which the man is 10 or more years older than the woman.
It is also high among the very small number of couples in which the woman has had multiple partners in the 12
months before the survey and the man has not. Discordance is relatively high among couples in Central 1
region.

HIV Prevalence • 117

 Table 8.11 HIV prevalence among couples
Percent distribution of couples living in the same household, both of whom were tested for HIV, by HIV status, according to
background characteristics, Uganda 2011
Man HIV
positive, Woman HIV
Background Both HIV woman HIV positive, man Both HIV
characteristic positive negative HIV negative negative Total Number
Woman's age
15-19 2.3 2.9 0.7 94.1 100.0 331
20-29 2.9 2.7 3.5 90.9 100.0 2,011
30-39 4.4 3.9 3.1 88.6 100.0 1,475
40-49 3.1 4.0 2.7 90.2 100.0 734
50-59 3.6 1.9 1.9 92.7 100.0 154
Man's age
15-19 (0.0) (4.0) (0.0) (96.0) 100.0 30
20-29 2.1 1.3 3.1 93.4 100.0 1,175
30-39 4.4 3.7 2.6 89.3 100.0 1,637
40-49 4.0 4.5 3.6 87.9 100.0 1,219
50-59 2.1 3.2 2.9 91.8 100.0 645
Age difference between partners
Woman older 9.4 2.7 3.7 84.2 100.0 318
Same age/man older by 0-4 years 2.6 1.9 2.8 92.7 100.0 1,636
Man older by 5-9 years 2.3 3.7 2.5 91.5 100.0 1,679
Man older by 10-14 years 4.3 5.6 3.0 87.0 100.0 685
Man older by 15+ years 5.4 3.1 5.3 86.2 100.0 387
Type of union
Non-polygynous 3.4 3.2 2.8 90.6 100.0 3,589
Polygynous 3.5 3.1 4.0 89.5 100.0 960
Multiple partners in past 12 months1
Both no 3.2 3.2 2.7 90.9 100.0 3,372
Man yes, woman no 3.6 3.2 3.4 89.8 100.0 1,229
Woman yes, man no 3.7 7.7 10.9 77.7 100.0 71
Both yes (13.0) (3.5) (3.0) (80.5) 100.0 34
Concurrent sexual partners in past
12 months2
Both no 3.5 3.2 3.0 90.3 100.0 4,251
Man yes, woman no 2.4 3.7 2.6 91.2 100.0 434
Woman yes, man no * * * * 100.0 15
Both yes * * * * 100.0 5
Residence
Urban 5.1 4.0 2.7 88.2 100.0 636
Rural 3.2 3.1 3.0 90.7 100.0 4,070
Region
Central 1 5.3 4.6 6.6 83.4 100.0 491
Central 2 3.5 4.5 1.9 90.0 100.0 466
Kampala 5.8 4.0 4.0 86.2 100.0 181
East Central 2.9 3.0 3.1 91.0 100.0 544
Mid Eastern 1.9 1.5 2.7 93.9 100.0 578
North East 1.2 3.6 1.6 93.6 100.0 430
West Nile 1.9 2.8 1.4 93.9 100.0 304
Mid Northern 4.1 2.4 1.8 91.7 100.0 554
South Western 3.8 3.7 1.7 90.8 100.0 539
Mid Western 4.3 3.2 4.9 87.7 100.0 618
Woman's education
No education 3.7 4.8 2.8 88.6 100.0 830
Primary incomplete 3.5 2.9 2.7 90.9 100.0 2,455
Primary complete 3.8 3.7 2.2 90.3 100.0 576
Secondary or higher 2.5 2.4 4.7 90.4 100.0 845
Man's education
No education 3.4 2.6 2.4 91.5 100.0 369
Primary incomplete 3.8 3.5 2.9 89.8 100.0 2,085
Primary complete 3.4 3.3 2.1 91.2 100.0 849
Secondary or higher 2.9 2.9 3.8 90.4 100.0 1,403
Continued...

118 • HIV Prevalence

 Table 8.11—Continued
Man HIV
positive, Woman HIV
Background Both HIV woman HIV positive, man Both HIV
characteristic positive negative HIV negative negative Total Number
Wealth quintile
Lowest 3.2 2.5 1.4 92.9 100.0 907
Second 3.6 2.7 2.3 91.5 100.0 1,054
Middle 3.0 2.7 3.3 91.0 100.0 993
Fourth 3.6 4.4 4.1 87.9 100.0 880
Highest 3.7 4.2 4.0 88.1 100.0 873
Total couples 3.4 3.2 3.0 90.3 100.0 4,706

Note: Table is based on couples for which a valid test result (positive or negative) is available for both partners. Total includes 157
couples for whom the type of union is missing. Numbers in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases; an asterisk
denotes a figure based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases that has been suppressed.
1
A respondent is considered to have had multiple sexual partners in the past 12 months if he or she had sexual intercourse with 2
or more people during this time period. (Respondents with multiple partners include polygynous men who had sexual intercourse
with 2 or more wives.)
2
A respondent is considered to have had concurrent partners if he or she had overlapping sexual partnerships with two or more
people during the 12 months before the survey. (Respondents with concurrent partners include polygynous men who had
overlapping sexual partnerships with two or more wives).

The fact that there are more cohabiting couples who are discordant for HIV than there are cohabiting
couples who are both infected, represents an unmet HIV prevention need for the country. This is because many
of these cohabiting couples do not mutually know their HIV status and therefore are not empowered to take
action to prevent further spread of the disease.

8.10 HIV PREVALENCE AMONG CHILDREN UNDER AGE 5

One of the objectives of the 2011 UAIS was to ascertain the HIV prevalence among children under
age 5. As mentioned in Chapter 1, this involves more detailed testing, since children under 18 months whose
mothers are HIV-positive are likely to test positive on standard ELISA HIV tests even if they are not
themselves infected. In order to get accurate data for these young children, it is necessary to do a confirmatory
test on all positive cases using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test. For this reason, parents/guardians of
children under 18 months whose children tested positive on the first rapid HIV test done at the home
(Determine) were told that the test indicated that the child may have the virus, but that additional testing at a
central laboratory was necessary. They were given a card with the bar code label for the child and were told
that they could take the card to a specific health facility in about 6 weeks to get the definite result of the
laboratory HIV test for their child.

Table 8.12 shows that of all the eligible children under age 5, a valid HIV test result was obtained for
97 percent. One percent of children were not tested because their parent or guardian refused the test, while
another 1 percent was not available for testing and for another 1 percent, testing was not done due to technical
problems or because the sample was lost. Coverage levels for testing of children are uniformly high across all
characteristics of children. The only exception is for children whose mothers were not tested for HIV in the
survey, either because they were not in the household, or they refused testing, or they were not tested for some
other reason.

HIV Prevalence • 119

 Table 8.12 Coverage of HIV testing among children under age 5
Percent distribution of children under age five eligible for HIV testing by testing status, according to
background characteristics (unweighted), Uganda 2011
HIV testing status
Tested Missing/
Background with valid Absent/ technical
characteristic results Refused other problem Total Number

Sex
Male 97.1 1.3 0.9 0.7 100.0 5,212
Female 96.9 1.3 0.8 1.1 100.0 5,044
Residence
Urban 96.7 1.9 0.8 0.6 100.0 1,437
Rural 97.0 1.2 0.8 0.9 100.0 8,819
Region
Central 1 98.5 0.4 0.3 0.7 100.0 950
Central 2 98.5 0.3 0.3 1.0 100.0 1,040
Kampala 96.3 2.8 0.6 0.3 100.0 652
East Central 97.7 0.3 1.2 0.8 100.0 1,195
Mid Eastern 98.8 0.4 0.3 0.5 100.0 1,183
North East 93.5 4.0 2.0 0.4 100.0 1,162
West Nile 96.5 1.0 1.8 0.7 100.0 1,062
Mid Northern 96.1 1.7 0.9 1.3 100.0 1,038
South Western 95.6 1.8 0.2 2.3 100.0 867
Mid Western 97.9 0.7 0.5 0.8 100.0 1,107
Wealth quintile
Lowest 95.1 2.4 1.4 1.1 100.0 2,439
Second 98.0 0.5 0.9 0.6 100.0 2,239
Middle 97.7 0.8 0.6 0.9 100.0 2,033
Fourth 97.7 0.9 0.5 0.9 100.0 1,800
Highest 96.7 1.8 0.6 0.8 100.0 1,745
Mother's HIV status
Positive 96.7 1.0 0.4 2.0 100.0 511
Negative 98.0 0.7 0.6 0.8 100.0 8,173
Missing/Not tested/dead 92.0 4.6 2.3 1.1 100.0 1,572
Mother's survival
Alive 97.0 1.3 0.8 0.9 100.0 10,126
Dead 97.4 0.9 0.9 0.9 100.0 115
Total 97.0 1.3 0.8 0.9 100.0 10,256

Note: Total includes 15 children for whom mother’s survival status is missing.

Table 8.13 shows that only a tiny fraction of children under age 5 are HIV-positive—less than 1
percent (0.7 percent). This is identical to the level found in the 2004-05 UHSBS. Moreover, differences in HIV
prevalence among children under 5 by background characteristics are mostly negligible. Prevalence is slightly
higher among children whose mothers are widowed (3 percent), those whose mothers are also HIV-positive
(8 percent), and those whose mothers have died (4 percent).

120 • HIV Prevalence

Table 8.13 HIV prevalence among children under age 5
Among de facto children under age 5 who were tested, the
percentage HIV positive, by background characteristics, Uganda 2011
Background Number of
characteristic HIV-positive children

Age
<18 months 0.6 2,771
18-59 months 0.7 7,175
Sex
Male 0.7 5,067
Female 0.6 4,879
Mother's education
No education 0.7 1,422
Primary incomplete 0.5 4,356
Primary complete 0.7 1,178
Secondary or higher 0.4 1,674
Missing/ Not interviewed/dead 1.3 1,317
Mother's marital status
Never married 0.7 308
Married 0.4 7,511
Widowed 3.3 172
Divorced/separated 1.2 637
Missing/ Not interviewed/dead 1.3 1,318
Residence
Urban 0.7 1,402
Rural 0.7 8,544
Region
Central 1 1.3 1,081
Central 2 0.4 1,066
Kampala 0.2 451
East Central 0.8 1,147
Mid Eastern 0.5 1,137
North East 0.4 1,045
West Nile 0.5 635
Mid Northern 0.7 1,016
South Western 1.2 1,095
Mid Western 0.4 1,273
Wealth quintile
Lowest 0.8 2,084
Second 0.7 2,172
Middle 0.6 2,055
Fourth 0.5 1,883
Highest 0.8 1,752
Mother's HIV status
Positive 8.1 505
Negative 0.1 8,026
Missing/ Not tested/dead 1.2 1,415
Mother's survival
Alive 0.6 9,819
Dead 4.3 111
Total 0.7 9,946

Note: Children under 18 months are only considered HIV-positive if

they had a positive PCR test. Total includes 16 children for whom
mother’s survival status is missing.

HIV Prevalence • 121

HIV PROGRAMME COVERAGE INDICATORS 9
Key Findings
• The proportion of adults age 15-49 who have ever been tested for HIV
and received results has increased enormously since 2004-05—from 13
to 66 percent for women and from 11 percent to 45 percent for men.
• Only 40 percent of those who tested HIV-positive in the survey knew that
they were positive; the remainder is roughly evenly split between those
who reported that their previous HIV test was negative and those who
had never been tested for HIV.
• One-third of HIV-positive adults have CD4 levels below the standard
cutoff of 350 for eligibility for antiretroviral treatment.
• The proportion of those eligible for ARVs who are taking them could be
as high as 50 percent.
• One-quarter of men in Uganda have been circumcised. Although the
level has not changed recently, there is an unmet need for circumcision,
with almost half of uncircumcised men saying they would like to be
circumcised.

T
his chapter presents information related to coverage of HIV programmes. As mentioned in Chapter 1,
the Uganda government has instituted programmes to provide voluntary counseling and HIV testing
among the general population and specifically among pregnant women. There are also programmes for
those who are living with HIV to provide them with treatment such as cotrimoxazole to suppress opportunistic
infections and anti-retroviral drugs when their condition warrants such treatment. Finally, the government
encourages safe medical circumcision of men, based on research that it reduces the risk of HIV acquisition.

9.1 COVERAGE OF HIV COUNSELING AND TESTING

Awareness of HIV status can motivate individuals to further protect themselves against infection or to
protect their partners. Knowledge of one’s HIV status is considered to be a key motivating factor for behaviour
change and a critical link to obtaining care, treatment, and support services for infected individuals. To assess
awareness and coverage of prior HIV testing behaviour, respondents were asked if they knew where to get an
HIV test and whether they had ever been tested for HIV. If they had been tested for HIV, respondents were
asked if they had received the results of their last test. Tables 9.1.1, 9.1.2, and 9.1.3 show information about
prior testing for women, men, and both sexes combined, respectively.

Overall, 92 percent of women age 15-49 know where they can get an HIV test. Women age 15-19 and
those who have not yet initiated sexual activity are less likely than other women to know where to get tested
for HIV. Knowledge of a place to get an HIV test increases with level of education and with wealth quintile. It
is also higher among urban women and women in Central 1 and Kampala regions.

Two-thirds of women age 15-49 in Uganda (66 percent) have ever been tested for HIV and received
the results. An additional four percent have been tested but did not receive the results. The percentage who
have ever been tested and received results is higher among women in their twenties, those who have ever been

HIV Programme Coverage Indicators • 123

 married, urban women, women in Mid Northern, North East, and Kampala regions (Map 9.1), and women with
higher education and wealth levels.

Table 9.1.1 Coverage of prior HIV testing: Women

Percentage of women age 15-49 who know where to get an HIV test, percent distribution of women age 15-49 by testing status and
by whether they received the results of the last test, and the percentage of women ever tested, according to background
characteristics, Uganda 2011
Percent distribution of women by testing
status and by whether they received the
results of the last test
Percentage Ever tested,
who know Ever tested did not Number
Background where to get and received receive Never Percentage of
characteristic an HIV test results results tested1 Total ever tested2 women
Age
15-24 88.9 57.9 3.8 38.3 100.0 61.7 4,621
15-19 83.3 40.8 3.2 56.0 100.0 44.0 2,458
20-24 95.3 77.4 4.5 18.1 100.0 81.9 2,163
25-29 96.8 80.8 4.5 14.8 100.0 85.2 1,942
30-39 95.3 71.9 5.4 22.8 100.0 77.2 2,833
40-49 92.0 60.0 4.0 36.0 100.0 64.0 1,764
Marital status
Never married 84.3 42.3 2.5 55.2 100.0 44.8 2,641
Ever had sex 93.4 64.9 3.0 32.1 100.0 67.9 1,202
Never had sex 76.8 23.4 2.1 74.5 100.0 25.5 1,440
Married/Living together 95.0 73.6 5.1 21.4 100.0 78.6 7,097
Divorced/Separated/Widowed 94.5 70.4 4.3 25.3 100.0 74.7 1,422
Residence
Urban 96.6 76.3 2.4 21.3 100.0 78.7 2,365
Rural 91.3 62.9 4.9 32.2 100.0 67.8 8,795
Region
Central 1 96.8 71.1 4.6 24.3 100.0 75.7 1,206
Central 2 92.5 67.1 2.8 30.0 100.0 70.0 1,162
Kampala 96.4 75.4 1.9 22.6 100.0 77.4 875
East Central 93.0 56.4 6.5 37.1 100.0 62.9 1,153
Mid Eastern 84.6 48.5 8.7 42.8 100.0 57.2 1,133
North East 91.4 76.2 3.3 20.5 100.0 79.5 919
West Nile 89.7 63.4 4.1 32.5 100.0 67.5 712
Mid Northern 93.7 76.6 4.7 18.7 100.0 81.3 1,106
South Western 93.7 63.7 3.2 33.1 100.0 66.9 1,414
Mid Western 91.7 63.7 3.5 32.9 100.0 67.1 1,480
Education
No education 88.8 58.8 6.5 34.7 100.0 65.3 1,566
Primary incomplete 90.3 63.0 4.9 32.0 100.0 68.0 5,218
Primary complete 94.7 68.5 3.9 27.6 100.0 72.4 1,388
Secondary or higher 97.0 72.9 2.4 24.7 100.0 75.3 2,988
Wealth quintile
Lowest 88.9 62.8 6.0 31.2 100.0 68.8 1,894
Second 89.3 61.2 5.1 33.8 100.0 66.2 2,024
Middle 91.1 59.7 6.1 34.3 100.0 65.7 2,056
Fourth 94.4 65.5 3.4 31.1 100.0 68.9 2,292
Highest 96.3 75.5 2.3 22.2 100.0 77.8 2,894
Total 15-49 92.4 65.8 4.3 29.9 100.0 70.1 11,160
50-59 86.5 48.5 3.1 48.4 100.0 51.6 993
Total 15-59 91.9 64.4 4.2 31.4 100.0 68.6 12,153
1
Includes 'don't know/missing
2
Due to a problem with the 2011 UAIS Individual Questionnaire, data on time since last HIV test are not available for some women. Women
who had a birth in the five years before the survey and who said they had an HIV test during antenatal care were not asked if the test was in
the 12 months before the survey. Those who said they were tested after the pregnancy were asked if the test was in the 12 months before the
survey, so only those who were not tested later are missing data on the timing of the prenatal test. This makes it difficult to estimate the
percentage tested in the 12 months before the survey.

Among men, 91 percent know where to get an HIV test, almost the same as for women. Similar to the
pattern for women, men age 15-19 and those who have not yet initiated sexual activity are less likely to know
where to get an HIV test. Knowledge of a source for HIV testing is higher among urban than rural men and
increases with education level and wealth. Men in Mid Eastern region are by far the least likely to know of a
place to get an HIV test (77 percent).

124 • HIV Programme Coverage Indicators

Table 9.1.2 Coverage of prior HIV testing: Men
Percentage of men age 15-49 who know where to get an HIV test, percent distribution of men age 15-49 by testing status and by whether they
received the results of the last test, the percentage of men ever tested, and the percentage of men age 15-49 who were tested in the past 12
months and received the results the last test, according to background characteristics, Uganda 2011
Percent distribution of men by testing Percentage
status and by whether they received the who have
results of the last test been tested
for HIV in the
past 12
Percentage Ever tested, months and
who know Ever tested did not received the
Background where to get and received receive Never Percentage results of the Number
characteristic an HIV test results results tested1 Total ever tested last test of men
Age
15-24 85.2 30.9 2.1 67.0 100.0 33.0 17.1 3,479
15-19 79.8 20.7 1.5 77.8 100.0 22.2 11.3 2,072
20-24 93.1 46.0 2.9 51.1 100.0 48.9 25.5 1,406
25-29 95.6 58.3 2.8 38.9 100.0 61.1 31.3 1,354
30-39 94.8 54.8 2.4 42.8 100.0 57.2 28.9 2,289
40-49 92.9 49.6 2.2 48.2 100.0 51.8 21.3 1,612
Marital status
Never married 84.7 30.5 1.8 67.7 100.0 32.3 16.8 3,227
Ever had sex 91.8 40.6 2.6 56.8 100.0 43.2 22.6 1,663
Never had sex 77.1 19.8 1.0 79.3 100.0 20.7 10.5 1,563
Married/Living together 94.5 53.6 2.7 43.7 100.0 56.3 27.4 4,994
Divorced/Separated/Widowed 92.4 49.8 2.1 48.1 100.0 51.9 22.4 514
Residence
Urban 94.3 58.6 1.8 39.6 100.0 60.4 30.4 1,739
Rural 89.8 41.5 2.4 56.1 100.0 43.9 21.4 6,995
Region
Central 1 93.8 51.8 2.7 45.5 100.0 54.5 27.2 1,009
Central 2 90.8 48.2 2.6 49.2 100.0 50.8 24.5 888
Kampala 91.8 57.5 1.8 40.7 100.0 59.3 27.6 674
East Central 92.7 33.5 2.0 64.5 100.0 35.5 17.9 933
Mid Eastern 77.1 24.5 2.6 72.9 100.0 27.1 12.3 950
North East 81.9 49.9 2.5 47.7 100.0 52.3 26.4 683
West Nile 95.1 51.2 2.3 46.5 100.0 53.5 27.6 548
Mid Northern 94.1 61.3 2.0 36.6 100.0 63.4 38.8 950
South Western 92.7 39.8 1.2 58.9 100.0 41.1 16.2 947
Mid Western 95.8 39.4 3.1 57.5 100.0 42.5 18.1 1,151
Education
No education 81.9 32.4 2.3 65.3 100.0 34.7 14.0 485
Primary incomplete 87.2 35.0 2.6 62.4 100.0 37.6 17.8 3,727
Primary complete 92.2 47.4 2.2 50.4 100.0 49.6 23.3 1,230
Secondary or higher 95.5 56.9 2.0 41.1 100.0 58.9 30.5 3,292
Wealth quintile
Lowest 85.4 40.6 2.0 57.5 100.0 42.5 20.7 1,504
Second 89.2 38.1 2.9 58.9 100.0 41.1 20.7 1,632
Middle 90.7 40.4 2.5 57.0 100.0 43.0 19.4 1,667
Fourth 92.0 42.6 1.9 55.5 100.0 44.5 22.0 1,706
Highest 94.5 57.8 2.2 40.0 100.0 60.0 30.3 2,226
Total 15-49 90.7 44.9 2.3 52.8 100.0 47.2 23.2 8,735
50-59 90.5 45.4 1.9 52.6 100.0 47.4 23.3 853
Total 15-59 90.7 44.9 2.3 52.8 100.0 47.2 23.2 9,588
1
Includes 'don't know/missing'

Fewer than half of men age 15-49 (45 percent) have ever been tested for HIV and received the results.
An additional 2 percent were tested but did not receive the results. Those more likely to have been tested and
received results include men in their late twenties and early thirties, those who are currently married, urban
men, men in Mid Northern region (Map 9.2), and men who completed primary school or higher or are in the
highest wealth quintile. Almost one-quarter of men say they have been tested in the 12 months before the
survey and received the results. Men who are more likely to have been tested recently include those in their
late twenties, those who are currently married, those in urban areas, those in Mid Northern region, those with
more education, and those in the highest wealth quintile.

HIV Programme Coverage Indicators • 125

 Looking at results for both sexes combined (Table 9.1.3) indicates that although over 90 percent of
Ugandan adults age 15-49 know where to get an HIV test, only 57 percent have been tested and received the
results.

Table 9.1.3 Coverage of prior HIV testing: Both sexes (women and men combined)
Percentage of women and men age 15-49 who know where to get an HIV test, percent distribution of women and men age 15-49
by testing status and by whether they received the results of the last test, and the percentage of women and men ever tested,
according to background characteristics, Uganda 2011
Percent distribution of women and men
by testing status and by whether they
received the results of the last test
Percentage Ever tested Ever tested,
who know and did not Number of
Background where to get received receive Never Percentage women and
characteristic an HIV test results results tested1 Total ever tested men
Age
15-24 87.3 46.3 3.1 50.6 100.0 49.4 8,099
15-19 81.7 31.6 2.4 66.0 100.0 34.0 4,530
20-24 94.4 65.0 3.9 31.1 100.0 68.9 3,569
25-29 96.3 71.5 3.8 24.7 100.0 75.3 3,297
30-39 95.1 64.2 4.0 31.7 100.0 68.3 5,122
40-49 92.4 55.0 3.2 41.8 100.0 58.2 3,377
Marital status
Never married 84.5 35.8 2.1 62.1 100.0 37.9 5,868
Ever had sex 92.5 50.8 2.7 46.4 100.0 53.6 2,865
Never had sex 76.9 21.5 1.5 77.0 100.0 23.0 3,003
Married/Living together 94.8 65.3 4.1 30.6 100.0 69.4 12,091
Divorced/Separated/Widowed 93.9 65.0 3.7 31.3 100.0 68.7 1,935
Residence
Urban 95.6 68.8 2.2 29.1 100.0 70.9 4,104
Rural 90.6 53.4 3.8 42.8 100.0 57.2 15,791
Region
Central 1 95.4 62.3 3.7 33.9 100.0 66.1 2,215
Central 2 91.8 58.9 2.7 38.4 100.0 61.6 2,051
Kampala 94.4 67.6 1.9 30.5 100.0 69.5 1,549
East Central 92.9 46.2 4.5 49.4 100.0 50.6 2,087
Mid Eastern 81.2 37.6 5.9 56.5 100.0 43.5 2,082
North East 87.4 65.0 2.9 32.1 100.0 67.9 1,603
West Nile 92.0 58.1 3.3 38.6 100.0 61.4 1,260
Mid Northern 93.9 69.5 3.5 27.0 100.0 73.0 2,056
South Western 93.3 54.1 2.4 43.5 100.0 56.5 2,361
Mid Western 93.5 53.1 3.3 43.6 100.0 56.4 2,631
Education
No education 87.1 52.5 5.5 42.0 100.0 58.0 2,051
Primary incomplete 89.0 51.4 4.0 44.7 100.0 55.3 8,945
Primary complete 93.5 58.6 3.1 38.3 100.0 61.7 2,618
Secondary or higher 96.2 64.5 2.2 33.3 100.0 66.7 6,281
Wealth quintile
Lowest 87.3 53.0 4.2 42.8 100.0 57.2 3,398
Second 89.3 50.9 4.1 45.0 100.0 55.0 3,656
Middle 90.9 51.0 4.5 44.5 100.0 55.5 3,723
Fourth 93.4 55.7 2.8 41.5 100.0 58.5 3,998
Highest 95.5 67.8 2.3 29.9 100.0 70.1 5,120
Total 15-49 91.7 56.6 3.5 40.0 100.0 60.0 19,895
50-59 88.3 47.1 2.6 50.4 100.0 49.6 1,846
Total 15-59 91.4 55.8 3.4 40.8 100.0 59.2 21,741
1
Includes 'don't know/missing'

126 • HIV Programme Coverage Indicators

Map 9.1 Percentage ever tested for HIV and
received results: Women 15-49

Map 9.2 Percentage ever tested for HIV and

received results: Men 15-49

HIV Programme Coverage Indicators • 127

 Despite the large gap between knowledge of a place to get tested and the proportion of adults who
have ever had an HIV test, the survey indicates that the level of HIV testing has increased tremendously in the
past six to seven years in Uganda. As shown in Figure 9.1, the proportion of women age 15-49 who have ever
been tested for HIV and received the results has increased five times since 2004-05, from 13 percent to 66
percent. The increase among men has been somewhat more modest, from 11 percent in 2004-05 to 45 percent
in 2011.

Figure 9.1 Trends in prior HIV testing, Uganda

66

45

25
21
13 11

Women Men
2004-2005 2006 2011
Note: Percentage of women and
men 15-49 who were ever tested
Uganda 2011 AIS
for HIV and received results

9.2 HIV COUNSELING AND TESTING AMONG YOUTH

It is particularly important to measure behaviour regarding HIV testing among youth. Not only are
youth especially vulnerable to infection, but they also may experience barriers to accessing testing services due
to their young age.

Table 9.2 shows that women age 15-24 who were sexually active in the 12 months before the survey
are almost twice as likely as men of the same age to have ever been tested for HIV and received the results.
Seventy-four percent of sexually active young women and 43 percent of sexually active young men said they
have ever been tested and received their results. Young women and men in the 20-24 age group were much
more likely to have been tested for HIV than those in the 15-19 age group. Although 63 percent of sexually
active women age 15-19 have ever been tested for HIV and received the results, the proportion climbs to 80
percent for women age 20-24.

Ever-married youth are more likely to have ever had an HIV test than never-married young women
and men. Urban youth are more likely to be tested than rural youth. Testing behaviour is more common among
youth with higher education. For example, only 60 percent of young women age 15-24 with no education have
ever been tested for HIV and received the results, compared with 81 percent of young women with at least
some secondary schooling. Data on HIV testing in the 12 months before the survey are available for men. It
shows that almost one-quarter of young, sexually active men age 15-24 had an HIV test in the 12 months
before the survey and received the results. Differentials are similar to those described above; however, the
differences for recent testing are less pronounced.

128 • HIV Programme Coverage Indicators

 Table 9.2 Recent HIV tests among young people
Among young women and young men age 15-24 who have had sexual intercourse in the past 12 months, the
percentage who have ever had an HIV test and received the results of the test, and among young men age 15-24 who
have had sexual intercourse in the past 12 months, the percentage who have had an HIV test and received results in
the past 12 months, by background characteristics, Uganda 2011
Among women age 15-24 who
have had sexual intercourse in Among men age 15-24 who have had sexual
the past 12 months: intercourse in the past 12 months:
Percentage
Percentage who Percentage who have been
have ever been who have ever tested for HIV
tested for HIV been tested for and received
Background and received Number of HIV and results in the Number
characteristic results women received results past 12 months of men

Age
15-19 63.4 979 28.3 16.3 484
15-17 52.0 377 24.8 17.7 181
18-19 70.6 602 30.4 15.4 303
20-24 79.9 1,869 49.1 28.1 1,033
20-22 79.1 1,116 45.9 27.7 582
23-24 81.1 753 53.3 28.7 451
Marital status
Never married 63.2 735 39.8 23.6 923
Ever married 78.1 2,113 46.7 25.5 594
Knows condom source1
Yes 77.0 2,050 43.5 25.3 1,382
No 67.2 798 32.1 14.6 135
Residence
Urban 84.3 672 54.3 34.2 333
Rural 71.1 2,176 39.2 21.6 1,185
Education
No education 59.8 134 (30.3) (9.8) 38
Primary incomplete 70.3 1,305 33.0 18.6 621
Primary complete 76.1 451 43.6 25.0 234
Secondary or higher 80.7 957 52.3 30.7 624
Total 74.2 2,848 42.5 24.4 1,517

Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases.

1
For this table, the following responses are not considered a source for condoms: friends, family members and home

9.3 HIV PREVALENCE BY PRIOR HIV TEST RESULTS

In the 2011 UAIS, respondents who said that they had ever been tested for HIV were asked to disclose
the result of their last HIV test to the interviewer. Table 9.3 shows the proportion of women and men who
tested positive in the 2011 UAIS, according to the HIV status reported by the respondent.

Those who have ever been tested for HIV are more likely to be HIV positive than those who have not
been tested. Among women who had ever been tested for HIV, 10 percent are HIV-positive—regardless of
whether they received the results or not—compared with only 5 percent of women who had not been
previously tested before the survey. Among men who had been tested before the survey, 8 percent tested
positive in the 2011 UAIS, compared with 5 percent of men who were not previously tested. These results are
very plausible, suggesting that people who think they might have HIV are more motivated to get tested.

Among women who were previously tested and who reported that their last HIV test result was
positive, 96 percent tested positive in the 2011 UAIS. For men, only 89 percent of those who reported that they
were positive actually tested positive in the 2011 UAIS. This means that 4 percent of women and 11 percent of
men who reported to the interviewer that they were HIV-positive had negative or indeterminate HIV test
results in the 2011 UAIS. The possible reasons for this difference cannot be fully explained without further
investigation. It is possible that a combination of false positives with regard to previous testing and false
negatives with regard to testing within the 2011 UAIS for these respondents may contribute to the difference.

HIV Programme Coverage Indicators • 129

 Due to the high sensitivity and specificity of the HIV tests used in Uganda, this is likely to be a small number
of cases. Without repeat interviews, testing, or both, it is not possible to know the cause of these differences.

Table 9.3 HIV prevalence by self-reported prior HIV testing

Among women and men age 15-49 who were tested in the Uganda AIS, percentage who tested positive for HIV, according to
self-reported HIV status, Uganda 2011
Women Men Both sexes
Self-reported HIV status from testing Percentage Percentage Percentage
prior to the survey HIV positive Number HIV positive Number HIV positive Number

Previously tested, received results 9.7 7,189 7.8 3,888 9.0 11,077
Positive 95.6 419 88.6 190 93.4 609
Negative 4.3 6,716 3.5 3,666 4.0 10,382
Refused to answer, other 11.5 53 (21.1) 32 15.1 85
Did not receive results 9.6 444 7.9 202 9.1 646
Not previously tested 5.2 3,250 4.6 4,582 4.8 7,833
Total 15-49 8.3 10,883 6.1 8,673 7.3 19,556

HIV prevalence is 4 percent among both women and men who reported that their last HIV test result
prior to the survey was negative. There are a few possible reasons for this difference. First, respondents could
have seroconverted since their last HIV test. Second, respondents could knowingly report a false negative HIV
status due to discomfort about disclosing that they are HIV-positive to the survey interviewer. Third, the
respondent could have received a false negative on the prior HIV test or a false positive on the 2011 UAIS
HIV test. The third possibility is likely to be very small, given the high sensitivity and specificity of HIV tests.
The proportion of respondents who seroconverted between their last HIV test and the survey is also likely to be
small, given the estimated incidence rates of HIV and the relatively short duration between the date of the last
HIV test and the 2011 UAIS survey for the majority of respondents.1 It is not possible from the survey data
alone to sort out the reasons for the difference.

Table 9.4 shows the percent distribution of women and men age 15-49 by self-reported HIV status,
according to whether they tested HIV-positive or HIV-negative in the 2011 UAIS. Table 9.4 differs from
Table 9.3 in that the denominators represent different groups of people. In Table 9.3, the denominators for the
percentages are the number of respondents self-reporting their HIV status. For example, among women who
self-reported their HIV status as positive, 96 percent were found to be HIV-positive in the 2011 UAIS testing.
In Table 9.4, the denominators are the number of respondents who are HIV-positive or HIV-negative,
according to the 2011 UAIS testing. For example, 44 percent of the women who are HIV-positive in the 2011
UAIS self-reported that they were positive.

As shown in Table 9.4, it appears that only 44 percent of HIV-positive women and 32 percent of HIV-
positive men know that they are positive. Although many adults do not know their status because they have
never been tested for HIV, it is troubling that 32 percent of HIV-positive women and 24 percent of HIV-
positive men report that they were previously tested and the result was negative. Some of these respondents
may have sero-converted between their most recent HIV test and the 2011 UAIS testing. It is also likely that
some respondents were unwilling to disclose to the interviewer that they knew they were HIV-positive and
therefore reported that their most recent test results were negative. There is also the possibility that the prior
test was not accurate (a false negative) or that the 2011 UAIS results were not accurate (a false positive).

1
Due to a problem with the 2011 UAIS Individual Questionnaire, data on time since last HIV test is not available
for some women. Women who had a birth in the five years before the survey and who said they had an HIV test
during antenatal care were not asked if the test was in the 12 months before the survey. Those who said they were
tested after the pregnancy, were asked if the test was in the 12 months before the survey, so only those who were not
tested later are missing data on the timing of the antenatal test.

130 • HIV Programme Coverage Indicators

 Table 9.4 Prior HIV testing by current HIV status

Percent distribution of women and men age 15-49 who tested HIV positive and who tested HIV negative in the Uganda AIS by
self-reported HIV status, Uganda 2011
Women Men Both sexes
Self-reported HIV status from testing
prior to the survey HIV positive HIV negative HIV positive HIV negative HIV positive HIV negative

Previously tested, received results 76.5 64.8 57.3 44.0 69.5 55.5
Positive 44.2 0.2 31.8 0.3 39.6 0.2
Negative 31.7 64.2 24.2 43.4 28.9 54.9
Refused or DK result 0.7 0.4 1.3 0.3 0.9 0.4
Did not receive results 4.8 4.3 3.0 2.3 4.2 3.4
Not previously tested 18.6 30.9 39.6 53.7 26.4 41.1
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number 907 9,976 529 8,144 1,436 18,120

Among HIV-negative respondents, 64 percent of women and 43 percent of men had been tested
before the survey and reported that the results of the prior test were negative.

In summary, Tables 9.3 and 9.4 show that there is poor agreement between current HIV status as
determined by the 2011 UAIS test result and the HIV status reported by respondents. Therefore, self-reported
HIV status is not an accurate reflection of actual HIV status.

9.4 USE OF COTRIMOXAZOLE

HIV attacks the immune system, reducing
Table 9.5 Coverage of cotrimoxazole
the ability of the body to fight infections.
Percent distribution of women and men age 15-49 who tested HIV-
Cotrimoxazole (Septrin) is a medicine that is often positive in the UAIS by self-reported HIV status and use of
given to those who test positive for HIV as a means cotrimoxazole, Uganda 2011
of preventing opportunistic infections. UAIS Prior test results and use of cotrimoxazole Percentage
respondents who reported that they had been Self-reported HIV positive
previously tested for HIV and that the result was Taking cotrimoxazole 32.3
Not taking cotrimoxazole 7.1
positive were asked if they were taking septrin or Does not know 0.2
cotrimoxazole daily. Table 9.5 shows the distribution Self-reported HIV negative
Refused to answer/DK if positive or negative
29.0
5.0
of respondents age 15-49 who tested positive in the No prior testing 26.4
Total 100.0
survey by their self-reported status and whether or
Number of women and men who tested HIV positive 1,436
not they were taking cotrimoxazole daily.

Results show that only one-third of HIV-positive adults report that they are taking cotrimoxazole
daily. This low estimate is due to the fact that as noted previously, 29 percent of HIV-positive adults were
previously tested and told they were HIV-negative and 26 percent were never tested before the survey. Of
those who knew they were HIV-positive, the vast majority said they were taking cotrimoxazole daily.

9.5 PRIOR CD4 TESTING COVERAGE

Measuring the level of CD4 cells is a means of assessing the body’s ability to fight off infections.
Current policy in Uganda is to provide antiretroviral (ARV) treatment to those whose CD4 levels drop below
350 cells per microlitre. Consequently, those who test HIV positive are encouraged to get tests for CD4 levels
in order to know whether they require ARV medicine or not. Table 9.6 shows the distribution of women and
men age 15-49 who self-reported that they were HIV-positive by whether they were ever offered and received
a CD4 test.

HIV Programme Coverage Indicators • 131

 It is encouraging that of those who report that they Table 9.6 Prior CD4 testing
are HIV positive, 70 percent say they were offered a CD4 Among women and men age 15-49 who report that they
test, 28 percent say they were not offered the test and a small previously tested positive for HIV, percent distribution by
whether they were ever offered a CD4 test and percent
proportion say they do not know. Almost all of those who distribution who ever received the CD4 test, Uganda, 2011
were offered the CD4 test reported that they had the test; Offered/Received CD4 test Percentage
fully two-thirds of respondents (67 percent) who self-report Were offered a CD4 test 70.2
HIV positive say they have had a CD4 test. Had the CD4 test 66.5
Did not have the CD4 test 3.3
Does not know if had the CD4 test 0.4
9.6 CD4 CELLS TEST RESULTS FROM THE Was not offered a CD4 test
Does not know if offered CD4 test or not
28.2
1.5
SURVEY Total 100.0
Number of women and men 15-49 who
As mentioned in Chapter 1, one of the three tubes of report being HIV-positive
614

blood collected from consenting adults in the 2011 UAIS

was a special container for CD4 cells testing. The CD4 tubes for respondents who tested HIV positive on the
home-based rapid test algorithm were placed in a special container. Laboratory technicians called the central
office to alert them so that they could send transport to pick up the CD4 sample tubes as soon as possible.
Table 9.7 shows the distribution of women and men age 15-49 who tested HIV-positive in the central
laboratory and who had a CD4 result by the CD4 level, according to whether the respondents reported that they
were taking antiretroviral (ARV) drugs or not. Overall, almost one-third of HIV-positive adults have a CD4
level below 350, the cut-off the Ministry of Health recommends for initiating ARV treatment. There is little
difference by gender, with 31 percent of women and 34 percent of men having CD4 levels below 350. Those
who report that they are taking ARVs are more likely to have CD-4 levels below the 350 cut-off than those
who do not report that they are taking ARVs.

Table 9.7 CD4 levels among those HIV-positive

Among women and men age 15-49 who tested HIV-positive in the UAIS and for whom CD4 results are available, percent distribution
by CD4 level, according to whether taking ARVs or not, Uganda, 2011
Women Men Both sexes
Taking Not taking Taking Not taking Taking Not taking
CD4 level per µL1 ARVs ARVs Total ARVs ARVs Total ARVs ARVs Total
<100 3.7 3.1 3.3 10.4 2.4 3.9 5.6 2.9 3.5
100-199 8.1 7.4 7.6 28.8 8.3 12.2 14.1 7.8 9.2
200-249 2.6 7.0 5.9 3.6 7.3 6.6 2.9 7.1 6.2
250-349 18.0 13.3 14.5 11.6 10.9 11.0 16.2 12.4 13.2
350-499 27.5 23.2 24.2 22.5 28.5 27.4 26.1 25.1 25.3
500-599 15.4 15.4 15.4 8.9 11.9 11.3 13.5 14.1 14.0
600+ 24.6 30.6 29.1 14.4 30.7 27.7 21.6 30.6 28.6
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Percentage below 350 32.4 30.9 31.2 54.3 28.9 33.7 38.8 30.1 32.1
Number 182 561 743 75 326 401 257 887 1,144
1
CD-4 results are not available for 20 percent of respondents 15-49. Most of the shortfall consists of respondents who tested HIV-
negative on the home-based rapid test and HIV-positive in the central laboratory, however some may be due to samples reaching the
central laboratory too late to be tested for CD-4 or to other logistical problems.

9.7 ARV ELIGIBILITY AND USE

One objective of the CD4 testing component of the UAIS was to estimate the proportion of adults
eligible to be taking ARVs and the proportion of those who are actually taking them. Table 9.8 shows the
distribution of HIV-positive women and men by eligibility status and use of ARVs, using a CD4 cutoff of 350
cells per µL. The first column consists of all HIV-positive individuals who report they are currently taking
ARVs, regardless of their CD4 result.

132 • HIV Programme Coverage Indicators

 Table 9.8 Eligibility for and use of ARVs by background characteristics
Among women and men age 15-49 who tested HIV-positive in the UAIS, percent distribution by
eligibility for and current use of ARVs, Uganda 2011
Number of
HIV-
Eligible Eligible Other positive
Background and and not Not (No CD4 women
characteristic using1 using2 eligible3 results) Total and men
Sex
Women 21.2 19.1 42.8 16.9 100.0 907
Men 15.3 18.3 43.4 23.0 100.0 529
Residence
Urban 24.2 23.0 44.9 7.9 100.0 349
Rural 17.4 17.4 42.4 22.8 100.0 1,086
Region
Central 1 15.2 18.1 50.3 16.3 100.0 231
Central 2 15.8 24.1 35.8 24.3 100.0 181
Kampala 25.7 19.0 45.9 9.4 100.0 109
East Central 12.9 21.3 40.2 25.6 100.0 120
Mid Eastern 17.4 17.3 32.5 32.8 100.0 84
North East 28.5 13.7 38.6 19.2 100.0 84
West Nile 28.5 16.9 25.5 29.1 100.0 60
Mid Northern 20.3 23.3 44.6 11.8 100.0 168
South Western 21.6 13.2 44.2 21.0 100.0 188
Mid Western 17.2 18.0 49.7 15.1 100.0 213
Education
No education 24.1 21.2 36.6 18.1 100.0 184
Primary incomplete 17.5 19.5 42.1 20.8 100.0 694
Primary complete 18.1 16.1 52.0 13.9 100.0 213
Secondary or higher 20.1 17.7 42.6 19.5 100.0 345
Wealth quintile
Lowest 15.5 15.2 46.8 22.4 100.0 211
Second 20.0 19.1 37.4 23.4 100.0 231
Middle 15.0 20.6 40.2 24.3 100.0 256
Fourth 19.3 18.5 43.3 18.9 100.0 329
Highest 22.8 19.6 45.7 12.0 100.0 408
Total 19.1 18.8 43.0 19.2 100.0 1,436
1
Those who were tested in the UAIS as being HIV-positive and who self-report that they are HIV-
positive and are taking ARVs
2
Those who were tested in the UAIS as being HIV-positive with a CD4 count <= 350, and they either
report that they are not taking ARVs or they are missing or not applicable for the question on ARVs.
3
Those who were tested in the UAIS as being HIV-positive and who had a CD4 count > 350 (and are
not taking ARVs)

As shown in Table 9.8, 19 percent of HIV-positive respondents reported they are using ARVs, and an
additional 19 percent are not using ARVs although they have a CD4 level below 350. According to this
information, ARV coverage among those eligible would be 50 percent. However, the table also shows that
CD4 results are not available for nearly one in five HIV-positive respondents which complicates the
interpretation of the ARV coverage data. In order to understand the magnitude of the impact this missing data
could have on the coverage estimate, it is possible to calculate the ARV coverage rate assuming first that none
of the individuals missing CD4 results was eligible for ARVs and then assuming that all of the individuals
missing CD4 results were eligible for ARVs. Under the assumption that none of the individuals missing CD4
results was eligible to receive ARVs, the ARV coverage rate would still be 50 percent. However, under the
assumption that all of the individuals in this category were eligible for ARVs, the coverage rate would be just
33 percent. Using the first definition of coverage, Figure 9.2 shows ARV coverage rates for women and men
age 15-49 by gender, residence and wealth quintile. Differentials are remarkably small.

HIV Programme Coverage Indicators • 133

 Figure 9.2 Differentials in ARV coverage

SEX
Women 53
Men 46

RESIDENCE
Urban 51
Rural 50

WEALTH QUINTILE
Lowest 50
Second 51
Middle 42
Fourth 51
Highest 54

Note: Based on those with complete information; excludes 19 percent

of HIV-positive individuals for whom no CD4 results were available. Uganda AIS 2011

Respondents who reported that they were taking Table 9.9 Source of ARVs and duration of use
ARVs were asked where they obtained the medication and
Among women and men age 15-49 who report that they
how far it was from their home. They were also asked how are currently taking ARVs daily, percent distribution by
long they had been taking ARVs. Results are shown in source of ARVs, distance to the source of ARVs, and
duration of taking ARVs, Uganda, 2011
Table 9.9.
Indicator Percentage

Over three-quarters of self-reported HIV-positive Source of ARVs

Public sector 77.2
respondents who were taking ARVs daily obtain their Government. hospital 46.5
medicine from a public sector source, either a government Government health centre/clinic
Mission, church facility
30.7
22.8
hospital or health centre. Almost one-quarter say that they get Total 100.0
treatment from a non-governmental source, such as facilities Distance to source of ARVs
affiliated with a religious organisation. 0-9 kilometers 63.2
10-19 kilometers 10.1
20-29 kilometers 6.7
A large majority of those taking ARVs say that the 30-39 kilometers 3.2
source of treatment is within 10 kilometres of their home. 40-49 kilometers 3.0
50+ kilometers 10.1
Nevertheless, 10 percent of respondents say they get ARVs Does not know, missing 3.8
from a source that is 50 kilometres or farther from their home. Total 100.0
Duration of ARV treatment
About one-fifth of respondents who are taking ARVs 0-5 months 12.1
6-11 months 8.0
say they have been taking ARVs for less than one year, while 1-2 years 32.1
almost one-third have been taking them for 1-2 years. One- 3-4 years 27.9
5+ years 19.9
fifth have been taking ARVs for 5 years or more.
Total 100.0
Number of women and men 15-49
who report taking ARVs 281

134 • HIV Programme Coverage Indicators

9.8 TESTING AND COUNSELING DURING PREGNANCY
In theory, all women
Table 9.10 Pregnant women counseled and tested for HIV and syphilis
should be counselled about
Among all women age 15-49 who gave birth in the two years preceding the survey, the
HIV during antenatal care percentage who received HIV pretest counseling, the percentage who received an HIV test during
(ANC) and offered a test. antenatal care for their most recent birth by whether they received their results or not, and
percentage who received a syphilis test during pregnancy for their most recent birth, according to
Treatment exists that can background characteristics, Uganda 2011
significantly reduce the chance Percentage who were Percentage
of an infant becoming infected tested for HIV during who
Percentage antenatal care and received
with HIV from an infected who who: pretest
received counseling, Percentage Number of
mother during childbirth. Even counseling had an HIV who were women
where treatment is not on HIV test, and tested for who gave
during Did not who syphilis birth in the
available, new mothers Background antenatal Received receive received during past
care1 pregnancy two years2
infected with HIV should characteristic results results results

receive counseling on infant Age

15-24 70.6 74.2 5.3 62.1 22.4 1,557
feeding practices best for their 15-19 73.2 73.5 6.0 61.8 21.9 436
20-24 69.7 74.4 5.0 62.2 22.7 1,121
baby and on future pregnancy 25-29 72.9 75.7 3.8 63.9 20.1 1,016
choices. In the 2011 UAIS, 30-39 66.8 68.1 5.1 55.9 17.1 1,192
40-49 62.4 63.5 3.1 48.0 19.8 205
women who had given birth in Marital status
the two years before the Never married 76.6 77.9 6.7 69.0 25.0 228
Ever had sex 76.6 77.9 6.7 69.0 25.0 228
survey and had received Married/Living together 69.4 71.9 4.7 59.5 19.7 3,363
antenatal care for the last birth Divorced/Separated/
Widowed 67.6 71.0 3.9 58.3 20.7 379
were asked if anyone had Residence
talked to them about HIV, how Urban 85.9 91.1 1.9 81.5 36.4 622
Rural 66.6 68.7 5.3 55.9 17.0 3,348
to prevent infection from the
Region
virus, and how to get tested for Central 1 72.7 77.2 3.3 64.2 33.7 437
HIV. They were also asked if Central 2
Kampala
67.7
84.2
75.8
88.2
2.7
3.2
60.1
80.1
25.6
35.8
456
205
they were tested for HIV as East Central 60.5 52.3 7.5 44.4 17.3 436
Mid Eastern 60.1 58.5 10.7 47.0 9.7 404
part of their antenatal care and North East 71.0 79.8 4.3 64.0 10.0 390
if they were tested for syphilis West Nile
Mid Northern
74.6
75.9
73.2
76.3
4.9
5.5
61.0
66.0
14.8
20.2
254
407
during the pregnancy. Results South Western 73.5 78.5 2.2 66.4 16.7 451
Mid Western 66.4 70.9 3.3 57.6 20.9 533
are shown in Table 9.10.
Education
No education 55.8 58.5 7.5 42.6 12.4 573
Results show that Primary incomplete 66.0 68.4 5.0 55.4 16.7 2,017
Primary complete 76.1 79.7 3.2 68.5 22.1 527
seven in ten women received Secondary or higher 83.6 85.6 3.1 77.1 32.0 853
HIV counselling during Wealth quintile
antenatal care for their most Lowest
Second
59.0
64.8
62.9
66.2
5.8
5.6
47.5
54.1
10.5
13.8
848
847
recent birth. Seventy-two Middle 66.8 66.6 5.3 55.7 18.7 769
Fourth 73.6 77.6 4.6 64.0 23.2 730
percent were tested for HIV Highest 85.5 89.2 2.2 80.4 35.8 776
and received the results, while Total 15-49 69.6 72.2 4.7 60.0 20.1 3,970
5 percent said they were tested 1 In this context, ‘counseling’ means that someone talked with the respondent about all three of the
but did not receive the results. following topics: (1) babies getting HIV from their mother, (2) preventing the virus, and (3) getting tested
for the virus.
Only 20 percent of women 2 Denominator for percentages includes women who did not receive antenatal care for their last birth in
with a birth in the two years the past two years.
before the survey said they
had been tested for syphilis during the pregnancy.

HIV Programme Coverage Indicators • 135

 Some women are more likely to get counselling for HIV, testing for HIV, and testing for syphilis than
other women. They include urban women, women in Kampala, and women with higher levels of education and
wealth.

Women who said

Table 9.11 Prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV
they had been tested for
Among women 15-49 who had a birth in the two years before the survey for which they received
HIV during antenatal care antenatal care and who reported that they tested HIV-positive during antenatal care, percentage who
for their most recent birth reported receiving various PMTCT services for themselves and their babies, Uganda, 2011
in the two years before the ARV use during labour and delivery for HIV-positive mothers Percentage
survey were asked what the Percentage of mothers who were offered ARVs during pregnancy, labour or delivery (or
result of that test was and, who were already taking ARVs)
Percentage of mothers who took ARVs during pregnancy or during labour and delivery
79.9
79.9
if positive, they were asked Percentage whose baby took ARVs 48.4
Percentage whose baby was ever tested for HIV 42.0
if they had been offered
Number of women with a birth in previous two years who reported they tested HIV-
ARVs to reduce the risk of positive during antenatal care 65
passing on the AIDS virus
to the unborn baby. As shown in Table 9.11, a large majority of the women (80 percent) said they were offered
ARVs, all of whom said they took the medicine. Almost half said that their baby was given ARVs. Results
should be viewed cautiously as they depend on women being willing to divulge their HIV status to the
interviewer. Another reason for caution is that the data are based on only 69 women (unweighted number) who
reported testing positive during their recent pregnancy. Only 42 percent of recent HIV-positive mothers said
that their child had ever been tested for HIV.

9.9 MALE CIRCUMCISION

9.9.1 Prevalence of Male Circumcision

Circumcision is practised in many societies in Uganda. Table 9.12 shows that one-quarter of Ugandan
men age 15-49 (26 percent) are circumcised, almost unchanged from the level of 25 percent found in the 2004-
05 UHSBS.

There are only slight differences in the prevalence of circumcision by age group, implying that there
has been little change in the prevalence of the practice over time. The lower prevalence among men age 15-19
could be due to a decline in the practice, but it might also be due to the fact that some of the youngest men
have not yet been circumcised.

Male circumcision is more common among urban men (37 percent) than rural men (24 percent). It is
also much more common among men in Mid Eastern region (53 percent), East Central region (42 percent), and
Kampala (35 percent) than among men in other regions (Map 9.3). Less than 10 percent of men in North East,
Mid Northern, and South Western regions are circumcised.

As expected, male circumcision is higher among Muslim men, 98 percent of whom have been
circumcised. Prevalence is lowest among Catholic men (13 percent). It is far more prevalent among the
Bagisu/Sabiny ethnic group (81 percent) and the Basoga (41 percent) than among other groups, especially the
Acholi and Langi, only 2 percent of whom are circumcised.

136 • HIV Programme Coverage Indicators

 The practice of male circumcision is related to wealth. Men from the lowest wealth quintile are least
likely to be circumcised (17 percent), compared with those in the highest quintile, 35 percent of whom have
been circumcised.

Table 9.12 Male circumcision

Percentage of men age 15-49 who report having been circumcised,

by background characteristics, Uganda 2011
Background Percentage Number
characteristic circumcised of men

Age
15-24 26.3 3,479
15-19 23.4 2,072
20-24 30.7 1,406
25-29 29.7 1,354
30-39 26.8 2,289
40-49 23.3 1,612
Residence
Urban 37.0 1,739
Rural 23.8 6,995
Region
Central 1 28.7 1,009
Central 2 26.4 888
Kampala 35.2 674
East Central 41.9 933
Mid Eastern 53.1 950
North East 6.7 683
West Nile 27.7 548
Mid Northern 1.6 950
South Western 9.9 947
Mid Western 29.9 1,151
Religion
Catholic 13.2 3,627
Anglican/Protestant 18.2 3,060
SDA 29.2 136
Pentecostal 16.7 506
Other Christian 19.7 210
Muslim 97.9 1,112
Other 23.8 84
Ethnicity
Baganda 29.8 1,474
Banyankore 13.7 884
Iteso 8.4 665
Lugbara/Madi 29.9 419
Basoga 41.2 806
Langi 2.1 590
Bakiga 9.7 467
Karimojong 4.9 127
Acholi 1.7 421
Bagisu/Sabiny 81.1 582
Alur/Jopadhola 15.5 403
Banyoro 26.0 414
Batoro 18.6 322
Other 39.8 1,160
Wealth quintile
Lowest 17.1 1,504
Second 24.3 1,632
Middle 26.6 1,667
Fourth 25.1 1,706
Highest 35.2 2,226
Total 15-49 26.4 8,735
50-59 28.9 853
Total 15-59 26.7 9,588

HIV Programme Coverage Indicators • 137

 Map 9.3 Percentage of men age 15-49 who are circumcised

9.9.2 Age and Place of Male Circumcision

Men who reported being circumcised were asked how old they were when they were circumcised and
where they were circumcised. As shown in Table 9.13, about one-quarter of men said they were circumcised as
infants under one year of age, and another quarter were circumcised at age 15-19. Only 14 percent of men said
they were circumcised at age 20 or older. Two-thirds of circumcised men said they were circumcised at home,
while 21 percent were circumcised at a health care facility.

Table 9.13 Characteristics of circumcision

Among men age 15-49 who report having been

circumcised, percent distribution by age at circumcision
and place circumcised, Uganda 2011
Age/Place of circumcision Percentage

Age at circumcision
Under 1 year 24.8
1-4 years 8.0
5-9 years 10.8
10-14 years 13.0
15-19 years 23.9
20 or older 13.5
Does not know 6.0

Total 100.0

Place of circumcision
Health care facility 21.3
Home 64.6
Mosque, religious provider 7.3
Elsewhere 2.0
Does not know 4.8

Total 100.0
Number of circumcised men 2,309

138 • HIV Programme Coverage Indicators

 9.9.3 Attitudes about Male Circumcision Table 9.14 Desire for circumcision

To assess interest in circumcision, men who said they had Among men age 15-49 who report not having been
circumcised, percent distribution by desire to be
not been circumcised were asked if they would like to be circumcised, Uganda 2011

circumcised. As shown in Table 9.14, 46 percent said they would Would like to be circumcised Percentage
like to have the operation, while 50 percent said they would not, Yes 45.9
No 50.2
and 4 percent said they were not sure. Not sure, does not know 3.8
Total 100.0
In addition, both women and men were asked if they Number of uncircumcised men 6,426
would recommend the practice to their uncircumcised male
relatives. Results shown in Table 9.15 show very positive attitudes towards circumcision, with about 70
percent of women and men saying they would recommend the operation. Men who have themselves been
circumcised are by far the most likely to recommend that their male relatives get circumcised (98 percent);
however, 63 percent of uncircumcised men also say they would recommend the operation. Urban women and
men and those with more education and in the higher wealth quintiles are more likely to say they would
recommend circumcision to their male relatives.

Table 9.15 Attitudes toward male circumcision

Among women and men age 15-49, percent distribution by whether they would recommend that their uncircumcised male relatives and friends go for male
circumcision, by background characteristics, Uganda 2011
Women Men
Background Not Not
characteristic Yes No sure/DK Total Number Yes No sure/DK Total Number
Age
15-24 68.6 19.3 12.1 100.0 4,621 73.2 21.6 5.3 100.0 3,479
15-19 64.7 21.2 14.1 100.0 2,458 69.7 25.0 5.3 100.0 2,072
20-24 73.0 17.2 9.8 100.0 2,163 78.3 16.6 5.2 100.0 1,406
25-29 74.5 14.7 10.7 100.0 1,942 75.1 19.3 5.6 100.0 1,354
30-39 68.8 17.2 13.9 100.0 2,833 71.3 22.2 6.6 100.0 2,289
40-49 66.2 18.4 15.4 100.0 1,764 67.0 25.4 7.6 100.0 1,612
Marital status
Never married 66.5 19.4 14.1 100.0 2,641 73.1 21.4 5.5 100.0 3,227
Ever had sex 75.8 15.2 9.1 100.0 1,202 79.7 15.5 4.7 100.0 1,663
Never had sex 58.9 22.9 18.2 100.0 1,440 65.9 27.7 6.3 100.0 1,563
Married/Living together 69.8 17.5 12.6 100.0 7,097 71.0 22.6 6.5 100.0 4,994
Divorced/Separated/Widowed 71.9 16.5 11.6 100.0 1,422 72.2 21.6 6.2 100.0 514
Male circumcision
Circumcised na na na na na 97.7 0.7 1.6 100.0 2,309
Not circumcised na na na na na 62.5 29.8 7.7 100.0 6,426
Residence
Urban 82.3 10.2 7.6 100.0 2,365 80.2 13.3 6.5 100.0 1,739
Rural 65.8 19.9 14.2 100.0 8,795 69.7 24.3 6.0 100.0 6,995
Region
Central 1 87.2 7.4 5.4 100.0 1,206 79.3 15.0 5.8 100.0 1,009
Central 2 83.7 12.1 4.1 100.0 1,162 77.7 13.9 8.4 100.0 888
Kampala 88.6 7.4 4.0 100.0 875 84.8 8.6 6.7 100.0 674
East Central 96.6 1.6 1.9 100.0 1,153 88.0 9.9 2.1 100.0 933
Mid Eastern 77.7 12.2 10.1 100.0 1,133 87.9 10.7 1.4 100.0 950
North East 44.7 27.5 27.8 100.0 919 48.7 45.5 5.7 100.0 683
West Nile 40.4 32.0 27.5 100.0 712 68.6 26.1 5.3 100.0 548
Mid Northern 34.6 37.3 28.1 100.0 1,106 36.4 56.0 7.5 100.0 950
South Western 52.9 27.3 19.9 100.0 1,414 65.1 26.8 8.1 100.0 947
Mid Western 75.2 17.7 7.1 100.0 1,480 76.8 14.1 9.0 100.0 1,151
Education
No education 50.7 26.7 22.6 100.0 1,566 62.5 28.0 9.5 100.0 485
Primary incomplete 66.9 18.9 14.1 100.0 5,218 68.6 24.9 6.5 100.0 3,727
Primary complete 73.6 14.3 12.1 100.0 1,388 69.6 24.0 6.4 100.0 1,230
Secondary or higher 81.3 12.9 5.8 100.0 2,988 77.7 17.3 5.0 100.0 3,292
Wealth quintile
Lowest 48.2 29.1 22.7 100.0 1,894 56.1 37.4 6.5 100.0 1,504
Second 62.5 22.3 15.3 100.0 2,024 66.1 27.2 6.8 100.0 1,632
Middle 67.5 17.4 15.0 100.0 2,056 72.6 21.3 6.0 100.0 1,667
Fourth 73.7 15.3 11.0 100.0 2,292 77.9 17.5 4.6 100.0 1,706
Highest 85.7 9.8 4.5 100.0 2,894 81.4 12.1 6.5 100.0 2,226
Total 15-49 69.3 17.8 12.8 100.0 11,160 71.8 22.1 6.1 100.0 8,735
50-59 59.9 21.5 18.6 100.0 993 67.0 25.9 7.1 100.0 853
Total 15-59 68.6 18.1 13.3 100.0 12,153 71.4 22.4 6.2 100.0 9,588
na = Not applicable

HIV Programme Coverage Indicators • 139

 9.9.4 HIV Prevalence and Male Circumcision

In the recent past, several studies in sub-Saharan Africa—including clinical trials in Uganda, South
Africa, and Kenya (Gray et al., 2007; Auvert et al., 2005; and Bailey et al., 2007)—have documented that male
circumcision provides some protection against acquisition of HIV and other STIs. Although the research
supporting circumcision’s protective effects is compelling, it is important to emphasise that circumcised men
can still become infected with HIV and can infect their sexual partners.

As shown in Table 9.16, men age 15-49 who have been circumcised are slightly less likely to be HIV-
positive than those who are not circumcised (4.5 percent versus 6.7 percent). The fact that this holds true for
almost every sub-category of background characteristic implies that the pattern might be due to the
circumcision and not to the fact that circumcised men belong to a community or region that has a lower HIV
prevalence for some reason that is unrelated to circumcision practices. For example, HIV prevalence is lower
among circumcised than uncircumcised men at every age group and for all educational levels and wealth
quintiles. It is also true for all the ethnic groups for which there are a sizeable number of circumcised and
uncircumcised respondents.

Table 9.16 HIV prevalence by male circumcision

Among men age 15-49 who were tested for HIV, the percentage HIV positive by whether
circumcised, according to background characteristics, Uganda 2011
Circumcised Not circumcised
Background Percentage Number of Percentage Number of
characteristic HIV positive men HIV positive men

Age
15-19 0.4 484 2.1 1,571
20-24 1.1 424 3.5 971
25-29 3.3 402 4.3 948
30-34 7.7 315 9.7 830
35-39 8.6 290 11.9 832
40-44 9.5 218 11.8 666
45-49 8.2 155 10.7 568
Religion
Catholic 5.7 473 7.0 3,131
Anglican/Protestant 5.5 547 6.7 2,476
SDA (0.0) 40 11.2 95
Pentecostal 3.3 85 4.5 426
Other Christian (3.7) 42 3.7 169
Moslem 3.6 1,083 (1.2) 24
Other/None * 18 9.7 64
Ethnicity
Baganda 4.3 434 7.0 1,027
Banyankore 3.7 120 7.6 765
Iteso 4.4 57 6.0 611
Lugbara/Madi 2.0 122 4.1 289
Basoga 4.2 327 4.9 475
Langi * 11 5.0 577
Bakiga (10.6) 46 7.9 416
Karimojong * 5 2.2 114
Acholi * 7 6.8 401
Bagisu/Sabiny 4.5 472 1.7 108
Alur/Jopadhola 3.2 63 5.9 337
Banyoro 1.9 106 7.1 307
Batoro (5.8) 60 11.3 259
Other 5.3 456 8.5 700
Residence
Urban 5.6 635 6.4 1,074
Rural 4.0 1,652 6.7 5,311

Continued...

140 • HIV Programme Coverage Indicators

Table 9.16—Continued

Region
Central 1 6.9 285 9.0 718
Central 2 5.7 233 8.8 651
Kampala 2.3 237 5.1 432
East Central 3.8 383 5.5 542
Mid Eastern 3.6 505 4.1 439
North East (4.0) 46 5.3 637
West Nile 3.7 149 5.5 392
Mid Northern * 15 6.3 921
South Western 6.7 93 6.6 853
Mid Western 4.6 341 8.2 802
Education
No education 5.2 112 9.4 364
Primary incomplete 5.8 868 6.9 2,845
Primary complete 4.3 316 7.5 903
Secondary or higher 3.3 991 5.5 2,273
Wealth quintile
Lowest 5.2 255 5.8 1,240
Second 3.9 394 5.4 1,232
Middle 4.5 443 7.2 1,229
Fourth 3.9 421 8.3 1,267
Highest 4.8 775 6.6 1,418
Total 15-49 4.5 2,287 6.7 6,385
50-59 3.3 249 7.5 602
Total 15-59 4.4 2,536 6.7 6,988

Note: Numbers in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases; an asterisk denotes a
figure based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases that has been suppressed.

HIV Programme Coverage Indicators • 141

SYPHILIS PREVALENCE 10
Key Findings
• Two percent of Ugandan adults have syphilis, a very slight decline from
3 percent measured in 2005-05.
• There is no difference in syphilis prevalence by gender or urban-rural
residence, and differences by most other characteristics are minor.
• Syphilis is much more common among the Karimojong (8 percent) than
among other ethnic groups.

I
n addition to HIV tests, the 2011 UAIS included both rapid and laboratory testing for syphilis. Adult
survey respondents who consented to the syphilis testing were offered a home-based rapid test which, if
positive, was followed up with a more detailed test performed that evening in the field laboratory. As
discussed in Chapter 1, respondents who tested positive were offered treatment. Further testing was performed
at the HIV Reference Laboratory (HRL) at the Uganda Virus Research Institute in Entebbe. The results
presented in this chapter are based on the HRL results. The inclusion of syphilis testing in the 2004-05 Uganda
HIV Sero-Behavioural Survey (UHSBS) and again in the 2011 UAIS offers the opportunity to track trends
over time. This chapter presents information on the syphilis testing coverage rates among eligible survey
respondents, the prevalence of infection among those tested, and the differentials in infection levels by
background characteristics.

10.1 COVERAGE RATES FOR SYPHILIS TESTING

Table 10.1 shows the percent distribution of women and men age 15-49 who were eligible for syphilis
testing by testing status, according to residence and region. Of all respondents age 15-49 who were eligible, 96
percent were interviewed and tested for syphilis. Three percent were not interviewed, and only 1 percent were
interviewed and refused to provide a blood sample for testing. A tiny fraction of eligible women and men were
interviewed but either were absent when the laboratory technician was available to do the testing or were
missing syphilis test results for some other reason.

As is true for HIV testing, coverage rates for the syphilis testing in the UAIS are higher for women
(97 percent) than men (94 percent), mainly because men are more likely not to have been interviewed (4
percent) than women (2 percent). Coverage rates for testing do not vary by urban-rural residence. They are
lower in North East region for women and especially for men, mainly due to higher-than-average levels of
non-interview but also due to higher levels of refusal to provide blood samples.

Syphilis Prevalence • 143

 Table 10.1 Coverage of syphilis testing by residence and region

Percent distribution of women and men age 15-49 eligible for syphilis testing by testing status, according to residence
and region (unweighted), Uganda 2011
Testing status
Interviewed and:
Syphilis Refused to Absent at
tested in provide the time of Not inter-
central blood blood Other/ viewed and
Residence/region laboratory sample collection missing1 not tested Total Number
WOMEN
Residence
Urban 96.5 1.3 0.0 0.1 2.1 100.0 2,403
Rural 97.1 1.0 0.1 0.1 1.7 100.0 8,950
Region
Central 1 97.1 1.1 0.0 0.1 1.7 100.0 1,036
Central 2 98.5 0.4 0.0 0.1 1.0 100.0 1,100
Kampala 95.6 1.2 0.1 0.0 3.1 100.0 1,222
East Central 98.4 0.4 0.0 0.0 1.2 100.0 1,157
Mid Eastern 99.0 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.7 100.0 1,159
North East 93.6 2.6 0.1 0.4 3.3 100.0 1,062
West Nile 95.5 1.4 0.3 0.2 2.7 100.0 1,180
Mid Northern 96.4 1.1 0.2 0.2 2.1 100.0 1,090
South Western 97.4 1.4 0.1 0.0 1.1 100.0 1,116
Mid Western 98.1 0.6 0.0 0.1 1.1 100.0 1,231
Total 15-49 97.0 1.0 0.1 0.1 1.8 100.0 11,353
Total 15-59 96.9 1.1 0.1 0.1 1.8 100.0 12,374
MEN
Residence
Urban 93.4 2.0 0.2 0.0 4.5 100.0 1,828
Rural 94.5 1.4 0.1 0.1 3.9 100.0 7,252
Region
Central 1 93.9 1.7 0.0 0.0 4.4 100.0 841
Central 2 97.2 0.7 0.0 0.0 2.1 100.0 860
Kampala 94.0 1.8 0.0 0.0 4.2 100.0 965
East Central 95.9 0.7 0.1 0.0 3.3 100.0 970
Mid Eastern 97.4 0.7 0.3 0.1 1.5 100.0 994
North East 87.8 3.2 0.0 0.3 8.8 100.0 776
West Nile 92.8 1.6 0.3 0.1 5.1 100.0 923
Mid Northern 92.4 2.3 0.2 0.4 4.7 100.0 988
South Western 96.0 1.3 0.0 0.0 2.7 100.0 768
Mid Western 94.8 1.3 0.2 0.0 3.7 100.0 995
Total 15-49 94.3 1.5 0.1 0.1 4.0 100.0 9,080
Total 15-59 94.4 1.5 0.1 0.1 4.0 100.0 9,983
BOTH SEXES
Residence
Urban 95.1 1.6 0.1 0.0 3.1 100.0 4,231
Rural 96.0 1.2 0.1 0.1 2.7 100.0 16,202
Region
Central 1 95.7 1.3 0.0 0.1 2.9 100.0 1,877
Central 2 98.0 0.5 0.0 0.1 1.5 100.0 1,960
Kampala 94.9 1.5 0.0 0.0 3.6 100.0 2,187
East Central 97.2 0.6 0.0 0.0 2.2 100.0 2,127
Mid Eastern 98.2 0.5 0.2 0.0 1.1 100.0 2,153
North East 91.1 2.9 0.1 0.3 5.6 100.0 1,838
West Nile 94.3 1.5 0.3 0.1 3.8 100.0 2,103
Mid Northern 94.5 1.7 0.2 0.3 3.3 100.0 2,078
South Western 96.8 1.4 0.1 0.0 1.8 100.0 1,884
Mid Western 96.6 0.9 0.1 0.0 2.3 100.0 2,226
Total 15-49 95.8 1.2 0.1 0.1 2.8 100.0 20,433
Total 15-59 95.7 1.3 0.1 0.1 2.8 100.0 22,357
2
Includes: 1) other results of blood collection (e.g. technical problem in the field), 2) lost specimens, 3) non
corresponding bar codes, and 4) other lab results such as blood not tested for technical reason, not enough blood to
complete the algorithm, etc.

144 • Syphilis Prevalence

 Table 10.2 shows coverage of syphilis testing by age group, education, and wealth quintile. Overall,
the proportion of eligible respondents who were interviewed and for whom there are syphilis test results from
the central laboratory varies very little by age, education, or wealth. It increases slightly with age, but only for
women. Coverage is slightly lower among women and men with no education than among those with some
education.

Table 10.2 Coverage of syphilis testing by selected background characteristics

Percent distribution of women and men age 15-49 eligible for syphilis testing by testing status, according to selected background
characteristics (unweighted), Uganda 2011
Testing status
Interviewed and:
Syphilis tested Refused to Absent at the Not inter-
Background in central provide blood time of blood Other/ viewed and
characteristic laboratory sample collection missing1 not tested Total Number
WOMEN
Age
15-24 96.3 1.1 0.1 0.1 2.4 100.0 4,728
15-19 95.3 1.2 0.1 0.1 3.2 100.0 2,533
20-24 97.4 1.0 0.1 0.1 1.4 100.0 2,195
25-29 97.6 0.9 0.1 0.2 1.3 100.0 1,947
30-34 97.2 1.3 0.1 0.1 1.3 100.0 1,484
35-39 97.1 1.1 0.1 0.0 1.7 100.0 1,385
40-44 97.6 0.9 0.1 0.2 1.2 100.0 956
45-49 98.1 0.6 0.0 0.0 1.3 100.0 853
Education
No education 93.8 1.8 0.1 0.2 4.2 100.0 1,700
Primary incomplete 97.9 0.8 0.0 0.1 1.1 100.0 5,306
Primary complete 98.1 0.9 0.3 0.1 0.6 100.0 1,337
Secondary or higher 96.6 1.1 0.1 0.0 2.2 100.0 3,010
Wealth quintile
Lowest 95.4 1.5 0.1 0.1 2.9 100.0 2,190
Second 97.5 0.8 0.2 0.1 1.4 100.0 2,079
Middle 97.9 0.6 0.1 0.0 1.3 100.0 2,020
Fourth 97.8 0.8 0.0 0.1 1.3 100.0 2,193
Highest 96.5 1.4 0.0 0.1 2.0 100.0 2,871
Total 15-49 97.0 1.0 0.1 0.1 1.8 100.0 11,353
50-59 96.4 1.9 0.0 0.2 1.6 100.0 1,021
Total 15-59 96.9 1.1 0.1 0.1 1.8 100.0 12,374
MEN
Age
15-24 94.2 1.4 0.2 0.2 4.1 100.0 3,628
15-19 94.2 1.2 0.3 0.2 4.0 100.0 2,177
20-24 94.1 1.6 0.1 0.1 4.1 100.0 1,451
25-29 94.5 1.4 0.1 0.1 4.0 100.0 1,391
30-34 93.9 2.1 0.0 0.0 4.0 100.0 1,213
35-39 94.2 1.7 0.0 0.0 4.1 100.0 1,165
40-44 94.8 1.7 0.2 0.0 3.3 100.0 917
45-49 94.8 1.0 0.0 0.0 4.2 100.0 766
Education
No education 83.7 3.4 0.0 0.4 12.5 100.0 535
Primary incomplete 95.5 1.3 0.1 0.1 3.0 100.0 3,837
Primary complete 94.8 1.6 0.1 0.2 3.3 100.0 1,277
Secondary or higher 94.3 1.4 0.2 0.1 4.0 100.0 3,431
Wealth quintile
Lowest 92.9 1.9 0.1 0.3 4.7 100.0 1,730
Second 94.7 1.4 0.1 0.0 3.8 100.0 1,743
Middle 96.2 0.9 0.0 0.1 2.9 100.0 1,681
Fourth 94.7 1.4 0.2 0.1 3.5 100.0 1,668
Highest 93.3 1.8 0.2 0.0 4.7 100.0 2,258
Total 15-49 94.3 1.5 0.1 0.1 4.0 100.0 9,080
50-59 95.2 1.0 0.1 0.0 3.7 100.0 903
Total 15-59 94.4 1.5 0.1 0.1 4.0 100.0 9,983
2
Includes: 1) other results of blood collection (e.g. technical problem in the field), 2) lost specimens, 3) non corresponding bar codes, and
4) other lab results such as blood not tested for technical reason, not enough blood to complete the algorithm, etc.

Syphilis Prevalence • 145

 10.2 SYPHILIS PREVALENCE BY AGE AND SEX
Survey results show that only 2 percent of Ugandan adults age 15-49 have syphilis (Table 10.3).
Women and men are equally likely to have syphilis. Syphilis prevalence for both women and men increases
with age until it reaches a peak, which for women is attained at age 55-59 (4 percent) and for men at age 50-54
(5 percent).

Table 10.3 Syphilis prevalence by age

Among the de facto women and men age 15-59 who were interviewed and tested, the percentage
syphilis-positive, by age, Uganda 2011
Women Men Both sexes
Percentage Percentage Percentage
syphilis syphilis syphilis
Age positive Number positive Number positive Number
15-24 1.4 4,462 1.1 3,372 1.2 7,834
15-19 0.9 2,371 0.6 2,005 0.8 4,376
20-24 1.8 2,090 1.8 1,367 1.8 3,458
25-29 1.9 1,894 2.4 1,316 2.1 3,210
30-34 1.5 1,420 1.9 1,116 1.7 2,536
35-39 2.0 1,310 1.6 1,093 1.8 2,403
40-44 3.2 916 2.1 855 2.7 1,771
45-49 2.5 792 3.5 701 3.0 1,493
50-54 2.1 583 4.8 508 3.4 1,091
55-59 3.7 357 2.9 320 3.3 676
Total 15-49 1.8 10,794 1.8 8,454 1.8 19,247
50-59 2.7 940 4.1 827 3.3 1,767
Total 15-59 1.9 11,733 2.0 9,281 1.9 21,014

Note: Prevalence is based on the central laboratory results, not the tests performed in the field

10.3 TRENDS IN SYPHILIS PREVALENCE

Results from the 2011 UAIS show a slight decrease in syphilis prevalence since the 2004-05 UHSBS,
from 3 percent to 2 percent of adults age 15-49 (Table 10.4). The decrease was identical among women and
men age 15-49. The decrease in syphilis infection is proportionally larger among older adults.

Table 10.4 Trends in syphilis prevalence by age

Among de facto women and men age 15-59 who were interviewed and tested, the percentage syphilis-positive, by age, Uganda 2004-05 and 2011
Women Men Both sexes
2004-05 2011 2004-05 2011 2004-05 2011
Per- Per- Per- Per- Per- Per-
centage centage centage centage centage centage
syphilis Number syphilis Number syphilis Number syphilis Number syphilis Number syphilis Number
Age positive tested positive tested positive tested positive tested positive tested positive tested
15-19 1.3 1,979 0.9 2,371 0.9 1,890 0.6 2,005 1.1 3,869 0.8 4,376
20-24 3.0 1,752 1.8 2,090 1.4 1,147 1.8 1,367 2.4 2,899 1.8 3,458
25-29 3.4 1,615 1.9 1,894 2.5 1,091 2.4 1,316 3.0 2,707 2.1 3,210
30-34 3.0 1,339 1.5 1,420 3.5 1,110 1.9 1,116 3.3 2,450 1.7 2,536
35-39 4.9 1,001 2.0 1,310 4.4 842 1.6 1,093 4.7 1,843 1.8 2,403
40-44 5.1 789 3.2 916 6.0 731 2.1 855 5.5 1,520 2.7 1,771
45-49 3.4 604 2.5 792 8.9 510 3.5 701 5.9 1,114 3.0 1,493
50-54 5.8 496 2.1 583 7.8 442 4.8 508 6.7 938 3.4 1,091
55-59 4.9 310 3.7 357 6.8 313 2.9 320 5.9 623 3.3 676
Total 15-49 3.1 9,079 1.8 10,794 3.1 7,323 1.8 8,454 3.1 16,401 1.8 19,247
Total 15-59 3.3 9,885 1.9 11,733 3.5 8,078 2.0 9,281 3.4 17,963 1.9 21,014

Note: Prevalence is based on the central laboratory results.

146 • Syphilis Prevalence

10.4 SYPHILIS PREVALENCE BY SOCIOECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS
As shown in Table 10.5, differences in syphilis infection are mostly small. The main exception is that
the prevalence is considerably higher among the Karimojong, with 8 percent of adults infected with syphilis.
Similarly, the level is higher in North East region than in the other regions. There is a slight tendency for
syphilis levels to decline with increasing education.

Table 10.5 Syphilis prevalence by socioeconomic characteristics

Percentage syphilis positive among women and men age 15-49 who were tested, by socioeconomic characteristics,
Uganda 2011
Women Men Both sexes
Percentage Percentage Percentage
Background syphilis syphilis syphilis
characteristic positive Number positive Number positive Number
Ethnicity
Baganda 1.8 1,809 1.6 1,423 1.7 3,232
Banyankore 2.0 1,178 2.1 865 2.0 2,043
Iteso 1.6 822 1.4 645 1.5 1,466
Lugbara/Madi 1.4 509 1.2 396 1.3 905
Basoga 1.6 992 0.5 790 1.1 1,782
Langi 2.1 630 2.3 561 2.2 1,191
Bakiga 1.1 669 2.5 447 1.7 1,116
Karimojong 9.3 195 5.6 108 8.0 303
Acholi 1.6 486 3.4 395 2.4 881
Bagisu/Sabiny 0.1 622 1.5 572 0.8 1,194
Alur/Jopadhola 2.7 536 2.2 392 2.5 928
Banyoro 1.1 423 1.4 409 1.3 832
Batoro 3.2 378 3.3 315 3.2 692
Other 1.5 1,546 1.3 1,136 1.4 2,681
Religion
Catholic 1.9 4,331 2.0 3,503 2.0 7,834
Anglican/Protestant 1.8 3,641 1.9 2,956 1.9 6,597
SDA 0.0 176 1.1 133 0.5 309
Pentecostal 1.4 929 1.5 489 1.5 1,418
Other Christian 2.0 246 1.2 206 1.6 452
Moslem 1.8 1,383 1.0 1,086 1.4 2,470
Other/None 1.9 88 1.3 81 1.6 168
Employment (last 12 months)
Not employed 1.6 3,316 0.5 1,476 1.2 4,792
Employed 1.9 7,478 2.0 6,978 2.0 14,455
Residence
Urban 1.9 2,277 1.5 1,666 1.7 3,943
Rural 1.8 8,517 1.8 6,788 1.8 15,304
Region
Central 1 2.0 1,165 1.7 976 1.9 2,141
Central 2 2.1 1,138 1.6 870 1.9 2,007
Kampala 2.1 850 1.7 648 1.9 1,498
East Central 1.3 1,126 0.9 913 1.2 2,039
Mid Eastern 1.0 1,099 1.3 928 1.1 2,027
North East 3.3 869 1.7 650 2.6 1,519
West Nile 1.2 675 1.5 522 1.3 1,197
Mid Northern 1.8 1,056 2.8 899 2.3 1,955
South Western 1.4 1,359 2.6 921 1.9 2,280
Mid Western 1.8 1,457 1.7 1,127 1.8 2,585
Education
No education 3.2 1,492 4.2 459 3.4 1,951
Primary incomplete 1.8 5,081 1.7 3,632 1.7 8,713
Primary complete 2.1 1,347 2.1 1,185 2.1 2,532
Secondary or higher 1.0 2,874 1.4 3,178 1.2 6,052
Wealth quintile
Lowest 2.8 1,807 2.2 1,446 2.5 3,253
Second 1.0 1,972 1.5 1,588 1.2 3,559
Middle 1.5 2,009 2.0 1,637 1.7 3,647
Fourth 1.8 2,226 1.3 1,653 1.6 3,879
Highest 1.9 2,780 1.9 2,130 1.9 4,909
Total 15-49 1.8 10,794 1.8 8,454 1.8 19,247
50-59 2.7 940 4.1 827 3.3 1,767
Total 15-59 1.9 11,733 2.0 9,281 1.9 21,014

Syphilis Prevalence • 147

 10.5 SYPHILIS PREVALENCE BY DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS
Table 10.6 shows syphilis prevalence according to various demographic and social characteristics.
The proportion of adults with syphilis is higher among respondents who are divorced, separated, or widowed
than among those who are currently married. As expected, those who have never married and never had sex
are the least likely to be infected. Nevertheless, some respondents who say they have never had sex are
syphilis-positive, suggesting possible under-reporting of sexual experience or possibly mother-to-child
transmission. Differences by other characteristics are small.

Table 10.6 Syphilis prevalence by demographic characteristics

Percentage syphilis positive among women and men age 15-49 who were tested, by demographic characteristics, Uganda 2011
Women Men Both sexes
Percentage Percentage Percentage
Demographic syphilis syphilis syphilis
characteristic positive Number positive Number positive Number
Marital status
Never married 1.0 2,544 1.0 3,121 1.0 5,665
Ever had sexual intercourse 1.5 1,169 1.4 1,613 1.5 2,782
Never had sexual intercourse 0.6 1,374 0.6 1,509 0.6 2,883
Married/living together 1.9 6,871 2.2 4,831 2.0 11,702
Divorced or separated 2.7 977 3.0 457 2.8 1,434
Widowed 3.1 402 (0.0) 45 2.8 446
Type of union
In polygynous union 2.2 1,720 2.0 779 2.1 2,500
In non-polygynous union 1.7 4,862 2.2 4,049 2.0 8,911
Not currently in union 1.7 3,923 1.3 3,623 1.5 7,546
Times slept away from home in past
12 months
None 1.8 5,750 1.6 5,129 1.7 10,878
1-2 1.8 3,037 1.6 1,357 1.7 4,394
3-4 1.5 1,206 2.6 824 1.9 2,030
5+ 2.5 801 2.1 1,144 2.3 1,946
Time away in past 12 months
Away for more than 1 month 2.1 1,288 2.2 1,181 2.2 2,470
Away for less than 1 month 1.7 3,755 1.9 2,144 1.8 5,899
No away 1.8 5,750 1.6 5,129 1.7 10,878
Currently pregnant
Pregnant 2.4 1,229 na na na na
Not pregnant or not sure 1.7 9,565 na na na na
ANC for last birth in the last 3 years
Any ANC for birth in past 3 years 1.6 4,878 na na na na
ANC provided by the public sector 1.5 4,208 na na na na
ANC provided by other than the public
sector 1.9 670 na na na na
No ANC but had birth in last 3 years 0.5 169 na na na na
No birth in last 3 years 2.0 5,747 na na na na
Total 15-49 1.8 10,794 1.8 8,454 1.8 19,247
50-59 2.7 940 4.1 827 3.3 1,767
Total 15-59 1.9 11,733 2.0 9,281 1.9 21,014

Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. Total includes 288 women and 2 men who are not stated as to type of
marital union.
na = Not applicable
ANC = antenatal care

148 • Syphilis Prevalence

10.6 SYPHILIS PREVALENCE BY SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR
Table 10.7 examines the prevalence of syphilis infection according to several sexual behaviours
among respondents who have had sexual intercourse. While reviewing these results, it is important to
remember that indicators of sexual behaviour in the last 12 months do not reflect prior behaviours that affect
lifetime sexual risk. Nor is it possible from the data to know the sequence of events, for example, whether
condom use predates or post-dates syphilis transmission.

Table 10.7 Syphilis prevalence by sexual behaviour

Percentage syphilis positive among women and men age 15-49 who ever had sex and were tested for syphilis, by sexual
behaviour characteristics, Uganda 2011
Women Men Both sexes
Percentage Percentage Percentage
Sexual behaviour syphilis syphilis syphilis
characteristic positive Number positive Number positive Number
Age at first sexual intercourse
<15 2.3 3,322 1.7 1,560 2.1 4,882
16-17 2.1 2,962 2.2 1,822 2.1 4,784
18-19 1.4 2,019 1.8 1,842 1.6 3,861
20+ 1.6 1,047 2.5 1,720 2.1 2,768
Multiple sexual partners and partner
concurrency in past 12 months
0 2.1 1,300 1.2 733 1.8 2,033
1 1.8 7,790 2.1 4,627 1.9 12,417
2+ 4.2 329 2.3 1,585 2.6 1,915
Has concurrent partners1 (2.0) 44 1.5 387 1.6 430
None of the partners are concurrent 4.5 286 2.5 1,199 2.9 1,484
Condom use at last sexual intercourse
in past 12 months
Used condom 1.8 781 1.8 933 1.8 1,714
Did not use condom 2.0 7,339 2.2 5,279 2.1 12,618
No sexual intercourse in last 12 months 2.1 1,300 1.2 733 1.8 2,033
Number of lifetime partners
1 1.5 3,461 1.1 837 1.4 4,298
2 1.6 2,738 1.6 1,019 1.6 3,758
3-4 2.8 2,462 1.9 1,980 2.4 4,442
5-9 2.5 567 2.3 1,630 2.3 2,197
10+ 3.0 133 2.8 1,116 2.8 1,249
Paid for sexual intercourse in past
12 months
Yes na na 2.0 63 na na
No (No paid sex or no sex in last
12 months) na na 2.0 6,882 na na
Alcohol use during sex
Either partner drank alcohol 3.0 1,919 3.3 1,519 3.1 3,438
Either partner was drunk 3.2 1,831 3.2 1,438 3.2 3,269
Neither was drunk 0.0 88 4.0 82 1.9 169
No alcohol use 1.6 6,205 1.8 4,697 1.7 10,901
No sex in last 12 months 2.1 1,296 1.2 729 1.8 2,025
Higher risk sex in past 12 months
Had higher risk sex 2.9 1,358 2.1 2,118 2.4 3,476
Had sex, not higher risk 1.8 6,765 2.1 4,098 1.9 10,863
No sex in past 12 months 2.1 1,296 1.2 729 1.8 2,025
Total 15-49 2.0 9,420 2.0 6,945 2.0 16,364
50-59 2.7 938 4.1 824 3.4 1,762
Total 15-59 2.0 10,358 2.3 7,769 2.1 18,126

Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. Total includes 69 women and 1 man who are missing
age at first sexual intercourse and 58 women and 362 men who are missing the number of lifetime partners.
na = Not applicable
1
A respondent is considered to have had concurrent partners if he or she had overlapping sexual partnerships with two or
more people during the 12 months before the survey. (Respondents with concurrent partners include polygynous men who had
overlapping sexual partnerships with two or more wives).

Syphilis Prevalence • 149

 Overall, the results do not show strong patterns by sexual behaviour. Differences in syphilis levels are
small for age at first sex, multiple partners, and condom use at last sex. There is a slight increase in syphilis
prevalence by number of lifetime partners. There is no association between syphilis prevalence and whether
men paid for sex in the 12 months before the survey. The likelihood of having syphilis is only slightly higher
for those who reported practicing risky behaviours such as drinking alcohol and having higher risk sex.

10.7 SYPHILIS PREVALENCE AMONG YOUTH

Table 10.8 shows the proportion of young adults age 15-24 who tested positive for syphilis according
to background characteristics. Overall, only 1 percent of those age 15-24 have syphilis. Young women are only
very slightly more likely than young men to be infected. Prevalence generally rises with age.

Table 10.8 Syphilis prevalence among young people by background characteristics

Percentage syphilis-positive among women and men age 15-24 who were tested for syphilis, by background characteristics,
Uganda 2011
Women Men Both sexes
Percentage Percentage Percentage
Background syphilis syphilis syphilis
characteristic positive Number positive Number positive Number
Age
15-19 0.9 2,371 0.6 2,005 0.8 4,376
15-17 0.7 1,441 0.3 1,285 0.5 2,726
18-19 1.4 931 1.0 720 1.2 1,651
20-24 1.8 2,090 1.8 1,367 1.8 3,458
20-22 2.3 1,281 1.9 845 2.1 2,126
23-24 1.1 809 1.8 523 1.4 1,332
Respondent's current age
15 0.2 480 0.3 452 0.3 932
16 1.2 465 0.4 413 0.8 878
17 0.6 496 0.2 420 0.4 916
18 2.0 505 0.2 395 1.2 900
19 0.6 425 2.0 326 1.2 751
20 1.6 486 2.5 307 2.0 793
21 3.0 391 0.7 265 2.1 656
22 2.3 404 2.2 273 2.3 677
23 1.1 390 2.0 236 1.4 627
24 1.2 419 1.7 286 1.4 705
Marital status
Never married 0.9 2,303 0.8 2,783 0.9 5,086
Ever had sex 1.5 948 1.0 1,314 1.2 2,261
Never had sex 0.5 1,355 0.6 1,469 0.6 2,824
Married/Living together 1.7 1,865 2.1 513 1.8 2,377
Divorced/Separated/Widowed 2.1 294 4.3 77 2.6 371
Currently pregnant
Pregnant 3.2 546 na na na na
Not pregnant or not sure 1.1 3,915 na na na na
Residence
Urban 1.8 1,068 1.1 703 1.5 1,771
Rural 1.2 3,394 1.1 2,669 1.2 6,063
Region
Central 1 2.8 485 1.4 340 2.2 825
Central 2 1.4 443 0.9 323 1.2 766
Kampala 1.7 417 1.2 295 1.5 712
East Central 0.3 460 0.5 392 0.4 852
Mid Eastern 0.5 455 0.4 419 0.4 874
North East 1.6 310 1.7 218 1.7 527
West Nile 1.4 261 0.9 194 1.2 456
Mid Northern 0.8 444 1.2 335 1.0 780
South Western 1.0 533 2.4 376 1.6 909
Mid Western 1.8 654 0.7 480 1.3 1,134
Education
No education 1.5 158 6.0 56 2.7 214
Primary incomplete 1.3 2,019 0.9 1,515 1.1 3,534
Primary complete 2.5 624 2.9 388 2.7 1,012
Secondary or higher 0.9 1,661 0.6 1,414 0.8 3,075
Wealth quintile
Lowest 1.5 657 1.4 522 1.4 1,179
Second 0.5 791 0.8 587 0.6 1,378
Middle 0.7 786 1.0 657 0.8 1,443
Fourth 1.6 927 0.3 715 1.1 1,642
Highest 2.0 1,300 1.8 892 1.9 2,191
Total 1.4 4,462 1.1 3,372 1.2 7,834
na = Not applicable

150 • Syphilis Prevalence

 By marital status, the lowest levels of infection are found among young people who have never
married, especially those who never had sex. As is true with older adults as well, syphilis prevalence is higher
among young people who are divorced, separated, or widowed than among those who are currently married or
have never married. Pregnant women are slightly more likely to be syphilis-positive than non-pregnant
women. There are no meaningful differences in syphilis prevalence by urban-rural residence or region for
young women or young men. Differences in syphilis prevalence among young adults by education level and
wealth quintile are small and inconsistent.

Table 10.9 shows syphilis prevalence among young adults age 15-24 who have ever had sexual
intercourse, according to indicators of sexual behaviour. Among both young women and men, syphilis
prevalence is slightly higher among those who say they had two or more sexual partners in the 12 months
preceding the survey than among those who had only one or none. It is also slightly higher among youth who
say they did not use a condom the last time they had sex and among those who say they had sex when either
they or their partner was drunk. Young women who had sex with a man who was ten or more years older than
she was are slightly more likely to have syphilis than those who did not.

Table 10.9 Syphilis prevalence among young people by sexual behaviour

Percentage syphilis-positive among women and men age 15-24 who have ever had sex and were tested for syphilis, by sexual
behaviour, Uganda 2011
Women Men Both sexes
Percentage Percentage Percentage
Sexual behaviour syphilis syphilis syphilis
characteristic positive Number positive Number positive Number
Number of sexual partners in past
12 months
0 0.7 1,706 0.7 1,904 0.7 3,611
1 1.6 2,615 1.3 1,130 1.5 3,745
2+ 4.0 141 2.4 338 2.9 479
Condom use at last sexual intercourse
in past 12 months
Used condom 1.1 434 1.0 483 1.0 917
Did not use condom 1.9 2,321 1.8 985 1.9 3,306
No sexual intercourse in last 12 months 0.7 1,706 0.7 1,904 0.7 3,611
Condom use at first sex
Used condom 2.0 1,056 1.2 639 1.7 1,695
Did not use condom 1.2 3,406 1.1 2,733 1.1 6,139
Alcohol use during sex
Either partner was drunk 2.7 368 3.7 163 3.0 530
Neither was drunk * 20 * 9 (0.0) 29
No alcohol use 1.6 2,367 1.3 1,298 1.5 3,666
No sex in last 12 months 0.7 1,706 0.7 1,903 0.7 3,609
Higher risk sex in past 12 months
Had higher risk sex 2.1 851 1.4 1,040 1.7 1,891
Had sex, not higher risk 1.6 1,904 1.9 430 1.6 2,334
No sex in past 12 months 0.7 1,706 0.7 1,903 0.7 3,609
Age mixing
Had sex in last 12 months with a man
10+ years older 3.4 545 na na na na
Did not have sex in last 12 months with a
man 10+ years older 1.1 3,917 na na na na
Total 1.4 4,462 1.1 3,372 1.2 7,834

Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases; an asterisk denotes a figure based on fewer than 25
unweighted cases that has been suppressed.
na = Not applicable

Syphilis Prevalence • 151

 10.8 SYPHILIS PREVALENCE BY OTHER CHARACTERISTICS
10.8.1 Syphilis Prevalence and Other Sexually Transmitted Infections

Table 10.10 shows the variation in syphilis prevalence by whether respondents report that they had a
sexually transmitted infection (STI) or symptoms of an STI in the 12 months before the survey. The results
show only a slightly higher prevalence of syphilis among those who had an STI or symptoms of an STI than
among those with neither.

Table 10.10 Syphilis prevalence by other characteristics

Percentage syphilis positive among women and men age 15-49 who ever had sex and were tested for syphilis, by
whether had an STI in the past 12 months, Uganda 2011
Women Men Both sexes
Percentage Percentage Percentage
Sexually transmitted infection in syphilis syphilis syphilis
past 12 months positive Number positive Number positive Number
Had STI or STI symptoms 2.4 3,408 3.2 1,296 2.6 4,704
No STI, no symptoms 1.7 5,818 1.7 5,533 1.7 11,352
DK/missing 4.0 193 3.2 116 3.7 309
Total 15-49 2.0 9,420 2.0 6,945 2.0 16,364

10.8.2 Syphilis Prevalence and Male Circumcision

As with HIV, there is an expected relationship between syphilis and male circumcision. As shown in
Table 10.11, men age 15-49 who have been circumcised are only very slightly less likely to have syphilis than
those who are not circumcised (2 percent and 1 percent). Differences by sub-groups are very small and do not
follow any pattern.

Table 10.11 Syphilis prevalence by male circumcision

Among men age 15-49 who were tested for syphilis, the percentage syphilis positive by
whether circumcised, according to background characteristics, Uganda 2011
Circumcised Not circumcised
Percentage Percentage
Background syphilis syphilis
characteristic positive Number positive Number
Age
15-19 0.0 477 0.7 1,528
20-24 1.4 418 2.1 950
25-29 2.6 395 2.4 920
30-34 1.6 308 2.0 808
35-39 0.7 281 1.9 811
40-44 0.6 215 2.6 641
45-49 2.9 149 3.7 552
Religion
Catholic 2.7 464 1.9 3,039
Anglican/Protestant 0.7 534 2.2 2,423
SDA (0.0) 40 1.6 93
Pentecostal 1.8 84 1.5 405
Other Christian (5.2) 41 0.2 165
Muslim 0.8 1,063 (7.1) 24
Other/None * 18 1.8 62
Continued…

152 • Syphilis Prevalence

 Table 10.11—Continued
Circumcised Not circumcised
Percentage Percentage
Background syphilis syphilis
characteristic positive Number positive Number
Ethnicity
Baganda 1.1 420 1.8 1,003
Banyankore 3.3 120 1.9 745
Iteso 0.0 55 1.5 589
Lugbara/Madi 0.5 116 1.5 280
Basoga 0.7 323 0.4 468
Langi * 10 2.3 551
Bakiga (0.0) 45 2.7 402
Karimojong * 5 5.9 103
Acholi * 7 3.5 388
Bagisu/Sabiny 1.4 465 1.6 108
Alur/Jopadhola 1.0 62 2.4 330
Banyoro 1.3 106 1.5 304
Batoro (0.0) 58 4.0 257
Other 1.9 451 0.9 685
Residence
Urban 1.6 623 1.5 1,044
Rural 1.2 1,621 2.0 5,166
Region
Central 1 2.2 280 1.6 697
Central 2 2.1 229 1.4 641
Kampala 1.6 231 1.7 417
East Central 0.4 379 1.3 534
Mid Eastern 1.3 496 1.2 432
North East (0.0) 44 1.9 606
West Nile 0.8 143 1.7 379
Mid Northern * 13 2.9 886
South Western 5.5 92 2.3 829
Mid Western 0.0 338 2.5 790
Education
No education 3.7 110 4.3 349
Primary incomplete 0.7 855 2.0 2,777
Primary complete 2.6 308 1.9 877
Secondary or higher 1.1 971 1.5 2,207
Wealth quintile
Lowest 0.9 249 2.5 1,197
Second 1.0 388 1.7 1,200
Middle 1.0 435 2.3 1,202
Fourth 0.9 414 1.5 1,239
Highest 1.9 757 1.9 1,373
Total 15-49 1.3 2,244 2.0 6,210
50-59 3.4 246 4.3 582
Total 15-59 1.5 2,489 2.2 6,792

Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases; an asterisk

denotes a figure based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases that has been suppressed.

10.9 SYPHILIS PREVALENCE AMONG COHABITING COUPLES

Table 10.12 shows that for 96 percent of cohabiting couples, neither partner has syphilis, while for
less than 1 percent, both partners have syphilis. Data also show that 3 percent of cohabiting couples are
discordant, that is, one partner has syphilis and the other does not. In 2 percent of couples, the male partner has
syphilis and the woman does not, while in another 1 percent of couples, the woman has syphilis and the man
does not. Discordance is more common among couples in which either the woman or the man has no
education.

Syphilis Prevalence • 153

 Table 10.12 Syphilis prevalence among couples
Percent distribution of couples living in the same household, both of whom were tested for syphilis, by syphilis status,
according to background characteristics, Uganda 2011
Man syphilis Woman
positive, syphilis
Both woman positive, Both
Background syphilis syphilis man syphilis syphilis
characteristic positive negative negative negative Total Number
Woman's age
15-19 0.8 1.7 0.0 97.5 100.0 328
20-29 0.3 1.3 1.3 97.2 100.0 1,987
30-39 0.4 2.2 1.3 96.1 100.0 1,447
40-49 1.1 2.4 2.0 94.4 100.0 722
50-59 0.4 2.0 0.0 97.6 100.0 150
Man's age
15-19 (0.0) (2.1) (3.5) (94.4) 100.0 31
20-29 0.6 1.7 0.6 97.1 100.0 1,168
30-39 0.3 1.2 0.9 97.6 100.0 1,615
40-49 0.5 2.2 2.1 95.2 100.0 1,188
50-59 0.8 3.0 1.6 94.7 100.0 634
Age difference between partners
Woman older 0.2 2.2 2.2 95.4 100.0 318
Same age/man older by 0-4 years 0.4 1.6 0.4 97.6 100.0 1,616
Man older by 5-9 years 0.8 2.1 1.5 95.7 100.0 1,650
Man older by 10-14 years 0.3 1.5 1.4 96.8 100.0 673
Man older by 15+ years 0.3 1.7 2.7 95.2 100.0 378
Type of union
Monogamous 0.6 1.8 1.1 96.5 100.0 3,531
Polygynous 0.3 1.3 1.7 96.7 100.0 948
Multiple partners in past 12 months2
Both no 0.4 1.9 1.0 96.6 100.0 3,314
Man yes, woman no 0.5 1.5 1.6 96.4 100.0 1,217
Woman yes, man no 3.6 0.0 1.4 95.0 100.0 69
Both yes (0.0) (4.1) (8.7) (87.2) 100.0 35
Concurrent sexual partners in past
12 months3
Both no 0.5 1.9 1.3 96.3 100.0 4,183
Man yes, woman no 0.1 1.0 1.1 97.8 100.0 432
Woman yes, man no * * * * 100.0 14
Both yes * * * * 100.0 6
Residence
Urban 0.6 1.0 0.9 97.5 100.0 623
Rural 0.5 1.9 1.3 96.3 100.0 4,011
Region
Central 1 0.3 1.3 0.7 97.7 100.0 480
Central 2 0.6 2.0 1.3 96.1 100.0 461
Kampala 0.3 2.8 1.5 95.4 100.0 181
East Central 0.3 1.2 1.6 96.9 100.0 541
Mid Eastern 0.0 1.6 0.8 97.6 100.0 573
North East 0.8 1.0 2.3 96.0 100.0 413
West Nile 0.9 1.8 0.0 97.3 100.0 292
Mid Northern 1.2 3.4 1.0 94.4 100.0 546
South Western 0.2 2.0 1.5 96.3 100.0 521
Mid Western 0.3 1.6 1.7 96.3 100.0 626
Woman's education
No education 0.9 2.1 2.5 94.5 100.0 812
Primary incomplete 0.5 1.8 1.0 96.7 100.0 2,428
Primary complete 0.0 1.6 1.1 97.2 100.0 570
Secondary or higher 0.3 1.6 1.0 97.1 100.0 824
Man's education
No education 0.5 5.4 2.4 91.8 100.0 360
Primary incomplete 0.5 1.4 1.4 96.6 100.0 2,057
Primary complete 0.2 1.8 0.8 97.3 100.0 837
Secondary or higher 0.6 1.5 1.0 96.9 100.0 1,380
Continued…

154 • Syphilis Prevalence

Table 10.12—Continued
Man syphilis Woman
positive, syphilis
Both woman positive, Both
Background syphilis syphilis man syphilis syphilis
characteristic positive negative negative negative Total Number
Wealth quintile
Lowest 0.7 2.4 2.1 94.8 100.0 887
Second 0.2 1.5 1.0 97.3 100.0 1,039
Middle 0.7 2.7 1.0 95.7 100.0 986
Fourth 0.5 1.3 0.9 97.4 100.0 869
Highest 0.3 1.1 1.4 97.1 100.0 853
Total 0.5 1.8 1.3 96.4 100.0 4,634

Note: The table is based on couples for which a valid test result (positive or negative) is available for both partners. Total
includes 156 couples for whom type of union is missing. Numbers in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases; an
asterisk denotes a figure based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases that has been suppressed.
2
A respondent is considered to have had multiple sexual partners in the past 12 months if he or she had sexual intercourse
with 2 or more people during this time period. (Respondents with multiple partners include polygynous men who had sexual
intercourse with 2 or more wives.)
3
A respondent is considered to have had concurrent partners if he or she had overlapping sexual partnerships with two or
more people during the 12 months before the survey. (Respondents with concurrent partners include polygynous men who
had overlapping sexual partnerships with two or more wives).

Syphilis Prevalence • 155

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SAMPLE DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION Appendix A
A.1 INTRODUCTION
The main objective of the 2011 Uganda AIDS Indicator Survey (UAIS) was to obtain national and sub-
national estimates of the prevalence of HIV among adults and children under five and syphilis infection among
adults, as well as information about other indicators of programme coverage, such as knowledge, attitudes, and
sexual behaviour related to HIV/AIDS. To meet these objectives, the survey sample was designed to produce
representative estimates for the country as a whole, for the urban and rural areas separately, and for each of ten
regions.

A nationally representative sample of 11,750 households was selected using a two-stage design. All
women and men age 15-59 who were usual residents or who slept in the selected households the night before the
survey were eligible for the survey. In the selected households, 12,154 women and 9,588 men were successfully
interviewed. All women and men who were interviewed were asked to voluntarily give a blood sample for testing.
In addition, blood samples were drawn from children under age 5 after obtaining consent from their parents or
caretaker. Questions on sexual violence were administered to only one randomly selected woman or man in each
household.

A.2 SAMPLING FRAME

The sampling frame used for 2011 UAIS was the 2002 Population Census, specifically a list of almost
49,000 census enumeration areas (EAs) provided by the Uganda Bureau of Statistics. An EA is a geographic area
consisting of about 100 households which served as a counting unit for the census. The frame file contains
information about the location (district, county, sub-county, parish), the type of residence, and the number of
residential households for each EA.

In order to provide sub-national estimates, the districts were grouped into ten regions. The regions were
created for the survey and do not represent administrative units of the country. Each region comprised between 8
and 15 contiguous administrative districts of Uganda that share similar languages and cultural characteristics.
Because of its unique character as an entirely urban district and capital city of Uganda, Kampala comprised a
separate region. The 10 regions were comprised of the following districts1:

• Central 1: Bukomansimbi, Gomba, Lwengo, Lyantonde, Kalangala, Kalungu, Masaka, Mpigi,

Rakai, Ssembabule, and Wakiso.

• Central 2: Buikwe, Buvuma, Kayunga, Kiboga, Kyankwanzi, Luwero, Mityana, Mubende,

Mukono, Nakaseke, and Nakasongola.

• Kampala: Kampala district.

• East-Central: Bugiri, Buyende, Iganga, Jinja, Kaliro, Kamuli, Luuka, Mayuge, and Namutumba

• Mid Eastern: Budaka, Bududa, Bukwa, Bulambuli, Busia, Butaleja, Kapchorwa, Kibuku, Kween,
Manafwa, Mbale, Pallisa, Sironko, and Tororo.

1
At the time of the 2002 census, Uganda was divided into fewer districts. This reflects the current districts. The 2011 UAIS
regions are similar to those used for the 2004-05 Uganda HIV/AIDS Sero-Behavioural Survey, but the 2004-05 Central region
is divided into two regions, and two districts from the 2004-05 East Central region are transferred to the Central 2 region. Thus
comparisons by region across these two surveys need to be made cautiously.

Appendix A • 161
 • North East: Abim, Amudat, Amuria, Bukedea, Kaabong, Kaberamaido, Katakwi, Kotido, Kumi,
Moroto, Nakapiripirit, Napak, Nora, Serere, and Soroti.

• West Nile: Arua, Adjumani, Koboko, Moyo, Nebbi, Maracha, Yumbe, and Zombo.

• Mid Northern: Agago, Alebtong, Amolatar, Amuru, Apac, Dokolo, Gulu, Kitgum, Kole, Lamwo,
Lira, Otuke, Oyam, and Pader.

• South Western: Buhweju, Bushenyi, Ibanda, Isingiro, Kabale, Kanungu, Kiruhura, Kisoro,
Mbarara, Mitooma, Ntungamo, Rubirizi, Rukungiri, and Sheema.

• Mid Western: Buliisa, Bundibugyo, Hoima, Kabarole, Kamwenge, Kasese, Kibaale,

Kiryandongo, Kyegegwa, Kyenjojo and Masindi.

Table A.1 shows the distribution of the enumeration areas in the sampling frame by region according to
residence. Of the total of 48,715 EAs, only 4,928 (10 percent) were in urban areas and 43,787 (90 percent) were in
rural areas. Table A.2 shows the distribution of the census population in the sampling frame by region and
residence. By design, the regions were formed to be roughly equal in size; the smallest—Kampala—contained
about 5 percent of the country’s population in 2002, while the largest region—South Western—contained about 14
percent.

Table A.1 Enumeration areas

Distribution of the enumeration areas in the sampling frame
of the 2002 census, by region and residence, Uganda
Number of enumeration areas in
frame
Region Urban Rural Total
Central 1 122 4,685 4,807
Central 2 202 4,761 4,963
Kampala 2,957 0 2,957
East Central 240 3,415 3,655
Mid Eastern 284 5,019 5,303
North East 151 3,068 3,219
West Nile 147 3,805 3,952
Mid Northern 197 6,205 6,402
South Western 286 8,083 8,369
Mid Western 342 4,746 5,088
Uganda 4,928 43,787 48,715

Table A.2 Population

Distribution of the census population in the sampling frame by region and residence, Uganda
Population in frame Percent of
total Percent
Region Urban Rural Total population urban
Central 1 189,900 2,581,716 2,771,616 11.3 6.9
Central 2 284,222 2,330,445 2,614,667 10.7 10.9
Kampala 1,189,142 0 1,189,142 4.9 100.0
East Central 162,251 2,378,413 2,540,664 10.4 6.4
Mid Eastern 186,151 2,288,046 2,474,197 10.1 7.5
North East 112,221 2,014,156 2,126,377 8.7 5.3
West Nile 185,452 1,732,688 1,918,140 7.9 9.7
Mid Northern 260,945 2,248,261 2,509,206 10.3 10.4
South Western 221,508 3,136,751 3,358,259 13.7 6.6
Mid Western 207,595 2,732,221 2,939,816 12.0 7.1
Uganda 2,999,387 21,442,697 24,442,084 100.0 12.3

162 • Appendix A
A.3 SAMPLE DESIGN AND SELECTION
For the 2011 UAIS, it was estimated that a total sample size of approximately 26,870 adults would be
required. This size was based on the HIV prevalence of 6.4 percent among adults as measured in the 2004-05
Uganda HIV/AIDS Sero-Behavioural Survey (UHSBS). The calculations also assumed a 10 percent relative error,
a design effect of 1.69, and a response rate for the HIV testing component of 92 percent of adults. With an
estimated 2.3 adults age 15-59 per household, it was determined that 11,682 households would be required to
obtain the target individual sample in the UAIS. Selecting 25 households per EA resulted in a total of 470 EAs for
the sample.

The survey utilised a two-stage stratified sample design. Stratification was achieved by separating each
region into urban and rural areas. In total, 19 sampling strata were created because Kampala region is entirely
urban. The sample was allocated equally across all 10 regions, so as to allow a sufficient size to produce reliable
estimates in each region.

The first stage involved selecting EAs from

Table A.3 Sample allocation of clusters and households
the census sampling frame. The 470 clusters (47 in
Sample allocation of clusters and households by region, according to residence,
each region) were selected with probability Uganda
proportional to size. The Uganda Bureau of Statistics Allocation of clusters Allocation of households
carried out a household listing operation in all Region Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total

selected EAs before the start of fieldwork. This Central 1

Central 2
4
2
43
45
47
47
100
50
1,075
1,125
1,175
1,175
consisted of teams visiting each of the selected EAs Kampala 47 0 47 1,175 0 1,175
East Central 5 42 47 125 1,050 1,175
to record all households in the EA, their addresses, Mid Eastern 3 44 47 75 1,100 1,175
and the names of the heads of the households. This North East
West Nile
3
4
44
43
47
47
75
100
1,100
1,075
1,175
1,175
list of households served as the sampling frame for Mid Northern 3 44 47 75 1,100 1,175
South Western 4 43 47 100 1,075 1,175
the second stage of sample selection. Mid Western 4 43 47 100 1,075 1,175
Uganda 79 391 470 1,975 9,775 11,750
In the second stage, a fixed number of 25
households was selected in each EA. Table A.3 shows the sample allocation of clusters and households by region,
according to residence. Of the 470 selected EAs, 79 are in urban areas and 391 are in rural areas. Of all the
selected 11,750 households, 1,975 are in urban areas and 9,775 are in rural areas.

Since the sample was not allocated in proportion to the size of each region, the UAIS sample is not self-
weighting at the national level. Consequently, weighting factors have been applied to the data to produce
nationally representative estimates.

Table A.4 shows the expected number of completed interviews with women and men age 15-59 by
stratum, assuming 1.3 eligible women and 1.0 eligible men per household with a 92 percent response rate.

Table A.4 Sample allocation of expected number of completed interviews

Sample allocation of expected number of completed interviews with women and men by region, according
to residence, Uganda
Women 15-59 Men 15-59
Region Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total
Central 1 120 1,286 1,405 92 989 1,081
Central 2 60 1,346 1,405 46 1,035 1,081
Kampala 1,405 0 1,405 1,081 0 1,081
East Central 150 1,256 1,405 115 966 1,081
Mid Eastern 90 1,316 1,405 69 1,012 1,081
North East 90 1,316 1,405 69 1,012 1,081
West Nile 120 1,286 1,405 92 989 1,081
Mid Northern 90 1,316 1,405 69 1,012 1,081
South Western 120 1,286 1,405 92 989 1,081
Mid Western 120 1,286 1,405 92 989 1,081
Uganda 2,362 11,691 14,053 1,817 8,993 10,810

Appendix A • 163
 A.4 SAMPLE IMPLEMENTATION
Table A.5 presents response rates for households, women and men, by residence and region.

Table A.5 Sample implementation

Percent distribution of households, eligible women, and eligible men by results of the interviews, and household, eligible women and men response rates and
overall women and men response rates, according to urban-rural residence and region (unweighted), Uganda 2011
Residence Region
Central Central Kam- East Mid North West Mid South Mid
Result Urban Rural 1 2 pala Central Eastern East Nile Northern Western Western Total
Selected households
Completed (C) 95.7 96.7 97.1 98.0 96.6 96.8 98.4 93.1 96.5 97.1 98.4 93.1 96.5
Household present, no
competent respondent at
home (HP) 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 1.0 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.7 0.3
Postponed (P) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Refused (R) 0.8 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.9 0.1 0.0 1.2 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.6 0.4
Dwelling not found (DNF) 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.1
Household absent (HA) 0.7 0.7 0.3 0.2 0.1 1.0 0.4 1.7 0.9 0.7 0.3 1.4 0.7
Dwelling vacant/address not a
dwelling (DV) 1.9 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.8 1.3 0.9 1.4 1.4 1.4 0.8 2.7 1.4
Dwelling destroyed (DD) 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.8 0.3 1.1 0.4 0.3 0.3 1.4 0.6
Other (O) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number of sampled households 2,350 9,400 1,175 1,175 1,175 1,175 1,175 1,175 1,175 1,175 1,175 1,175 11,750
1
Household response rate (HRR) 98.8 99.3 99.0 99.7 99.0 99.8 100.0 97.2 99.3 99.5 99.7 98.5 99.2
Eligible women
Completed (EWC) 97.8 98.3 98.4 98.8 96.7 98.9 99.4 96.9 97.2 98.1 98.9 98.9 98.2
Not at home (EWNH) 0.9 1.0 0.6 0.4 1.1 0.7 0.2 2.1 1.8 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.9
Postponed (EWP) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Refused (EWR) 0.9 0.3 0.4 0.3 1.6 0.3 0.2 0.9 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.5
Partly completed (EWPC) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Incapacitated (EWI) 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.6 0.6 0.0 0.5 0.3
Other (EWO) 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number of women 2,536 9,838 1,127 1,196 1,274 1,247 1,274 1,163 1,308 1,199 1,235 1,351 12,374
Eligible women response rate
2
(EWRR) 97.8 98.3 98.4 98.8 96.7 98.9 99.4 96.9 97.2 98.1 98.9 98.9 98.2
Overall women response rate
(OWRR)3 96.6 97.6 97.5 98.5 95.7 98.7 99.4 94.2 96.5 97.6 98.6 97.4 97.4
Eligible men
Completed (EMC) 95.4 96.2 95.9 98.0 95.6 96.8 98.6 91.0 94.6 95.5 97.3 96.5 96.0
Not at home (EMNH) 2.6 2.2 1.8 1.2 2.3 2.0 0.6 5.8 3.4 2.8 0.6 2.2 2.2
Refused (EMR) 1.7 0.9 1.5 0.6 1.9 0.6 0.2 2.7 1.1 0.7 1.4 0.7 1.1
Incapacitated (EMI) 0.3 0.7 0.8 0.2 0.3 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.9 1.0 0.7 0.6 0.6
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number of men 1,938 8,045 922 942 1,012 1,073 1,117 865 1,045 1,067 854 1,086 9,983
Eligible men response rate
2
(EMRR) 95.4 96.2 95.9 98.0 95.6 96.8 98.6 91.0 94.6 95.5 97.3 96.5 96.0
Overall men response rate
(OMRR)3 94.2 95.5 95.0 97.6 94.6 96.7 98.6 88.5 94.0 95.0 97.1 95.0 95.3
1
Using the number of households falling into specific response categories, the household response rate (HRR) is calculated as:

100 * C
_______________________________
C + HP + P + R + DNF
2
The eligible women/men response rate (EWRR/EMRR) is equivalent to the percentage of interviews completed (EWC)
3
The overall women/men response rate (OWRR/OMRR) is calculated as:
OWRR = HRR * EWRR/100 or OMRR = HRR * EMRR/100

164 • Appendix A
 Tables A.6 and A.7 show that response rates for the HIV testing component varied very little according to
characteristics of those who were interviewed, while Tables A.8 and A.9 show the same for those who ever had
sexual intercourse.

Table A.6 Coverage of HIV testing by social and demographic characteristics: Women
Percent distribution of interviewed women age 15-49 by HIV testing status, according to social and demographic
characteristics (unweighted), Uganda 2011
Testing status
Refused to Absent at
provide the time of
HIV tested in blood blood Other/
Characteristic central lab sample collection missing1 Total Number
Marital status
Never married 98.4 1.0 0.2 0.4 100.0 2,620
Ever had sexual intercourse 99.1 0.7 0.0 0.3 100.0 1,163
Never had sexual intercourse 97.9 1.3 0.3 0.5 100.0 1,457
Married/living together 98.7 1.0 0.0 0.3 100.0 7,081
Divorced or separated 98.2 1.5 0.1 0.2 100.0 1,025
Widowed 98.1 1.4 0.0 0.5 100.0 422
Type of union
In polygynous union 99.0 0.5 0.2 0.3 100.0 1,834
In non-polygynous union 98.6 1.1 0.0 0.3 100.0 4,946
Not currently in union 98.3 1.2 0.1 0.3 100.0 4,067
Ever had sexual intercourse
Yes 98.6 1.0 0.0 0.3 100.0 9,691
No 97.9 1.3 0.3 0.5 100.0 1,457
Currently pregnant
Pregnant 98.3 1.3 0.1 0.3 100.0 1,288
Not pregnant or not sure 98.6 1.0 0.1 0.3 100.0 9,860
Times slept away from home in
past 12 months
None 98.5 1.1 0.0 0.3 100.0 6,012
1-2 98.7 1.0 0.1 0.3 100.0 3,110
3-4 98.6 1.1 0.1 0.2 100.0 1,222
5+ 98.0 1.2 0.4 0.4 100.0 804
Time away in past 12 months
Away for more than 1 month 98.7 0.7 0.1 0.4 100.0 1,337
Away for less than 1 month 98.5 1.2 0.1 0.2 100.0 3,799
Not away 98.5 1.1 0.0 0.3 100.0 6,012
Ethnicity
Baganda 98.9 1.0 0.1 0.1 100.0 1,879
Banyankore 98.2 1.7 0.0 0.2 100.0 1,029
Iteso 98.8 0.8 0.0 0.4 100.0 892
Lugbara/Madi 98.1 1.2 0.4 0.2 100.0 808
Basoga 99.3 0.5 0.0 0.2 100.0 1,012
Langi 98.4 0.9 0.0 0.7 100.0 675
Bakiga 97.8 0.7 0.3 1.2 100.0 593
Karimojong 91.5 7.0 0.4 1.1 100.0 271
Acholi 97.9 1.1 0.4 0.6 100.0 471
Bagisu/Sabiny 99.4 0.6 0.0 0.0 100.0 662
Alur/Jopadhola 98.6 1.1 0.0 0.3 100.0 635
Banyoro 99.3 0.7 0.0 0.0 100.0 416
Batoro 99.0 0.7 0.0 0.3 100.0 291
Other 99.1 0.7 0.0 0.1 100.0 1,514
Religion
Catholic 98.1 1.3 0.1 0.4 100.0 4,626
Anglican/Protestant 98.7 0.9 0.1 0.3 100.0 3,602
SDA 99.4 0.6 0.0 0.0 100.0 156
Pentecostal 98.7 1.0 0.1 0.2 100.0 931
Other Christian 98.8 0.8 0.0 0.4 100.0 244
Muslim 99.3 0.6 0.0 0.1 100.0 1,500
Other/None 97.8 2.2 0.0 0.0 100.0 89
Total 98.5 1.1 0.1 0.3 100.0 11,148

Note: Total includes 301 women whose type of marital union is not stated.
1
Includes: 1) other results of blood collection (e.g. technical problem in the field), 2) lost specimens, 3) non corresponding
bar codes, and 4) other lab results such as blood not tested for technical reason, not enough blood to complete the
algorithm, etc.

Appendix A • 165
 Table A.7 Coverage of HIV testing by social and demographic characteristics: Men
Percent distribution of interviewed men 15-49 by HIV testing status, according to social and demographic characteristics
(unweighted), Uganda 2011
Testing status
Refused to Absent at
HIV tested provide the time of
in central blood blood Other/
Characteristic lab sample collection missing1 Total Number
Marital status
Never married 97.9 1.4 0.2 0.5 100.0 3,235
Ever had sexual intercourse 97.8 1.3 0.4 0.4 100.0 1,664
Never had sexual intercourse 97.9 1.4 0.1 0.6 100.0 1,571
Married/living together 98.0 1.8 0.1 0.2 100.0 4,951
Divorced or separated 98.6 1.2 0.0 0.2 100.0 487
Widowed 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 45
Type of union
In polygynous union 97.8 1.7 0.1 0.4 100.0 803
In non-polygynous union 98.0 1.8 0.0 0.2 100.0 4,146
Not currently in union 98.0 1.3 0.2 0.5 100.0 3,767
Ever had sexual intercourse
Yes 98.0 1.6 0.1 0.3 100.0 7,147
No 97.9 1.4 0.1 0.6 100.0 1,571
Male circumcision
Circumcised 98.2 1.6 0.1 0.1 100.0 2,392
Not circumcised 97.9 1.6 0.1 0.4 100.0 6,326
Times slept away from home in past
12 months
None 97.6 1.8 0.1 0.4 100.0 5,336
1-2 98.2 1.4 0.1 0.3 100.0 1,400
3-4 98.8 0.8 0.0 0.4 100.0 844
5+ 98.6 1.2 0.1 0.1 100.0 1,138
Time away in past 12 months
Away for more than 1 month 98.3 1.0 0.2 0.5 100.0 1,200
Away for less than 1 month 98.6 1.3 0.0 0.1 100.0 2,182
Not away 97.6 1.8 0.1 0.4 100.0 5,336
Ethnicity
Baganda 98.2 1.6 0.0 0.2 100.0 1,465
Banyankore 98.6 1.1 0.0 0.3 100.0 732
Iteso 98.2 1.2 0.3 0.3 100.0 675
Lugbara/Madi 97.0 2.2 0.5 0.3 100.0 631
Basoga 99.0 0.6 0.1 0.2 100.0 807
Langi 97.4 2.0 0.0 0.7 100.0 610
Bakiga 97.9 1.0 0.3 0.8 100.0 385
Karimojong 86.6 12.0 0.0 1.4 100.0 142
Acholi 95.8 2.9 0.5 0.7 100.0 408
Bagisu/Sabiny 98.9 1.0 0.0 0.2 100.0 616
Alur/Jopadhola 98.5 0.6 0.2 0.6 100.0 468
Banyoro 99.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 386
Batoro 97.7 1.9 0.4 0.0 100.0 264
Other 98.5 1.3 0.0 0.2 100.0 1,129
Religion
Catholic 97.8 1.6 0.2 0.4 100.0 3,673
Anglican/Protestant 97.6 1.9 0.2 0.3 100.0 2,934
SDA 98.4 1.6 0.0 0.0 100.0 125
Pentecostal 99.4 0.4 0.0 0.2 100.0 481
Other Christian 99.5 0.5 0.0 0.0 100.0 220
Muslim 98.6 1.3 0.0 0.2 100.0 1,195
Other/None 96.7 2.2 0.0 1.1 100.0 90
Total 98.0 1.6 0.1 0.3 100.0 8,718

Note: Total includes 2 men whose type of marital union is not stated.
1
Includes: 1) other results of blood collection (e.g. technical problem in the field), 2) lost specimens, 3) non
corresponding bar codes, and 4) other lab results such as blood not tested for technical reason, not enough blood to
complete the algorithm, etc.

166 • Appendix A
Table A.8 Coverage of HIV testing among interviewed women by sexual behaviour characteristics
Percent distribution of interviewed women age 15-49 who ever had sexual intercourse by HIV test status, according
to sexual behaviour characteristics (unweighted), Uganda 2011
Testing status
Absent at
Refused to the time of
Sexual behaviour HIV provide blood Other/
characteristic Tested1 blood collection missing Total Number
Age at first sexual intercourse
<15 98.9 0.8 0.0 0.3 100.0 1,757
15-17 98.8 1.0 0.1 0.2 100.0 4,743
18-19 98.8 0.9 0.0 0.3 100.0 2,024
20+ 97.7 1.7 0.1 0.5 100.0 1,092
Multiple sexual partners and
partner concurrency in past
12 months
0 98.0 1.6 0.1 0.3 100.0 1,353
1 98.7 1.0 0.0 0.3 100.0 8,010
2+ 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 328
Has concurrent partners2 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 42
None of the partners are
concurrent 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 286
Condom use at last sexual
intercourse in past 12 months
Used condom 98.8 0.9 0.0 0.4 100.0 806
Did not use condom 98.8 0.9 0.0 0.3 100.0 7,532
No sexual intercourse in last
12 months 98.0 1.6 0.1 0.3 100.0 1,349
Number of lifetime partners
1 98.1 1.4 0.0 0.4 100.0 3,562
2 98.9 0.8 0.1 0.1 100.0 2,849
3-4 99.0 0.9 0.0 0.2 100.0 2,490
5-9 99.1 0.3 0.0 0.5 100.0 584
10+ 97.9 1.4 0.0 0.7 100.0 141
Prior HIV testing
Ever tested 98.6 1.1 0.1 0.3 100.0 7,403
Received results 98.6 1.0 0.1 0.3 100.0 6,962
Did not received results 98.6 1.1 0.0 0.2 100.0 441
Never tested 98.9 0.9 0.0 0.2 100.0 2,288
Total 98.6 1.0 0.0 0.3 100.0 9,691

Note: Total includes 75 women with age at first sex missing, 4 women with condom use at last sex missing, and 65
women with number of lifetime partners missing.
1
Includes: 1) other results of blood collection (e.g. technical problem in the field), 2) lost specimens, 3) non
corresponding bar codes, and 4) other lab results such as blood not tested for technical reason, not enough blood
to complete the algorithm, etc.
2
A respondent is considered to have had concurrent partners if he or she had overlapping sexual partnerships with
two or more people during the 12 months before the survey

Appendix A • 167
 Table A.9 Coverage of HIV testing among interviewed men by sexual behaviour characteristics
Percent distribution of interviewed men age 15-49 who ever had sexual intercourse by HIV test status, according to sexual
behaviour characteristics (unweighted), Uganda 2011
Testing status
Absent at
Refused to the time of
Sexual behaviour HIV provide blood Other/
characteristic Tested1 blood collection missing Total Number
Age at first sexual intercourse
<15 98.0 1.2 0.2 0.5 100.0 808
15-17 97.7 1.8 0.2 0.3 100.0 2,678
18-19 98.6 1.2 0.1 0.2 100.0 1,863
20+ 97.8 1.9 0.1 0.2 100.0 1,796
Multiple sexual partners and partner
concurrency in past 12 months
0 98.2 1.3 0.3 0.3 100.0 764
1 97.8 1.7 0.2 0.3 100.0 4,809
2+ 98.4 1.4 0.0 0.2 100.0 1,574
Has concurrent partners2 99.0 0.8 0.0 0.3 100.0 385
None of the partners are concurrent 98.2 1.6 0.0 0.2 100.0 1,189
Condom use at last sexual
intercourse in past 12 months
Used condom 97.8 1.6 0.2 0.4 100.0 936
Did not use condom 98.0 1.7 0.1 0.2 100.0 5,447
No sexual intercourse in last 12
months 98.2 1.3 0.3 0.3 100.0 761
Paid for sexual intercourse in past
12 months
Yes 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 54
No (No paid sex or no sex in last
12 months) 98.0 1.6 0.1 0.3 100.0 7,093
Number of lifetime partners
1 97.3 1.8 0.6 0.4 100.0 845
2 98.3 1.5 0.1 0.1 100.0 1,070
3-4 97.8 1.8 0.1 0.2 100.0 2,075
5-9 98.2 1.5 0.0 0.3 100.0 1,683
10+ 98.3 1.2 0.1 0.4 100.0 1,125
Missing 97.4 2.6 0.0 0.0 100.0 349
Prior HIV testing
Ever tested 98.0 1.5 0.1 0.3 100.0 3,792
Received results 98.0 1.5 0.1 0.3 100.0 3,616
Did not received results 98.9 1.1 0.0 0.0 100.0 176
Never tested 97.9 1.7 0.1 0.2 100.0 3,355
Total 98.0 1.6 0.1 0.3 100.0 7,147

Note: Total includes 2 men with age at first sex missing and 3 men with condom use at last sex missing.
1
Includes: 1) other results of blood collection (e.g. technical problem in the field), 2) lost specimens, 3) non corresponding
bar codes, and 4) other lab results such as blood not tested for technical reason, not enough blood to complete the
algorithm, etc.
2
A respondent is considered to have had concurrent partners if he or she had overlapping sexual partnerships with two or
more people during the 12 months before the survey. (Includes polygynous men who had overlapping sexual partnerships
with two or more wives).

A.5 SAMPLE PROBABILITIES AND SAMPLE WEIGHTS

Due to the non-proportional allocation of the sample to the various regions and the possible differences in
response rates, sampling weights are required for any analysis using UAIS data to ensure the actual representative
of the survey results at the national level and at the sub-national level. Since the UAIS sample is a two-stage
stratified cluster sample, sampling weights were calculated based on sampling probabilities separately for each
sampling stage and for each cluster. We use the following notations:

P1hi: first-stage sampling probability of the ith cluster in stratum h

P2hi: second -stage sampling probability within the ith cluster (households)

168 • Appendix A
 Let ah be the number of EAs selected in stratum h, Mhi the number of households according to the
sampling frame in the ith EA, and  M hi the total number of households in the stratum. The probability of
selecting the ith EA in the 2011 UAIS sample is calculated as follows:

a h M hi
 M hi

Let bhi be the proportion of households in the selected cluster compared to the total number of households
in EA i in stratum h if the EA is segmented, otherwise bhi = 1 . Then the probability of selecting cluster i in the
sample is:

ah M hi
P1hi = × bhi
 M hi

Let Lhi be the number of households listed in the household listing operation in cluster i in stratum h, let
g hi be the number of households selected in the cluster. The second stage’s selection probability for each
household in the cluster is calculated as follows:

g hi
P2 hi =
Lhi

The overall selection probability of each household in cluster i of stratum h is therefore the production of
the two stages selection probabilities:

Phi = P1hi × P2 hi

The sampling weight for each household in cluster i of stratum h is the inverse of its overall selection
probability:

Whi = 1 / Phi

A spreadsheet containing all sampling parameters and selection probabilities was prepared to facilitate the
calculation of the design weights. Design weights were adjusted for household non-response and as well as for
individual non-response to get the sampling weights for households, for women, and for men respectively. The
differences of the household sampling weight and the individual sampling weights are introduced by individual
non-response. The final sampling weights were normalised in order to give the total number of unweighted cases
equal to the total number of weighted cases at national level, for both household weight and individual weight,
respectively. The normalised weights are relative weights which are valid for estimating means, proportions and
ratios, but not valid for estimating population totals and for pooled data. The sampling weights for HIV and
syphilis results are calculated in a similar way, but the normalisation of the weight is different compared to the
individual survey weights. The individual HIV and syphilis testing weights are normalised for women and men
together at the national level, in order that the prevalence calculated for both sexes together are valid.

Appendix A • 169
SAMPLING ERRORS Appendix B
T
he estimates from a sample survey are affected by two types of errors: non-sampling errors and
sampling errors. Non-sampling errors are the results of mistakes made in implementing data collection
and data processing, such as failure to locate and interview the correct household, misunderstanding of
the questions on the part of either the interviewer or the respondent, and data entry errors. Although numerous
efforts were made during the implementation of the 2011 Uganda AIDS Indicator Survey (UAIS) to minimise
this type of error, non-sampling errors are impossible to avoid and difficult to evaluate statistically.

Sampling errors, on the other hand, can be evaluated statistically. The sample of respondents selected
in the 2011 UAIS is only one of many samples that could have been selected from the same population, using
the same design and expected size. Each of these samples would yield results that differ somewhat from the
results of the actual sample selected. Sampling errors are a measure of the variability between all possible
samples. Although the degree of variability is not known exactly, it can be estimated from the survey results.

Sampling error is usually measured in terms of the standard error for a particular statistic (mean,
percentage, etc.), which is the square root of the variance. The standard error can be used to calculate
confidence intervals within which the true value for the population can reasonably be assumed to fall. For
example, for any given statistic calculated from a sample survey, the value of that statistic will fall within a
range of plus or minus two times the standard error of that statistic in 95 percent of all possible samples of
identical size and design.

If the sample of respondents had been selected as a simple random sample, it would have been
possible to use straightforward formulas for calculating sampling errors. However, the 2011 UAIS sample is
the result of a multi-stage stratified design, and, consequently, it was necessary to use more complex formulae.
Sampling errors were computed in ISSA, using programmes developed by ICF Macro. These programmes use
the Taylor linearisation method of variance estimation for survey estimates that are means, proportions or
ratios.

The Taylor linearisation method treats any percentage or average as a ratio estimate, r = y/x, where y
represents the total sample value for variable y, and x represents the total number of cases in the group or
subgroup under consideration. The variance of r is computed using the formula given below, with the standard
error being the square root of the variance:

1− f H  mh  mh 2 zh2 
SE 2 ( r ) = var ( r ) =
x2
    zhi −
h =1  mh − 1  i =1

mh 
in which

z hi = y hi − rx hi , and z h = y h − rx h
where h represents the stratum which varies from 1 to H,
mh is the total number of clusters selected in the hth stratum,
yhi is the sum of the weighted values of variable y in the ith cluster in the hth stratum,
xhi is the sum of the weighted number of cases in the ith cluster in the hth stratum, and
f is the overall sampling fraction, which is so small that it is ignored.

Appendix B • 171
 In addition to the standard error, the design effect (DEFT) for each estimate is also calculated The
design effect is defined as the ratio between the standard error using the given sample design and the standard
error that would result if a simple random sample had been used. A DEFT value of 1.0 indicates that the
sample design is as efficient as a simple random sample, while a value greater than 1.0 indicates the increase in
the sampling error due to the use of a more complex and less statistically efficient design (e.g., using
stratification, clustering and multi-stage systematic selection). Relative standard errors and confidence limits
for the estimates are also calculated.

Sampling errors for the 2011 UAIS are calculated for selected variables considered to be of primary
interest. The results are presented in this appendix for the country as a whole, for urban and rural areas, and for
each of the ten regions. For each variable, the type of statistic (mean, proportion, or rate) and the base
population are given in Table B.1. Tables B.2 through B.14 present the value of the statistic (R), its standard
error (SE), the number of un-weighted (N) and weighted (WN) cases, the design effect (DEFT), the relative
standard error (SE/R), and the 95 percent confidence limits (R±2SE), for each variable. The DEFT is
considered undefined when the standard error considering a simple random sample is zero (when the estimate
is close to 0 or 1

The confidence interval (e.g., as calculated for comprehensive knowledge of HIV transmission among
all women age 15-49) can be interpreted as follows: the overall average from the national sample is 0.361 and
its standard error is 0.009. Therefore, to obtain the 95 percent confidence limits, one adds and subtracts twice
the standard error to the sample estimate, i.e., 0.361 ± 2×0.009. There is a high probability (95 percent) that the
true proportion of women with comprehensive knowledge of HIV transmission is between 0.343 and 0.379.

For the total sample, the value of the DEFT, averaged over all variables, is 1.92 for women and 1.80
for men. This means that, due to multi-stage clustering of the sample, the average standard error is increased
by a factor of 1.92 for women and 1.80 for men over that in an equivalent simple random sample.

Table B.1 List of selected variables for sampling errors, Uganda AIS 2011
Variable Estimate Base Population
WOMEN
Urban residence Proportion All women 15-49
No education Proportion All women 15-49
Secondary school or higher Proportion All women 15-49
Never married (in union) Proportion All women 15-49
Currently married (in union) Proportion All women 15-49
Had sex before age 15 Proportion All women 15-24
Comprehensive knowledge of HIV transmission-all Proportion All women age 15-49
Comprehensive knowledge of HIV transmission-youth Proportion All women age 15-24
Accepting attitudes towards people with HIV Proportion All women 15-49 who have heard of HIV/AIDS
Had two or more sexual partners in past 12 months Proportion All women 15-49
Condom use at last sex among those with 2+ partners Proportion All women 15-49 who had 2 or more partners in the past 12 months
Abstinence among youth (never had sex) Proportion Never-married women 15-24
Sexually active in past 12 months among never-married youth Proportion Never-married women 15-24
Had injection in past 12 months Proportion All women 15-49
Ever had an HIV test and received results Proportion All women 15-49
HIV prevalence Proportion All women 15-49 who were tested for HIV in lab
MEN
Urban residence Proportion All men 15-49
No education Proportion All men 15-49
Secondary school or higher Proportion All men 15-49
Never married (in union) Proportion All men 15-49
Currently married (in union) Proportion All men 15-49
Had sex before age 15 Proportion All men 15-24
Comprehensive knowledge of HIV transmission-all Proportion All men age 15-49
Comprehensive knowledge of HIV transmission-youth Proportion All men age 15-24
Accepting attitudes towards people with HIV Proportion All men 15-49 who have heard of HIV/AIDS
Had two or more sexual partners in past 12 months Proportion All men 15-49
Condom use at last sex among those with 2+ partners Proportion All men 15-49 who had 2 or more partners in the past 12 months
Abstinence among youth (never had sex) Proportion Never-married men 15-24
Sexually active in past 12 months among never-married youth Proportion Never-married men 15-24
Had injection in past 12 months Proportion All men 15-49
Ever had an HIV test and received results Proportion All men 15-49
HIV prevalence Proportion All men 15-49 who were tested for HIV in lab
BOTH SEXES
HIV prevalence Proportion All women and men 15-49 who were tested for HIV in lab
HIV prevalence—children under five Proportion All children under 5 years tested for HIV in lab

172 • Appendix B
Table B.2 Sampling errors for national sample, Uganda AIS 2011
Variable R SE N-UNWE N-WEIG DEFT SE/R R-2SE R+2SE
WOMEN
Urban residence 0.212 0.024 11148 11160 6.128 0.112 0.164 0.259
No education 0.140 0.007 11148 11160 2.101 0.049 0.126 0.154
Secondary education or higher 0.268 0.012 11148 11160 2.837 0.044 0.244 0.292
Never married (in union) 0.237 0.007 11148 11160 1.652 0.028 0.223 0.250
Currently married (in union) 0.636 0.007 11148 11160 1.565 0.011 0.622 0.650
Sex before 15 0.131 0.006 4615 4621 1.288 0.049 0.118 0.144
Comprehensive knowledge of HIV transmission-all 0.361 0.009 11148 11160 2.006 0.025 0.343 0.379
Comprehensive knowledge of HIV transmission-youth 0.386 0.010 4615 4621 1.448 0.027 0.366 0.407
Accepting attitudes towards people with HIV 0.197 0.007 11065 11082 1.958 0.038 0.182 0.212
Had two or more sexual partners in past 12 months 0.030 0.002 11148 11160 1.233 0.067 0.026 0.034
Condom use at last sex among those with 2+ partners 0.158 0.023 328 333 1.124 0.143 0.113 0.204
Abstinence among youth (never had sex) 0.593 0.014 2372 2389 1.397 0.024 0.565 0.621
Sexually active in past 12 months-never-married youth 0.308 0.013 2372 2389 1.356 0.042 0.282 0.333
Had injection in past 12 months 0.397 0.008 11148 11160 1.769 0.021 0.381 0.414
Ever had an HIV test and received results 0.658 0.010 11148 11160 2.122 0.014 0.639 0.677
HIV prevalence for women 15-49 0.083 0.004 10986 10883 1.385 0.044 0.076 0.091
MEN
Urban residence 0.199 0.023 8718 8735 5.437 0.117 0.153 0.246
No education 0.056 0.004 8718 8735 1.710 0.076 0.047 0.064
Secondary education or higher 0.377 0.013 8718 8735 2.590 0.036 0.350 0.404
Never married (in union) 0.369 0.008 8718 8735 1.503 0.021 0.354 0.385
Currently married (in union) 0.572 0.008 8718 8735 1.508 0.014 0.556 0.588
Sex before 15 0.119 0.007 3481 3479 1.322 0.061 0.104 0.133
Comprehensive knowledge of HIV transmission-all 0.427 0.009 8718 8735 1.764 0.022 0.409 0.446
Comprehensive knowledge of HIV transmission-youth 0.393 0.011 3481 3479 1.359 0.029 0.370 0.415
Accepting attitudes towards people with HIV 0.311 0.010 8564 8595 1.920 0.031 0.292 0.330
Had two or more sexual partners in past 12 months 0.187 0.007 8718 8735 1.614 0.036 0.173 0.200
Condom use at last sex among those with 2+ partners 0.148 0.014 1574 1630 1.522 0.092 0.121 0.175
Abstinence among youth (never had sex) 0.529 0.014 2873 2872 1.548 0.027 0.501 0.558
Sexually active in past 12 months-never-married youth 0.321 0.013 2873 2872 1.510 0.041 0.295 0.348
Had injection in past 12 months 0.253 0.007 8718 8735 1.547 0.028 0.239 0.268
Ever had an HIV test and received results 0.449 0.011 8718 8735 2.035 0.024 0.427 0.470
HIV prevalence for men 15-49 0.061 0.003 8542 8673 1.244 0.053 0.055 0.067
BOTH SEXES
HIV prevalence for both sexes 15-49 0.073 0.003 19528 19557 1.543 0.039 0.068 0.079
HIV prevalence for children under five 0.007 0.001 9946 9946 1.158 0.135 0.005 0.009

Appendix B • 173
 Table B.3 Sampling errors for urban sample
Variable R SE N-UNWE N-WEIG DEFT SE/R R-2SE R+2SE
WOMEN
No education 0.048 0.007 2352 2365 1.632 0.150 0.034 0.062
Secondary education or higher 0.563 0.022 2352 2365 2.184 0.040 0.519 0.608
Never married (in union) 0.350 0.015 2352 2365 1.537 0.043 0.320 0.381
Currently married (in union) 0.515 0.014 2352 2365 1.331 0.027 0.487 0.542
Sex before 15 0.108 0.014 1097 1112 1.478 0.129 0.080 0.135
Comprehensive knowledge of HIV transmission-all 0.499 0.020 2352 2365 1.912 0.040 0.460 0.538
Comprehensive knowledge of HIV transmission-youth 0.497 0.021 1097 1112 1.407 0.043 0.454 0.539
Accepting attitudes towards people with HIV 0.250 0.019 2340 2355 2.100 0.075 0.212 0.287
Had two or more sexual partners in past 12 months 0.044 0.005 2352 2365 1.213 0.116 0.034 0.055
Condom use at last sex among those with 2+ partners 0.301 0.051 106 105 1.136 0.169 0.200 0.403
Abstinence among youth (never had sex) 0.494 0.025 699 703 1.328 0.051 0.443 0.544
Sexually active in past 12 months-never-married youth 0.410 0.023 699 703 1.238 0.056 0.363 0.456
Had injection in past 12 months 0.445 0.019 2352 2365 1.833 0.042 0.407 0.482
Ever had an HIV test and received results 0.763 0.014 2352 2365 1.629 0.019 0.734 0.792
HIV prevalence for women 15-49 0.107 0.009 2315 2299 1.409 0.085 0.088 0.125
MEN
No education 0.018 0.004 1746 1739 1.174 0.209 0.010 0.025
Secondary education or higher 0.714 0.023 1746 1739 2.112 0.032 0.668 0.759
Never married (in union) 0.456 0.023 1746 1739 1.918 0.050 0.410 0.502
Currently married (in union) 0.483 0.021 1746 1739 1.772 0.044 0.440 0.525
Sex before 15 0.116 0.015 746 740 1.241 0.126 0.087 0.145
Comprehensive knowledge of HIV transmission-all 0.583 0.017 1746 1739 1.464 0.030 0.548 0.617
Comprehensive knowledge of HIV transmission-youth 0.552 0.025 746 740 1.349 0.045 0.503 0.601
Accepting attitudes towards people with HIV 0.330 0.027 1728 1724 2.356 0.081 0.277 0.384
Had two or more sexual partners in past 12 months 0.186 0.016 1746 1739 1.729 0.087 0.154 0.218
Condom use at last sex among those with 2+ partners 0.284 0.031 288 324 1.169 0.109 0.222 0.346
Abstinence among youth (never had sex) 0.436 0.029 664 657 1.491 0.066 0.379 0.493
Sexually active in past 12 months-never-married youth 0.382 0.029 664 657 1.519 0.075 0.325 0.440
Had injection in past 12 months 0.270 0.012 1746 1739 1.105 0.044 0.246 0.293
Ever had an HIV test and received results 0.586 0.022 1746 1739 1.833 0.037 0.543 0.629
HIV prevalence for men 15-49 0.061 0.007 1703 1710 1.214 0.115 0.047 0.075
BOTH SEXES
HIV prevalence for both sexes 15-49 0.087 0.007 4018 4009 1.486 0.076 0.074 0.100
HIV prevalence for children under five 0.007 0.003 1390 1402 1.160 0.345 0.002 0.014

174 • Appendix B
Table B.4 Sampling errors for rural sample
Variable R SE N-UNWE N-WEIG DEFT SE/R R-2SE R+2SE
WOMEN
No education 0.165 0.008 8796 8795 1.968 0.047 0.150 0.181
Secondary education or higher 0.188 0.009 8796 8795 2.172 0.048 0.170 0.206
Never married (in union) 0.206 0.006 8796 8795 1.316 0.028 0.195 0.217
Currently married (in union) 0.668 0.007 8796 8795 1.338 0.010 0.655 0.682
Sex before 15 0.138 0.007 3518 3509 1.230 0.052 0.124 0.153
Comprehensive knowledge of HIV transmission-all 0.324 0.009 8796 8795 1.829 0.028 0.306 0.342
Comprehensive knowledge of HIV transmission-youth 0.352 0.011 3518 3509 1.342 0.031 0.330 0.373
Accepting attitudes towards people with HIV 0.183 0.007 8725 8727 1.776 0.040 0.168 0.197
Had two or more sexual partners in past 12 months 0.026 0.002 8796 8795 1.215 0.079 0.022 0.030
Condom use at last sex among those with 2+ partners 0.092 0.020 222 228 1.003 0.212 0.053 0.131
Abstinence among youth (never had sex) 0.635 0.015 1673 1686 1.272 0.024 0.605 0.665
Sexually active in past 12 months-never-married youth 0.265 0.013 1673 1686 1.211 0.049 0.239 0.291
Had injection in past 12 months 0.384 0.009 8796 8795 1.708 0.023 0.367 0.402
Ever had an HIV test and received results 0.629 0.011 8796 8795 2.070 0.017 0.608 0.651
HIV prevalence for women 15-49 0.077 0.004 8671 8584 1.341 0.050 0.069 0.085
MEN
No education 0.065 0.005 6972 6995 1.667 0.076 0.055 0.075
Secondary education or higher 0.293 0.008 6972 6995 1.506 0.028 0.277 0.310
Never married (in union) 0.348 0.008 6972 6995 1.337 0.022 0.333 0.363
Currently married (in union) 0.594 0.008 6972 6995 1.396 0.014 0.578 0.610
Sex before 15 0.120 0.008 2735 2739 1.342 0.070 0.103 0.136
Comprehensive knowledge of HIV transmission-all 0.389 0.010 6972 6995 1.649 0.025 0.369 0.408
Comprehensive knowledge of HIV transmission-youth 0.350 0.011 2735 2739 1.255 0.033 0.327 0.373
Accepting attitudes towards people with HIV 0.306 0.010 6836 6871 1.780 0.032 0.286 0.326
Had two or more sexual partners in past 12 months 0.187 0.007 6972 6995 1.584 0.040 0.172 0.201
Condom use at last sex among those with 2+ partners 0.114 0.013 1286 1306 1.415 0.110 0.089 0.140
Abstinence among youth (never had sex) 0.557 0.016 2209 2216 1.501 0.028 0.525 0.589
Sexually active in past 12 months-never-married youth 0.303 0.014 2209 2216 1.480 0.048 0.274 0.332
Had injection in past 12 months 0.249 0.008 6972 6995 1.638 0.034 0.232 0.266
Ever had an HIV test and received results 0.415 0.011 6972 6995 1.851 0.026 0.393 0.437
HIV prevalence for men 15-49 0.061 0.004 6839 6963 1.251 0.059 0.054 0.068
BOTH SEXES
HIV prevalence for both sexes 15-49 0.070 0.003 15510 15547 1.547 0.045 0.064 0.076
HIV prevalence for children under five 0.007 0.001 8556 8544 1.158 0.147 0.005 0.009

Table B.5. Sampling errors for Central 1 region, Uganda AIS 2011
Variable R SE N-UNWE N-WEIG DEFT SE/R R-2SE R+2SE
WOMEN
No education 0.059 0.009 1018 1206 1.253 0.157 0.041 0.078
Secondary education or higher 0.396 0.042 1018 1206 2.738 0.106 0.312 0.480
Never married (in union) 0.235 0.016 1018 1206 1.166 0.066 0.204 0.266
Currently married (in union) 0.628 0.015 1018 1206 1.011 0.024 0.597 0.658
Comprehensive knowledge of HIV transmission-all 0.418 0.023 1018 1206 1.457 0.054 0.373 0.463
Comprehensive knowledge of HIV transmission-youth 0.398 0.031 418 503 1.275 0.077 0.337 0.459
Accepting attitudes towards people with HIV 0.206 0.031 1016 1203 2.408 0.148 0.145 0.268
Had two or more sexual partners in past 12 months 0.042 0.007 1018 1206 1.049 0.157 0.029 0.055
Had injection in past 12 months 0.497 0.016 1018 1206 1.035 0.033 0.464 0.529
Ever had an HIV test and received results 0.711 0.024 1018 1206 1.673 0.033 0.663 0.759
HIV prevalence for women 15-49 0.125 0.014 1006 1173 1.305 0.109 0.098 0.152
MEN
No education 0.041 0.010 804 1009 1.469 0.251 0.020 0.061
Secondary education or higher 0.422 0.063 804 1009 3.601 0.149 0.296 0.547
Never married (in union) 0.333 0.022 804 1009 1.317 0.066 0.289 0.377
Currently married (in union) 0.590 0.020 804 1009 1.173 0.034 0.550 0.631
Comprehensive knowledge of HIV transmission-all 0.462 0.027 804 1009 1.529 0.058 0.408 0.516
Comprehensive knowledge of HIV transmission-youth 0.339 0.033 287 351 1.171 0.097 0.273 0.404
Accepting attitudes towards people with HIV 0.231 0.014 802 1007 0.920 0.059 0.204 0.259
Had two or more sexual partners in past 12 months 0.212 0.021 804 1009 1.472 0.100 0.170 0.255
Condom use at last sex among those with 2+ partners 0.301 0.058 168 214 1.630 0.192 0.186 0.417
Had injection in past 12 months 0.291 0.017 804 1009 1.046 0.058 0.257 0.324
Ever had an HIV test and received results 0.518 0.033 804 1009 1.869 0.064 0.453 0.584
HIV prevalence for men 15-49 0.084 0.010 790 1003 1.045 0.123 0.063 0.104
BOTH SEXES
HIV prevalence for both sexes 15-49 0.106 0.010 1796 2176 1.339 0.092 0.087 0.125
HIV prevalence for children under five 0.013 0.004 936 1081 0.985 0.281 0.006 0.020

Appendix B • 175
 Table B.6 Sampling errors for Central 2 region, Uganda 2011

Variable R SE N-UNWE N-WEIG DEFT SE/R R-2SE R+2SE

WOMEN
No education 0.127 0.025 1089 1162 2.442 0.194 0.078 0.177
Secondary education or higher 0.282 0.029 1089 1162 2.161 0.105 0.223 0.341
Never married (in union) 0.221 0.020 1089 1162 1.550 0.088 0.182 0.260
Currently married (in union) 0.624 0.022 1089 1162 1.515 0.036 0.579 0.668
Comprehensive knowledge of HIV transmission-all 0.360 0.020 1089 1162 1.392 0.056 0.320 0.401
Comprehensive knowledge of HIV transmission-youth 0.414 0.027 427 457 1.127 0.065 0.360 0.468
Accepting attitudes towards people with HIV 0.137 0.017 1080 1153 1.660 0.127 0.103 0.172
Had two or more sexual partners in past 12 months 0.033 0.005 1089 1162 0.888 0.145 0.024 0.043
Had injection in past 12 months 0.428 0.019 1089 1162 1.258 0.044 0.390 0.466
Ever had an HIV test and received results 0.671 0.023 1089 1162 1.582 0.034 0.626 0.716
HIV prevalence for women 15-49 0.097 0.009 1083 1132 1.007 0.093 0.079 0.115
MEN
No education 0.078 0.018 842 888 1.980 0.234 0.041 0.115
Secondary education or higher 0.331 0.035 842 888 2.141 0.105 0.261 0.400
Never married (in union) 0.343 0.025 842 888 1.519 0.072 0.293 0.393
Currently married (in union) 0.569 0.025 842 888 1.446 0.043 0.520 0.619
Comprehensive knowledge of HIV transmission-all 0.467 0.021 842 888 1.196 0.044 0.426 0.508
Comprehensive knowledge of HIV transmission-youth 0.420 0.032 306 324 1.127 0.076 0.356 0.484
Accepting attitudes towards people with HIV 0.180 0.018 823 870 1.321 0.098 0.145 0.216
Had two or more sexual partners in past 12 months 0.170 0.018 842 888 1.372 0.105 0.134 0.205
Condom use at last sex among those with 2+ partners 0.130 0.022 147 151 0.806 0.173 0.085 0.175
Had injection in past 12 months 0.300 0.021 842 888 1.307 0.069 0.258 0.341
Ever had an HIV test and received results 0.482 0.031 842 888 1.794 0.064 0.420 0.543
HIV prevalence for men 15-49 0.080 0.010 834 884 1.027 0.121 0.061 0.099
BOTH SEXES
HIV prevalence for both sexes 15-49 0.090 0.007 1917 2016 1.107 0.081 0.075 0.104
HIV prevalence for children under five 0.004 0.004 1024 1066 1.702 0.738 0.000 0.013

Table B.7 Sampling errors for Kampala region

Variable R SE N-UNWE N-WEIG DEFT SE/R R-2SE R+2SE

WOMEN
No education 0.026 0.007 1184 875 1.526 0.271 0.012 0.040
Secondary education or higher 0.644 0.023 1184 875 1.627 0.035 0.599 0.690
Never married (in union) 0.390 0.017 1184 875 1.173 0.043 0.357 0.424
Currently married (in union) 0.480 0.016 1184 875 1.101 0.033 0.448 0.512
Comprehensive knowledge of HIV transmission-all 0.523 0.030 1184 875 2.098 0.058 0.462 0.584
Comprehensive knowledge of HIV transmission-youth 0.504 0.032 576 430 1.515 0.063 0.441 0.567
Accepting attitudes towards people with HIV 0.215 0.021 1175 868 1.758 0.098 0.172 0.257
Had two or more sexual partners in past 12 months 0.054 0.007 1184 875 1.100 0.134 0.040 0.068
Had injection in past 12 months 0.441 0.023 1184 875 1.571 0.051 0.396 0.487
Ever had an HIV test and received results 0.754 0.019 1184 875 1.487 0.025 0.717 0.791
HIV prevalence for women 15-49 0.095 0.012 1167 855 1.373 0.124 0.071 0.118
MEN
No education 0.015 0.004 924 674 1.097 0.288 0.007 0.024
Secondary education or higher 0.766 0.017 924 674 1.199 0.022 0.732 0.799
Never married (in union) 0.523 0.023 924 674 1.409 0.044 0.476 0.569
Currently married (in union) 0.408 0.024 924 674 1.494 0.059 0.360 0.456
Comprehensive knowledge of HIV transmission-all 0.636 0.027 924 674 1.690 0.042 0.582 0.689
Comprehensive knowledge of HIV transmission-youth 0.605 0.030 401 308 1.240 0.050 0.545 0.666
Accepting attitudes towards people with HIV 0.316 0.028 916 670 1.804 0.088 0.261 0.372
Had two or more sexual partners in past 12 months 0.115 0.013 924 674 1.221 0.111 0.090 0.141
Condom use at last sex among those with 2+ partners 0.331 0.050 117 78 1.149 0.152 0.231 0.431
Had injection in past 12 months 0.230 0.013 924 674 0.969 0.058 0.203 0.256
Ever had an HIV test and received results 0.575 0.023 924 674 1.406 0.040 0.529 0.621
HIV prevalence for men 15-49 0.041 0.007 905 670 1.014 0.163 0.028 0.054
BOTH SEXES
HIV prevalence for both sexes 15-49 0.071 0.008 2072 1525 1.480 0.117 0.054 0.088
HIV prevalence for children under five 0.002 0.002 628 451 0.714 0.511 0.000 0.006

176 • Appendix B
Table B.8 Sampling errors for East Central region
Variable R SE N-UNWE N-WEIG DEFT SE/R R-2SE R+2SE
WOMEN
No education 0.109 0.013 1143 1153 1.441 0.122 0.083 0.136
Secondary education or higher 0.262 0.031 1143 1153 2.405 0.120 0.199 0.324
Never married (in union) 0.205 0.013 1143 1153 1.087 0.063 0.179 0.231
Currently married (in union) 0.688 0.016 1143 1153 1.182 0.024 0.655 0.720
Comprehensive knowledge of HIV transmission-all 0.386 0.036 1143 1153 2.508 0.094 0.314 0.458
Comprehensive knowledge of HIV transmission-youth 0.410 0.043 464 468 1.879 0.105 0.324 0.496
Accepting attitudes towards people with HIV 0.079 0.009 1138 1149 1.125 0.114 0.061 0.097
Had two or more sexual partners in past 12 months 0.046 0.008 1143 1153 1.358 0.183 0.029 0.063
Had injection in past 12 months 0.408 0.022 1143 1153 1.479 0.053 0.365 0.451
Ever had an HIV test and received results 0.564 0.030 1143 1153 2.016 0.052 0.505 0.624
HIV prevalence for women 15-49 0.067 0.010 1136 1120 1.369 0.151 0.047 0.088
MEN
No education 0.056 0.013 938 933 1.679 0.225 0.031 0.081
Secondary education or higher 0.344 0.033 938 933 2.111 0.095 0.278 0.409
Never married (in union) 0.374 0.018 938 933 1.117 0.047 0.339 0.410
Currently married (in union) 0.597 0.019 938 933 1.210 0.032 0.558 0.636
Comprehensive knowledge of HIV transmission-all 0.365 0.022 938 933 1.384 0.060 0.322 0.409
Comprehensive knowledge of HIV transmission-youth 0.362 0.030 395 396 1.230 0.082 0.302 0.422
Accepting attitudes towards people with HIV 0.259 0.024 929 924 1.644 0.091 0.212 0.307
Had two or more sexual partners in past 12 months 0.306 0.020 938 933 1.314 0.065 0.266 0.345
Condom use at last sex among those with 2+ partners 0.122 0.021 289 285 1.108 0.175 0.079 0.165
Had injection in past 12 months 0.167 0.016 938 933 1.333 0.097 0.135 0.200
Ever had an HIV test and received results 0.335 0.025 938 933 1.647 0.076 0.284 0.386
HIV prevalence for men 15-49 0.048 0.008 926 925 1.197 0.175 0.031 0.065
BOTH SEXES
HIV prevalence for both sexes 15-49 0.058 0.008 2062 2045 1.558 0.138 0.042 0.075
HIV prevalence for children under five 0.008 0.003 1167 1147 1.016 0.328 0.003 0.014

Table B.9. Sampling errors for Mid Eastern region, Uganda

Variable R SE N-UNWE N-WEIG DEFT SE/R R-2SE R+2SE

WOMEN
No education 0.144 0.013 1151 1133 1.266 0.091 0.118 0.170
Secondary education or higher 0.214 0.025 1151 1133 2.078 0.118 0.163 0.264
Never married (in union) 0.220 0.014 1151 1133 1.136 0.063 0.192 0.248
Currently married (in union) 0.685 0.017 1151 1133 1.254 0.025 0.651 0.719
Comprehensive knowledge of HIV transmission-all 0.310 0.021 1151 1133 1.519 0.067 0.269 0.352
Comprehensive knowledge of HIV transmission-youth 0.368 0.020 470 465 0.892 0.054 0.328 0.407
Accepting attitudes towards people with HIV 0.187 0.013 1144 1125 1.130 0.070 0.161 0.214
Had two or more sexual partners in past 12 months 0.038 0.006 1151 1133 1.051 0.156 0.026 0.050
Had injection in past 12 months 0.387 0.029 1151 1133 1.988 0.074 0.330 0.444
Ever had an HIV test and received results 0.485 0.032 1151 1133 2.138 0.065 0.422 0.548
HIV prevalence for women 15-49 0.044 0.008 1147 1103 1.328 0.183 0.028 0.060
MEN
No education 0.074 0.010 979 950 1.223 0.138 0.054 0.095
Secondary education or higher 0.325 0.022 979 950 1.439 0.066 0.282 0.368
Never married (in union) 0.400 0.017 979 950 1.057 0.041 0.367 0.433
Currently married (in union) 0.561 0.018 979 950 1.159 0.033 0.524 0.597
Comprehensive knowledge of HIV transmission-all 0.322 0.021 979 950 1.384 0.064 0.281 0.363
Comprehensive knowledge of HIV transmission-youth 0.292 0.027 442 428 1.251 0.093 0.238 0.346
Accepting attitudes towards people with HIV 0.300 0.018 962 933 1.205 0.059 0.264 0.336
Had two or more sexual partners in past 12 months 0.166 0.014 979 950 1.148 0.082 0.139 0.193
Condom use at last sex among those with 2+ partners 0.092 0.020 159 158 0.877 0.220 0.051 0.132
Had injection in past 12 months 0.188 0.019 979 950 1.510 0.100 0.151 0.226
Ever had an HIV test and received results 0.245 0.026 979 950 1.882 0.106 0.194 0.297
HIV prevalence for men 15-49 0.038 0.009 966 943 1.514 0.244 0.020 0.057
BOTH SEXES
HIV prevalence for both sexes 15-49 0.041 0.007 2113 2046 1.712 0.180 0.026 0.056
HIV prevalence for children under five 0.005 0.003 1169 1137 1.243 0.522 0.000 0.010

Appendix B • 177
 Table B.10. Sampling errors for North East region, Uganda 2011
Variable R SE N-UNWE N-WEIG DEFT SE/R R-2SE R+2SE
WOMEN
No education 0.270 0.049 1027 919 3.512 0.180 0.172 0.367
Secondary education or higher 0.152 0.034 1027 919 3.057 0.225 0.084 0.221
Never married (in union) 0.158 0.014 1027 919 1.224 0.088 0.130 0.186
Currently married (in union) 0.746 0.019 1027 919 1.432 0.026 0.707 0.784
Comprehensive knowledge of HIV transmission-all 0.294 0.032 1027 919 2.249 0.109 0.230 0.358
Comprehensive knowledge of HIV transmission-youth 0.319 0.030 383 333 1.278 0.096 0.258 0.380
Accepting attitudes towards people with HIV 0.197 0.022 1000 898 1.736 0.111 0.154 0.241
Had two or more sexual partners in past 12 months 0.015 0.004 1027 919 1.048 0.265 0.007 0.023
Had injection in past 12 months 0.231 0.025 1027 919 1.935 0.110 0.180 0.282
Ever had an HIV test and received results 0.762 0.026 1027 919 1.930 0.034 0.711 0.813
HIV prevalence for women 15-49 0.053 0.009 991 904 1.291 0.173 0.035 0.072
MEN
No education 0.116 0.028 708 683 2.333 0.243 0.060 0.172
Secondary education or higher 0.341 0.027 708 683 1.516 0.079 0.287 0.395
Never married (in union) 0.301 0.024 708 683 1.406 0.081 0.252 0.349
Currently married (in union) 0.672 0.024 708 683 1.357 0.036 0.624 0.720
Comprehensive knowledge of HIV transmission-all 0.447 0.049 708 683 2.615 0.109 0.349 0.545
Comprehensive knowledge of HIV transmission-youth 0.451 0.042 233 229 1.285 0.093 0.367 0.535
Accepting attitudes towards people with HIV 0.357 0.023 629 613 1.221 0.065 0.310 0.403
Had two or more sexual partners in past 12 months 0.151 0.027 708 683 2.005 0.179 0.097 0.205
Condom use at last sex among those with 2+ partners 0.070 0.037 101 103 1.445 0.528 0.000 0.143
Had injection in past 12 months 0.293 0.029 708 683 1.686 0.099 0.235 0.351
Ever had an HIV test and received results 0.499 0.029 708 683 1.524 0.057 0.441 0.556
HIV prevalence for men 15-49 0.052 0.007 680 683 0.862 0.141 0.037 0.067
BOTH SEXES
HIV prevalence for both sexes 15-49 0.053 0.007 1671 1587 1.230 0.127 0.039 0.066
HIV prevalence for children under five 0.004 0.002 1087 1045 0.921 0.362 0.002 0.010

Table B.11 Sampling errors for West Nile region, Uganda

Variable R SE N-UNWE N-WEIG DEFT SE/R R-2SE R+2SE

WOMEN
No education 0.184 0.015 1148 712 1.329 0.083 0.153 0.214
Secondary education or higher 0.143 0.020 1148 712 1.951 0.141 0.103 0.184
Never married (in union) 0.190 0.018 1148 712 1.549 0.094 0.154 0.226
Currently married (in union) 0.654 0.018 1148 712 1.310 0.028 0.618 0.691
Comprehensive knowledge of HIV transmission-all 0.172 0.018 1148 712 1.611 0.104 0.136 0.208
Comprehensive knowledge of HIV transmission-youth 0.200 0.026 450 278 1.382 0.130 0.148 0.252
Accepting attitudes towards people with HIV 0.304 0.024 1147 711 1.738 0.078 0.257 0.351
Had two or more sexual partners in past 12 months 0.013 0.005 1148 712 1.546 0.404 0.002 0.023
Had injection in past 12 months 0.399 0.020 1148 712 1.370 0.050 0.359 0.438
Ever had an HIV test and received results 0.634 0.019 1148 712 1.322 0.030 0.597 0.672
HIV prevalence for women 15-49 0.047 0.008 1126 692 1.255 0.168 0.031 0.063
MEN
No education 0.041 0.008 876 548 1.178 0.192 0.025 0.057
Secondary education or higher 0.328 0.026 876 548 1.653 0.080 0.275 0.380
Never married (in union) 0.313 0.024 876 548 1.551 0.078 0.265 0.362
Currently married (in union) 0.594 0.025 876 548 1.516 0.042 0.543 0.644
Comprehensive knowledge of HIV transmission-all 0.402 0.024 876 548 1.470 0.061 0.353 0.451
Comprehensive knowledge of HIV transmission-youth 0.386 0.034 328 202 1.280 0.089 0.317 0.455
Accepting attitudes towards people with HIV 0.408 0.024 870 545 1.459 0.060 0.359 0.456
Had two or more sexual partners in past 12 months 0.138 0.014 876 548 1.228 0.104 0.109 0.167
Condom use at last sex among those with 2+ partners 0.187 0.056 121 76 1.569 0.298 0.076 0.299
Had injection in past 12 months 0.291 0.017 876 548 1.080 0.057 0.258 0.324
Ever had an HIV test and received results 0.512 0.025 876 548 1.477 0.049 0.462 0.562
HIV prevalence for men 15-49 0.050 0.010 854 541 1.302 0.194 0.031 0.070
BOTH SEXES
HIV prevalence for both sexes 15-49 0.049 0.007 1980 1232 1.534 0.153 0.034 0.063
HIV prevalence for children under five 0.005 0.003 1025 635 1.321 0.579 0.000 0.011

178 • Appendix B
Table B.12 Sampling errors for Mid Northern region, Uganda 2011
Variable R SE N-UNWE N-WEIG DEFT SE/R R-2SE R+2SE
WOMEN
No education 0.201 0.026 1067 1106 2.095 0.128 0.150 0.253
Secondary education or higher 0.127 0.029 1067 1106 2.868 0.231 0.068 0.185
Never married (in union) 0.213 0.032 1067 1106 2.556 0.151 0.149 0.277
Currently married (in union) 0.655 0.030 1067 1106 2.060 0.046 0.595 0.715
Comprehensive knowledge of HIV transmission-all 0.243 0.021 1067 1106 1.622 0.088 0.200 0.286
Comprehensive knowledge of HIV transmission-youth 0.277 0.025 445 465 1.161 0.089 0.228 0.326
Accepting attitudes towards people with HIV 0.349 0.020 1059 1098 1.346 0.056 0.310 0.389
Had two or more sexual partners in past 12 months 0.019 0.004 1067 1106 0.894 0.197 0.012 0.027
Had injection in past 12 months 0.425 0.026 1067 1106 1.741 0.062 0.372 0.478
Ever had an HIV test and received results 0.766 0.027 1067 1106 2.046 0.035 0.712 0.819
HIV prevalence for women 15-49 0.101 0.013 1044 1075 1.431 0.132 0.074 0.127
MEN
No education 0.025 0.006 942 950 1.187 0.244 0.013 0.037
Secondary education or higher 0.355 0.037 942 950 2.397 0.105 0.280 0.430
Never married (in union) 0.330 0.022 942 950 1.429 0.066 0.286 0.374
Currently married (in union) 0.615 0.022 942 950 1.383 0.036 0.571 0.659
Comprehensive knowledge of HIV transmission-all 0.431 0.026 942 950 1.580 0.059 0.380 0.482
Comprehensive knowledge of HIV transmission-youth 0.417 0.033 377 367 1.311 0.080 0.350 0.484
Accepting attitudes towards people with HIV 0.592 0.027 937 946 1.709 0.046 0.537 0.647
Had two or more sexual partners in past 12 months 0.156 0.015 942 950 1.250 0.095 0.126 0.185
Condom use at last sex among those with 2+ partners 0.078 0.026 144 148 1.168 0.336 0.026 0.130
Had injection in past 12 months 0.264 0.019 942 950 1.353 0.074 0.225 0.303
Ever had an HIV test and received results 0.613 0.029 942 950 1.833 0.047 0.555 0.672
HIV prevalence for men 15-49 0.063 0.011 910 935 1.351 0.172 0.042 0.085
BOTH SEXES
HIV prevalence for both sexes 15-49 0.083 0.010 1954 2011 1.596 0.120 0.063 0.103
HIV prevalence for children under five 0.007 0.003 997 1016 1.030 0.369 0.002 0.014

Table B.13 Sampling errors for South Western region, Uganda 2011

Variable R SE N-UNWE N-WEIG DEFT SE/R R-2SE R+2SE

WOMEN
No education 0.132 0.015 1104 1414 1.437 0.111 0.103 0.162
Secondary education or higher 0.252 0.025 1104 1414 1.887 0.098 0.203 0.301
Never married (in union) 0.263 0.015 1104 1414 1.132 0.057 0.233 0.293
Currently married (in union) 0.609 0.015 1104 1414 1.041 0.025 0.578 0.640
Comprehensive knowledge of HIV transmission-all 0.451 0.027 1104 1414 1.823 0.061 0.396 0.505
Comprehensive knowledge of HIV transmission-youth 0.465 0.037 433 559 1.548 0.080 0.391 0.540
Accepting attitudes towards people with HIV 0.171 0.021 1092 1399 1.803 0.120 0.130 0.212
Had two or more sexual partners in past 12 months 0.009 0.003 1104 1414 1.031 0.333 0.003 0.014
Had injection in past 12 months 0.318 0.022 1104 1414 1.545 0.068 0.275 0.362
Ever had an HIV test and received results 0.637 0.024 1104 1414 1.636 0.037 0.590 0.684
HIV prevalence for women 15-49 0.090 0.011 1078 1389 1.249 0.121 0.069 0.112
MEN
No education 0.064 0.013 747 947 1.443 0.202 0.038 0.090
Secondary education or higher 0.323 0.033 747 947 1.953 0.104 0.256 0.390
Never married (in union) 0.397 0.022 747 947 1.210 0.055 0.354 0.440
Currently married (in union) 0.571 0.022 747 947 1.198 0.038 0.527 0.614
Comprehensive knowledge of HIV transmission-all 0.404 0.025 747 947 1.418 0.063 0.353 0.455
Comprehensive knowledge of HIV transmission-youth 0.377 0.040 302 386 1.415 0.105 0.298 0.456
Accepting attitudes towards people with HIV 0.273 0.028 740 938 1.714 0.103 0.217 0.329
Had two or more sexual partners in past 12 months 0.138 0.013 747 947 1.001 0.091 0.113 0.164
Condom use at last sex among those with 2+ partners 0.097 0.027 100 131 0.903 0.278 0.043 0.150
Had injection in past 12 months 0.170 0.016 747 947 1.176 0.095 0.137 0.202
Ever had an HIV test and received results 0.398 0.025 747 947 1.368 0.062 0.349 0.447
HIV prevalence for men 15-49 0.066 0.008 734 946 0.900 0.125 0.049 0.082
BOTH SEXES
HIV prevalence for both sexes 15-49 0.080 0.008 1812 2335 1.249 0.099 0.064 0.096
HIV prevalence for children under five 0.012 0.004 829 1095 1.084 0.344 0.004 0.020

Appendix B • 179
 Table B.14. Sampling errors for Mid Western region, Uganda 2011
Variable R SE N-UNWE N-WEIG DEFT SE/R R-2SE R+2SE
WOMEN
No education 0.166 0.019 1217 1480 1.769 0.114 0.128 0.204
Secondary education or higher 0.228 0.037 1217 1480 3.081 0.163 0.154 0.302
Never married (in union) 0.261 0.023 1217 1480 1.808 0.087 0.215 0.306
Currently married (in union) 0.601 0.022 1217 1480 1.541 0.036 0.557 0.644
Comprehensive knowledge of HIV transmission-all 0.374 0.024 1217 1480 1.715 0.064 0.327 0.422
Comprehensive knowledge of HIV transmission-youth 0.402 0.025 549 663 1.173 0.061 0.352 0.451
Accepting attitudes towards people with HIV 0.184 0.015 1214 1477 1.327 0.080 0.154 0.214
Had two or more sexual partners in past 12 months 0.030 0.007 1217 1480 1.358 0.222 0.017 0.043
Had injection in past 12 months 0.422 0.023 1217 1480 1.590 0.053 0.377 0.467
Ever had an HIV test and received results 0.637 0.027 1217 1480 1.941 0.042 0.583 0.690
HIV prevalence for women 15-49 0.091 0.009 1208 1440 1.089 0.099 0.073 0.109
MEN
No education 0.048 0.010 958 1151 1.507 0.216 0.027 0.069
Secondary education or higher 0.323 0.033 958 1151 2.171 0.102 0.258 0.389
Never married (in union) 0.380 0.025 958 1151 1.583 0.065 0.330 0.430
Currently married (in union) 0.537 0.026 958 1151 1.621 0.049 0.485 0.589
Comprehensive knowledge of HIV transmission-all 0.398 0.026 958 1151 1.617 0.064 0.347 0.449
Comprehensive knowledge of HIV transmission-youth 0.364 0.026 410 488 1.088 0.071 0.312 0.415
Accepting attitudes towards people with HIV 0.255 0.018 956 1150 1.251 0.069 0.220 0.290
Had two or more sexual partners in past 12 months 0.249 0.022 958 1151 1.542 0.087 0.206 0.292
Condom use at last sex among those with 2+ partners 0.129 0.022 228 286 0.975 0.168 0.085 0.172
Had injection in past 12 months 0.338 0.021 958 1151 1.345 0.061 0.297 0.380
Ever had an HIV test and received results 0.394 0.024 958 1151 1.491 0.060 0.347 0.441
HIV prevalence for men 15-49 0.071 0.010 943 1143 1.233 0.145 0.051 0.092
BOTH SEXES
HIV prevalence for both sexes 15-49 0.082 0.008 2151 2584 1.370 0.099 0.066 0.099
HIV prevalence for children under five 0.004 0.002 1084 1273 0.938 0.394 0.001 0.009

180 • Appendix B
DATA QUALITY TABLE Appendix C
Table C.1 Household age distribution
Single-year age distribution of the de facto household population by sex (weighted), Uganda 2011
Women Men
Age Number Percent Age Number Percent
0 966 3.5 0 1,033 4.1
1 884 3.2 1 912 3.6
2 989 3.5 2 1,034 4.1
3 1,066 3.8 3 1,075 4.2
4 1,159 4.2 4 1,181 4.7
5 894 3.2 5 944 3.7
6 1,064 3.8 6 1,113 4.4
7 904 3.2 7 917 3.6
8 942 3.4 8 866 3.4
9 773 2.8 9 817 3.2
10 1,028 3.7 10 1,039 4.1
11 726 2.6 11 679 2.7
12 928 3.3 12 934 3.7
13 890 3.2 13 883 3.5
14 723 2.6 14 732 2.9
15 509 1.8 15 489 1.9
16 505 1.8 16 489 1.9
17 476 1.7 17 439 1.7
18 592 2.1 18 441 1.7
19 404 1.4 19 321 1.3
20 635 2.3 20 383 1.5
21 353 1.3 21 255 1.0
22 473 1.7 22 274 1.1
23 449 1.6 23 259 1.0
24 385 1.4 24 303 1.2
25 531 1.9 25 374 1.5
26 386 1.4 26 285 1.1
27 342 1.2 27 258 1.0
28 504 1.8 28 325 1.3
29 252 0.9 29 207 0.8
30 611 2.2 30 405 1.6
31 191 0.7 31 179 0.7
32 331 1.2 32 281 1.1
33 181 0.6 33 158 0.6
34 219 0.8 34 163 0.6
35 386 1.4 35 368 1.5
36 247 0.9 36 202 0.8
37 220 0.8 37 173 0.7
38 346 1.2 38 269 1.1
39 174 0.6 39 170 0.7
40 440 1.6 40 338 1.3
41 99 0.4 41 123 0.5
42 164 0.6 42 237 0.9
43 146 0.5 43 126 0.5
44 86 0.3 44 90 0.4
45 272 1.0 45 246 1.0
46 109 0.4 46 132 0.5
47 142 0.5 47 128 0.5
48 198 0.7 48 158 0.6
49 102 0.4 49 106 0.4
50 217 0.8 50 191 0.8
51 87 0.3 51 78 0.3
52 111 0.4 52 124 0.5
53 96 0.3 53 65 0.3
54 80 0.3 54 91 0.4
55 74 0.3 55 76 0.3
56 106 0.4 56 71 0.3
57 65 0.2 57 53 0.2
58 90 0.3 58 76 0.3
59 52 0.2 59 55 0.2
60 132 0.5 60 76 0.3
61 74 0.3 61 60 0.2
62 110 0.4 62 94 0.4
63 93 0.3 63 57 0.2
64 69 0.2 64 61 0.2
65 136 0.5 65 91 0.4
66 45 0.2 66 38 0.1
67 62 0.2 67 48 0.2
68 65 0.2 68 39 0.2
69 35 0.1 69 38 0.2
70+ 665 2.4 70+ 520 2.1
Don’t know/missing 18 0.1 Don’t know/missing 19 0.1
Total 27,876 100.0 25,334 100.0
Note: The de facto population includes all residents and nonresidents who stayed in the household the
night before the interview.

Appendix C • 181
PERSONS INVOLVED IN THE 2011 UGANDA
AIDS INDICATOR SURVEY Appendix D
Central level coordination and
Technical Working Group

Dr. Alex Opio Mr. James Muwonge

Dr. Joshua Musinguzi Ms. Aleathea Musah
Dr. Wilford Kirungi Ms. Jacqueline Calnan
Dr. Patrick Turyaguma Mr. Katikajjira Hamiidu Ssenyama
Dr. Thomas Muyunga Mr. Bob Okua
Dr. Gerald Sebulime Mr. Ernest Mwebaze
Dr. Patrick Okello Mr. Lutwama Geofrey
Dr. Wolfgang Hladik Mr. Mwanje Musa
Dr. Frank Kaharuza Ms. Bakunda Kamaranzi
Dr. Innocent Nuwagira Mr. Tom Tenywa
Dr. Robert Downing Ms. Rose Apondi
Dr. Benon Biryahwaho Mr. Vincent Ndazima
Ms. Aminah Kigozi

Central Laboratory Staff

Mr. Joseph Musaazi Mr. Otekat Daniel Ecaat

Mr. Jimmy Ngomlac Ms. Nakanjako Gladys Kiggundu
Mr. Onap William Ms. Nassanga Devine
Ms. Anyegani Gibson Mr. Sempiga Henry
Ms. Nalweyiso Harriet Ms. Kichoncho Juliet

Regional Supervisors

Katushabe Juliet Okello Denis Ocaya

Rose Tiridri Jane Nabalonzi
Kalema John Ferdinand Opolot
Agaba Richard Rutankundira Eddy
James Okello Solomon Kigozi
Walusaga Mutyabule Kenneth

Team Supervisors

Aduk Euphrasia Michael Bakibinga

Ajidiru Liberty Brenda Nabakiibi Susan
Alonzi Francis Nansubuga Margaret
Awio Florence Nyende Hirome Paul
Bazongere Paul Oryongatum George
Byaino Jonathan A. Patrick Kusemererwa
David Okimait Samuel M. Wangalwa
Kabugo Timothy Godfrey Semakula Aliziki
Kasimbi Willy Shane Kyawe
Karugaba Cyrus M. Ssekayi Michael L.

Appendix D • 183
 Interviewers

Adengo Oboke Margaret Jacqueline Okello Namukasa Margaret

Adikin Evelyne Kabenge Anita Namutebi Justine
Agudo Jane Frances Kaganda Wilson Nangira Evelyn
Ahebwa Nicholas Kambugu Stephen Nantume Keziah
Ainebirungi Martin Augar Kamulegeya Abdul Nanyunja Justine
Akello Lorna Nakyeyune Mary Nansambu Ruth
Akora Tophas Nyakuni Kasi Timothy Ngweno Odedo Daudi
Akoth Lydia Kisira Kirabira Muzafalu Ntambi Samuel
Akurut Stella Kiwanuka Denis Ntulume Kenneth
Alinaitwe Ronald Komuhangi Carolyn A. Nyirabizimana Jennifer
Amunyo Ezekiel Kyozira Allen Ochen-Ochero Robert
Anecho Maureen Lango James Ogwari Stanry Alex
Anziku Manaseh Lubanga J. Zam Okodel Francis
Apiita Ann Grace Lulua Godfrey Omuti Okot Jino
Asako Monica Malamba Samuel Ondoga Simon
Atukwasa Caroline Mbabali Muhammad Patrick Lukula
Auma Sarah Mbabazi Peter Ssenkungu Lawrence
Awor Christine Jane Mutala Shem N. Tuwangye Moses
Ayagalwa Justine Mutambo Fred Paul Uwamahoro Joy
Bazaale Jennifer Muyanda Erias Wanyana Maureen
Biribonwa Alex Muyingo Ismail Wajju Annette
Birungi Betty Mwesigwa Alex Wangira Denis Okhikha
Businge Jonnes Nabulo Jessica M. Robinah Babirye
Busuulwa Robert Naigwe Juliet Nakudo George
Christine Ayaka-Dezu Najjuma Teddy Karugaba Cyrus M.
Drichi Charles Nakayima Resty Semakula Aliziki
Ekisa Geoffrey Nakintu Betty K. Eddie Rutankundira
Etoori Michael Nakitende Kezia Karungi Clara Gloria
Eyul Alex Nakubulwa Irene

Counselors

Abigail Cossy Kalala Kazigo Winfred Namono Betty

Akoberwa Rachel Kiiza Lilian Viola Nangira Deborah
Amindre Juliet Kisaakye Ritah Nayiga Faridah
Amony Caroline Kitone Rosemary Okot Wilson
Andera Jenipher Ochwo Kiyaga Deogratius Okullo Martin Jorian
Auma Pauline Mbabazi Betty Okwakol Suzan
Bainomujinya R.C. Miiro Moses N. Otim James Robert
Emenyat Babu Mpaso Kampanya Owashaba Caroline
Godfrey S. Okiria Mukiibi Christopher Shaban Kadir
Iga Gloria Perry Muloni Immaculate Ssanyu Scovia
Ipeaju M. Daniel Naigaga Sydah Sseruyange John
Judith Madudu Nakigozi Noor Kabagenyi Beatrice Jane
Kabatongole Doreen Nakkazi Aminah Angella Namuli Mary
Kayeny Charity Nakubulwa Sarah

184 • Appendix D
 Laboratory Technicians

Achaye Richard Claude Kanabi Moses Namuli Lilian

Acidri Gordon Kasango Dembe Simon Namuwaya Vivian
Aiga Joseph Kateeba Ruth Nantongo Irene Viola
Akello Susan Ongom Katende Andrew Nanyonjo Esther
Oder Charles Okello Kazimoto Enock Masereka Ndagire Irene
Asigachi Abraham Kikooma Majeed Ochom Emmanuel
Asiimwe Innocent Kwagonza Leocadia Odokonyero Henry
Asiimwe Ronald Mafabi Derrick Odokonyero Wilfred
Atuhaire Bridget Maziga John Okech Samuel
Bampiiga Godfrey Mbusa Nason Okurut Tom
Bamusubire Daniel Mubiru Denis Onencan Mundu Patrick
Bandoho Bosco Mugabe Raymond Ongom Patrick
Bemera Amon Musisi Ezra Opio Moses
Dima Achiako Terence Mutale Geoffrey Oule Sam Peter
Ejoku Esae Benard Mwijukye Julius Pimego Edward
Emolu Robert Obong Mwima Moses Were Silence Zuriat Kyeyune
Isabirye Richard Namaganda Dorothy Ssali Robert Banabus
Isabirye Samuel Emmanuel Nambalirwa Fatuma Ssempagala Thaddius
Kakeeto Alex Nambozo Harriet Ssentongo Freddie
Kakooza Godfrey Namukasa Mary Frances Tamale Francis

ICF Staff

Dr. Alfredo Aliaga Ms. Mercy Guech-Ongey

Ms. Sarah Balian Mr. Alex Izmukhambetov
Mr. Bernard Barrère Ms. Nancy Johnson
Ms. Elizabeth Britton Ms. Anjushree Pradhan
Ms. Anne Cross Ms. Audrey Shenett
Ms. Joy Fishel Dr. Ann Way
Mr. Dean Garrett Mr. Blake Zachary
Mr. Chris Gramer

Appendix D • 185
QUESTIONNAIRES Appendix E

Appendix E • 187
10 December 2010 UGANDA AIDS INDICATOR SURVEY ENGLISH
HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE

IDENTIFICATION

DISTRICT
SUB-COUNTY/DIVISION
PARISH
LC1
NAME OF HOUSEHOLD HEAD

CLUSTER NUMBER .............................................................

HOUSEHOLD NUMBER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

REGION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

KAMPALA=1, SMALL CITY=2, TOWN=3, RURAL=4 ....................................

SELECT MALE OR FEMALE FOR SEXUAL VIOLENCE SECTION? (MALE=1; FEMALE=2)

INTERVIEWER VISITS

1 2 3 FINAL VISIT

DATE DAY

MONTH

YEAR 2 0 1 1
INTERVIEWER
INTERVIEWER'S NAME NUMBER

RESULT* RESULT

NEXT VISIT: DATE

TOTAL NUMBER
TIME OF VISITS

*RESULT CODES: TOTAL PERSONS

1 COMPLETED IN HOUSEHOLD
2 NO HOUSEHOLD MEMBER AT HOME OR NO COMPETENT RESPONDENT AT
HOME AT TIME OF VISIT TOTAL ELIGIBLE
3 ENTIRE HOUSEHOLD ABSENT FOR EXTENDED PERIOD OF TIME WOMEN
4 POSTPONED
5 REFUSED TOTAL ELIGIBLE
6 DWELLING VACANT OR ADDRESS NOT A DWELLING MEN
7 DWELLING DESTROYED
8 DWELLING NOT FOUND TOTAL ELIGIBLE
9 OTHER CHILDREN 0-4
(SPECIFY) YEARS

LINE NO. OF
RESPONDENT TO
HOUSEHOLD
QUESTIONNAIRE

TEAM SUPERVISOR
NAME

DATE

Appendix E • 189
 Introduction and Consent

HIV is one of the leading causes of death in this country. Syphilis is also a common sexually transmitted disease. The
government would like to know how common HIV and syphilis are in the country so that they can plan for better services
for people affected or infected with HIV and syphilis.

Your household has been selected purely by chance from your community.

We will be asking 37,000 people from over 11,000 households all over the country to participate. The survey will last
about 6 months and the interviews will not last more than 30 minutes.

You can choose to participate in the survey or not. It is your choice. If you choose not to participate in the survey, there is
no problem.

If you choose to participate in the survey, we will ask you some questions about your household (for example number of
people living in the household, age and education). This will help us identify the persons aged 15-59 who will be asked
questions about their health and those 0-4 years and 15-59 years who will provide blood specimens. Other questions
include the services your household can use (such as water source, health units).

It is up to you or your household member whether or not to participate in the survey. You can stop participating in the
survey at any time you want for any reason without penalty.

Most of the questions are general in nature. It is fine to skip any question that you don’t want to answer. You may also
stop the survey at any time without penalty. We do not expect any major risks from participating in this survey.

You may not benefit directly from being part of this survey, but the information you provide us will help the country in
providing good services for all. If you provide us with data about your household, we can help understand more about
these two illnesses and how to prevent them. We will not offer you money for participating in the survey.

Everything we talk about will be kept secret to the extent allowed by the law. Your test results will be kept secret to the
extent allowed by the law. To protect your privacy, we will use a code number to identify you and all specimens. We will
keep these records and specimens locked. Only special staff will be able to look at the records or use the specimens.
Your name or any other facts that might point to you will not appear when we present this survey or publish its results.

We would like to answer all your questions. If you have any questions now, please ask us. If you have any questions in
the future, there are other persons that you can contact.

Ministry of Health:
Dr. Alex Opio: 0414-256683
Dr. Joshua Musinguzi: 0414-256683
Dr. Wilford Kirungi: 0414-256683

If you have any concerns about your rights in this survey, please contact Mr. Tom Lutalo Chairman UVRI Science and
Ethics Committee 0414-320272.

RESPONDENT AGREES TO BE INTERVIEWED . . . 1 RESPONDENT DOES NOT AGREE TO BE INTERVIEWED . . . 2 END

HH-ENG- 2
190 • Appendix E
 HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULE

IF AGE 15
OR OLDER

LINE USUAL RESIDENTS AND RELATIONSHIP SEX RESIDENCE AGE MARITAL ELIGIBILITY
NO. VISITORS TO HEAD OF STATUS
HOUSEHOLD

Please give me the names What is the Is Does Did How What is CIRCLE CIRCLE
of the persons who usually relationship of (NAME) (NAME) (NAME) old is (NAME'S) LINE LINE
live in your household and (NAME) to the male or usually stay (NAME)? current marital NUMBER NUMBER
guests of the household head of the female? live here status? OF ALL OF ALL
who stayed here last night, household? here? last WOMEN CHILDREN
starting with the head of night? 1 = MARRIED AND MEN AGE 0-4
the household. SEE CODES OR LIVING AGE 15-59
BELOW. TOGETHER
AFTER LISTING THE 2 = DIVORCED/
NAMES AND RECORDING SEPARATED
THE RELATIONSHIP 3 = WIDOWED
AND SEX FOR EACH 4 = NEVER-
PERSON, ASK MARRIED
QUESTIONS 2A-2C AND
TO BE SURE THAT THE NEVER
LISTING IS COMPLETE. LIVED
TOGETHER
THEN ASK APPROPRIATE
QUESTIONS IN COLUMNS
5-27 FOR EACH PERSON.

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (9A)

M F Y N Y N IN YEARS

01 1 2 1 2 1 2 01 01

02 1 2 1 2 1 2 02 02

03 1 2 1 2 1 2 03 03

04 1 2 1 2 1 2 04 04

05 1 2 1 2 1 2 05 05

06 1 2 1 2 1 2 06 06

07 1 2 1 2 1 2 07 07

08 1 2 1 2 1 2 08 08

09 1 2 1 2 1 2 09 09

10 1 2 1 2 1 2 10 10

2A) Just to make sure that I have a complete CODES FOR Q.3: RELATIONSHIP TO HEAD OF HH
listing. Are there any other persons such as small ADD TO 01 = HEAD 09 = NIECE/NEPHEW
children or infants that we have not listed? YES TABLE NO 02 = WIFE OR HUSBAND BY BLOOD
03 = SON OR DAUGHTER 10 = NIECE/NEPHEW
2B) Are there any other people who may not be 04 = SON-IN-LAW OR BY MARRIAGE
members of your family, such as domestic ADD TO DAUGHTER-IN-LAW 11 = OTHER RELATIVE
servants, lodgers, or friends who usually live here? YES TABLE NO 05 = GRANDCHILD 12 = ADOPTED/FOSTER/
2C) Are there any guests or temporary visitors 06 = PARENT STEPCHILD
staying here, or anyone else who stayed here last ADD TO 07 = PARENT-IN-LAW 13 = NOT RELATED
night, who have not been listed? YES TABLE NO 08 = BROTHER OR SISTER 98 = DON'T KNOW

HH ENG 3
Appendix E • 191
 IF AGE IF AGE 0-17 YEARS
18-59 YEARS

LINE SICK SURVIVORSHIP AND RESIDENCE OF BIOLOGICAL PARENTS

NO. PERSON

Has Is Does IF MOTHER Is Does IF FATHER MOTHER / BOTH CARE

(NAME) (NAME)'s (NAME)'s NOT (NAME)'s (NAME)'s NOT FATHER PARENTS TAKER
been natural natural LISTED IN natural natural LISTED IN DEAD/ ALIVE
very sick mother alive? mother HOUSEHOLD father alive? father HOUSEHOLD SICK
for at least usually usually
3 months live in this Has (NAME)'s live in this Has (NAME)'s CIRCLE IF YES Who is
during household mother been household father been LINE TO (NAME)'s
the past or was she very sick for or was he very sick NUMBER Q.11B main
12 months, a guest last at least 3 a guest last for at least 3 IF CHILD'S AND care
that is (NAME) night? months during night? months during MOTHER Q.14 taker?
was too sick the past 12 the past 12 AND/OR (BOTH
to work or IF YES: months, that is IF YES: months, that is FATHER ALIVE),
do normal What is she was too What is he was too HAS DIED CIRCLE WRITE
activities? her name? sick to work or his name? sick to work or (Q.11B OR '1'. LINE
WRITE do normal WRITE do normal 14 = NO) FOR ALL NUMBER.
MOTHER'S activities? FATHER'S activities? OR BEEN OTHER
LINE LINE SICK CASES, IF NO,
NUMBER. NUMBER. (Q.13 OR CIRCLE WRITE
IF NO, IF NO, 16 = YES). '2'. 00'
WRITE '00'. WRITE '00'.

(11A) (11B) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (18A)

Y N DK Y N DK Y N DK Y N DK Y N DK

01 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 01 1 2

GO TO 14 GO TO 17 GO TO 21

02 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 02 1 2

GO TO 14 GO TO 17 GO TO 21

03 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 03 1 2

GO TO 14 GO TO 17 GO TO 21

04 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 04 1 2

GO TO 14 GO TO 17 GO TO 21

05 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 05 1 2

GO TO 14 GO TO 17 GO TO 21

06 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 06 1 2

GO TO 14 GO TO 17 GO TO 21

07 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 07 1 2

GO TO 14 GO TO 17 GO TO 21

08 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 08 1 2

GO TO 14 GO TO 17 GO TO 21

09 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 09 1 2

GO TO 14 GO TO 17 GO TO 21

10 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 10 1 2

GO TO 14 GO TO 17 GO TO 21

192 • Appendix E HH ENG 4

 IF AGE 5 YEARS OR OLDER IF AGE 5-17 YEARS IF AGE
0-4 YEARS

BASIC MATERIAL BIRTH

EDUCATION NEEDS REGISTRATION

Has What is the IF AGE Does Does Does Does

(NAME) highest level 5-24 YEARS (NAME) (NAME) (NAME) (NAME)
ever of school have have a have at have a
attended (NAME) has a blanket? a pair least two a birth
school? attended?** Did of shoes? sets of certificate?
What is the (NAME) clothes?
highest (class/ attend IF NO, PROBE:
year) (NAME) school Has (NAME)'s
completed at at any birth ever been
that level?** time registered
during with the
SEE the civil authority?
CODES 2011
BELOW. school 1 = HAS
year? CERTIFICATE
2 = REGISTERED
3 = NEITHER
8 = DON'T
KNOW

(21) (22) (23) (24) (25) (26) (27)

Y N LEVEL CLASS Y N Y N DK Y N DK Y N DK

1 2 1 2 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8

GO TO 24

1 2 1 2 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8

GO TO 24

1 2 1 2 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8

GO TO 24

1 2 1 2 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8

GO TO 24

1 2 1 2 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8

GO TO 24

1 2 1 2 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8

GO TO 24

1 2 1 2 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8

GO TO 24

1 2 1 2 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8

GO TO 24

1 2 1 2 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8

GO TO 24

1 2 1 2 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8

GO TO 24

CODES FOR Q. 22: EDUCATION

LEVEL CLASS:
0=PRESCHOOL 00 = LESS THAN 1 YR
1 = PRIMARY COMPLETED
2 = 'O' LEVEL 98 = DON'T KNOW
3 = 'A' LEVEL
4= TERTIARY
5= UNIVERSITY
8 = DON'T KNOW

HH ENG 5
Appendix E • 193
 HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS
NO. QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP

100 What is the main source of drinking water for members of your PIPED WATER
household? PIPED INTO DWELLING . . . . . . . . . 11
PIPED INTO YARD/COMPOUND . . . 12 102
PUBLIC TAP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
WATER FROM OPEN WELL
OPEN WELL IN DWELLING . . . . . . . 21
OPEN WELL IN YARD/COMPOUND . 22 102
OPEN PUBLIC WELL . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
WATER FROM COVERED WELL OR
BOREHOLE
PROTECTED WELL IN
DWELLING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
PROTECTED WELL IN
YARD/COMPOUND . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 102
PROTECTED PUBLIC WELL . . . . . 33
SURFACE WATER
PROTECTED SPRING . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
UNPROTECTED SPRING . . . . . . . 42
RIVER/STREAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
POND/LAKE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
DAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
RAINWATER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 102
WATER TRUCK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
BOTTLED WATER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 102
GRAVITY FLOW SCHEME . . . . . . . . . 81
OTHER 96
(SPECIFY)

101 How long does it take you to go there, get water, and come back?
MINUTES . . . . . . . . . . . .
ON PREMISES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 996

102 What kind of toilet facility do members of your household usually FLUSH TOILET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01
use? VIP LATRINE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 02
COVERED PIT LATRINE, NO SLAB . . . 03
COVERED PIT LATRINE, WITH SLAB . 04
UNCOVERED PIT LATRINE, NO SLAB . 05
UNCOVERED PIT LATRINE, WITH SLAB 06
COMPOSTING TOILET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07
NO FACILITY/BUSH/FIELD . . . . . . . . . 08 104
OTHER 96
(SPECIFY)

103 Do you share this toilet facility with other households? YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

104 Does your household have: YES NO

a) Electricity? ELECTRICITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2
b) A radio? RADIO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2
c) A cassette player? CASSETTE PLAYER ....... 1 2
d) A television? TELEVISION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2
e) A mobile phone? MOBILE PHONE . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2
f) A fixed phone? FIXED PHONE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2
g) A refrigerator? REFRIGERATOR . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2
h) A table? TABLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2
i) A chair? CHAIRS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2
j) A sofa set? SOFA SET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2
k) A bed? BED .................... 1 2
l) A cupboard? CUPBOARD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2
m)A clock? CLOCK .................. 1 2

HH ENG 6
194 • Appendix E
NO. QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP

105 What type of fuel does your household mainly use for cooking? ELECTRICITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01
BOTTLED GAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 02
PARAFFIN / KEROSENE ......... 03
CHARCOAL .................... 04
FIREWOOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05
CROP RESIDUALS, STRAW, GRASS 06
ANIMAL DUNG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07
NO FOOD COOKED IN HOUSEHOLD 95
OTHER _______________________ 96
(SPECIFY)

106 What is the main source of energy for lighting in the household? ELECTRICITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01
SOLAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 02
GAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 03
PARAFFIN-HURRICANE LAMP . . . 04
PARAFFIN-PRESSURE LAMP . . . . . 05
PARAFFIN-WICK LAMP . . . . . . . . . 06
FIREWOOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07
CANDLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08
OTHER _____________________
(SPECIFY) 96

107 MAIN MATERIAL OF THE FLOOR NATURAL FLOOR

EARTH/SAND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
RECORD OBSERVATION. EARTH AND DUNG . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
FINISHED FLOOR
CIRCLE ONLY ONE. PARQUET OR POLISHED WOOD 31
MOSAIC OR TILES .......... 33
BRICKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
CEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
STONES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
OTHER 96
(SPECIFY)

108 MAIN MATERIAL OF THE ROOF. NATURAL ROOFING

THATCHED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
RECORD OBSERVATION. MUD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
FINISHED ROOFING
MARK ONLY ONE. WOOD/PLANKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
IRON SHEETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
ASBESTOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
TILES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
TIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
CEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26
OTHER _____________________ 96
(SPECIFY)

109 MAIN MATERIAL OF THE EXTERIOR WALLS. NATURAL WALLS

THATCHED/STRAW . . . . . . . . . . 11
RECORD OBSERVATION. RUDIMENTARY WALLS
MUD AND POLES . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
UN-BURNT BRICKS . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
UN-BURNT BRICKS WITH PLASTER 23
BURNT BRICKS WITH MUD . . . . . . 24
FINISHED WALLS
CEMENT BLOCKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
STONE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
TIMBER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
MARK ONLY ONE. BURNT BRICKS WITH CEMENT . . . . 34
OTHER _____________________ 96
(SPECIFY)

110 How many rooms in your household are used for sleeping?

(INCLUDING ROOMS OUTSIDE THE MAIN DWELLING) ROOMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

HH ENG 7
Appendix E • 195
 NO. QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP
111 Does any member of your household own or have: YES NO
a) A watch? WATCH .................. 1 2
b) A bicycle? BICYCLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2
c) A motorcycle or motor scooter? MOTORCYCLE/SCOOTER . . . 1 2
d) An animal-drawn cart? ANIMAL-DRAWN CART ...... 1 2
e) A car or truck? CAR/TRUCK .............. 1 2
f) A boat with a motor BOAT WITH MOTOR ........ 1 2
g) A boat without a motor BOAT WITH NO MOTOR . . . . . . 1 2
h) A bank account? BANK ACCOUNT ......... 1 2

112 How many acres of land for farming or grazing does this ACRES FOR
household own? FARMING .

(PUT '0000.0' IF NONE AND 9999.8 IF DOESN'T KNOW) ACRES FOR

GRAZING .

113 Does the household use land for farming or grazing that it doesn’t YES, RENTED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
own? YES, SHARECROPPED . . . . . . . . . . . 2
YES, PRIVATE LAND PROVIDED FREE 3
IF YES: Is it rented, sharecropped, private land provided YES, OPEN ACCESS/COMMUNAL . . . 4
free, or open access/communal/other? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 114A

114 How many acres of land are used? ACRES FOR

FARMING .
(PUT '0000.0' IF NONE AND 9999.8 IF DOESN'T KNOW)
ACRES FOR
GRAZING .

114A How many of the following animals/birds does this household own?
IF NONE, ENTER '00'.
IF MORE THAN 95, ENTER '95'.
IF UNKNOWN, ENTER '98'.

a) Local cattle? LOCAL CATTLE ........

b) Exotic/Cross cattle? EXOTIC/CROSS CATTLE . . . .

c) Horses, donkeys, or mules? HORSES/DONKEYS/MULES

d) Goats? GOATS .................

e) Sheep? SHEEP ................

f) Pigs? PIGS ................

g) Chickens? CHICKENS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

115 How far is it to the nearest market place?

WRITE '00' IF LESS THAN ONE KILOMETRE KILOMETRES . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
IF MORE THAN 95 KM, WRITE 95
CIRCLE '98' IF DON'T KNOW DON'T KNOW ............ 98

116 Now I would like to ask you about the food your household eats.
How many meals does your household usually have per day? MEALS .................

117 In the past week, on how many days did the household eat
meat? DAYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

HH ENG 8
196 • Appendix E
NO. QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP

118 How often in the last year did you have problems in satisfying NEVER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
the food needs of the household? SELDOM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
SOMETIMES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
OFTEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
ALWAYS ..................... 5

119 How far is it to the nearest health facility?

(IF LESS THAN ONE KILOMETRE, WRITE '00'. KILOMETRES . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
IF MORE THAN 95 KM, WRITE 95.
IF DON'T KNOW, CIRCLE '98'.) DON'T KNOW ............ 98

120 If you were to go to this facility, how would you most likely CAR/MOTORCYCLE .............. 1
go there? PUBLIC TRANSPORT (BUS, TAXI) . . . 2
ANIMAL/ANIMAL CART . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
WALKING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
BICYCLE ...................... 5
OTHER 6
(SPECIFY)

HH ENG 9
Appendix E • 197
 LIST OF PERSONS WHO HAVE DIED
NO. QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP

201 Now I would like to ask you a few more questions about your YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
household. Think back over the past 12 months. Has any usual NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
member of your household died in the last 12 months? DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 301

202 How many household members died in the last 12 months?

NUMBER OF DEATHS .........

203 ASK 204-206 AS APPROPRIATE FOR EACH PERSON WHO DIED. IF THERE WERE MORE THAN 3 DEATHS,
USE ADDITIONAL QUESTIONNAIRE(S).

204 What was the name of the person who died NAME 1ST DEATH NAME 2ND DEATH NAME 3RD DEATH
(most recently/before him/her)?

205 Was (NAME) male or female? MALE . . . . . . . 1 MALE . . . . . . . 1 MALE . . . . . . . 1

FEMALE . . . . . 2 FEMALE . . . . . 2 FEMALE . . . . . 2

206 How old was (NAME) when (he/she) died?

AGE . AGE . AGE .

SUPPORT AT THE COMMUNITY LEVEL

NO. QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP

Y N DK
301 Does your community have any of the following persons COMMUNITY HEALTH WORKER 1 2 8
or groups? NGO OFFERING HIV SERVICES 1 2 8
HIV OR POST TEST CLUB 1 2 8
HIV WOMEN'S GROUP 1 2 8
HIV MEN'S GROUP 1 2 8
HIV YOUTH GROUP 1 2 8

302 How far is your home from the nearest health facility NUMBER OF
which offers HIV counseling and testing services? KILOMETERS . . . . . . .
(INTERVIEWER: PROBE DISTANCE IN KM AND
RECORD RESPONDENTS BEST GUESS) 250 KILOMETERS OR MORE ... 995
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 998

HH ENG 10
198 • Appendix E
 TABLE FOR SELECTION OF RESPONDENT FOR THE SEXUAL VIOLENCE (SV) QUESTIONS

INSTRUCTIONS

LOOK AT THE LAST DIGIT OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE NUMBER ON THE COVER PAGE. THIS IS THE ROW NUMBER YOU SHOULD CIRCLE. IF THE
HH IS SELECTED FOR A FEMALE RESPONDENT, CHECK THE TOTAL NUMBER OF ELIGIBLE WOMEN ON THE COVER SHEET OF THE
HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE. THIS IS THE COLUMN NUMBER YOU SHOULD CIRCLE. IF THE HH IS SELECTED FOR A MALE RESPONDENT,
CHECK THE TOTAL NUMBER OF ELIGIBLE MEN ON THE COVER SHEET OF THE HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE AND CIRCLE THIS COLUMN
NUMBER. FIND THE BOX WHERE THE CIRCLED ROW AND THE CIRCLED COLUMN MEET AND CIRCLE THE NUMBER THAT APPEARS IN THE
BOX. THIS IS THE NUMBER OF THE ELIGIBLE WOMAN/MAN WHO WILL BE ASKED THE SEXUAL VIOLENCE QUESTIONS. THEN, GO TO
COLUMN (9) AND PUT A * NEXT TO THE HOUSEHOLD LINE NUMBER OF THE SELECTED ELIGIBLE WOMAN/MAN AND RECORD THIS
HOUSEHOLD LINE NUMBER IN THE TWO BOXES AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS TABLE.

FOR EXAMPLE, IF THE HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE NUMBER IS ‘3716’, GO TO ROW 6 AND CIRCLE THE ROW NUMBER ('6'). IF THE HH IS
SELECTED FOR A FEMALE RESPONDENT TO THE SV SECTION AND THERE ARE THREE ELIGIBLE WOMEN IN THE HOUSEHOLD, GO TO
COLUMN 3 AND CIRCLE THE COLUMN NUMBER ('3'). DRAW LINES FROM ROW 6 AND COLUMN 3 AND FIND THE BOX WHERE THE TWO MEET,
AND CIRCLE THE NUMBER IN IT (‘2'). THIS MEANS YOU HAVE TO SELECT THE SECOND ELIGIBLE WOMAN. SUPPOSE THE HOUSEHOLD LINE
NUMBERS OF THE THREE ELIGIBLE WOMEN ARE ‘02', ‘03', AND ‘07’; THEN THE ELIGIBLE WOMAN FOR THE SEXUAL VIOLENCE QUESTIONS IS
THE SECOND ELIGIBLE WOMAN, I.E., THE WOMAN WITH HOUSEHOLD LINE NUMBER ‘03'. PUT A * NEXT TO THIS WOMAN'S LINE NUMBER IN
COLUMN (9) OF THE HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULE AND ALSO ENTER THE TWO DIGIT LINE NUMBER IN THE TWO BOXES AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS
TABLE.

TOTAL NUMBER OF ELIGIBLE WOMEN/MEN IN THE HOUSEHOLD

LAST DIGIT OF THE
QUESTIONNAIRE
NUMBER 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

0 1 2 2 4 3 6 5 4

1 1 1 3 1 4 1 6 5

2 1 2 1 2 5 2 7 6

3 1 1 2 3 1 3 1 7

4 1 2 3 4 2 4 2 8

5 1 1 1 1 3 5 3 1

6 1 2 2 2 4 6 4 2

7 1 1 3 3 5 1 5 3

8 1 2 1 4 1 2 6 4

9 1 1 2 1 2 3 7 5

HOUSEHOLD LINE NUMBER OF PERSON SELECTED

FOR SEXUAL VIOLENCE MODULE

HH-ENG-11
Appendix E • 199
200 • Appendix E
10 December 2010 UGANDA AIDS INDICATOR SURVEY ENGLISH
QUESTIONNAIRE FOR WOMEN AND MEN 15-59
IDENTIFICATION

DISTRICT:

SUB-COUNTY/DIVISION:

PARISH:

LC1:

NAME OF HOUSEHOLD HEAD:

CLUSTER NUMBER ...............................................................

HOUSEHOLD NUMBER ............................................................

REGION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

KAMPALA=1, SMALL CITY=2, TOWN=3, RURAL=4 ....................................

NAME (OR INITIALS) AND LINE NUMBER OF RESPONDENT

SEX OF RESPONDENT (MALE=1, FEMALE=2) ....................................

RESPONDENT SELECTED FOR SV QUESTIONS (YES=1, NO=2) .....................

INTERVIEWER VISITS

1 2 3 FINAL VISIT

DATE DAY

MONTH

YEAR 2 0 1 1
INTERVIEWER'S INTERVIEWER
NAME NUMBER

RESULT* RESULT

NEXT VISIT: DATE

TOTAL NUMBER
TIME OF VISITS

*RESULT CODES:
1 COMPLETED 4 REFUSED
2 NOT AT HOME 5 PARTLY COMPLETED 7 OTHER
3 POSTPONED 6 INCAPACITATED (SPECIFY)

LANGUAGE OF QUESTIONNAIRE ENGLISH Q LANGUAGE 0 7

NATIVE LANGUAGE OF RESPONDENT N LANGUAGE

TRANSLATOR USED (NOT AT ALL=1; SOMETIMES=2; ALL THE TIME=3)

TRANSLATOR USED?
LANGUAGE: 01 ATESO-KARAMOJONG 05 RUNYANKOLE-RUKIGA
02 LUGANDA 06 RUNYORO-RUTORO
03 LUGBARA 07 ENGLISH
04 LUO 08 OTHER/FIELD TRANSLATION

TEAM SUPERVISOR
NAME

DATE

Appendix E • 201
 SECTION 1 - RESPONDENT'S BACKGROUND

REQUEST CONSENT FOR THE INTERVIEW.

HIV is one of the leading causes of death in this country. Syphilis is also a common sexually transmitted disease. The government would
like to know how common HIV and syphilis are in the country so that they can plan for better services for people affected or infected with
HIV and syphilis.

Your household has been selected purely by chance from your community.

We will be asking 37,000 people from over 11,000 households all over the country to participate. The survey will last about 6 months and
the interviews will not last more than 30 minutes.

You can choose to participate in the survey or not. It is your choice. If you choose not to participate in the survey, there is no problem.

If you choose to participate in the survey, I will ask you some questions about yourself (for example, your age and education). Other
questions are what you think and do related to your health. Some questions are about your personal sexual behaviour. The interview
takes about 30 minutes.

It is up to you or your household member whether or not to participate in the survey. You can stop participating in the survey at any time
you want for any reason without penalty.

Most of the questions are general in nature but there are some that are personal and may make you uncomfortable. It is fine to skip any
question that you don’t want to answer. You may also stop the survey at any time without penalty. This will not affect the medical care
that you receive. Because we will ask you to give personal information, participation in this survey may risk a loss of privacy. We do not
expect major risks from participating in this survey. To minimize risks:
1. All information you share will be kept secret.
2. Your name or identifiable information will NOT be used in any survey materials.
3. Only research team members will have access to your data and specimens.
4. Skilled interviewers will be trained to protect your privacy.

You may not benefit directly from being part of this survey, but the information you provide will help the country in providing good services
for all. If you provide us with data about yourself, we can help understand more about these two illnesses and how to prevent them. We will
not offer you money for participating in the survey.

Everything we talk about will be kept secret to the extent allowed by the law. Your test results will be kept secret to the extent allowed by
the law. To protect your privacy, we will use a code number to identify you and all specimens. We will keep these records and specimens
locked. Only special staff will be able to look at the records or use the specimens. Your name or any other facts that might point to you will
not appear when we present this survey or publish its results.

We would like to answer all your questions. If you have any questions now, please ask us. If you have any questions in the future, there
are other persons that you can contact.

Ministry of Health:
Dr. Alex Opio: 0414-256683
Dr. Joshua Musinguzi: 0414-256683
Dr. Wilford Kirungi: 0414-256683

If you have any concerns about your rights in this survey, please contact Mr. Tom Lutalo Chairman UVRI Science and Ethics Committee
0414-320272.

RESPONDENT AGREES TO BE INTERVIEWED . . . 1 RESPONDENT DOES NOT AGREE TO BE INTERVIEWED . 2 END

INDIV ENG 2
202 • Appendix E
NO. QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP

101 RECORD THE TIME.

HOUR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

MINUTES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

MORNING .................. 1
AFTERNOON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
EVENING/NIGHT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

102 In what month and year were you born?

MONTH ..................

DON'T KNOW MONTH . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

YEAR . . . . . . . . . . . .

DON'T KNOW YEAR . . . . . . . . . . . . 9998

103 How old are you?

AGE IN COMPLETED YEARS
COMPARE AND CORRECT 102 AND/OR 103 IF INCONSISTENT.

104 Have you ever attended school? YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 107

105 What is the highest level of school you attended: PRIMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

primary, '0' level, 'A' level, or university or tertiary? 'O' LEVEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
'A' LEVEL ...................... 3
UNIVERSITY/TERTIARY . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

106 What is the highest (class/year) you completed at that

level? CLASS/YEAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

107 Do you read a newspaper or magazine almost every day, at least ALMOST EVERY DAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
once a week, less than once a week or not at all? AT LEAST ONCE A WEEK . . . . . . . . . 2
LESS THAN ONCE A WEEK . . . . . . . 3
NOT AT ALL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
CANNOT READ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

108 Do you listen to the radio almost every day, at least once a week, ALMOST EVERY DAY ............ 1
less than once a week or not at all? AT LEAST ONCE A WEEK . . . . . . . . . 2
LESS THAN ONCE A WEEK . . . . . . . 3
NOT AT ALL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

109 Do you watch television almost every day, at least once a week, ALMOST EVERY DAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
less than once a week or not at all? AT LEAST ONCE A WEEK . . . . . . . . . 2
LESS THAN ONCE A WEEK . . . . . . . 3
NOT AT ALL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

110 FEMALE MALE

113

111 Aside from your own housework, have you done any work in YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 116
the last seven days? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

112 As you know, some women take up jobs for which they are paid
in cash or kind. Others sell things, have a small business or YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 116
work on the family farm or in the family business.
In the last seven days, have you done any of these things or NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 114
any other work?

INDIV ENG 3
Appendix E • 203
 NO. QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP

113 Have you done any work in the last seven days? YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 116
NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

114 Although you did not work in the last seven days, do you have YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 116
any job or business from which you were absent for leave, NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
illness, vacation or any other such reason?

115 Have you done any work in the last 12 months? YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 117

116 What is your occupation, that is, what kind of work do you mainly CATEGORIES - DROP DOWN MENU
do?

INTERVIEWER: PROBE TO OBTAIN DETAILED INFORMATION 118

ON THE KIND OF WORK RESPONDENT DOES.

117 What have you been doing for most of the time over the last GOING TO SCHOOL/STUDYING ... 01
12 months? LOOKING FOR WORK ............ 02
RETIRED ...................... 03
TOO ILL TO WORK .............. 04
HANDICAPPED, CANNOT WORK . . . 05
HOUSEWORK/CHILD CARE . . . . . . . 06

OTHER _________________________ 96
(SPECIFY)

118 How long have you been living continuously in (NAME OF

CURRENT PLACE OF RESIDENCE)? YEARS ..................
IF LESS THAN ONE YEAR, RECORD '00' YEARS. ALWAYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
VISITOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

119 In the last 12 months, on how many separate occasions have you
traveled away from this community (the community where you NUMBER OF TRIPS .......
usually live) and slept away? NONE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00 121

120 In the last 12 months, have you been away from your home YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
community for more than one month at a time? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

121 What is your religion? CATHOLIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01

ANGLICAN/PROTESTANT ...... 02
SDA .......................... 03
ORTHODOX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 04
PENTECOSTAL ................ 05
OTHER CHRISTIAN ............ 06
MOSLEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07
BAHAI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08
TRADITIONAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 09
HINDU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
NONE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
OTHER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

122 What is your ethnic group? ETHNIC GROUP .........

ETHNIC GROUP CODES:

01 = BAGANDA 06 = LANGI 11 = ALUR/JOPADHOLA
02 = BANYANKORE 07 = BAKIGA 12 = BANYORO
03 = ITESO 08 = KARIMOJONG 13 = BATORO
04 = LUGBARA/MADI 09 = ACHOLI 96 = OTHER
05 = BASOGA 10 = BAGISU/SABINY

INDIV ENG 4
204 • Appendix E
 SECTION 2 - REPRODUCTION
NO. QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP

201 MALE FEMALE

Now I would like to ask about Now I would like to ask YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
all of the children you have about all the births NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 206
had during your lifetime. I am you have had during your
interested only in the children lifetime. Have you ever
that are biologically given birth?
yours, even if they are not
legally yours or do not have
your last name.
Have you ever fathered
any children with any woman?

202 Do you have any sons or Do you have any sons or YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
daughters that you have daughters to whom you have NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 204
fathered who are now living given birth who are now
with you? living with you?

203 How many sons live with you?

SONS AT HOME . . . . . . . . . . . .
And how many daughters live with you?
DAUGHTERS AT HOME . . . . .
IF NONE, RECORD '00'.

204 MALE FEMALE

Do you have any sons or Do you have any sons or YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

daughters that you have daughters to whom you have NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 206
fathered who are alive but given birth who are alive but
do not live with you? do not live with you?

205 How many sons are alive but do not live with you?
SONS ELSEWHERE .......
And how many daughters are alive but do not live with you?
DAUGHTERS ELSEWHERE .
IF NONE, RECORD '00'.

206 MALE FEMALE

Have you ever fathered a boy Have you ever given birth YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
or girl who was born alive but to a boy or girl who was NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 208
later died? born alive but later died?
Any baby who cried or showed Any baby who cried or
signs of life but did not showed signs of life but
survive? did not survive?

207 How many boys have died?

BOYS DEAD ..............
And how many girls have died?
GIRLS DEAD ..............
IF NONE, RECORD '00'.

208 SUM ANSWERS TO 203, 205, AND 207, AND ENTER TOTAL.
IF NONE, RECORD '00'. TOTAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

209 MALE FEMALE

Just to make sure that I have Just to make sure that I have
this right: you have fathered this right: you have had
in TOTAL ______ children in TOTAL ______ births
during your life. during your life.
Is that correct? Is that correct?

YES NO PROBE AND

CORRECT 201-208
AS NECESSARY.

INDIV ENG 5 Appendix E • 205

 NO. QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP

210 MALE 401

FEMALE

211 CHECK 208:

ONE OR MORE NO BIRTHS
BIRTHS 215

212 Now I would like to ask you about your last birth, whether the
child is still alive or not. MONTH ..................
In what month and year did you have your last birth?
DON'T KNOW MONTH . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

214
YEAR . . . . . . . . . . . .

DON'T KNOW YEAR . . . . . . . . . . . . 9998

213 About how many years ago was your last birth?
YEARS AGO ..............

214 Is the child still alive? YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

215 Are you pregnant now? YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
UNSURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

206 • Appendix E INDIV ENG 6

 SECTION 3. ANTENATAL CARE AND BREASTFEEDING

NO. QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP

301 CHECK 212 AND 213:

MOST RECENT NO BIRTH SINCE 401
BIRTH IN 2006 JANUARY 2006
OR LATER

302 Now I would like to ask you about your most recent birth. HEALTH PERSONNEL
Did you see anyone for antenatal care for this pregnancy? DOCTOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A
NURSE/MIDWIFE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B
IF YES: Whom did you see? MEDICAL ASSISTANT/ CLINICAL
Anyone else? OFFICER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C
NURSING AIDE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D
PROBE TO IDENTIFY EACH TYPE OF PERSON AND OTHER PERSON
CIRCLE ALL MENTIONED. TRADITIONAL BIRTH ATTENDANT . E

OTHER X
(SPECIFY)
NO ONE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Y 304

303 Where did you receive antenatal care for this pregnancy? HOME
YOUR HOME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A
TBA'S HOME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B
Anywhere else? OTHER HOME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C

RECORD ALL MENTIONED. PUBLIC SECTOR

GOVT. HOSPITAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D
GOVT. HEALTH CENTRE . . . . . . . . . E
GOVT. HEALTH POST . . . . . . . . . . . . F
IF UNABLE TO DETERMINE IF A HEALTH FACILITY IS PUBLIC OTHER PUBLIC 305
OR PRIVATE MEDICAL, WRITE THE NAME OF THE PLACE. G
(SPECIFY)

PRIVATE MED. SECTOR

(NAME OF PLACE) PVT. HOSPITAL/CLINIC . . . . . . . . . H
OTHER PRIVATE MEDICAL
I
(SPECIFY)

OTHER X
(SPECIFY)

304 What was the main reason you did not see anyone CLINIC TOO FAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
for antenatal care? HAD NO MONEY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
HAD NO TIME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
NOT AWARE HAD TO ATTEND . . . . . 4
DID NOT WANT TO ATTEND . . . . . . . 5

OTHER 6
(SPECIFY)
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

305 Did you ever breastfeed your last born child? YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

306 CHECK 214:

CHILD STILL CHILD DIED 401
ALIVE

307 Are you still breastfeeding your last born? YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 401
NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

308 For how many months did you breastfeed your last born?
MONTHS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

INDIV ENG 7
Appendix E • 207
 SECTION 4 - MARRIAGE AND SEXUAL ACTIVITY

NO. QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP

401 MALE FEMALE YES, CURRENTLY MARRIED . . . . . . . 1

404
Are you currently married Are you currently married YES, LIVING WITH A MAN / WOMAN . 2
or living together with or living together with
a woman as if married? a man as if married? NO, NOT IN UNION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

402 Have you ever been married Have you ever been married YES, FORMERLY MARRIED . . . . . . . 1
or lived together with or lived together with YES, LIVED WITH A MAN / WOMAN . 2
a woman as if married? a man as if married? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 420

403 What is your marital status What is your marital status WIDOWED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
now: are you widowed, now: are you widowed, DIVORCED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 410
divorced, or separated? divorced, or separated? SEPARATED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

404 Is your wife/partner living Is your husband/partner LIVING TOGETHER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

with you now or is she living with you now or is
staying elsewhere? he staying elsewhere? STAYING ELSEWHERE . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

405 Do you have more than one Does your husband/partner YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
wife or woman you live with have other wives or does NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
as if married? he live with other women DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 407
as if married?

406 Altogether, how many Including yourself, in total, NUMBER OF WIVES AND
wives do you have or other how many wives or LIVE-IN PARTNERS .......
partners do you live with other partners does your
as if married? husband live with now
as if married? DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

407 CHECK 405: 408

How old was
your wife/
IF ONE WIFE/PARTNER: husband/
Please tell me the name of Please tell me the name of partner on
your wife (the woman you your husband (the man you his/her last
are living with as if married). are living together with as birthday?
if married). LINE
IF MORE THAN ONE NAME NUMBER AGE
WIFE/PARTNER:
Please tell me the name of
each of your current wives ____________
(and/or of each woman you
are living with as if married).

RECORD THE NAME(S) AND THE LINE NUMBER(S) FROM ____________

THE HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE FOR EACH SPOUSE
AND LIVE-IN PARTNER.

IF THE PERSON IS NOT LISTED IN THE HOUSEHOLD, ____________

RECORD '00'.

ASK 408 FOR EACH WIFE/HUSBAND/PARTNER.

____________

409 CHECK 407: MALE

MALE FEMALE MORE THAN
ONE WIFE ONE WIFE 418A

410 MALE FEMALE

Have you been married Have you been married ONLY ONCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 418
or lived with someone or lived with someone MORE THAN ONCE .............. 2
only once or more only once or more
than once? than once?

INDIV ENG 8
208 • Appendix E
NO. QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP

413 MALE
418A
FOR FEMALE RESPONDENTS, CHECK 403:

FEMALE CURRENTLY WIDOWED 418A

FEMALE AND FEMALE CURRENTLY

Q.403 NOT ASKED DIVORCED/SEPARATED 418A

414 How did your previous marriage or union end? DEATH/WIDOWHOOD ............ 1
DIVORCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
418A
SEPARATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

415 Is your current husband/partner related to your previous YES, BROTHER ................ 1
husband/partner? YES, UNCLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
418A
YES, OTHER ____________________ 3
IF YES, What is the relationship between your current (SPECIFY)
husband and your previous husband? NO, NOT RELATED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

418 MALE FEMALE

In what month and year did In what month and year did MONTH ................
you start living with your you start living with your
wife/partner? husband/partner? DON'T KNOW MONTH . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

418A Now I would like to ask Now I would like to ask

a question about a question about YEAR . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
your first wife/partner. your first husband/partner.

In what month and year In what month and year DON'T KNOW YEAR . . . . . . . . . . . . 9998
did you start living with your did you start living with your
first wife/partner? first husband/partner?

419 How old were you when you How old were you when you
first started living with her? first started living with him? AGE ....................

420 CHECK FOR THE PRESENCE OF OTHERS.

BEFORE CONTINUING, MAKE EVERY EFFORT TO ENSURE PRIVACY.

421 Now I need to ask you some questions about sexual activity in NEVER HAD SEXUAL INTERCOURSE 00
order to gain a better understanding of some important life issues.

How old were you when you had sexual intercourse for AGE IN YEARS ............ 424
the very first time?
FIRST TIME WHEN STARTED
LIVING WITH (FIRST)
HUSBAND/WIFE/PARTNER. . . . . . . . . 95 424

422 CHECK 103:

15-24 25-59
YEARS OLD YEARS OLD 450

423 Do you intend to wait until you get married to have sexual YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
intercourse for the first time? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 450
DON'T KNOW/UNSURE. . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

424 CHECK 103:

15-24 25-59
YEARS OLD YEARS OLD 429

425 The first time you had sexual intercourse, was a condom YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
used? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DON'T KNOW/DON'T REMEMBER . . . 8

INDIV ENG 9
Appendix E • 209
 NO. QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP

426 How old was the person you first had sexual intercourse with?
AGE OF PARTNER . . . . . . . . . 429

DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

427 Was this person older than you, younger than you, or about OLDER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
the same age as you? YOUNGER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
ABOUT THE SAME AGE . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 429
DON'T KNOW/DON'T REMEMBER . . . 8

428 Would you say this person was ten or more years older than TEN OR MORE YEARS OLDER . . . . . 1
you or less than ten years older than you? LESS THAN TEN YEARS OLDER . . . 2
OLDER, UNSURE HOW MUCH . . . . . 3

429 Now I would like to ask you some questions about your
recent sexual activity. Let me assure you again that your
answers are completely confidential and will not be told
to anyone. If we should come to any question that you do
not want to answer, just let me know and we will go on
to the next question.

When was the last time you had sexual intercourse?

DAYS AGO . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
IF LESS THAN 12 MONTHS, ANSWER MUST BE RECORDED 431
IN DAYS, WEEKS OR MONTHS. WEEKS AGO . . . . . . . . . 2
IF 12 MONTHS (ONE YEAR) OR MORE, ANSWER MUST BE
RECORDED IN YEARS. MONTHS AGO ....... 3

YEARS AGO ......... 4 449

INDIV ENG 10
210 • Appendix E
 LAST SECOND-TO-LAST THIRD-TO-LAST
SEXUAL PARTNER SEXUAL PARTNER SEXUAL PARTNER

430 When was the last time you had

sexual intercourse with this person? DAYS . 1 DAYS . 1

WEEKS 2 WEEKS 2

MONTHS 3 MONTHS 3

431 The last time you had sexual YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
intercourse (with this second/third NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
person), was a condom used? (SKIP TO 433) (SKIP TO 433) (SKIP TO 433)

432 Was a condom used every time YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

you had sexual intercourse with NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
this person in the last 12 months?

433 What was your relationship to HUSBAND/WIFE . . . . . . . 1 HUSBAND/WIFE . . . . . . . 1 HUSBAND/WIFE . . . . . . . 1

this (second/third) person with LIVE-IN PARTNER .... 2 LIVE-IN PARTNER . . . . 2 LIVE-IN PARTNER . . . . 2
whom you had sexual intercourse? BOYFRIEND/GIRLFRIEND BOYFRIEND/GIRLFRIEND BOYFRIEND/GIRLFRIEND
NOT LIVING WITH NOT LIVING WITH NOT LIVING WITH
IF BOYFRIEND/GIRLFRIEND: RESPONDENT .... 3 RESPONDENT .... 3 RESPONDENT .... 3
Were you living together as if CASUAL CASUAL CASUAL
married? 4
ACQUAINTANCE . . . . 4
ACQUAINTANCE . . . . 4
ACQUAINTANCE . . . .
IF YES, CIRCLE '2' 5
PROSTITUTE . . . . . . . . . 5
PROSTITUTE . . . . . . . . . 5
PROSTITUTE . . . . . . . . .
IF NO, CIRCLE '3' OTHER ______________ 6 OTHER ______________ 6 OTHER ______________ 6
(SPECIFY) (SPECIFY) (SPECIFY)
(SKIP TO 434) (SKIP TO 434) (SKIP TO 434)

433A CHECK 406, 407 AND 410 MARRIED MARRIED MARRIED MARRIED MARRIED MARRIED
ONLY MORE ONLY MORE ONLY MORE
ONCE THAN ONCE ONCE THAN ONCE ONCE THAN ONCE

(SKIP TO 434) (SKIP TO 434) (SKIP TO 434)

433B CHECK 421 1st TIME WITH 1st TIME WITH 1st TIME WITH
1st HUSBAND/ 1st HUSBAND/ 1st HUSBAND/
WIFE OTHER WIFE OTHER WIFE OTHER

(SKIP (SKIP (SKIP

TO 434A) TO 434A) TO 434A)

434 How long ago did you first DAYS DAYS DAYS
have sexual intercourse with AGO 1 AGO 1 AGO 1
this (second/third) person? WEEKS WEEKS WEEKS
AGO 2 AGO 2 AGO 2
MONTHS MONTHS MONTHS
AGO 3 AGO 3 AGO 3
YEARS YEARS YEARS
AGO 4 AGO 4 AGO 4

434A How many times during the last NUMBER OF NUMBER OF NUMBER OF
12 months did you have sexual TIMES TIMES TIMES
intercourse with this person?

434B Are you still having sex with YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
this person? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

435 CHECK 103: MAN 15-59/ MAN 15-59/ MAN 15-59/

WOMAN WOMAN WOMAN WOMAN WOMAN WOMAN
AGE 15-24 25-59 AGE 15-24 25-59 AGE 15-24 25-59

(SKIP TO 439) (SKIP TO 439) (SKIP TO 439)

INDIV ENG 11
Appendix E • 211
 LAST SECOND-TO-LAST THIRD-TO-LAST
SEXUAL PARTNER SEXUAL PARTNER SEXUAL PARTNER

436 How old is this person? AGE OF AGE OF AGE OF

PARTNER PARTNER PARTNER

(SKIP TO 439) (SKIP TO 439) (SKIP TO 439)

DON'T KNOW . . . . . 98 DON'T KNOW . . . . . 98 DON'T KNOW . . . . . 98

437 Is this person older than you, OLDER . . . . . . . . 1 OLDER . . . . . . . 1 OLDER . . . . . . . 1

younger than you, or about the YOUNGER . . . . . 2 YOUNGER . . . . . 2 YOUNGER . . . . . 2
same age? SAME AGE . . . . . 3 SAME AGE . . . . . 3 SAME AGE . . . . . 3
DON'T KNOW . . . 8 DON'T KNOW . . . 8 DON'T KNOW . . . 8
(SKIP TO 439) (SKIP TO 439) (SKIP TO 439)

438 Would you say this person is ten TEN OR MORE TEN OR MORE TEN OR MORE
or more years older than you or YEARS OLDER . 1 YEARS OLDER . 1 YEARS OLDER . 1
less than ten years older than you? LESS THAN TEN LESS THAN TEN LESS THAN TEN
YEARS OLDER . 2 YEARS OLDER . 2 YEARS OLDER . 2
OLDER, UNSURE OLDER, UNSURE OLDER, UNSURE
HOW MUCH . . . 3 HOW MUCH . . . 3 HOW MUCH . . . 3

439 The last time you had sexual YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
intercourse with this (second/third) NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
person, did you or this person (SKIP TO 440A) (SKIP TO 440A) (SKIP TO 440A)
drink alcohol?

440 Were you or your partner drunk RESPONDENT ONLY 1 RESPONDENT ONLY 1 RESPONDENT ONLY 1
at that time? PARTNER ONLY . . . 2 PARTNER ONLY . . . 2 PARTNER ONLY . . . 2
RESPONDENT AND RESPONDENT AND RESPONDENT AND
IF YES: Who was drunk? PARTNER BOTH . 3 PARTNER BOTH . 3 PARTNER BOTH . 3
NEITHER . . . . . . . . . . 4 NEITHER . . . . . . . . . 4 NEITHER . . . . . . . . . 4

440A What is this partner's HIV NEGATIVE . . . . . . . 1 NEGATIVE . . . . . . . 1 NEGATIVE . . . . . . . 1

status? POSITIVE . . . . . . . 2 POSITIVE . . . . . . . 2 POSITIVE . . . . . . . 2
REFUSED TO REFUSED TO REFUSED TO
ANSWER . . . . . . . 3 ANSWER . . . . . . . 3 ANSWER . . . . . . . 3
(SKIP TO 440C) (SKIP TO 440C) (SKIP TO 440C)
DON'T KNOW . . . . . 8 DON'T KNOW . . . . . 8 DON'T KNOW . . . . . 8

440B What do you think your partner's NEGATIVE . . . . . . . 1 NEGATIVE . . . . . . . 1 NEGATIVE . . . . . . . 1

HIV status is? POSITIVE . . . . . . . 2 POSITIVE . . . . . . . 2 POSITIVE . . . . . . . 2
REFUSED TO REFUSED TO REFUSED TO
ANSWER . . . . . . . 3 ANSWER . . . . . . . 3 ANSWER . . . . . . . 3
DON'T KNOW . . . . . 8 DON'T KNOW . . . . . 8 DON'T KNOW . . . . . 8

440C The last time you had sex with YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
this partner, did your partner NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
know your HIV status? REFUSED TO REFUSED TO REFUSED TO
ANSWER . . . . . . . 3 ANSWER . . . . . . . 3 ANSWER . . . . . . . 3
DON'T KNOW 8 DON'T KNOW 8 DON'T KNOW 8
(SKIP TO 441A)

441 Apart from [this person/these two YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

people], have you had sexual (GO BACK TO 430 (GO BACK TO 430
intercourse with any other IN NEXT COLUMN) IN NEXT COLUMN)
person in the last 12 months? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
(SKIP TO 443) (SKIP TO 443)

441A CHECK 430 LESS THAN MORE THAN

3 MONTHS 3 MONTHS

(SKIP TO 442)

INDIV ENG 12
212 • Appendix E
 LAST SECOND-TO-LAST THIRD-TO-LAST
SEXUAL PARTNER SEXUAL PARTNER SEXUAL PARTNER

441B In total, with how many different NUMBER OF

people have you had sexual PARTNERS
intercourse in the last 3 months? LAST 3 MONTHS

IF NON-NUMERIC ANSWER, DON'T KNOW . . . . . 98

PROBE TO GET AN ESTIMATE.
IF GREATER THAN 95, WRITE ' 95'.

442 In total, with how many different NUMBER OF

people have you had sexual PARTNERS
intercourse in the last 12 months? LAST 12 MONTHS

IF NON-NUMERIC ANSWER, DON'T KNOW . . . . . 98

PROBE TO GET AN ESTIMATE.
IF GREATER THAN 95, WRITE ' 95'.

442A With how many of these people NUMBER OF

are you still having sex? CURRENT
SEXUAL PARTNERS

DON'T KNOW . . . . . 98

INDIV ENG 13
Appendix E • 213
 NO. QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP

443 MALE FEMALE

448B

444 CHECK 433 (ALL COLUMNS):

AT LEAST ONE PARTNER NO PARTNERS
IS PROSTITUTE ARE PROSTITUTES 446

445 CHECK 432 AND 433 (ALL COLUMNS): NO CONDOM USED/

CONDOM NOT USED WITH EVERY 449
CONDOM USED WITH PROSTITUTE
EVERY PROSTITUTE 448

446 In the last 12 months, did you pay anyone in exchange YES ............................ 1
for having sexual intercourse? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 449

447 The last time you paid someone in exchange for sexual YES ............................ 1
intercourse, was a condom used? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 449

448 Was a condom used during sexual intercourse YES ............................ 1

every time you paid someone in exchange for having NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 449
sexual intercourse in the last 12 months? DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

448B Did you ever give sex in exchange for goods or services? YES ............................ 1
NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
REFUSED TO ANSWER ............ 3 448E
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

448C Did this happen in the last 12 months? YES ............................ 1

NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
REFUSED TO ANSWER ............ 3
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

448D The last time this happened, was a condom used? YES ............................ 1
NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
REFUSED TO ANSWER ............ 3
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

448E Did you ever give sex in exchange for money? YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
REFUSED TO ANSWER ............ 3 449
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

448F Did this happen in the last 12 months? YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
REFUSED TO ANSWER ............ 3
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

448G The last time this happened, was a condom used? YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
REFUSED TO ANSWER ............ 3
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

449 In total, with how many different people have you had sexual NUMBER OF PARTNERS
intercourse in your lifetime? IN LIFETIME . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

IF NON-NUMERIC ANSWER, PROBE TO GET AN ESTIMATE. DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

IF GREATER THAN 95, WRITE ' 95'.

450 Do you know of a place where a person can get condoms? YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 453A

INDIV ENG 14
214 • Appendix E
NO. QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP

451 Where is that? PUBLIC SECTOR

GOVT. HOSPITAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A
GOVT. HEALTH CENTER ...... B
Any other place? FAMILY PLANNING CLINIC .... C
OUTREACH ................ D
PROBE TO IDENTIFY EACH TYPE OF SOURCE AND GOVT COMMUNITY
CIRCLE THE APPROPRIATE CODE(S). BASED DISTRIBUTOR ........ E
OTHER PUBLIC ________________ F
IF UNABLE TO DETERMINE IF HOSPITAL, HEALTH CENTER (SPECIFY)
OR CLINIC IS PUBLIC OR PRIVATE MEDICAL, WRITE
THE NAME OF THE PLACE. PRIVATE MEDICAL SECTOR
PRIVATE HOSPITAL/CLINIC . . . . . G
PHARMACY/DRUG SHOP ...... H
(NAME OF PLACE(S)) PRIVATE DOCTOR/NURSE/MIDWIFE I
OUTREACH ................ J
NGO COMMUNITY BASED
DISTRIBUTOR .............. K
OTHER PRIVATE
MEDICAL L
(SPECIFY)
OTHER SOURCE
SHOP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M
RELIGIOUS INSTITUTION . . . . . . N
FRIEND/RELATIVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O

OTHER _________________________ X

452 If you wanted to, could you yourself get a condom? YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DON'T KNOW/UNSURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

453 In the last 12 months, have you ever run short of condoms YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
because they were not available at the place you normally NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
get them? NEVER USED CONDOM ............ 3
DON'T KNOW/UNSURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

453A CHECK COVER:

RESPONDENT SELECTED RESPONDENT NOT

501
FOR SV QUESTIONS SELECTED

453B CHECK FOR PRESENCE OF OTHERS:

DO NOT CONTINUE UNTIL EFFECTIVE PRIVACY IS ENSURED.

PRIVACY PRIVACY
OBTAINED NOT POSSIBLE 501

453C READ TO THE RESPONDENT

Now I would like to ask you questions about some other important aspects of women's and men's lives. I know
that some of these questions are very personal. However, your answers are crucial for helping to understand
the condition of women and men in Uganda. Let me assure you that your answers are completely
confidential and will not be told to anyone else. You are the only person in this household who will be
asked these questions and no one else in the household will know that you have been asked the questions.

454 Were you ever physically forced to have sex YES ............................ 1
against your will? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
REFUSED TO ANSWER ............ 3 456
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

455 Did this happen in the last 12 months? YES ............................ 1

NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
REFUSED TO ANSWER ............ 3
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

INDIV ENG 15
Appendix E • 215
 NO. QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP

456 Were you ever coerced to have sex, that is, against your YES ............................ 1
will but without the use of physical force? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
REFUSED TO ANSWER ............ 3 457A
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

457 Did this happen in the last 12 months? YES ............................ 1

NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
REFUSED TO ANSWER ............ 3
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

457A CHECK 454 AND 456:

RESPONDENT REPORTED BEING RESPONDENT DID NOT

COERCED TO HAVE SEX AGAINST REPORT BEING COERCED
THEIR WILL WITH OR WITHOUT TO HAVE SEX AGAINST
PHYSICAL FORCE THEIR WILL 501

458 What was your relationship with the last person who forced SPOUSE ........................ 11
you to have sex against your will? OTHER SEX PARTNER ............ 12
FATHER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
BROTHER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
UNCLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
GRANDPARENT .................. 16
COUSIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
NEPHEW ........................ 18
OTHER FAMILY MEMBER 19
TEACHER .................... 21
EMPLOYER ...................... 31
ACQUAINTANCE ............... 32
STRANGER ...................... 33
REFUSED TO ANSWER ............ 95
DON'T KNOW .................... 98

459 Did you report this to the police? YES ............................ 1 501
NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
REFUSED TO ANSWER ............ 3
501
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

460 What is the main reason why you did not report this DID NOT KNOW WHO TO GO TO ... 01
to the police? IT WILL BE OF NO USE ........... 02
IT IS PART OF LIFE ............ 03
AFRAID OF DIVORCE/DISERTION .. 04
AFRAID OF FURTHER VIOLENCE .... 05
AFRAID OF GETTING PERSON
INTO TROUBLE .............. 06
EMBARASSED TO REPORT ....... 07
DID NOT WANT TO DISGRACE
FAMILY ................... 08
NOT IMPORTANT .............. 09
OTHER 96

INDIV ENG 16
216 • Appendix E
 SECTION 5 - HIV/AIDS
NO. QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP

501 Now I would like to talk about something else. YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Have you ever heard of an illness called AIDS? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 605

502 Can people reduce their chance of getting the AIDS virus YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
by having just one uninfected sex partner who has sexual NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
intercourse with no other partners? DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

503 Can people get the AIDS virus from mosquito bites? YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

504 Can people reduce their chance of getting the AIDS virus by YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
using a condom every time they have sex? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

505 Can people get the AIDS virus by sharing food with a person who YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
has AIDS? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

506 Can people reduce their chance of getting the AIDS virus by YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
not having sexual intercourse at all? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

507 Can people get the AIDS virus because of witchcraft or other YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
supernatural means? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

508 Is it possible for a healthy-looking person to have the AIDS virus? YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

508B Does male circumcision help prevent getting infected YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

with the AIDS virus? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

509 Can the virus that causes AIDS be transmitted from a mother to
her baby: YES NO DK

During pregnancy? DURING PREG. . . . . . 1 2 8

During delivery? DURING DELIVERY . 1 2 8
By breastfeeding? BREASTFEEDING . . . 1 2 8

510 CHECK 509:

AT LEAST OTHER
ONE 'YES' 512

511 Are there any special drugs that a doctor or a nurse can YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
give to a woman infected with the AIDS virus to reduce the risk NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
of transmission to the baby? DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

512 Have you heard about special antiretroviral drugs (USE LOCAL YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
NAME) that people infected with the AIDS virus can get from a NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
doctor or a nurse to help them live longer? DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

513 FEMALE MALE

524

514 CHECK 208 AND 212: NO BIRTHS 524

LAST BIRTH SINCE LAST BIRTH BEFORE

JANUARY 2006 JANUARY 2006 524

515 CHECK 302:

CODES A-E OTHER CODES
CIRCLED CIRCLED 524

516 CHECK FOR PRESENCE OF OTHERS. BEFORE CONTINUING, MAKE EVERY EFFORT TO ENSURE PRIVACY.

INDIV ENG 17 Appendix E • 217

 NO. QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP

517 During any of the antenatal visits for your last birth, did anyone
talk to you about: YES NO DK

Babies getting the AIDS virus from their mother? AIDS FROM MOTHER 1 2 8
Things that you can do to prevent getting the AIDS virus? THINGS TO DO . . . 1 2 8
Getting tested for the AIDS virus? TESTED FOR AIDS . 1 2 8

518 Were you tested for the AIDS virus as part of your YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 520
antenatal care? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

519 Were you offered a test for the AIDS virus as part of your YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
521L
antenatal care? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

520 Where was the test done? PUBLIC SECTOR

GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL . . . . . . . . 11
PROBE TO IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF SOURCE AND CIRCLE GOVT. HEALTH CENTER . . . . . . . . 12
THE APPROPRIATE CODE. STAND-ALONE VCT CENTER . . . . . 13
FAMILY PLANNING CLINIC . . . . . . . . 14
IF UNABLE TO DETERMINE IF HOSPITAL, HEALTH CENTER, OUTREACH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
VCT CENTER, OR CLINIC IS PUBLIC OR PRIVATE MEDICAL, GOVT COMMUNITY
WRITE THE NAME OF THE PLACE. BASED WORKER . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

(NAME OF PLACE) OTHER PUBLIC 17

(SPECIFY)

PRIVATE/NGO MEDICAL SECTOR

PRIVATE HOSPITAL/CLINIC . . . . . 21
STAND-ALONE VCT CENTER . . . . . 22
PHARMACY/DRUG SHOP . . . . . . . . 23
PRIVATE DOCTOR/NURSE/MIDWIFE 24
OUTREACH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
TASO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
AIDS INFORMATION CENTER . . . 27
OTHER PRIVATE/NGO
MEDICAL 28
(SPECIFY)

OTHER 96
(SPECIFY)

521A Did you get the result of the test? YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 521L

521B What was the result of the test? POSITIVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

NEGATIVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
REFUSED TO ANSWER . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 521L
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

521C During the pregnancy or during labor and delivery, YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

were you offered anti-retroviral drugs to reduce the risk NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 521F
of passing on the AIDS virus to your unborn baby? ALREADY ON ART . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 521E
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 521F

521D Did you take the drugs? YES, BOTH MOTHER AND BABY . . . 1
ONLY MOTHER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
521E Was your baby also given treatment? ONLY BABY .................... 3
IF YES, CIRCLE CODE 1 FOR YES, MOTHER AND BABY. NEITHER ...................... 4
IF NO, CIRCLE CODE 2 , ONLY MOTHER. DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

521F CHECK 214:

CHILD STILL CHILD DIED 521L
ALIVE

218 • Appendix E INDIV ENG 18

NO. QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP
521H Has the child ever been tested for HIV? YES-POSITIVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
YES-NEGATIVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
IF YES: What is the child's HIV status? NO, NEVER TESTED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 521L
REFUSED TO ANSWER .......... 4
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

521I You said your child has HIV. Is your child taking any medicine YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
for HIV? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
521L
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

521J Is your child taking Septrin or Co-trimoxazole daily? YES, DAILY ..................... 1
YES, NOT DAILY ................ 2
NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

521K Is your child taking anti-retrovirals or ARVs daily? YES, DAILY ..................... 1
YES, NOT DAILY ................ 2
NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

521L During your last pregnancy, were you tested for syphilis? YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
REFUSED TO ANSWER .......... 3 521O
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

521M What was the result of that syphilis test? POSITIVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

NEGATIVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
REFUSED TO ANSWER .......... 3 521O
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

521N Did you receive treatment for syphilis? YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

521O CHECK 518:

HAD HIV TEST NO HIV TEST
DURING ANC DURING ANC 524

521P CHECK 521B:

RESPONSE OTHER POSITIVE
THAN POSITIVE TEST TEST RESULT 530
RESULT/NO RESPONSE

522 Have you been tested for the AIDS virus since that time you YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
were tested during your pregnancy? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 530

523 When was the last time you were tested for the AIDS virus? LESS THAN 12 MONTHS AGO ..... 1
12 - 23 MONTHS AGO ............ 2 526
2 OR MORE YEARS AGO . . . . . . . . . . 3

524 Have you ever been tested to see if you have the AIDS virus? YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 541

525 When was the last time you were tested? LESS THAN 12 MONTHS AGO ..... 1
12 - 23 MONTHS AGO ............ 2
2 OR MORE YEARS AGO . . . . . . . . . . 3
526 The last time you had the test, did you yourself ask for the test, ASKED FOR THE TEST . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
was it offered to you and you accepted, or was it required? OFFERED AND ACCEPTED . . . . . . . . 2
REQUIRED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

INDIV ENG 19 Appendix E • 219

 NO. QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP
527 Where was the test done? PUBLIC SECTOR
GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL . . . . . . . . 11
PROBE TO IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF SOURCE AND CIRCLE GOVT. HEALTH CENTER . . . . . . . . 12
THE APPROPRIATE CODE. STAND-ALONE VCT CENTER . . . . . 13
FAMILY PLANNING CLINIC . . . . . . . . 14
IF UNABLE TO DETERMINE IF HOSPITAL, HEALTH CENTER, OUTREACH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
VCT CENTER, OR CLINIC IS PUBLIC OR PRIVATE MEDICAL, GOVT COMMUNITY
WRITE THE NAME OF THE PLACE. BASED WORKER . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

OTHER PUBLIC 17
(SPECIFY)
(NAME OF PLACE)
PRIVATE/NGO MEDICAL SECTOR
PRIVATE HOSPITAL/CLINIC . . . . . 21
STAND-ALONE VCT CENTER . . . . . 22
PHARMACY/DRUG SHOP . . . . . . . . 23
PRIVATE DOCTOR/NURSE/MIDWIFE 24
OUTREACH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
TASO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
AIDS INFORMATION CENTER . . . . . 27
OTHER PRIVATE/NGO
MEDICAL 28
(SPECIFY)

OTHER 96
(SPECIFY)

528 Did you get the results of the last test? YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 530

529 What was the result of the test? POSITIVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

NEGATIVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
REFUSED TO ANSWER .......... 3
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

530 How many times in total have you been tested for HIV (including NUMBER
the test(s) you have told me about)?
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

531 Have you ever been tested for HIV together as a couple? YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

532 CHECK 521B AND 529:

RESPONSE OTHER
EITHER IS "POSITIVE" THAN POSITIVE TEST
TEST RESULT RESULT/NO RESPONSE 541
IN BOTH QUESTIONS

533 Are you taking Septrin or Co-trimoxazole daily? YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
535
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

534 From where did you get the supply of Septrin (Co-trimoxazole) PUBLIC SECTOR
you are taking now? GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL . . . . . . 11
GOVT. HEALTH CENTRE/CLINIC 12
PROBE TO IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF SOURCE AND CIRCLE GOVERNMENT DISPENSARY .. 13
THE APPROPRIATE CODE. OTHER PUBLIC 16
(SPECIFY)
IF UNABLE TO DETERMINE IF HOSPITAL, HEALTH CENTER, PRIVATE MEDICAL SECTOR
VCT CENTER, OR CLINIC IS PUBLIC OR PRIVATE MEDICAL, MISSION/CHURCH HOSP./CLNC 21
WRITE THE NAME OF THE PLACE. PRIVATE HOSPITAL/CLINIC . . . . . 23
OTHER PRIVATE
(NAME OF PLACE) MEDICAL 26
(SPECIFY)
OTHER 96
(SPECIFY)

220 • Appendix E INDIV ENG 20

NO. QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP

535 Are you taking ARVs, that is, antiretroviral medications daily? YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
539
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

536 From where did you get the ARVs you are taking PUBLIC SECTOR
the last time? GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL . . . . . . 11
GOVT. HEALTH CENTRE/CLINIC 12
PROBE TO IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF SOURCE AND CIRCLE GOVERNMENT DISPENSARY .. 13
THE APPROPRIATE CODE. OTHER PUBLIC 16
(SPECIFY)
IF UNABLE TO DETERMINE IF HOSPITAL, HEALTH CENTER, PRIVATE MEDICAL SECTOR
VCT CENTER, OR CLINIC IS PUBLIC OR PRIVATE MEDICAL, MISSION/CHURCH HOSP./CLNC 21
WRITE THE NAME OF THE PLACE. PRIVATE HOSPITAL/CLINIC . . . . . 23
OTHER PRIVATE
(NAME OF PLACE) MEDICAL 26
(SPECIFY)
OTHER 96
(SPECIFY)

537 The place where you get your ARVs, how many kilometers NUMBER OF
is it away from your home? KILOMETERS . . . . . . . .

PROBE DISTANCE IN KM AND WRITE RESPONDENT'S BEST 250 KILOMETERS OR MORE ... 995
GUESS. DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 998

538 How long have you been on the ARVs?

MONTHS ............ 1
RECORD THE ANSWER IN MONTHS IF LESS THAN ONE
YEAR. RECORD '00' IF LESS THAN ONE MONTH. YEARS .............. 2

539 Have you ever been offered a test of your immunity level, i.e., YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
a test that shows the CD4 count? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
543
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

540 Did you ever have the CD4 test done? YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 543
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

541 Do you know of a place where people can go to get tested for YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
the AIDS virus? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 543

542 Where is that? PUBLIC SECTOR

GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL . . . . . . . . A
PROBE TO IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF SOURCE(S) AND GOVT. HEALTH CENTER . . . . . . . . B
THE APPROPRIATE CODE. STAND-ALONE VCT CENTER . . . . . C
FAMILY PLANNING CLINIC . . . . . . . . D
IF UNABLE TO DETERMINE TYPE OF SOURCE, WRITE OUTREACH ................ E
THE NAME OF THE PLACE. GOVT COMMUNITY
BASED WORKER . . . . . . . . . . . . F

(NAME OF PLACE) OTHER PUBLIC G

(SPECIFY)
Any other place? PRIVATE/NGO MEDICAL SECTOR
PRIVATE HOSPITAL/CLINIC . . . . . H
STAND-ALONE VCT CENTER . . . . . I
PHARMACY/DRUG SHOP . . . . . . . . J
PRIVATE DOCTOR/NURSE/MIDWIFE K
OUTREACH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L
TASO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M
AIDS INFORMATION CENTER . . . . . N
OTHER PRIVATE/NGO
MEDICAL O
(SPECIFY)
OTHER X
(SPECIFY)

543 Would you buy fresh vegetables from a shopkeeper or vendor YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
if you knew that this person had the AIDS virus? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DK/NOT SURE/DEPENDS . . . . . . . . . . 8

INDIV ENG 21 Appendix E • 221

 NO. QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP

544 If a member of your family got infected with the AIDS virus, YES, REMAIN A SECRET .......... 1
would you want it to remain a secret or not? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DK/NOT SURE/DEPENDS . . . . . . . . . . 8

545 If a member of your family became sick with the virus that YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
causes AIDS, would you be willing to care for her or him in your NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
own household? DK/NOT SURE/DEPENDS . . . . . . . . . . 8

546 In your opinion, if a female teacher has the AIDS virus but SHOULD BE ALLOWED . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
is not sick, should she be allowed to continue teaching SHOULD NOT BE ALLOWED . . . . . . . . 2
in the school? DK/NOT SURE/DEPENDS . . . . . . . . . . 8

547 Do you personally know someone who has been denied YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
health services in the last 12 months because he or she NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
is suspected to have the AIDS virus or has the AIDS virus? DK ANYONE WITH AIDS .......... 3 552

548 Do you personally know someone who has been denied YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
involvement in social events, religious services, or community NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
events in the last 12 months because he or she is
suspected to have the AIDS virus or has the AIDS virus?

549 Do you personally know someone who has been verbally YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
abused or teased in the last 12 months because he or she NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
is suspected to have the AIDS virus or has the AIDS virus?

550 CHECK 547, 548, 549:

NOT A SINGLE AT LEAST

"YES' ONE 'YES' 552

551 Do you personally know someone who is suspected YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

to have the AIDS virus or who has the AIDS virus? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

552 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: AGREE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

DISAGREE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
People with the AIDS virus should be ashamed of themselves. DON'T KNOW/NO OPINION ........ 8

553 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: AGREE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

People with the AIDS virus should be blamed for bringing the DISAGREE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
disease into the community. DON'T KNOW/NO OPINION ........ 8

554 Should children age 12-14 be taught about using a condom YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
to avoid getting AIDS? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DK/NOT SURE/DEPENDS ........ 8

555 Should children age 12-14 be taught to wait until they get YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
married to have sexual intercourse in order to avoid getting NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
AIDS? DK/NOT SURE/DEPENDS ........ 8

555A CHECK 521B AND 529:

RESPONSE OTHER EITHER IS "POSITIVE"
THAN POSITIVE TEST TEST RESULT 605
RESULT/NO RESPONSE
IN BOTH QUESTIONS

556 Please tell me, now that there is treatment for AIDS, MORE CAREFUL ................ 1
are you more, less or equally careful about avoiding HIV/AIDS? LESS CAREFUL ................ 2
EQUALLY CAREFUL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

557 In your opinion, are the chances that you can get HIV HIGH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
high or low? LOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

558 If you were to get HIV, from whom would you most likely get it? SPOUSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
BOY/GIRLFRIEND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
STRANGER .................... 3
COMMERCIAL SEX PARTNER ..... 4
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

222 • Appendix E INDIV ENG 22

 SECTION 6 - OTHER HEALTH ISSUES
NO. QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP

601 Now I would like to ask you some questions about any injections
you have had in the last twelve months. Have you had an injection
for any reason in the last twelve months? NUMBER OF INJECTIONS . . .

IF YES: How many injections did you have?

IF NUMBER OF INJECTIONS IS GREATER THAN 90, NONE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00 607
OR DAILY FOR 3 MONTHS OR MORE, RECORD '90'.
IF NON-NUMERIC ANSWER, PROBE TO GET AN ESTIMATE.

602 Among these injections, how many were administered by a

doctor, a nurse, a pharmacist, a dentist, or other health worker? NUMBER OF INJECTIONS . . .
IF NUMBER OF INJECTIONS IS GREATER THAN 90,
OR DAILY FOR 3 MONTHS OR MORE, RECORD '90'. NONE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00 605
IF NON-NUMERIC ANSWER, PROBE TO GET AN ESTIMATE.

603 The last time you had an injection given to you by a trained health PUBLIC SECTOR
worker, where did you go to get the injection? GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL ..... 11
GOVT. HEALTH CENTER . . . . . . . 12

PROBE TO IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF SOURCE AND CIRCLE OTHER PUBLIC 16

THE APPROPRIATE CODE. (SPECIFY)
PRIVATE MEDICAL SECTOR
PRIVATE HOSPITAL/CLINIC/
PRIVATE DOCTOR ......... 21
IF UNABLE TO DETERMINE IF HOSPITAL, HEALTH CENTER DENTAL CLINIC/OFFICE ....... 22
OR CLINIC IS PUBLIC OR PRIVATE MEDICAL, WRITE PHARMACY/DRUG SHOP . . . . . . . 23
THE NAME OF THE PLACE. OFFICE OR HOME OF NURSE/
HEALTH WORKER . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
OTHER PRIVATE
MEDICAL 26
(NAME OF PLACE) (SPECIFY)
OTHER PLACE
AT HOME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

OTHER 96
(SPECIFY)

604 Did the person who gave you that injection take the syringe YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
and needle from a new, unopened package? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

605 In addition to trained health workers, sometimes other people also YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
give injections. Did you ever get an injection from an untrained NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
607
person? DK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

606 Where did you last get such an injection? DRUG SHOP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
SHRINE/TRADITIONAL HEALERS . . . . 2
HOME ........................ 3
OTHER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
DON'T KNOW ................... 8

607 MALE FEMALE

612

608 Now I would like to ask you a few questions about male YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
circumcision, that is, the procedure where the foreskin is NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 611
removed from the penis in males.
Some men are circumcised. Are you circumcised?

609 How old were you when you were circumcised?

AGE IN YEARS ............

RECORD '00' IF AGE AT CIRCUMCISION LESS THAN 1 YEAR DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

INDIV ENG 23
Appendix E • 223
 NO. QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP

610 Where were you circumcised? HEALTH CARE FACILITY . . . . . . . . . 1

AT HOME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
ELSEWHERE 6 613
(SPECIFY)
DON'T KNOW 8

611 Would you like to be circumcised? YES .......................... 1

NO .......................... 2 613
NOT SURE/DON'T KNOW ....... 8

612 Male circumcision is the procedure where the foreskin is YES .......................... 1
removed from the penis in males. NO .......................... 2
Would you recommend your male relatives/friends who are NOT SURE/DON'T KNOW ....... 8
not circumcised to go for male circumcision?

613 Would you recommend your male relatives/friends who are

not circumcised to go for male circumcision?

614 CHECK 501:

HEARD ABOUT AIDS

Apart from AIDS, have you heard about other infections that can YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
be transmitted through sexual contact?

NOT HEARD ABOUT AIDS NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Have you heard about infections that can be transmitted
through sexual contact?

615 CHECK 421:

HAS HAD SEXUAL HAS NOT HAD SEXUAL
INTERCOURSE INTERCOURSE 623

616 CHECK 614: HEARD ABOUT OTHER SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS?

YES NO 618

617 Now I would like to ask you some questions about your health in YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
the last 12 months. During the last 12 months, have you had a NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
disease which you got through sexual contact? DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

618 MALE FEMALE

Sometimes men experience Sometimes women experience YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
an abnormal discharge a bad smelling abnormal NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
from their penis. genital discharge. DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
During the last 12 months, During the last 12 months,
have you had an have you had a
abnormal discharge from bad smelling abnormal
your penis? genital discharge?

619 Sometimes men have Sometimes women have

a sore or ulcer on or near a genital sore or ulcer.
their penis. During the last 12 months,
During the last 12 months, have you had a YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
have you had an ulcer or genital sore or ulcer? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
sore on or near your penis? DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

620 CHECK 617, 618, AND 619:

HAS HAD AN HAS NOT HAD AN
INFECTION INFECTION OR 623
(ANY 'YES') DOES NOT KNOW

621 The last time you had (PROBLEM FROM 614/615/616), YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
did you seek any kind of advice or treatment? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 623

INDIV ENG 24
224 • Appendix E
NO. QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP

622 Where did you go? PUBLIC SECTOR

GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL . . . . . . . A
Any other place? GOVT. HEALTH CENTER . . . . . . . B
STAND-ALONE VCT CENTER . . . . . C
PROBE TO IDENTIFY EACH TYPE OF SOURCE AND FAMILY PLANNING CLINIC . . . . . . . D
CIRCLE THE APPROPRIATE CODE(S). OUTREACH ................ E
GOVT. COMMUNITY BASED
IF UNABLE TO DETERMINE IF HOSPITAL, HEALTH CENTER WORKER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F
VCT CENTER, OR CLINIC IS PUBLIC OR PRIVATE MEDICAL, OTHER PUBLIC G
WRITE THE NAME OF THE PLACE. (SPECIFY)
PRIVATE HOSPITAL/CLINIC . . . . . H
(NAME OF PLACE(S)) STAND-ALONE VCT CENTER . . . . . I
PHARMACY/DRUG SHOP . . . . . . . J
PRIVATE DOCTOR/NURSE/MIDWIFE K
OUTREACH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L
TASO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M
AIDS INFORMATION CENTER . . . . . N
OTHER PRIVATE/NGO
MEDICAL O
(SPECIFY)

SHOP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P
OTHER X
(SPECIFY)

623 Husbands and wives do not always agree on everything.

If a wife knows her husband has a disease that she can get YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
during sexual intercourse, is she justified in refusing to have NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
sex with him? DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

624 If a wife knows her husband has a disease that she can get YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
during sexual intercourse, is she justified in asking that they NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
use a condom when they have sex? DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

625 Is a wife justified in refusing to have sex with her husband YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
when she is tired or not in the mood? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

626 Is a wife justified in refusing to have sex with her husband YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
when she knows her husband has sex with women other NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
than his wife or wives? DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

627 CHECK 401: FEMALE,

FEMALE, NOT IN UNION 630
CURRENTLY MARRIED/
LIVING WITH A PARTNER MALE 630

628 Can you say no to your husband/partner if you do not want YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
to have sexual intercourse? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DEPENDS/UNSURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

629 Could you ask your husband/partner to use a condom if you YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
wanted him to? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DEPENDS/UNSURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

630 RECORD THE TIME.

HOUR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

MINUTES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MORNING .................. 1
AFTERNOON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
EVENING/NIGHT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

INDIV ENG 25
Appendix E • 225
226 • Appendix E
12 Dec 2010 ENGLISH
UGANDA AIDS INDICATOR SURVEY
FIELD TEST RESULTS FORM
ADULTS AGE 15-59 YRS

IDENTIFICATION

CLUSTER NUMBER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

HOUSEHOLD NUMBER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

RESPONDENT LINE NUMBER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

NAME OF SURVEY RESPONDENT .

SEX (MALE=1; FEMALE=2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

AGE .........................................................

BAR CODE LABEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Paste bar code label here

FIELD TEST VISITS

1 2 3 FINAL VISIT

DATE DAY ....................

MONTH ..................

YEAR ........ 2 0 1
LAB TECH
NAME LAB TECH NUMBER

RESULT* RESULT

NEXT VISIT: DATE

TOTAL NUMBER
TIME OF VISITS

*RESULT CODES:
1 TESTED 3 POSTPONED 5 INCAPACITATED
2 NOT AT HOME 4 REFUSED 6 OTHER
(SPECIFY) (SPECIFY)

TEAM SUPERVISOR
NAME

DATE

ADULT FIELD TEST RESULTS FORM Appendix E • 227

 1. REQUEST FOR CONSENT TO TESTING
THE LABORATORY TECHNICIAN WILL BE RESPOONSIBLE FOR OBTAINING INFORMED CONSENT FOR THE TESTING.

101 CHECK AGE ON COVER PAGE

15-17 YEARS OLD 18-59 YEARS
(SKIP TO 103)

101A IS [NAME] EMANCIPATED (I.E., MARRIED OR LIVING WITHOUT SUPERVISION) EMANCIPATED .......... 1 103
OR NON-EMANCIPATED (I.E., LIVING UNDER CARE OF PARENT OR NON-EMANCIPATED ...... 2
OTHER ADULT)?

102 FOR NONEMANCIPATED YOUTH AGE 15-17 YEARS, IDENTIFY PARENT OR OTHER ADULT RESPONSIBLE FOR THE YOUTH.
REQUEST CONSENT FROM THE PARENT OR OTHER ADULT RESPONSIBLE FOR YOUTH FOR THE TESTING BEFORE
ASKING THE YOUTH THEMSELVES TO CONSENT.

103
HIV is one of the leading causes of death in this country. Syphilis is also a common sexually transmitted disease. Both HIV and syphilis can
be found in your blood. We want to see how many people in Uganda have syphilis and HIV. We would also like to store some of the blood
that remains and test for other diseases in the future.
Your household has been selected purely by chance from your community. As part of this survey we also ask participants to give us a little
blood. We will be asking 37,000 people from all over the country to give us some blood.

You can choose to give blood or not. It is your choice. If you choose not to give blood, there is no problem.
If you agree, we would like to draw a little blood. We need about a spoonful of blood from a vein in your arm. We will fill the blood into three
small tubes. We would prefer to have venous blood for purposes of our study. However, if you don't want blood taken from your vein, we can
take a little blood from your finger.

We use only new sterile needles to collect blood. The tests are simple, fast and accurate. We can do them here in the home. They take
about 30 minutes. We can tell you the results right away. For HIV, we will offer to counsel you before and after the test. That way you know
what the test and the result means. If you test positive for syphilis, we will offer you treatment at home free of charge, using penicillin. If you
are allergic to penicillin, we will offer you another medication. For people who test HIV-positive, we will use one of the other blood tubes to
do another test. This test cannot be done in the home .We need to do it at a laboratory. The testing is to see how many CD4 cells the
person with AIDS has. These cells help a person to stay healthy. We will send the blood for this test to a laboratory in Entebbe. We will give
each person who tests HIV positive a unique code with which they can get the result of their CD4 test in a health facility nearby [MENTION
NAMES]. The health providers there will advise the person on the need for treatment. The result will be ready in about 6 weeks. The results
will remain available in the health facility for 6 months. If the result is not picked in that period, the person who tests HIV positive will have to
have the tests again in a health facility providing their services. If you agree, we will keep the leftover blood. We may use it for later
testing related to health or diseases in a central laboratory. Because we do not keep your name, we cannot tell you about any results from
future testing. Such testing will help the Government to improve health in Uganda. You can join this study even if you don’t want us to keep
your blood.
You can decide to give blood for the tests or not to give blood. You can decide if you want all, only some or none of the tests will be done in
the home. You can also decide for each test if you want the results given to you.
You may get some bruising where the blood is taken from. If you get any discomfort, bleeding or swelling at the site, please contact our
study staff or your health worker. All information you share will be kept secret. We will put a study number, not your name, on the blood
tubes. That way we can make sure nobody can tell to whom the blood belongs.
1. Your name or identifiable information will NOT be used in any survey materials.
2. Only research team members will have access to your data and specimens.
3. Skilled interviewers will be trained to protect your privacy.
We do not expect major risks from participating in this survey.

You may not benefit directly from being part of this survey. As mentioned earlier, we will offer free treatment or advise you what to do. We will
provide counseling and results for HIV and syphilis to all who request for them in the household. We will also provide treatment for syphilis
for those who are syphilis positive in the household. We shall refer participants who are HIV positive to health facilities for CD4 results as well
as for medical care services. We do not offer money for participating in this study.

Everything we talk about will be kept secret to the extent allowed by the law. Your test results will be kept secret to the extent allowed by the
law. To protect your privacy, we will use a code number to identify you and all specimens. We will keep these records and specimens
locked. Only special staff will be able to look at the records or use the specimens. Your name or any other facts that might point to you will
not appear when we present this survey or publish its results.

We would like to answer all your questions. If you have any questions now, please ask us. If you have any questions in the future, there are
other persons that you can contact.Ministry of Health:
Dr. Alex Opio: 0414-256683
Dr. Joshua Musinguzi: 0414-256683
Dr. Wilford Kirungi: 0414-256683
If you have any concerns about your rights in this survey, please contact Mr. Tom Lutalo Chairman UVRI Science and Ethics Committee
0414-320272.

228 • Appendix E
ADULT FIELD TEST RESULTS FORM - 2
104 REQUEST CONSENT TO TAKE A BLOOD SAMPLE. NONEMANCIPATED YOUTH SHOULD BE ASKED FOR CONSENT
ONLY IF THE PARENT OR ADULT RESPONSIBLE FOR YOUTH HAS GIVEN PERMISSION OR CONSENTED.
FOR NONEMANCIPATED YOUTH SURVEY RESPONDENTS

ASK AND RECORD CONSENT OF PARENT OR OTHER ASK AND RECORD CONSENT FROM ALL SURVEY
ADULT RESPONSIBLE FOR YOUTH. RESPONDENTS EXCEPT NONEMANCIPATED YOUTH
FOR WHOM THE PARENT OR OTHER ADULT RESPONSIBLE
FOR THE YOUTH REFUSED CONSENT.

105 Do you agree to have AGREED ............ 1 Do you agree to have a AGREE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
a sample of (NAME'S) REFUSED ............ 2 sample of blood taken for REFUSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
blood taken for these tests? (RECORD ON these tests? (RECORD ON
COVER AND END) COVER AND END)

(SIGN) (SIGN)

106 IF CONSENT GRANTED, GO ON TO ASK CONSENT SEPARATELY FOR THE SYPHILIS AND HIV TESTS. IF REFUSED, GO
TO NEXT ELIGIBLE PERSON IN HOUSEHOLD. IF NO MORE ELIGIBLE PERSONS, GO TO NEXT HOUSEHOLD.

NONEMANCIPATED YOUTH SURVEY RESPONDENTS

ASK AND RECORD CONSENT OF PARENT OR OTHER ASK AND RECORD CONSENT FROM ALL SURVEY
ADULT RESPONSIBLE FOR YOUTH. RESPONDENTS EXCEPT NONEMANCIPATED YOUTH
FOR WHOM THE PARENT OR OTHER ADULT RESPONSIBLE
FOR THE YOUTH REFUSED CONSENT.

107 SYPHILIS
Do you agree for (NAME'S) AGREED ......... 1 Do you agree to have your AGREED, WANTS RESULT. . . 1
blood to be tested for REFUSED ......... 2 blood tested for syphilis AGREED, DOES NOT
syphilis? and the results given to you? WANT RESULT . . . . . . . 2
(SIGN) REFUSED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

(SIGN)

108 HIV
Do you agree for (NAME'S) AGREED ......... 1 Do you agree to have your AGREED, WANTS RESULT. . . 1
blood to be tested for REFUSED ......... 2 blood tested for HIV AGREED, DOES NOT
HIV? and the results given to you? WANT RESULT . . . . . . . 2
(SIGN) REFUSED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

(SIGN)

109 STORED BLOOD

May we store and use AGREED ......... 1 May we store and use AGREED ............ 1
any blood from (NAME) REFUSED ......... 2 any blood that remains REFUSED .............. 2
that remains for future for future testing at the
testing at the central (SIGN) central laboratory? (SIGN)
laboratory?

110 CHECK 107, 108 AND 109. INDICATE IF RESPONDENT AGREED TO SYPHILIS TEST OR HIV TEST OR TO STORAGE OF
BLOOD.

AGREED TO SYPHILIS OR HIV TEST REFUSED SYPHILIS AND HIV TEST

OR TO STORAGE OF BLOOD AND STORAGE OF BLOOD
(THANK THE RESPONDENT AND GO TO NEXT
PERSON ELIGIBLE FOR TESTING. IF NO MORE ELIGIBLE
PERSON, END AND GO TO NEXT HOUSEHOLD)

111 CHECK 108 AND INDICATE IF RESPONDENT AGREED TO HIV TEST AND AGREED TO RECEIVING RESULTS OF HIV TEST

AGREED TO HIV TEST DOES NOT WANT HIV RESULTS

AND WANTS HIV TEST OR REFUSED HIV TEST
RESULTS (SKIP TO 201)

112 COUNSELOR SHOULD PERFORM PRE-RESULTS COUNSELING. COUNSELOR AGREED, WANTS RESULT. . . 1
SHOULD VERIFY AT THE END OF THE SESSION THAT THE PARTICIPANT AGREED, DOES NOT
WANTS THE HIV TESTS DONE AND WANTS TO BE GIVEN THE RESULTS. WANT RESULT . . . . . . . 2
REFUSED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

(SIGN)

Appendix E • 229
ADULT FIELD TEST RESULTS FORM - 3
 2. SPECIMEN COLLECTION AND FIELD TEST RESULT RECORD

201 CHECK THE CONSENT RECORD AND DETERMINE WHETHER OR NOT THE RESPONDENT HAS AGREED TO A SPECIFIC TEST.
IF YOU WILL NOT BE CONDUCTING THE TEST AND/OR COLLECTING THE SAMPLE, RECORD REASON IN COLUMN (1)
CHECK IF RESPONDENT PREFERS A VENOUS BLOOD DRAW OR FINGER PRICK AND PREPARE ALL OF THE MATERIALS THAT YOU
WILL NEED TO COLLECT THE SAMPLES AND TO CONDUCT THE TESTS .
ASSIGN A UNIQUE BAR CODE NUMBER TO THE PARTICIPANT. PASTE A LABEL WITH THAT NUMBER ON COVER PAGE.
PLACE LABELS WITH THE RESPONDENT'S BAR CODE ON BLOOD TUBES, FILTER PAPER CARD, AND FIELD FORMS.
COLLECT SAMPLES AND PERFORM HOME-BASED TESTS FOR WHICH THE RESPONDENT HAS AGREED.
RECORD OUTCOME OF THE HOME-BASED TESTS IN COLUMN (2). IF YOU CANNOT CONDUCT
OR COLLECT A SAMPLE, RECORD CODE 6 (OTHER) IN COLUMN (1) AND NOTE THE REASON.
(1) (2)

203 TYPE OF BLOOD COLLECTED VENOUS .................. 1 EDTA: YES . . . 1 NO . . . 2

RECORD TYPE OF BLOOD COLLECTED. IF SST: YES . . . 1 NO . . . 2
VENOUS, RECORD TUBES OBTAINED. IF NOT CAPILLARY ................ 2 CD4: YES . . . 1 NO . . . 2
OBTAINED, SPECIFY REASON.
(SPECIFY)

204 CHECK 107 AND INDICATE IF RESPONDENT AGREED TO SYPHILIS TEST

AGREED TO SYPHILIS TEST REFUSED SYPHILIS TEST

(SKIP TO 207)

205 SYPHILIS BIOLINE TEST TESTED, WANTS RESULT ... 1

TESTED, DID NOT WANT BIOLINE
RESULT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 POSITIVE .................. 1
OTHER 6 NEGATIVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
(SPECIFY) (SKIP TO 207)

206 SYPHILIS RPR TEST TESTED, WANTS RESULT ... 1

THIS TEST IS CONDUCTED LATER ONLY FOR TESTED, DID NOT WANT RPR
PARTICIPANTS WITH A POSITIVE BIOLINE RESULT RESULT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 REACTIVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
WHO AGREED TO A VENOUS BLOOD DRAW. REFUSED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
DID NOT PROVIDE VENOUS NONREACTIVE .............. 2
BLOOD SAMPLE ....... 4
OTHER 6
(SPECIFY)

207 CHECK 108 AND INDICATE IF RESPONDENT AGREED TO HIV TEST

AGREED TO HIV TEST REFUSED HIV TEST

(SKIP TO 213)

208 HIV DETERMINE TEST TESTED, WANTS RESULT ... 1

TESTED, DID NOT WANT DETERMINE
RESULT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 POSITIVE .................. 1
OTHER 6 NEGATIVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
(SPECIFY)

209 POSITIVE DETERMINE TEST RESULT NEGATIVE DETERMINE TEST

(SKIP TO 213)

210 HIV STATPAK TEST TESTED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 STATPAK

OTHER 6 POSITIVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
(SPECIFY) NEGATIVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

211 CHECK 210 AND INDICATE STATPAK TEST RESULT

NEGATIVE STATPAK RESULT POSITIVE STATPAK TEST RESULT

(SKIP TO 213)

212 HIV UNIGOLD TEST TESTED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 UNIGOLD

OTHER 6 POSITIVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
(SPECIFY) NEGATIVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

213 DBS ON FILTER PAPER COLLECTED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

REFUSED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
OTHER 6
(SPECIFY)

214 CD4 TEST AGREED ................ 1

ONLY FOR RESPONDENTS WHO TEST HIV REFUSED .................. 2
POSITIVE. RECORD AGREEMENT AFTER OTHER 6
POST-TEST COUNSELING. (SPECIFY)

230 • Appendix E
ADULT FIELD TEST RESULTS FORM - 4
 3. SYPHILIS TREATMENT AND REFERRAL RECORD

301 CHECK 205

POSITIVE NEGATIVE OR OTHER
SKIP TO 401
(INFORM THE RESPONDENT OF NEGATIVE RESULT,
OFFER STI BROCHURE, AND ANSWER ANY QUESTIONS).

302 CHECK 203 AND INDICATE TYPE OF BLOOD COLLECTED.

CAPILLARY VENOUS
(SKIP TO 304)

303 Your syphilis test result was positive. As I said, the test can only show that you have ever had syphilis. To know if you may have an
active case, you must have another test. It is important that you consult a health facility as soon as possible to have that test done.
PROVIDE REFERRAL TO HEALTH FACILITY. THEN GO ON TO 401.

304 Your syphilis test result was positive. As I said, the test can only show that you have ever had syphilis. To know if you may have an
active case, we must do another test later today elsewhere using special equipment. For this test, we will use blood from one of the
blood tubes you already gave.
I [One of my colleagues, who is a nurse] will return tomorrow to give you the result of the test.
If the test shows that you may have an active syphilis, we will offer you treatment, either a penicillin injection or antibiotic tablets.
RECORD APPOINTMENT TIME ___________________________________

305 RETURN TO THE HOUSEHOLD AFTER THE RPR TEST IS COMPLETE. BEFORE RECORDING THE RESULTS HERE AND IN 206
CHECK THAT THE BAR CODE ON THE COVER MATCHES THE BAR CODE IN THE LABORATORY FORM.
REACTIVE NON-REACTIVE
(INFORM THE RESPONDENT OF THE NEGATIVE RESULT,
OFFER STI BROCHURE, ANSWER ANY QUESTIONS,
AND GO TO 322 TO OFFER PARTNER REFERRAL)

306 We have completed the second syphilis test. Your result from this test shows that you may YES, NOW IN HOME ........ 1
have active syphilis, which can cause serious health problems if it is not treated. YES, ANOTHER LOCATION ... 2
The treatment is either a penicillin injection or antibiotic tablets.
NO, WANTS REFERRAL TO
We can provide you with treatment immediately here. However, if you would prefer, we can HEALTH FACILITY .......... 3
provide you a referral to receive treatment at another location in the community today or at a (PROVIDE REFERRAL TO FACILITY
health facility. The decision to be treated or to receive a referral is up to you. FOR RESPONDENT, GO TO 322
Do you want to receive treatment now in the house? TO OFFER PARTNER REFERRAL)
IF NO: Would you like to meet me (my colleague) at another site to get treatment or DOES NOT WANT
would you prefer to go to a health facility for treatment? TREATMENT/REFERRAL ... 4

IF AGREES TO IMMEDIATE TREATMENT, GO TO 307 AND ASK ALL APPROPRIATE SCREENING (SIGN)
QUESTIONS BEFORE ADMINISTERING INJECTION OR PROVIDING ANTIBIOTICS. (GO TO 401)
IF PARTICIPANT WANTS TREATMENT IN A LOCATION OTHER THAN THE HOME, DISCUSS THE
SITE AND TIME WHERE YOU (A COLLEAGUE) WILL BE AVAILABLE TO PROVIDE TREATMENT.
IF TREATMENT IS PROVIDED AT ANOTHER LOCATION, THE TREATMENT SCREENING QUESTIONS
MUST BE COMPLETED BEFORE TREATMENT IS PROVIDED.
IF WANTS REFERRAL, COMPLETE REFERRAL CARD.

307 ADVISE RESPONDENT OF POSSIBILITY OF ALLERGIC REACTION TO PENICILLIN INJECTION AND SCREEN FOR PRIOR REACTIONS.
For most people, the treatment is an injection of penicillin. However, in very rare instances, an individual may experience an
allergic reaction to a penicillin injection, e.g., an itchy skin rash and/or swelling of the lips, mouth or face. Sometimes, in very
rare instances, the person may have shortness of breath or may collapse.
If you have not had this type of reaction before, it is unlikely that you will experience it today. However, just to be sure,
I need to ask you some questions about your experience with penicillin before I give you the treatment.
If you receive an injection, our team will stay in the area about two hours after the injection and you can contact me
immediately or any member of my team working in your village/locality for any problem following your injection with penicillin.

308 To your knowledge, have you ever been given a penicillin injection before? YES .............. 1
NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 310

309 Have you ever had any reaction to penicillin? YES .............. 1 315
NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

310 Have you had any other type of injection before? YES .............. 1
NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 312

311 Did you have any reaction at any time when you had an injection? YES .............. 1 315
NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Appendix E • 231
ADULT FIELD TEST RESULTS FORM - 5
 312 ASK FOR CONSENT FOR PENICILLIN INJECTION.
I would like to give you a penicillin injection. You will need only one injection. However, if you want, I can give you antibiotic
tablets or a referral to a health center where you can consult about the treatment.

313 May I give you the penicillin injection now? YES ...................... 1
NO, PREFERS TABLETS ... 2
(GO TO 317)

NO, PREFERS REFERRAL TO

HEALTH FACILITY .......... 3
(PROVIDE REFERRAL TO
FACILITY FOR RESPONDENT
AND GO TO 322 TO OFFER
PARTNER REFERRAL).
DOES NOT WANT
TREATMENT/REFERRAL ... 4

(SIGN)
(GO TO 401)

314 AFTER GIVING THE PENICILLIN INJECTION YES, REACTION TO

It is very unlikely that you will have a reaction to the penicillin. However, if you experience a PENICILLIN . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1
reaction that I talked about earlier (that is, itchy skin rash, swollen face, mouth or tongue, or (GO TO 322)
difficulty breathing, you should immediately contact me or any member of our team that is working
in this area or go to the nearest health center. NO REACTION TO PENICILLIN. . . 2

WAS THERE ANY REACTION TO PENICILLIN? IF YES, EXPLAIN IN COMMENTS PAGE (GO TO 322)

315 ASK FOR CONSENT TO GIVE ANTIBIOTIC TABLETS

Since it is possible that you may have a reaction to the injection, I am going to give you antibiotic tablets instead if you agree.
If you would prefer, I can instead give you a referral to a health center for treatment.

316 Would you like me to give you the antibiotic tablets? YES ...................... 1

NO, PREFERS REFERRAL TO

HEALTH FACILITY .......... 2
(PROVIDE REFERRAL TO
FACILITY FOR RESPONDENT
AND GO TO 322 TO OFFER
PARTNER REFERRAL).

DOES NOT WANT

TREATMENT/REFERRAL ... 3

(SIGN)
(GO TO 401)

317 CHECK COVER AND INDICATE IF RESPONDENT IS FEMALE OR MALE

FEMALE MALE
(SKIP TO 319)

318 Are you currently pregnant? YES .............. 1 320

NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

319 GIVE DOXYCYCLINE AND SHOW RESPONDENT HOW TO TAKE THE MEDICINE. 321

320 GIVE ERTHROMYCIN AND SHOW RESPONDENT HOW TO TAKE THE MEDICINE.

321 DESCRIBE POSSIBLE REACTION TO TREATMENT

It is possible that you may have fever accompanied by headache and muscle ache within 24 hours after treatment. This is a
normal response to the treatment. You can take Panadol or Asperin if you have these symptoms.

322 PROVIDE REFERRAL FOR FOLLOWUP/FURTHER TREATMENT. ACCEPTS REFERRAL ........ 1

It is possible that your sexual partner may have this infection. Therefore, it is important for him/her DOES NOT WANT REFERRAL 2
to be tested and treated if he/she is found to be infected. NO CURRENT PARTNER ..... 3
If your partner does not live in this household or is not present to be tested, I can provide
him/her with a referral for followup and treatment .
Would you like me me to provide a referral for your partner?
IF ACCEPTS, PREPARE PARTNER REFERRAL.

232 • Appendix E
ADULT FIELD TEST RESULTS FORM - 6
 4. HIV TEST RESULT NOTIFICATION

401 CHECK 208, 209, 210, 211 AND 212 AND RECORD RESULT OF HIV TEST.

POSITIVE NEGATIVE
(POSITIVE DETERMINE HIV TEST (NEGATIVE DETERMINE, OR
(208) AND EITHER STATPAK (210) POSITIVE DETERMINE AND
OR UNIGOLD (212) IS POSITIVE) NEGATIVE STATPAK OR UNIGOLD)

(INFORM THE RESPONDENT OF NEGATIVE RESULT,

AND CONDUCT POST-TEST COUNSELING. END)

402 INFORM SURVEY PARTICIPANT ABOUT POSITIVE HIV STATUS AND PROVIDE POST-TEST COUNSELING. AS PART OF
POST-TEST COUNSELING, PROVIDE A REFERRAL TO THE NEAREST HEALTH FACILITY WHERE HIV CARE AND SUPPORT
SERVICES ARE AVAILABLE.

403 CHECK 203 AND INDICATE TYPE OF BLOOD COLLECTED.

VENOUS CAPILLARY

END

404 CD4 TEST

AGREED, WANTS RESULT ... 1
AGREED, DOES NOT
WANT RESULT . . . . . . . 2
As my colleague discussed earlier, we would like to use one of the other blood tubes we collected
REFUSED .............. 3
from you to do another test. This test cannot be done in the home. We need to do it at a
laboratory. The testing is to see how many CD4 cells you have. These cells help a person to stay
healthy. We will send the blood for this test to a Central Laboratory at UVRI in Entebbe. We will (SIGN)
give you a unique code with which they can get the result of your CD4 test in a health facility
nearby [MENTION NAMES]. The clinic staff there will advise you on the need for treatment. The (RECORD OUTCOME OF REQUEST FOR
result will be ready in about 6 weeks. The results will remain available in the health facility for a CONSENT FOR CD4 TEST IN 214).
period of 6 months. If the result is not picked in that period, you will have to have the tests again
in a health facility providing CD4 testing services.

501 FIELD TESTING OBSERVATIONS

TO BE FILLED IN AFTER COMPLETING TESTING AND TREATMENT

COMMENTS ABOUT RESPONDENT:

COMMENTS ON TESTING PROCESS:

ANY OTHER COMMENTS:

SUPERVISOR'S OBSERVATIONS

NAME OF THE SUPERVISOR: DATE:

Appendix E • 233
ADULT FIELD TEST RESULTS FORM 7
234 • Appendix E
12 Dec 2010 ENGLISH
UGANDA AIDS INDICATOR SURVEY
FIELD TEST RESULTS FORM
CHILDREN AGE 0-4 YEARS

IDENTIFICATION

CLUSTER NUMBER ...........................................................

HOUSEHOLD NUMBER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

LINE NUMBER OF CHILD .......................................................

NAME OF CHILD

SEX (MALE=1; FEMALE=2) ...................................................

AGE ........................................................................

BAR CODE LABEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Paste bar code label here

FIELD TEST VISITS

1 2 3 FINAL VISIT

DATE DAY ....................

MONTH ..................

YEAR ........ 2 0 1
LAB TECH
NAME LAB TECH NUMBER

RESULT* RESULT

NEXT VISIT: DATE

TOTAL NUMBER
TIME OF VISITS

*RESULT CODES:
1 TESTED 3 POSTPONED 5 INCAPACITATED
2 NOT AT HOME 4 REFUSED 7 OTHER
(SPECIFY) (SPECIFY)

TEAM SUPERVISOR
NAME

DATE

Appendix E • 235
 1. REQUEST FOR CONSENT TO TESTING

101 LABORATORY TECHNICIAN: IDENTIFY AND REQUEST CONSENT FROM PARENT OR OTHER ADULT RESPONSIBLE FOR CHILD.

102 HIV is one of the leading causes of death in this country. HIV can be found in blood. We want to see how many children in Uganda have
HIV. We would also like to store some of the blood that remains and test for other diseases in the future. Your household has been
selected purely by chance from your community. As part of this survey we ask parents to consent for us to take a little blood from their
children under five years. We will be testing more than 10,000 children from all over the country. You can choose to let your child give
blood or not. It is your choice. If you choose not to let your child give blood, there is no problem. If you agree, we would like to take a few
drops of blood from your child's finger (heel).

We use only new sterile lancets to collect blood. The tests are simple, fast and accurate. We can do them here in the home. They take
about 30 minutes. We can tell you your child's results right away. We will offer to counsel you before and after the test. That way you know
what the test and the result means. If your child is less than 18 months' old and if the test is positive, then we will send the blood for further
testing to a laboratory in Entebbe. We will give you a card with a unique code which you can take to a health facility nearby [MENTION
NAMES] to find out if your child has HIV. The health providers there will advise you on the need for treatment. The result will be ready in
about 6 weeks. The results will remain available in the health facility for 6 months. If the result is not picked in that period, your child who
tests HIV positive will have to have the tests again in a health facility providing these services. If you agree, we will keep the leftover blood.
We may use it for later testing related to health or diseases in a central laboratory. Because we do not keep your child's name, we cannot
tell you about any results from future testing. Such testing will help the Government to improve health in Uganda. You can join this study
even if you don’t want us to keep your child's blood.

You can decide to let your child give blood for the tests or not to give blood. You can decide if you want all, only some or none of the tests
done in the home. You can also decide for each test if you want the results given to you. The pinprick may hurt your child a little. If there is
bleeding or swelling at the site, please contact our study staff or your health worker. All information you share will be kept secret. We will
put a study number, not your child's name, on the blood samples. That way we can make sure nobody can tell to whom the blood belongs.
We do not expect major risks from participating in this survey.
1. Your child's name or identifiable information will NOT be used in any survey materials.
2. Only research team members will have access to your child's data and specimens.
3. Skilled interviewers will be trained to protect your privacy.

You may not benefit directly from being part of this survey. As mentioned earlier, we will offer free treatment or advise you what to do. We
will provide counseling and results for HIV to all who request for them in the household. We shall refer children who are HIV positive to
health facilities for medical care services. We do not offer money for participating in this study.

Everything we talk about will be kept secret to the extent allowed by the law. Your child's test results will be kept secret to the extent
allowed by the law. To protect your privacy, we will use a code number to identify your child and all specimens. We will keep these
records and specimens locked. Only special staff will be able to look at the records or use the specimens. Your child's name or any other
facts that might point to your household will not appear when we present this survey or publish its results.

We would like to answer all your questions. If you have any questions now, please ask us. If you have any questions in the future, there
are other persons that you can contact.Ministry of Health:
Dr. Alex Opio: 0414-256683
Dr. Joshua Musinguzi: 0414-256683
Dr. Wilford Kirungi: 0414-256683
If you have any concerns about this survey, contact Mr. Tom Lutalo Chairman UVRI Science and Ethics Committee 0414-320272.

HIV TEST

103 Would you like to have your child take part in this survey where a sample of AGREED ......................... 1
(NAME'S) blood is taken for the HIV tests? REFUSED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
(THANK THE PARENT/GUARDIAN AND
GO TO NEXT CHILD ELIGIBLE FOR
TESTING. IF NO MORE ELIGIBLE
CHILDREN, GO TO NEXT HOUSEHOLD).

(SIGN)

STORED BLOOD
104 May we store and use any blood that remains for future testing at the central AGREES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
laboratory? REFUSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

(SIGN)

105 CHECK 103 AND 104. INDICATE IF RESPONDENT AGREED TO HIV TEST OR TO STORAGE OF BLOOD.
AGREED TO HIV TEST REFUSED HIV TEST AND STORAGE OF BLOOD
OR TO STORAGE OF BLOOD (THANK THE PARENT/GUARDIAN AND GO TO NEXT
CHILD ELIGIBLE FOR TESTING. IF NO MORE ELIGIBLE
CHILDREN, GO TO NEXT HOUSEHOLD).

(SIGN)

106 CHECK 103 AND INDICATE IF PARENT/GUARDIAN AGREED TO HIV TEST FOR THIS CHILD.
AGREED TO HIV TEST REFUSED HIV TEST
(SKIP TO 201)

107 COUNSELOR SHOULD PERFORM PRE-RESULTS COUNSELING. AGREES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

COUNSELOR SHOULD VERIFY AT THE END OF THE SESSION THAT THE REFUSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
PARENT/CAREGIVER WANTS THE CHILD TO BE TESTED FOR HIV.
(SIGN)

236 • Appendix E
CHILD FIELD TEST RESULTS FORM - 2
 2. SPECIMEN COLLECTION AND FIELD TEST RESULT RECORD

201 CHECK THE CONSENT RECORD AND DETERMINE WHETHER OR NOT THE PARENT/GUARDIAN HAS AGREED TO THE HIV TEST.
IF YOU CANNOT COLLECT A SAMPLE OR CONDUCT A TEST, CIRCLE CODE 6 (OTHER) IN COLUMN (1) IN Q.204 AND NOTE REASON.

PREPARE ALL OF THE MATERIALS THAT YOU WILL NEED TO CONDUCT THE TESTS AND TO COLLECT THE DBS SAMPLE.

ASSIGN A UNIQUE BAR CODE NUMBER TO THE CHILD. PASTE A LABEL WITH THAT NUMBER ON THE COVER PAGE.

PLACE LABELS WITH THE CHILD'S BAR CODE ON FILTER PAPER CARD, AND OTHER TEST DEVICES AS APPROPRIATE.

COLLECT SAMPLES AND PERFORM HOME-BASED HIV TESTS. RECORD OUTCOME OF THE HIV TESTS IN COLUMN (2).
(1) (2)

202 What is [NAME]'s month and year of birth? MONTH

YEAR
PASTE BAR CODE LABEL ON COVER PAGE.

203 CHECK 106 AND INDICATE WHETHER PARENT/GUARDIAN AGREED TO HIV RAPID TEST

AGREED TO HIV RAPID TEST REFUSED HIV RAPID TEST 208

204 HIV DETERMINE TEST TESTED, WANTS RESULT .... 1

TESTED, DID NOT WANT DETERMINE
RESULTS ............ 2 POSITIVE ............... 1
REFUSED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
(SKIP TO 208) NEGATIVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
OTHER 6
(SPECIFY)

205 POSITIVE DETERMINE TEST NEGATIVE DETERMINE TEST REGARDLESS OF AGE 208
AND CHILD IS
≥18 MONTHS POSITIVE DETERMINE TEST AND CHILD <18 MONTHS 208

206 HIV STATPAK TEST TESTED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 STATPAK

OTHER 6 POSITIVE .................. 1
(SPECIFY) (SKIP TO 208)
NEGATIVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

207 HIV UNIGOLD TEST TESTED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 UNIGOLD

OTHER 6 POSITIVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
(SPECIFY) NEGATIVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

208 CHECK 104 AND INDICATE WHETHER PARENT/GUARDIAN AGREED TO STORAGE OF BLOOD

AGREED TO STORAGE OF BLOOD REFUSED STORAGE OF BLOOD 301

209 DBS ON FILTER PAPER COLLECTED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

REFUSED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
(SKIP TO 301)
OTHER 6
(SPECIFY)

210 HIV PCR [ONLY FOR CHILDREN <18 MONTHS AGREED ................ 1
WITH POSITIVE DETERMINE TEST] REFUSED .................. 3
RECORD AGREEMENT AFTER POST-TEST OTHER 6
COUNSELING SESSION. (SPECIFY)

3. HIV TEST RESULT NOTIFICATION

301 CHECK 204, 205, 206 AND 207 AND RECORD RESULT OF HIV TEST.

POSITIVE DETERMINE HIV TEST (204) AND POSITIVE DETERMINE TEST CHILD <18 MONTHS 303
EITHER STATPAK (206) OR UNIGOLD (207)
IS POSITIVE (POSITIVE HIV TEST AND NEGATIVE DETERMINE TEST
CHILD IS ≥18 MONTHS) (INFORM RESPONDENT OF THE NEGATIVE RESULT,
CONDUCT POST-TEST COUNSELING AND END).

302 FOR CHILDREN ≥18 MONTHS WITH POSITIVE HIV TEST INFORM PARENT/GUARDIAN ABOUT POSITIVE HIV STATUS
AND PROVIDE POST-TEST COUNSELING. AS PART OF POST-TEST COUNSELING, PROVIDE A REFERRAL TO THE NEAREST
HEALTH FACILITY WHERE HIV CARE AND SUPPORT SERVICES ARE AVAILABLE. END

303 FOR CHILDREN <18 MONTHS WITH POSITIVE DETERMINE TEST, INFORM PARENT/GUARDIAN ABOUT THE NEED FOR
ADDITIONAL (PCR) TEST TO CONFIRM HIV TEST RESULT AND PROVIDE POST-TEST COUNSELING.
The test indicates that [NAME] may be having the HIV virus. However, we need to do an AGREES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
additional test to determine whether [NAME] really has the virus or not. We will send the blood for REFUSES .................. 2
this test to a Central Laboratory at UVRI in Entebbe. We will give you a unique code with which
you can get the final HIV result for [NAME] in a health facility nearby [MENTION NAMES]. The
clinic staff there will advise you on the test result and need for treatment. The result will be ready (SIGN)
in about 6 weeks. The results will remain available in the health facility for a period of 6 months. If (RECORD OUTCOME OF REQUEST FOR
the result is not picked in that period, [NAME] will have to have the test again in a health facility
CONSENT FOR PCR TEST IN 210).
providing HIV testing services.

Appendix E • 237
CHILD FIELD TEST RESULTS FORM - 3
 OBSERVATIONS

COMMENTS ABOUT RESPONDENT:

COMMENTS ON TESTING PROCESS:

ANY OTHER COMMENTS, SUCH AS REACTION TO COARTEM OR OTHER TREATMENT:

SUPERVISOR'S OBSERVATIONS

NAME OF THE SUPERVISOR: DATE:

UGANDA AIS
238 • Appendix E
FIELD TEST RESULTS FORM 0-4 YEARS - 4