The document provides the course outline for POS 313 - American Politics and Government, a 3-unit online course offered through the University of Mindanao. It outlines various course details including contact hours, assessment tasks, penalties, grading system, and communication guidelines. Students are expected to complete self-directed learning equivalent to 54 hours and submit assessment papers on weeks 3, 5, 7, and 9 following academic honesty and late submission policies. The final grade will be based on course discussions, formative assessments, and a final exam following the university's grading system.
The document provides the course outline for POS 313 - American Politics and Government, a 3-unit online course offered through the University of Mindanao. It outlines various course details including contact hours, assessment tasks, penalties, grading system, and communication guidelines. Students are expected to complete self-directed learning equivalent to 54 hours and submit assessment papers on weeks 3, 5, 7, and 9 following academic honesty and late submission policies. The final grade will be based on course discussions, formative assessments, and a final exam following the university's grading system.
The document provides the course outline for POS 313 - American Politics and Government, a 3-unit online course offered through the University of Mindanao. It outlines various course details including contact hours, assessment tasks, penalties, grading system, and communication guidelines. Students are expected to complete self-directed learning equivalent to 54 hours and submit assessment papers on weeks 3, 5, 7, and 9 following academic honesty and late submission policies. The final grade will be based on course discussions, formative assessments, and a final exam following the university's grading system.
Self-Instructional Manual (SIM) for Self-Directed Learning (SDL)
Course/Subject: PS 313 – American Politics and Government
Name of Teacher: ALGER P. DURA
THIS SIM/SDL MANUAL IS A DRAFT VERSION ONLY; NOT FOR
REPRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OUTSIDE OF ITS INTENDED USE. THIS IS INTENDED ONLY FOR THE USE OF THE STUDENTS WHO ARE OFFICIALLY ENROLLED IN THE COURSE/SUBJECT.
EXPECT REVISIONS OF THE MANUAL.
College of Arts and Sciences Education BA Political Science Program nd 2 Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local134
Course Outline: POS 313 – American Politics and Government
Mode of Delivery: Blended (On-Line with face to face or virtual sessions)
Time Frame: 54 Hours
Student Workload: Expected Self-Directed Learning
Requisites: None
Credit: 3 units
Attendance A minimum of 95% attendance is required at all scheduled
Requirements: Virtual or face to face sessions
Course Outline Policy
Areas of Concern Details
Contact and Non-contact This 3-unit course self-instructional manual is designed for Hours blended learning mode of instructional delivery with scheduled face to face or virtual sessions. The expected number of hours will be 54, including the face to face or virtual sessions. The face to face sessions shall include the summative assessment tasks (exams) if warranted.
Assessment Task Submission Submission of assessment tasks shall be on the 3rd, 5th, 7th, and 9thweeks of the term. The assessment paper shall be attached with a cover page indicating the title of the assessment task (if the task is a performance), the name of the course coordinator, date of submission, and the name of the student.
The document should be emailed to the course coordinator.
It is also expected that you already paid your tuition and other fees before the submission of the assessment task.
If the assessment task is done in real-time through the
features in the Blackboard Learning Management System, the schedule shall be arranged ahead of time by the course College of Arts and Sciences Education BA Political Science Program nd 2 Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local134
coordinator.
Turnitin Submission (if To ensure honesty and authenticity, all assessment tasks necessary) are required to be submitted through Turnitin with a maximum similarity index of 30% allowed.
This means that if your paper goes beyond 30%, the
students will either opt to redo her/his paper or explain in writing addressed to the course coordinator the reasons for the similarity. In addition, if the paper has reached a more than 30% similarity index, the student may be called for disciplinary action following with the University's OPM on Intellectual and Academic Honesty.
Please note that academic dishonesty such as cheating and
commissioning other students or people to complete the task for you have severe punishments (reprimand, warning, and expulsion).
Penalties for Late The score for an assessment item submitted after the Assignments/Assessments designated time on the due date, without an approved extension of time, will be reduced by 5% of the possible maximum score for that assessment item for each day or part-day that the assessment item is late.
However, if the late submission of the assessment paper
has a valid reason, a letter of explanation should be submitted and approved by the course coordinator. If necessary, you will also be required to present/attach pieces of evidence.
Return of Assessment tasks will be returned to you two (2) weeks
Assignments/Assessments after the submission. This will be returned by email or via the Blackboard portal.
For group assessment tasks, the course coordinator will
require some or few of the students for online or virtual sessions to ask clarification questions to validate the originality of the assessment task submitted and to ensure that all the group members are involved.
Assignment Resubmission You should request in writing addressed to the course
coordinator his/her intention to resubmit an assessment task. The resubmission is premised on the student's failure to comply with the similarity index and other reasonable grounds such as academic literacy standards or other reasonable circumstances e.g., illness, accident, or financial constraints.
Re-marking of Assessment You should request in writing addressed to the
Papers and Appeal programcoordinator your intention to appeal or contest the score given to an assessment task. The letter should explicitly explain the reasons/points to contest the grade. College of Arts and Sciences Education BA Political Science Program nd 2 Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local134
The program coordinator shall communicate with the
students on the approval and disapproval of the request.
If disapproved by the course coordinator, you can elevate
your case to the program head or the dean with the original letter of request. The final decision will come from the dean of the college.
Grading System All culled from Blackboard sessions and traditional
contact
Course discussions/exercises 30%
1st formative assessment – 10%
2nd formative assessment – 10%
3rd formative assessment –10%
All culled from on-campus/onsite sessions (TBA):
Final exam – 40%
Submission of the final grades shall follow the usual
University system and procedures.
Preferred Referencing Style Use the 7th Edition of the APA Publication Manual
Student Communication You are required to create a umindanao email account,
which is a requirement to access the Blackboard portal. Then, the course coordinator shall enroll the students to have access to the materials and resources of the course. All communication formats: chat, submission of assessment tasks, requests, etc. shall be through the portal and other university recognized platforms.
You can also meet the course coordinator in person through
the scheduled face to face sessions to raise your issues and concerns.
For students who have not created their student email,
please contact the course coordinator or program head.
Contact Details of the Dean Dr. Khristine Marie D. Concepcion
Program Head Email: [email protected] College of Arts and Sciences Education BA Political Science Program nd 2 Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local134
Phone: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 182
Students with Special Needs Students with special needs shall communicate with the course coordinator about the nature of his or her special needs. Depending on the nature of the need, the course coordinator, with the approval of the program coordinator, may provide alternative assessment tasks or extension of the deadline for submission of assessment tasks. However, the alternative assessment tasks should still be in the service of achieving the desired course learning outcomes.
Instructional Help Desk Dr. Khristine Marie D. Concepcion – Dean
Course Information: see/download course syllabus in the Black Board
LMS
CC’s Voice: Greetings to my Political Science students! How are you? George Washingtononcehavesaid,"Itmaybelaiddownasaprimaryposition,andasabasisof our system, that every citizen who enjoys the protection of a free government, owes not only a proportion of his property, but even of his personal services to the defense of it," this statement is in the landscape of the proper formation of the American government aftertheAmericanrevolution.Hopefully,allofyouareexcitedaswejourneyintotheworld of American Government and politics.
COAs: We journey this subject, you are going to learn the evolution of the system of governmentintheUnitedStatesofAmerica,suchastheearlyperiodoftherevolution up to the formation of the Confederates States up to the adoption of the Federal SystemofGovernment.Tohavea logical approachinstudyingthissubject,pleasebe reminded that arguments should be based on the different primary sources. False information is strictly prohibited, and American political events must be guided appropriately in content and contextual analysis in an unbiasedmanner.
Let us begin!
Big Picture College of Arts and Sciences Education BA Political Science Program nd 2 Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local134
Week 1-3: Unit Learning Outcomes (ULO): At the end of the unit, you are expected to:
a. Examine the integral partnership of politics andgovernment administration in shaping the
landscape of a political system b. Discuss the nature and scope of political science in relation to the different studies involving society c. Explain the systematic study and the structure of politics and government. d. Discuss the different political theories and connect the relevance to the current political issues.
Big Picture in Focus: ULOa. a. Examine the integral partnership of
politics and government administration in shaping the landscape of a political system
Metalanguage
Throughreadingandanalyzingtheessenceofpoliticsandgovernmentadministration, you will be able to
understand the landscape of the political system of the United States of America. This study's nature and scope focus on its political evolution and the transformation of its government system. There are topics as well sub-topics to identifyinorderforyoutoexpound'thelessonsthatwillsomehowserveasyourback- grounder in the study of political science.
Under the essential knowledge, you will be guided directly through certain
Essential Knowledge
Please be reminded that the big picture in focus (ULOa) will serve as your guide for you to understand the relevance of the topics that will be explained below. The resources below are not exclusive; thus, you are encouraged to utilize other references that you might search from other books, research articles, and other resources available in the university's library, e.g., ebrary, search.proquest.com, etc.
I. POLITICAL CHANGE IN THE UNITED STATES
1. The need for Government and Power
The government of the United States is based on a written constitution. At 4,400 words, it is the shortest national constitution in the world. On June 21, 1788, New Hampshire ratified the Constitution giving it the necessary 9 out of 13 votes needed for the Constitution to pass. It officially went into effect on March 4, 1789. It consisted of a Preamble, seven Articles, and 27 Amendments. From this document, the entire federal government was created. It is a living document whose interpretation has changed over time. The amendment process is such that while not easily amended, US citizens can make necessary changes over time. College of Arts and Sciences Education BA Political Science Program nd 2 Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local134
Three Branches of Government
The Constitution created three separate branches of government. Each branch has its powers and is as of influence. At the same time, the Constitution created a system of checks and balances that ensured no one branch would rein supreme. The three branches are: Legislative Branch—This branch consists of the Congress which is responsible for making the federal laws. Congress consists of two houses: the Senate and the House ofRepresentatives. Executive Branch—The Executive power lies with the President of theUnited States who is given the job of executing, enforcing, and administering thelaws and government. The Bureaucracy is part of the ExecutiveBranch. Judicial Branch—The judicial power of the United States is vested in the Supreme Court and the federal courts. Their job is to interpret and apply US laws through cases brought before them. Another important power of the Supreme Court is that of Judicial Review, whereby they can rule laws unconstitutional.
Six Foundational Principles
The Constitution is built on six basic principles. These are deeply ingrained in the mindset and landscape of the US Government.
Popular Sovereignty – this principle states that the source of governmental power lies with the people. This belief stems from the concept of the social contract and the idea that the government should be for the benefit of its citizens. If the government is not protecting the people, it should bedissolved. Limited Government – since the people give the government its power, the governmentitselfislimitedtothepowergiventoitbythem.Inotherwords,the USgovernmentdoesnotderiveitspowerfromitself.Itmustfollowitslaws,and it can only act using powers given to it by thepeople. Separation of Powers – as stated previously, the US Government is divided into three branches so that no one branch has all the power. Each branch has its purpose: to make the laws, execute the laws, and interpret thelaws. Checks and Balances – Inordertofurtherprotectthecitizens,theconstitution set up a system of checks and balances. Each branch of government has a certain number of checks it can use to ensure the other branches become too powerful. For example, the president can veto legislation, the Supreme Court can declare acts of Congress unconstitutional, and the Senate must approve treaties and presidentialappointments. Judicial Review – this is a power that allows the Supreme Court to decide whether acts and laws are unconstitutional. This was established withMarbury V. Madison in 1803. Federalism – one of the most complicated foundations of the US is the principle of federalism. This is the idea that the central government does not control all the power in the nation. States also have powers reserved to them. This division of powers does overlap and sometimes leads to problems such as the response to Hurricane Katrina between the state and federal governments.
2. Ideas and Politics: Political Culture
College of Arts and Sciences Education BA Political Science Program nd 2 Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local134
This section defines political culture and identifies the core qualities that distinguish American political culture, including the country’s traditions, folklore, and heroes. The values that Americans embrace, such as individualism and egalitarianism, will be examined as they relate to cultural ideals.
What Is Political Culture?
Political culture can be thought of as a nation’s political personality. It encompasses the deep-rooted, well-established political traits that are characteristic of a society. Political culture takes into account the attitudes, values, and beliefs that people in a society have about the political system, including standard assumptions about the way that government works. As political scientist W. Lance Bennett notes, the components of political culture can be difficult to analyze. “They are rather like the lenses in a pair of glasses: they are not the things we see when we look at the world; they are the things we see with” (Bennett, 1980). Political culture helps build community and facilitate communication because people share an understanding of how and why political events, actions, and experiences occur in their country.
Political culture includes formal rules as well as customs and traditions, sometimes referred to as “habits of the heart,” that are passed on generationally. People agree to abide by certain formal rules, such as the country’s constitution and codified laws. They also live by unstated rules: for example, the willingness in the United States to accept the outcomes of elections without resorting to violence. Political culture sets the boundaries of acceptable political behavior in society (Elazar,1994).
While the civic culture in the United States has remained relatively stable over time, shifts have occurred as a result of transforming experiences, such as war, economic crises, and other societal upheavals, that have reshaped attitudes and beliefs (Inglehart, 1990). Key events, such as the Civil War, World War I, World War II, the Great Depression, the Vietnam War, the civil rights movement, and the terrorist attacks of 9/11 have influenced the political world views of American citizens, especially young people, whose political values and attitudes are less well established.
American Political Culture
Politicalcultureconsistsofavarietyofdifferentelements.Someaspectsofcultureare abstract, such as
political beliefs and values. Other elements are visible and readily identifiable, such as rituals, traditions, symbols, folklore, and heroes. These aspects of political culture can generate feelings of national pride that form a bond between people and their country. Political culture is not monolithic. It consists of diverse subcultures based on group characteristics such as race, ethnicity, and social circumstances, including living in a particular place or in a certain part of the country. We will now examine these aspects of the political culture in the Americancontext.
Beliefs
Beliefs are ideas that are considered to be true by society. Founders of the American republicendorsedbothequality,mostnotablyintheDeclarationofIndependence,and liberty, most prominently in the Constitution. These political theories have become incorporated into the political culture of the United States in the central beliefs of egalitarianism andindividualism. College of Arts and Sciences Education BA Political Science Program nd 2 Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local134
Egalitarianism is the doctrine emphasizing the natural equality of humans, or at least the absence of a pre-existing superiority of one set of humans above another. This core American belief is found in the preamble to the Declaration of Independence, which states that “all men are created equal” and that people are endowed with the unalienable rights to “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.” Americans endorse the intrinsic equal worth of all people. Survey data consistently indicate that between 80 percent and 90 percent of Americans believe that it is essential to treat all people equally, regardless of race or ethnic background (Hunter & Bowman, 1996; Pew Research Center, 2009).
Theprincipleofindividualismstressesthecentralityanddignityofindividualpeople.It privilegesfreeactionandpeople’sabilitytotaketheinitiativeinmakingtheirownlives as well as those of others more prosperous and satisfying. In keeping with the Constitution’spreoccupationwithliberty,Americansfeelthatchildrenshouldbetaught tobelievethatindividualscanbetterthemselvesthroughself-reliance,hard work,and perseverance (Hunter & Bowman,1996).
The beliefs of egalitarianism and individualism are in tension with one another. For Americanstoday,thiscontradictiontendstoberesolvedbyanexpectationofequality of opportunity, the belief that each individual has the same chance to get ahead in society.Americanstendtofeelthatmostpeoplewhowanttogetaheadcanmakeitif they’re willing to work hard (Pew Research Center, 1999). Americans are more likely to promote equal political rights, such as the Voting Rights Act's stipulation of equal participation for all qualified voters than economic equality, which would redistribute income from the wealthy to the poor (Wilson,1997).
Values
Beliefs form the foundation for values, representing a society's shared convictions about what is just and good. Americans claim to be committed to the core values of individualism and egalitarianism. Yet there is sometimes a significant disconnect between what Americans are willing to uphold in principle and how they behave in practice. People may say that they support the Constitutional right to free speech but then balk when they are confronted with a political extremist or a racist speaking in public.
Core American political values are vested in what is often called the American creed. The creed, which was composed by New York State Commissioner of Education Henry Sterling Chapin in 1918, refers to the belief that the United States is a government "by the people, for the people, whose just powers are derived from the consentofthegoverned.”Thenationconsistsofsovereignstatesunitedas"aperfect Union"basedon"theprinciplesoffreedom,equality,justice,andhumanity.”American exceptionalism is the view that America's exceptional development as a nation has contributed to its special place in the world. It is the conviction that the country's vast frontier offered boundless and equal opportunities for individuals to achieve their goals. Americans feel strongly that their nation is destined to serve as an example to othercountries(Hunter&Bowman, 1996).Theybelievethatthepoliticalandeconomic systems that have evolved in this country are perfectly suited in principle to permit both individualism and egalitarianism.
Consequently, the American creed also includes patriotism: the love of one’s country and respect for its symbols and principles. The events of 9/11 ignited Americans’ patriotic values, resulting in many public displays of support for the country, its democratic form of government, and authority figures in public-service jobs, such as police and firefighters. The press has scrutinized politicians for actions College of Arts and Sciences Education BA Political Science Program nd 2 Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local134
that are perceived to indicate a lack of patriotism, and the perception that a political leader is notpatrioticcangeneratecontroversy.Inthe2008presidentialelection, minor media frenzydevelopedoverDemocraticpresidentialcandidateBarackObama’s“patriotism problem.” The news media debated the significance of Obama’s not wearing a flag lapel pin on the campaign trail and his failure to place his hand over his heart during the playing of the nationalanthem.
II. INITIAL COLONIZING EFFORTS
1. British Restrictions and Colonial Grievances
British Reforms and Colonial Resistance
Colonial America
When the French and Indian Warfinally ended in 1763, no British subject on either side of the Atlantic could have foreseen the coming conflicts between the parent country and its North American colonies. Even so, the seeds of these conflicts were planted during, and as a result of, this war. The French and Indian War, known in Europe as the Seven Years’ War, was a global conflict. Even though Great Britain defeated France and its allies, the victory came at great cost. In January 1763, Great Britain’s national debt was more than 122 million pounds, an enormous sum for the time. Interest on the debt was more than 4.4 million pounds a year. Figuring out how to pay the interest alone absorbed the attention of the King and his ministers. College of Arts and Sciences Education BA Political Science Program nd 2 Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local134
Pontiac’s Rebellion
Nor was the problem of the imperial debt the only one facing British leaders in the wake of the Seven Years’ War. Maintaining order in America was a significant challenge. Even with Britain’s acquisition of Canada from France, the prospects of peaceful relations with the Indian tribes were not good. As a result, the British decided to keep a standing army in America. This decision would lead to a variety of problems with the colonists. An Indian uprising on the Ohio frontier–Pontiac’s Rebellion–led to the Proclamation of 1763, which forbade colonial settlements west of the Allegany Mountains. This, too, would lead to conflicts with land-hungry settlers and land speculators like George Washington.
British leaders also felt the need to tighten control over their empire. To be sure, laws regulating imperial trade and navigation had been on the books for generations, but American colonists were notorious for evading these regulations. They were even known to have traded with the French during the recently ended war. From the British point of view, it was only right that American colonists should pay their fair share of the costs for their defense. If additional revenue could also be realized through stricter control of navigation and trade, so much the better. Thus the British began their attempts to reform the imperial system.
In 1764, Parliament enacted the Sugar Act, an attempt to raise revenue in the colonies through a tax on molasses. Although this tax had been on the books since the 1730s, smuggling and laxity of enforcement had blunted its sting. Now, however, the tax was to be enforced. An outcry arose from those affected, and colonists implemented several effective protest measures that centered on boycotting British goods. In1765, Parliament enacted the Stamp Act, which placed taxes on paper, playing cards, and every legal document created in the colonies. Since this tax affected virtually everyone and extended British taxes to domestically produced and consumed goods, the colonies' reaction was pervasive. The Stamp Act crisis was the first of many that would occur over the next decade and a half.
EvenaftertherepealoftheStampAct,manycolonistsstillhadgrievanceswithBritish colonial policies. For
example, the Mutiny Act of 1765 required colonial assembliesto house and supply British soldiers. Many colonists objected to the presence of a "standing army" in the colonies. Many also objected to being required to provide housing and supplies, which looked like another attempt to tax them without their consent, even though disguised. Several colonial assemblies refused to vote for the mandated supplies. The British then disbanded the New York Assembly in 1767 to makeanexampleofit.Manynon-NewYorkersresentedthisaction,seeingrightlythat their own assembly could also be shutdown.
TheStampActhandledAmericanstoaskfundamentalquestionsabouttherelationship between their local,
colonial, legislatures, which were elected bodies, and the British Parliament,inwhichAmericanshadnoelectedrepresentation.Manycolonistsbegan to assert that only an elected legislative body held legitimate powers of taxation. The British countered that, even in England, many people could not vote for delegates to Parliament, but all English subjects enjoyed "virtual representation" in a Parliament that considered the interests of everyone when formulating policy. In part, Americans found "virtual representation" distasteful because they had elected their domestic legislators for more than a century.
Colonial Taxes
In1767,ParliamentsoenactedtheTownshendDuties,taxesonpaper,paints,glass, tea, and imported
goods into the colonies from Britain. Since these taxes were levied on imports, the British thought of them as "external" taxes rather than internal taxes such as the Stamp tax. The colonists failed to understand the difference between external and internal taxes. In principle, most Americans admitted College of Arts and Sciences Education BA Political Science Program nd 2 Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local134
a British right to impose duties intended to regulate colonial trade; after 1765, however, they denied Parliament's power to tax for the purpose of raising funds or raising revenue. Again, theysawthepurposeoftheTownshendDutiesasraisingrevenueinAmericawithout the taxpayers'consent.
The British also established a board of customs commissioners, whose purpose was tostopcolonialsmugglingandtherampantcorruptionoflocalofficialswhowereoften complicitinsuchillegaltrade.Theboardwasquiteeffective,particularlyinBoston,its seat.LittlewonderthenthatBostonmerchantswereangryaboutthenewcontrolsand helped organize a boycott of goods subject to the Townshend Duties. In 1768, Philadelphia and New York joined the boycott. As the boycott spread, harassment of customs commissioners grew apace, especially in Boston.
As a result, the British posted four regiments of troops in Boston. The presence of British regular troops was a constant reminder of the colonists’ subservience to the crown. Since they were poorly paid, the troops took jobs in their off-duty hours, thus competing with the city’s working-class for jobs. The two groups often clashed in the streets.InMarch1770,whenParliamentdecidedtorepealtheTownshendDuties(on everythingexcepttea),beforewordoftherepealreachedthecolonies,thetroopsand Boston workers again clashed. This time, however, five Bostonians were killed, and another dozen or so were wounded. Almost certainly, the “Boston Massacre,” as colonists called the episode, was the result of confusion and panic by all involved. Evenso,localleadersquicklypublicizedtheincidentasasymbolofBritishoppression andbrutality.
Boston Massacre
Overall, American revolutionaries viewed English actions from 1767-1772 with suspicion. They read in British policy a systematic conspiracy against their liberties. Asthecolonistssawit,taxrevenuesfedcorruptBritishofficialswhousedmoniesthey coerced from the colonies to line their pockets, hire additional tax collectors, and pay mercenaries to come to America and complete the process of "enslaving"colonists. College of Arts and Sciences Education BA Political Science Program nd 2 Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local134
2. Colonial Response: The Continental Congresses
From 1774 to 1789, the Continental Congress served as the government of the 13 American colonies and later the United States. The First Continental Congress,whichwascomprisedofdelegatesfromthecolonies,metin1774in reaction to the Coercive Acts, a series of measures imposed by the British government on the colonies in response to their resistance to new taxes. In 1775, the Second Continental Congress convened after the American Revolutionary War (1775-83) had already begun. In1776, it took the momentous step of declaring America’s independence from Britain. Five years later, Congress ratified the first national constitution, the Articles of Confederation, under which the country would be governed until 1789 when it was replaced by the current U.S.Constitution.
Taxation without Representation
A revenue stamps printed by Britain for the American colonies, after the Stamp Act of1765.
Wilson/Corbis/Getty Images
Throughout most of colonial history, the British Crown was the only political institution that united the American colonies. The Imperial Crisis of the 1760s and 1770s, however, drove the colonies toward increasingly greater unity. Americans throughout the 13 colonies united in opposition to the new system of imperial taxation initiated by the British government in 1765. The StampActof that year–the first direct, internal tax imposed on the colonists by the British Parliament–inspired concerted resistance within the colonies. Nine colonial assemblies sent delegates to the Stamp Act Congress, an extralegal convention that met to coordinate the colonies’ response to the new tax. Although the Stamp Act Congress was short-lived, it hinted at the enhanced unity among the colonies that wouldsoon follow.
Colonial opposition made a dead letter of the Stamp Act and brought about its repeal in1766.TheBritishgovernmentdidnotabandonitsclaimtotheauthoritytopasslaws for the colonies, however, and would make repeated attempts to exert its power over the colonies in the years to follow. In response to the violence of the BostonMassacreof 1770 and new taxes like the Tea Act of 1773, a group of frustrated colonists protested taxation without representation by dumping 342 chests of tea into Boston Harbor on the night of December 16, 1773 – an event known to history as Boston Tea Party.
Colonists continued to coordinate their resistance to new imperial measures, but
between1766until1774,theydidsoprimarilythroughcommitteesofcorrespondence, which exchanged ideas and information, rather than through a united politicalbody
The First Continental Congress
On September 5, 1774, delegates from each of the 13 colonies
exceptforGeorgia(whichwasfightingaNativeAmericanuprisingandwasdependentonthe British for military supplies) met in Philadelphia as the First Continental Congressto organize colonial resistance to Parliament’s Coercive Acts. The delegates included a number of future luminaries, College of Arts and Sciences Education BA Political Science Program nd 2 Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local134
such as future presidents John Adams(1735-1826) of Massachusettsand George
Washington(1732-99) of Virginia, andfuture
U.S. Supreme CourtChief Justice and diplomatJohn Jay(1745-1829) ofNew York. The Congress was structured with emphasis on the equality of participants, and to promote free debate. After much discussion, the Congress issued a Declaration of Rights, affirming its loyalty to the British Crown but disputing the British Parliament’s right to tax it. The Congress also passed the Articles of Association, which called on the colonies to stop importing goods from the British Isles beginning on December 1, 1774, if the Coercive Acts were not repealed. Should Britain fail to redress the colonists’ grievances in a timely manner, the Congress declared, then it would reconvene on May 10, 1775, and the colonies would cease to export goods to Britain on September 10, 1775. After proclaiming these measures, the First Continental Congress disbanded on October 26, 1774.
The Revolutionary War
As promised, Congress reconvened in Philadelphia as the Second Continental
CongressonMay10,1775–andbythen,theAmericanRevolutionhadalreadybegun. The British army in Boston had met with armed resistance on the morning of April19, 1775,whenitmarchedouttothetownsofLexingtonandConcordtoseizeacacheof weapons held by colonial Patriots who had ceased to recognize the authority of the royal government of Massachusetts. The Patriots drove the British expedition back to Boston and laid siege to the town. The Revolutionary Warhadbegun.
Fighting for Reconciliation
AlthoughCongressprofessed it’s a bidingloyaltytotheBritishCrown,italsotooksteps to preserve its
rights by dint of arms. On June 14, 1775, a month after it reconvened, itcreatedaunitedcolonialfightingforce,theContinentalArmy.Thenextday,it named George Washingtonas the new army’s commander in chief. The following month, it issued its Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms, penned by John Dickinson (1732-1808) of Pennsylvania, a veteran of the First Congress whose “LettersfromaFarmerofPennsylvania”(1767)hadhelpedarouseoppositiontoearlier imperialmeasures,andbyanewcomerfromVirginia,ThomasJefferson(1743-1826). In an effort to avoid a full-scale war, Congress coupled this declaration with the Olive BranchPetition,apersonalappealtoBritain’sKingGeorgeIII(1738-1820)askinghim to help the colonists resolve their differences with Britain. The king dismissed the petition out of hand.
Declaring Independence
Foroverayear,theContinentalCongresssupervisedawaragainstacountrytowhich itproclaimeditsloyalty.Infact,boththeCongressandthepeopleitrepresentedwere divided on the question of independence even after a year of open warfare against Great Britain. Early in 1776, a number of factors began to strengthen the call for separation. In his stirring pamphlet “Common Sense,” published in January of that year,theBritishimmigrantThomasPaine(1737- 1809)laidoutaconvincingargument infavorofindependence.Atthesametime,manyAmericanscametorealizethattheir militarymightnotbecapableofdefeatingtheBritishEmpireonitsown.Independence would allow it to form College of Arts and Sciences Education BA Political Science Program nd 2 Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local134
alliances with Britain’s powerful rivals–France was at the forefront of everyone’s mind. Meanwhile, the war itself evoked hostility toward Britain among the citizenry, paving the way forindependence.
In the spring of 1776, the provisional colonial governments began to send new instructionstotheircongressionaldelegates,obliquelyordirectlyallowingthem tovote forindependence.TheprovisionalgovernmentofVirginiawentfurther:Itinstructedits delegation to submit a proposal for independence before Congress. On June 7, Virginia delegate Richard Henry Lee (1732-94) complied with his instructions. Congress postponed a final vote on the proposal until July 1, but appointed a committee to draft a provisional declaration of independence for use should the proposal pass.
The committee consisted of five men, including John Adams andBenjaminFranklin(1706-90) of
Pennsylvania. But the declaration was primarily the work ofone man, Thomas Jefferson, who penned an eloquent defense of the natural rights of all people, of which, he charged, Parliament and the king had tried to deprive the American nation. The Continental Congressmade several revisions to Jefferson’s draft,removing,amongotherthings,anattackontheinstitutionofslavery;butonJuly4, 1776, Congress voted to approve the Declaration ofIndependence.
Waging the War
The Declaration of Independence allowed Congress to seek alliances with foreign countries, and the fledgling U.S. formed its most important alliance early in 1778 with France, without the support of which America might well have lost the Revolutionary War. If the Franco-American alliance was one of Congress’s greatest successes, funding and supplying the war were among its worst failures. Lacking a pre-existing infrastructure,CongressstruggledthroughoutthewartoprovidetheContinentalArmy with adequate supplies and provisions. Exacerbating the problem, Congress had no mechanism to collect taxes to pay for the war; instead, it relied on contributions from the states, which generally directed whatever revenue they raised toward their own needs.Asaresult,thepapermoneyissuedbyCongressquicklycametoberegardedas worthless.
The Articles of Confederation
Congress’sinabilitytoraiserevenuewouldbedevilitforitsentireexistence,evenafter it created a constitution–the Articles of Confederation–to define its powers. Drafted and adopted by Congress in 1777 but not ratified until 1781, it effectively established the U.S. as a collection of 13 sovereign states, each of which had an equal voice in Congress (which became officially known as the Congress of the Confederation) regardless of population. Under the Articles, congressional decisions were made based on state-by-statevote,andCongresshadlittleabilitytoenforceitsdecisions. The Articles of Confederationwould prove incapable of governing the new nation ina time of peace, but they did not seriously undermine the war effort, both because the war was effectively winding down before the Articles took effect, and because Congress ceded many executive war powers to GeneralWashington.
Congress’sfinaltriumphcamein1783whenitnegotiatedtheTreatyofParis,officially endingtheRevolutionaryWar.TheCongressionaldelegatesFranklin,JayandAdams secured a favorable peace for the U.S. that included not only the recognition of independence but also claim to almost all of the territory south of Canada and east of the MississippiRiver. On November 25, 1783, the last College of Arts and Sciences Education BA Political Science Program nd 2 Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local134
British troops evacuated NewYork City. The Revolutionary War was over and Congress had helped to see the countrythrough.
However, the Articles of Confederation proved an imperfect instrument for a nation at peace with the world. The years immediately following the end of the Revolutionary War in 1783 presented the young American nation with a series of difficulties that Congress could not adequately remedy: dire financial straits, interstate rivalries and domesticinsurrection.Amovementdevelopedforconstitutionalreform,culminatingin the Philadelphia Convention of 1787. The delegates at the convention decided to scrap the Articles of Confederation completely and create a new system of government. In 1789, the new U.S. Constitutionwent into effect, and the Continental Congress adjourned forever and was replaced by the U.S. Congress. Although the Continental Congress did not function well in a time of peace, it had helped steer the nationthroughoneofitsworstcrises,declareditsindependence,andhelpedtowina war to secure that independence.
3. Federalism
FederalismhasevolvedoverthecourseofAmericanhistory.Atdifferentpointsintime, the balance and
boundaries between the national and state government have changed substantially. In the twentieth century, the role of the national government expanded dramatically, and it continues to expand in the twenty-firstcentury.
Dual Federalism (1789–1945)
Dual Federalism describes the nature of federalism for the first 150 years of the American republic, roughly 1789 through World War II. The Constitution outlined provisions for two types of government in the United States, national and state. For themostpart,thenationalgovernmentdealtwithnationaldefense,foreignpolicy,and fosteringcommerce,whereasthestatesdealtwithlocalmatters,economicregulation, and criminal law. This type of federalism is also called Layer-Cake Federalismbecause,likealayercake,thestates’andthenationalgovernmentseach hadtheirowndistinctareasofresponsibility,andthedifferentlevelsrarelyoverlapped.
The Civil War and the Fourteenth Amendment (1861–1868)
Part of the disputes that led to the Civil War (1861–1865) is about federalism. Many Southerners felt that state governments alone had the right to make important decisions, such as whether slavery should be legal. Advocates ofStates’ Rights believed that the individual state governments had power over the federal government because the states had ratified the Constitution to create the federal governmentinthefirstplace.MostSouthernstateseventuallysecededfromtheUnion becausetheyfeltthatsecessionwastheonlywaytoprotecttheirrights.ButAbraham Lincoln and many Northerners held that the Union could not be dissolved. The Union victorysolidifiedthefederalgovernment’spoweroverthestatesandendedthedebate over states’rights. College of Arts and Sciences Education BA Political Science Program nd 2 Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local134
The Fourteenth Amendment ratified a few years after the Civil War in 1868, includes three key clauses, which limit state power and protect the basic rights of citizens:
1. The Privileges and Immunities Clause declares that no state can deny any citizenthe privileges and immunities of Americancitizenship.
2. The Due Process Clause limits states’ abilities to deprive citizens of their legalrights.
3. The Equal Protection Clause declares that all people get equal protection of thelaws Industrialization and Globalization(1865–1945)
The nature of government and politics in the United States changed dramatically in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century’s. The national government assumed a larger role as a result of two major events:
1. Industrialization:Theeconomybecameanational,industrialeconomy,andthefederal government was much better equipped than the states to deal with this change. For much of the nineteenth century, the government pursued a hands-off, laissez-faire economic policy, but it began to take a stronger regulatory role in the early twentieth century.
2. Globalization: Because of its vast economy and its extensive trading networks, the United States emerged as a global economic power. The federal government assumed a greater economic role as American businesses and states began trading abroadheavily.
Although these events played out over many decades, they reached their high pointsduring the presidency of Franklin Roosevelt (1933–1945). The Great Depression, brought about by the crash of the stock market in 1929, was one of the most severe economic downturns in American history. Many businesses failed, roughly one-third of the population was out of work, and poverty was widespread. In response, Roosevelt implemented the New Deal, a series of programs and policies that attempted to revive the economy and prevent further depression. The New Deal included increased regulation of banking and commerce and programs to alleviate poverty, including the formation of the Works Progress Administration and a social security plan. In order to implement these programs, the national government had to grow dramatically, which consequently took power away from the states.
Cooperative Federalism (1945–1969)
Federalism over much of the last century has more closely resembled a marble cake rather than a layer cake as a federal authority and state authority have become intertwined. The national government has become integrated with the state and local governments, making it difficult to tell where one type of government begins and the other types end. State and local governments administer many federal programs, for example, and states depend heavily on federal funds to support their own programs. This type of federalism is called Cooperative College of Arts and Sciences Education BA Political Science Program nd 2 Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local134
Federalism, or Marble-Cake Federalism. New Federalism (1969–present)
Since the 1970s, political leaders and scholars of the New Federalism school have argued that the national government has grown too powerful and that power should be given back to the states. Although the national government remains extremely important, state governments have regained some power. Richard Nixon began supporting New Federalism during his presidency (1969–1974), and every president since Nixon has continued to support the return of some powers to state and local governments. Although political leaders disagree on the details, most support the general principle of giving power to the states.
NewFederalismhastakenconcreteforminavarietyofpolicies.NewFederalistshave argued for specific
limits on federal power, as well as Devolution, a policy of giving states power and responsibility for some programs. For example, the 1996 welfare reforms gave states the ability to spend federal dollars as they saw fit. Supporters claim thatlocalandstategovernmentscanbemoreeffective because theyunderstand the circumstances of the issue in their state. They argue that a one-size-fits-all program imposed by Washington cannot function aseffectively.
Advantages and Disadvantages of New Federalism
New Federalism appeals to many people because of its emphasis on local and state governments. Many Americans feel that the national government has become toointrusive and unaccountable. These people champion state and local government as closer to the people and thus more accountable. However, Americans often want a single seat of power for some tasks. Competing local and state governments can cause more problems than they solve, especially during emergencies. For example, theterriblehurricanesof2005ledresidentsofLouisiana,Mississippi,andAlabamato demand a better, more unified nationalresponse.
The Supreme Court and New Federalism
TheSupremeCourthasplayedaNewFederalistrolebysidingwithstategovernments inanumberofcases.PerhapsthemostwellknownofthesecasesisUnitedStatesv. Lopez (1995), in which the Court ruled that Congress had overstepped its authorityin creating gun-free school zones. More controversially, in 2000, the Court struck down parts of the Violence against Women Act (1994) for much the same reason in United States v. Morrison. In other cases, the court has ruled that state governments cannot be sued for violating rights established by federal law. Overall, the Supreme Court in the1990sreducedthepowerofthefederalgovernmentinimportantways,particularly in relation to the commerceclause.
Self-Help: You can also refer to the sources below to help you further understan
Wilson, R. W., “American Political Culture in Comparative Perspective,” Political Psychology, 18, no. 2 (1997): 483–502. College of Arts and Sciences Education BA Political Science Program nd 2 Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local134
Kelly, Martin., Overview of United States Government and Politics, (2019). Weiser-Alexander, Kathy., British Reforms and Colonial Resistance, (2019).
Let’s Check!
Activity 1. Since you have read and analyzed the concepts and theories of the nature and scope of political science as well as the meaning and nature of the State. Let us trytocheckyourunderstandingoftheseterms.Inthespaceprovided,writetheterm/s being asked in the followingstatements:
_______________ 1. In 1774, how many colonies are fighting the Native American uprising exceptGeorgia.
_______________ 2. In the declaration of independence, what alliance provided great success for congress to seek said alliance to a foreigncountry.
_______________ 3. In 1764, what law enacted by the parliament attempting to raise revenue in the colonies through a tax on themolasses.
_______________ 4. What is this event known in American history of a protest
_______________ 5. What is this American Doctrine emphasizing the natural equality ofhumans?
_______________ 6. In American legal system, what power exercised by the Supreme Court to decide whether acts and laws areunconstitutional.
_______________ 7. Who is the first president of the United States ofAmerica?
_______________ 8. In 1767, what law enacted by the British Parliament to impose taxes on paper, paints, glass and tea, imported to theircolonies.
_______________ 9. In what year America declared its independence from Britain.
_______________ 10. In 1783, what treaty negotiated the official ending of the Revolutionary War inAmerica?
Let’s Analyze!
Activity 1. At this point in time, I want you to expound further your understanding by answering the following questions:
1. How will you be able to understand and examine the relationship between American Political System to the context of American Historical Revolution, American Political Culture, the declaration of American Independence and AmericanFederalism? ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ College of Arts and Sciences Education BA Political Science Program nd 2 Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local134
3. Draw and connect the lines to construct a better framework, you can disarrange the diagram
Meetings Sessions
Parliamentary Procedure Quorum Rules of Order
FEEDBACK
4. How will you be able to examine the integral partnership of American Political System in shaping the landscape of American Historical Revolution, Declaration of Independence, American Political Culture and Federalismbeing shown in thediagram/illustration? __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ College of Arts and Sciences Education BA Political Science Program nd 2 Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local134
5. Explain the Doctrine of Check and Balances in the three separate branches of the American Government. __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________
6. Why is American Federalism considered as a complicatedfoundation?
7. Discuss the foundation of American Values and its contributions to the formation of itsgovernment. __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________
8. In 1767, why the British disbanded the New YorkAssembly?
__________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ College of Arts and Sciences Education BA Political Science Program nd 2 Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local134
9. Discuss the significance of the American Declaration ofIndependence.
__________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ In a Nutshell
Activity 1. American Government and Politics is an integral part of the study in the field of Political Science. This enables students to learn and understand the value of American Democracy how their Forefathers crafted their country how dominant in political character. And this study will help you to comprehend more the basis of the analysis that will prepare you in the next succeeding courses.
Based on the concepts, historical evolution, and government foundations in the early stages and analysis in the study of this subject and the assessment/evaluation given toyou,Iamencouragingyoutowriteyourscholarlyargumentortopicsyouhave learned below. I have indicated my arguments or lessonslearned.
1. The nature and scope of American Government and Politics is the foundation of American Culture and Values. Arguments must not be biased, it should be based on facts and scholarly argued from the different sources to relate in the learningoutcomes. 2. Having a broader perspective of understanding will guide you to instill the knowledge of this study and being a keen observant to be able to relate the important role of the American system, including the global PoliticalOrder.
5. ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ College of Arts and Sciences Education BA Political Science Program nd 2 Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local134
Big Picture in Focus: ULOb. Discuss the nature and scope of
political science in relation to the different studies involving society
Metalanguage
In this section, you are asked to evaluate at the same to analyze how this system operates in the United States Government and Politics:
a. CivilRights;
b. Public Opinion; and
c. Interest groups role in American Society
Thesethreetermswillguideyoutounderstandthelearningoutcomes(ULOb)andyou will be able to
comprehend the essence of democratic practices insociety.
Essential Knowledge College of Arts and Sciences Education BA Political Science Program nd 2 Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local134
For you to interpret the learning outcomes in relation to the topics and sub-topics, I require you to watch a documentary film in your respective social media accounts entitled “Mississippi’s War: Slavery and Secession,” please be informed that you are also encouraged to watch other documentary films and you are asked to indicate the references including the title of your preferred documentary film.
The systems and concepts below will you explain the documentary film.
1. Civil Rights in America
The American civil rights movement, the mass protest movement against racialsegregationanddiscriminationinthesouthernUnitedStatescametonationalprominenceduringthemi d- 1950s.
This movement had its roots in the centuries-long efforts of African slavesand their descendants to resist racial oppressionand abolish the institution of slavery. Although American slaves were emancipated as a result of the Civil Warand were granted basic civilrightsthrough the passage of the Fourteenthand Fifteenth amendments to the U.S.Constitution, struggles to secure federal protection of these rights continued during the next century. Through nonviolent protest, the civil rights movement of the 1950s and ’60s broke thepatternofpublicfacilities’beingsegregatedby“race”intheSouthandachievedthemost important breakthrough in equal-rights legislation for African Americanssince the Reconstructionperiod(1865– 77).Althoughthepassagein1964and1965ofmajorcivilrights legislation was victorious for the movement, by then militant black activists had begun to see their struggle as a freedom or liberation movement not just seeking civil rights reforms but insteadconfrontingtheenduringeconomic,political,andculturalconsequencesofpastracial oppression.
Abolitionism To Jim Crow
American history has been marked by persistent and determined efforts to expand thescope and inclusiveness of civil rights. Although equal rightsfor all were affirmed in the founding documentsoftheUnitedStates,manyofthenewcountry’sinhabitantsweredeniedessential rights.Africanslavesandindenturedservantsdidnothavetheinalienablerightto“life,liberty, and the pursuit of happiness” that British colonists asserted to justify their Declaration ofIndependence. Nor were they included among the “People of the United States” who established the Constitution in order to “promote the general Welfare, and secure the BlessingsofLibertytoourselvesandourPosterity.”Instead,theConstitutionprotectedslavery by allowingtheimportationofslavesuntil1808andprovidingfortheirturnofslaveswhohad escaped to other states.
As the United States expanded its boundaries, Native Americanpeoples resisted conquest and absorption. Individual states, which determined most of the rights of American citizens, generally limited voting rights to white property-owning males, and other rights—such as the right to own land or serve on juries—were often denied on the basis of racial or gender distinctions.AsmallproportionofAfricanAmericanslivedoutsidetheslavesystem,butthose so- called“freeblacks”enduredracialdiscriminationandenforcedsegregation.Althoughsome slaves violently rebelled against their enslavement (seeslaverebellions). College of Arts and Sciences Education BA Political Science Program nd 2 Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local134
African Americans and other subordinated groups mainly used nonviolent means—protests, legal challenges, pleas and petitions addressed to government officials, as well as sustained and massive civil rights movements—to achieve gradual improvements in their status.
During the first half of the 19th century, movements to extend voting rights to non-property- owning white male laborers resulted in the elimination of most property qualifications for voting,butthisexpansionofsuffragewasaccompaniedbythebrutalsuppressionofAmerican Indians and increasing restrictions on free blacks. Slave owners in the South reacted to the 1831 Nat Turnerslave revolt in Virginiaby passing laws to discourage antislavery activism andpreventtheteachingofslavesfromreadingandwriting.Despitethisrepression,agrowing number of African Americansfreed themselves from slavery by escaping or negotiating agreements to purchase their freedom through wage labor. By the 1830s, free black communitiesintheNorthernstateshadbecomesufficientlylargeandorganizedtoholdregular national conventions, where black leaders gathered to discuss alternativestrategies of racial advancement.In1833asmallminorityofwhitesjoinedwithblackantislaveryactiviststoform the American Anti-Slavery Societyunder the leadership of William LloydGarrison.
Frederick Douglassbecame the most famous of the ex-slaves who joined the abolitionmovement. His autobiography—one of many slave narratives—and his stirring orations heightened public awareness of the horrors of slavery. Although black leaders became increasinglymilitantintheirattacksagainstslaveryandotherformsofracialoppression,their effortstosecureequalrightsreceivedamajorsetbackin1857whentheU.S.SupremeCourtrejectedAfricanA mericancitizenshipclaims.TheDredScottdecisionstatedthatthecountry’s founders had viewed blacks as so inferior that they had “no rights which the white man was boundtorespect.”Thisruling— bydeclaringunconstitutionaltheMissouriCompromise(1820), through which Congresshad limited the expansion of slavery into western territories— ironically strengthened the antislavery movement, because it angered many whiteswho did notownslaves.Theinabilityofthecountry’spoliticalleaderstoresolvethatdisputefueledthe successful presidential campaign of Abraham Lincoln, the candidate of the antislavery RepublicanParty.Lincoln'svictory,inturn,promptedtheSouthernslavestates to secede and form the Confederate States of American 1860–61.
Du Bois To Brown
During the early decades of the 20th century, movements to resist such racial and gender discriminationgained strength in many countries. While a Pan-Africanmovement emerged in response to European imperialism, African Americans developed various strategies to challenge racial discrimination in the United States. Educator Booker T.Washingtonemphasized economic development without openly challenging the JimCrow system, Harvard University-educated scholar W.E.B. Du Boisbecame a leading advocate for civil rights and Pan-African unity among African and African descendants elsewhere in the world. In 1909 Du Bois and other African American leaders joined with white proponents of racial equality to form the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), which became the country’s most enduring civil rights organization. Under the leadership of Du Bois, James Weldon Johnson, Walter White, Thurgood Marshall, and others, the NAACP publicized racial injustices and initiated lawsuits to secure equal treatment for African Americans in education, employment, housing, and publicaccommodations.
In the aftermath of World War II, African American civil rights efforts were hampered by ideological splits. Du Bois and prominent African American entertainer Paul Robesonwere among the leftist College of Arts and Sciences Education BA Political Science Program nd 2 Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local134
leaders advocating mass civil rightsprotests while opposing the ColdWarforeign and domestic policies of Pres. Harry S. Truman, but Truman prevailed in the 1948presidential electionwith critical backing from NAACP leaders and most African Americans able to vote. Marshall and other NAACP leaders gained additional black support when the Supreme Court ruled public school segregation unconstitutional in 1954 in the NAACP- sponsored case of Brownv. Board of Education of Topeka.
Montgomery Bus Boycott to the Voting Rights Act
In December 1955, NAACP activist Rosa Parks’ imprompturefusal to give up her seat to a white man on a bus in Montgomery, Alabama, sparked a sustained bus boycottthat inspired mass protests elsewhere to speed the pace of civil rights reform. After boycott supporters chose Baptist minister Martin Luther King, Jr., to head the newly established Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA), King soon became the country’s most influential advocate of the concepts of nonviolent resistance forged by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. Despite the bombing of King’s house and other acts of intimidation by segregationists, MIA leaders were able to sustain the boycott until November 1956, when the NAACP won a Supreme Court order to desegregate the bus system. In 1957 King and his supporters founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference(SCLC) to provide an institutional framework supporting local protest movements.
From Black Power to The Assassination Of Martin Luther King
that was able to secure widespread support among whites outside the region. The passage of voting rightslegislation, the upsurge in Northern urban racial violence, and white resentmentofblackmilitancylessenedtheeffectivenessandpopularityofnonviolentprotests asameansofadvancingAfricanAmericaninterests.Inaddition,thegrowingmilitancyofblack activists inspired by the then recently assassinated Black Nationalist Malcolm Xspawned an increasing determination among African Americans to achieve political power and cultural autonomyby building black-controlledinstitutions.
When he accepted the 1964 Nobel Peace Prize, King connected the African American struggle to the anti-colonial struggles that had overcome European domination elsewhere in the world. In 1966 King launched a new campaign in Chicagoagainst Northern slum conditions and segregation, but he soon faced a major challenge from “black power” proponents, such as SNCCchairman Stokely Carmichael. This ideological conflict came to a headinJune1966duringavotingrightsmarchthroughMississippifollowingthewoundingof JamesMeredith,whohaddesegregatedtheUniversityofMississippiin1962.Carmichael’suse of the “black power” slogan encapsulatedthe emerging notion of a freedom struggle seeking political,economic,andculturalobjectivesbeyondnarrowlydefinedcivil rightsreforms.Bythe late 1960s,notonlytheNAACPandSCLCbutevenSNCCandCOREfacedchallengesfrom new militant organizations, such as the Black Panther Party, whose leaders argued that civil rights reforms were insufficient because they did not fully address the problems of poor and powerless blacks. They also dismissed nonviolent principles, often quoting Malcolm X’s imperative:“byanymeansnecessary.”QuestioningAmericancitizenshipandidentityasgoals for African College of Arts and Sciences Education BA Political Science Program nd 2 Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local134
Americans, black power proponents called instead for a global struggle for black national “self- determination” rather than merely for civilrights.
movements and agreed that African Americans should seek compensatory governmentactionsto redresshistoricalinjusticesandendpoverty.HecriticizedU.S.military intervention in the Vietnam War, which he characterized as a civil war, insisting that war was immoral and that the American government had wrongly opposed nationalist movements in Asia,Africa,andLatinAmerica.InDecember1967,heannouncedaPoorPeople’sCampaignthat intended to bring thousands of protesters to Washington, D.C., to lobby for an end to poverty.
After King’s assassinationin April 1968, the Poor People’s Campaign floundered, and the Black Panther Partyand other black militant groups encountered intense government repression from local policeand the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Counterintelligence Program(COINTELPRO).In1968theNationalAdvisoryCommissiononCivilDisorders(also known as the Kerner Commission) concluded that the country, despite civil rights reforms, was moving “toward two society’s one black, one white—separate and unequal.” By the time of the commission’s report, claims that black gains had resulted in “reverse discrimination” against whiteswere effectively used against significant new civil rights initiativesduring the 1970s and’80s.
2. Public Opinion in America Public Opinion And Government
By its very nature, the democratic process spurs citizens to form opinions on a number of issues. Voters are called upon to choose candidates in elections, to consider constitutionalamendments, and to approve or reject municipal taxes and other legislative proposals.Almostanymatteronwhichtheexecutiveorlegislaturehastodecidemaybecome a public issue if a significant number of people wish to make it one. The political attitudes of thesepersonsareoftenstimulatedorreinforcedbyoutsideagencies—acrusadingnewspaper, an interest group, or a government agency orofficial.
The English philosopher and economist Jeremy Bentham(1748–1832) saw the greatest difficulty of the legislator as being “in conciliating the public opinion, in correcting it when erroneous,andingivingitthatbentwhichshallbemostfavorabletoproduceobedience to his mandates." At the same time, Bentham and some other thinkers believed that public opinion isausefulcheckontheauthorityofrulers.Benthamdemandedthatallofficialactsbepublicized, so that an enlightenedpublic opinion could pass judgment on them, as would a tribunal: “To the perniciousexercise of the power of government it is the only check.”
In the early years of modern democracy, some scholars acknowledged the power of public opinion but warned that it could be a dangerous force. Tocqueville was concerned that a government of the masses would become a “tyranny of the majority.” But, whether public opinion is regarded as a constructive or a banefulforce in a democracy, there are few politicians who are prepared to suggest in public that the government should ignore it.
Political scientists have been less concerned with what part public opinion should play in a democratic polity and have given more attention to establishing what part it does play in actuality. From the examination of numerous histories of policy formation, it is clear that no sweeping generalization can be made that will hold in all cases. The role of public opinion varies from issue to issue, just as public opinion asserts itself differently from one democracy toanother.Perhapsthesafestgeneralizationthatcanbemadeisthatpublicopiniondoesnot influence the College of Arts and Sciences Education BA Political Science Program nd 2 Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local134
details of most government policies, but it does set limits within which policymakers must operate. That is, public officials will usually seek to satisfy a widespread demand—or at least take it into account in their deliberations—and they will usually try to avoid decisions that they believe will be widelyunpopular.
Public opinion exerts a more powerful influence in politics through its “latent” aspects. As discussed by V.O. Key, latent public opinion is, in effect, a probable future reaction by the publictoacurrentdecisionoractionbyapublicofficialoragovernment.Politicianswhoignore the possible consequences of latent public opinion risk setback or defeat in futureelections.
Government leaders who take latent public opinion into account may be willing to undertake an unpopular action that has a negative effect on public opinion in the near term, provided that theactionisalsolikelytohaveasignificantpositiveeffectatalaterandmoreimportanttime. Public opinion seems to be much more effective in influencing policymaking at the locallevel than at the state or national levels. One reason for this is that issues of concern to local governments— suchastheconditionofroads,schools,andhospitals—arelesscomplexthan those dealt with by governments at higher levels; another is that at the local level there are fewer institutional or bureaucraticbarriers between policymakers and voters. The representative government itself, however, tends to limit the power of public opinion to influencespecificgovernmentdecisions,sinceordinarily,theonlychoicethepublicisgivenis that of approving or disapproving the election of a givenofficial.
Opinion research
Opinion research developed from market research. Early market researchers picked small samples of the population and used them to obtain information on such questions as how manypeoplereadagivenmagazineorlistentotheradioandwhatthepubliclikesand dislikes inregardtovariousconsumergoods.About1930,bothcommercialresearchersandscholars began to experiment with the use of these market researchtechniques to obtain information on opinions about political issues. In 1935 the American public opinion statistician GeorgeGallupbegan conducting nationwide surveys of opinions on political and social issues in the United States. One of the first questions the American Institute of Public Opinionasked, later to be called the Gallup Poll, was "Are Federal expenditures for relief and recovery too great, too little, or about right?" To this, 60 percent of the sample replied that they were too great, only 9 percent thought they were too little, and 31 percent regarded them as about right (the poll did not have a category for those who had noopinion).
From the 1930s on, the spread of opinion polls conducted by both commercial andacademic practitioners continued at an accelerated pace in the United States. State and local polls— some sponsored by newspapers—were started in many parts of the country, and opinion research centers were organized at several universities. Before and during World War II, opinionpollswereextensivelyusedbyU.S.governmentagencies,notablytheDepartmentof Agriculture, the Treasury Department, and the WarDepartment.
Polls
Polls conducted on the eve of the voting day have been successful in forecasting electionresults in nearly every case in which they have been used for this purpose. Some notable failures occurred in the United States in 1948 (when nearly all polls forecast a Republican victory, and the Democrats College of Arts and Sciences Education BA Political Science Program nd 2 Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local134
won by a narrow margin) and in Great Britain in 1970 (when all but one of the major polls incorrectly predicted a Labour Party victory) and again in 1992 (when all polls incorrectly predicted a hung parliament). Professional opinion researchers pointoutthose predicting elections isalwaysuncertain,becauseofthepossibilityoflast-minute shifts of opinion and unexpected turnouts on voting day; nevertheless, their record has been good over the years in nearly everycountry.
Although widespread attention has been focused on polls taken before major elections, most polling is devoted to other subjects, and university-based opinion researchers usually do not make election forecasts. Support for opinion studies comes largely from public agencies, foundations, and commercial firms, which are interested in questions such as how well people'shealth,educational,andotherneedsarebeingsatisfied,howproblemssuchasracial prejudiceand drug addiction should be addressed, and how well a given industry is meeting public demands. Polls that are regularly published in newspapers or magazines usually have to do with some vital social issues—and elections are included only as one of many subjects of interest. In any country where polls are conducted for publication, it is estimated that electoral polling represents no more than 2 percent of the work carried out by survey researchers in thatcountry.
3. Interest Groups
Interest Groups Defined
While the term interest group is not mentioned in the U.S. Constitution, the framers were aware that individuals would band together in an attempt to use government in their favor. In FederalistNo.10,JamesMadisonwarnedofthedangersof"factions,"minoritieswhowould organize around issues they felt strongly about, possibly to the detriment of the majority. However,Madisonbelievedlimitingthesefactionswasworsethanfacingtheevilstheymight produce because such limitations would violate individual freedoms. Instead, the natural way tocontrolfactionswastoletthemflourishandcompeteagainsteachother.Thesheernumber of interests in the United States suggests that many have, indeed, flourished. They compete withsimilargroupsformembership,andwithopponentsforaccesstodecision-makers.Some peoplesuggesttheremaybetoomanyinterestsintheUnitedStates.Othersarguethatsome have gained a disproportionate influence over public policy, whereas others are underrepresented.
Madison's definition of factions can apply to both interest groups and political parties. However, unlike political parties, interest groups do not function primarily to elect candidatesunder a certain party label or to control the operation of the government directly. Political parties in the United States are generally much broader coalitions that represent asignificant proportion of citizens. In the American two-party system, the Democratic and Republican Parties spread relatively wide nets to try to encompass large segments of the population. In contrast, while interest groups may support or oppose political candidates, their goals are usually more issue-specific and narrowly focused on areas like taxes, the environment, and gun rights or gun control, or their membership is limited to specific professions. They may represent interests ranging from well-known organizations, such as the Sierra Club, IBM, or the American Lung Association, to obscure ones, such as the NorthCarolinaGamefowlBreedersAssociation.Thus,withsomenotableexceptions,specificinterestgroup s have much more limited membership than do politicalparties.
Political parties and interest groups both work together and compete for influence, although indifferentways.Whileinterestgroupactivityoftentranscendspartylines,manyinterestsare perceived as being more supportive of one party than the other. The American Conservative Union, Citizens United, the National Rifle Association, and National Right to Life are more College of Arts and Sciences Education BA Political Science Program nd 2 Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local134
likelytohaverelationshipswithRepublicanlawmakersthanwithDemocraticones.Americans for Democratic Action, Moveon.org, and the Democratic Governors Association all have strongerrelationshipswiththeDemocraticParty.Partiesandinterestgroupsdocompetewith each other, however, often for influence. At the state level, we typically observe an inverse relationship between them in terms of power. Interest groups tend to have greater influence in states where political parties are comparativelyweaker.
What Are Interest Groups and What Do They Want?
Definitions abound when it comes to interest groups, which are sometimes referred to as special interests, interest organizations, pressure groups, or just interests. Most definitions specifythatinterestgroupindicatesanyformalassociationof individual ororganizationsthat attempt to influence government decision-making and/or the making of public policy. Often, this influence is exercised by a lobbyist or a lobbyingfirm.
Formally,alobbyisthissomeonewhorepresentstheinterestorganizationbeforegovernment, is usually compensated for doing so, and is required to register with the government inwhich he or she lobbies, whether state or federal. For present purposes, we might restrict our definition to the relatively broad one in the Lobbying Disclosure Act. This act requires the registrationoflobbyis representinganyinterestgroupanddevotingmorethan20percentof their time to it. Clients and lobbying firms must also register with the federal government based on similar requirements. Moreover, campaign finance laws require disclosure of campaign contributions given to political candidates byorganizations.
Lobbying is not limited to Washington, DC, however, and many interests lobby there as well as in one or more states. Each state has its laws describing which individuals and entities must register, so the definitions of lobbyists and interests and what lobbying is and whomust registertodoit,alsovaryfromstatetostate.Therefore,whileacitizencontactingalawmaker todiscussanissue isgenerallynotviewedaslobbying,anorganizationthatdevotesacertain amount of time and resources to contacting lawmakers may be classified as lobbying, depending on local, state, or federallaw.
Following the passage of the Lobbying Disclosure Act in 1995, we had a much better understanding of the number of interests registered in Washington, DC; however, it was not until several years later that we had a complete count and categorization of the interests registered in each of the fifty states. Political scientists have categorized interest groups in several ways.
First, interest groups may take the form of membership organizations that individuals voluntarily join and usually pay dues. Membership groups often comprise people who have joint issues or concerns, or who want to be with others who share their views. The National Rifle Association (NRA) is a membership group consisting of members who promote gun rights. For those who advocate greater regulation of access to firearms, such as background checkspriortogunpurchases,theBradyCampaigntoPreventGunViolenceisamembership organization that weighs in on the other side of theissue.
Interest groups may also form to represent companies, corporate organizations, and governments. These groups do not have individual members, but rather are offshoots of corporateorgovernmentalentitieswithacompellinginteresttoberepresentedinfrontof one ormoregovernmentbranches.VerizonandCoca-Colawillregistertolobbytoinfluencepolicy in a way that benefits them. These corporations will either have one or more in-house lobbyists, who work for one College of Arts and Sciences Education BA Political Science Program nd 2 Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local134
interest group or firm and represent their organization in a lobbying capacity and/or will hire a contract lobbyist, individuals who work for firms that representamultitudeofclientsandareoftenhiredbecauseoftheirresourcesandtheirability to contact and lobby lawmakers, to represent them before thelegislature.
Governments such as municipalities and executive departments such as the Department of
Education register to lobby to maximize their share of budgets or increase their level of autonomy.Thesegovernmentinstitutionsarerepresentedbyalegislativeliaison,whosejob is to present issues to decision-makers. For example, a state university usually employs a lobbyist, legislative liaison, or government affairs person to represent its interests before the legislature. This includes lobbying for a given university’s share of the budget or for its continued autonomy from lawmakers and other state-level officials who may attempt to play a greater oversightrole.
Interestgroupsalsoincludeassociationsthataretypicallygroupsofinstitutionsthatjoinwith others,oftenwithinthesametradeorindustry(tradeassociations)andhavesimilarconcerns. The American Beverage Association includes Coca-Cola, Red Bull North America, ROCKSTAR, and Kraft Foods. Although these companies are competitors, they have commoninterestsrelatedtothemanufacturing,bottling,anddistributionofbeverages,aswell astheregulationoftheirbusinessactivities.Thelogicisthatthereisstrengthinnumbers,and if members can lobby for tax breaks or eased regulations for an entire industry, they may benefit. These common goals do not, however, prevent individual association members from employing in-house lobbyists or contract lobbying firms to represent their own business or organization as well. Indeed, many members of associations are competitors who also seek representation individually before thelegislature.
Theprimarygoalofmostinterests,nomattertheirlobbyingapproach,istoinfluencedecision- makers and
public policies. For example, National Right to Life, an anti-abortion interest group,lobbiestoencouragethegovernmenttoenactlawsthatrestrictabortionaccess, while NARAL Pro- Choice America lobbies to promote women's right to have safe choices about abortion. Environmental interests like the Sierra Club lobby for laws designed to protect naturalresourcesandminimizetheuseofpollutants.Ontheotherhand,someinterestslobby to reduce regulations that an organization might view asburdensome.
Interest Group Functions
While influencing policy is the primary goal, interest groups also monitor government activity, serve as a means of political participation for members, and provide information to the public andlawmakers.AccordingtotheNationalConferenceofStateLegislatures,byNovember 2015, thirty-six states had laws requiring that voters provide identification at thepolls.
Interestgroupsfacilitatepoliticalparticipationinseveralways.Somemembersbecomeactive within a group, working on behalf of the organization to promote its agenda. Some interests work to increase membership, inform the public about issues the group deems important, or organizerallies,andpromoteget-out-the-voteefforts.Sometimesgroupswillutilizeeventsto mobilizeexistingmembersorencouragenewmemberstojoin.Forexample,followingBarack Obama’s presidential victory in 2008, the NRA used the election as a rallying cry for its supporters,anditcontinuesto attack thePresidentontheissueofguns,despitethefactthat gun rights have in some ways expanded for the Obama presidency. Interest groups also organize letter-writing campaigns, stage protests, and sometimes hold fundraisers for their cause or even for politicalcampaigns. College of Arts and Sciences Education BA Political Science Program nd 2 Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local134
This organization represents both liberals and conservatives, Democrats and Republicans, and many who do not identify with these categorizations. On the other hand, the Association of Black Cardiologists is a much smaller and far-narrower organization. Over the last several decades,someinterestgroupshavesoughtgreaterspecializationandhaveevenfragmented. As you may imagine, the Association of Black Cardiologists is more specialized than the American Medical Association, which tries to represent all physicians regardless of race or specialty.
Public vs. Private Interest Groups
Interest groups and organizations represent both private and public interests in the United States.Privateinterestsusuallyseekparticularizedbenefitsfromthegovernmentthatfavor asingleinterestoranarrowsetofinterests.Forexample,corporationsandpolitical institutions maylobbythegovernmentfortaxexemptions,fewerregulations,orfavorablelawsthatbenefit individual companies or industries more generally. Their goal is to promote private goods. Private goods are items individuals can own, including corporate profits. An automobile is a private good; when you purchase it, you receive ownership. Wealthy individuals are more likely to accumulate private goods, and they can sometimes obtain private goods from governments, such as tax benefits, government subsidies, or governmentcontracts.
On the other hand, public interest groups attempt to promote public or collective goods. Such collective goods are benefits—tangible or intangible—that help most or all citizens. These goods are often produced collectively, and because they may not be profitable and everyonemaynotagreeonwhatpublicgoodsarebestforsociety,theyareoftenunderfunded and thus underproduced unless there is government involvement. The Tennessee Valley Authority, a government corporation, provides electricity in some places where it is not profitable for private firms to do so. Other examples of collective goods are public safety, highway safety, public education, and environmental protection. With some exceptions, if an environmental interest promotes clean air or water, most or all citizens can enjoy the result. So if the Sierra Club encourages Congress to pass legislation that improves national air quality,citizensreceivethebenefitregardlessofwhethertheyaremembersoftheorganization or even support the legislation. Many environmental groups are public interest groups that lobby for and raise awareness of issues that affect large segments of thepopulation.
Summary
Some interest groups represent a broad set of interests, while others focus on only a single issue.Someinterestsareorganizations,likebusinesses,corporations,orgovernments,which register to lobby, typically to obtain some benefit from the legislature. Other interest groups consist of dues- paying members who join a group, usually voluntarily. Some organizations band together, often joining trade associations that represent their industry or field. Interest groupsrepresenteitherthepublicinterestorprivateinterests.Privateinterestsoftenlobbythe governmentforparticularizedbenefits,whicharenarrowlydistributed.Thesebenefitsusually accruetowealthiermembersofsociety.Publicinterests,ontheotherhand,trytorepresenta broad segment of society or even allpersons.
Practice Question College of Arts and Sciences Education BA Political Science Program nd 2 Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local134
What benefits do private and public interests bring to society?
Whatare some disadvantages of private and publicinterests?
Public Opinion and InterestGroups
Public opinion refers to the collective individual opinions of a designated public concerning government, politics, and public policy. Lawson's public opinion is an aggregate of individual opinions on any issue but found on examination to be varied and conflicting. Also, Public Opinion is Walter Lippmann's groundbreaking work, which demonstrates how individual beliefs are swayed by stereotypes, the mass media, and political propaganda.
Self-Help: You can also refer to the sources below to help you further understan
*Ethridge, M. (2013). Politics in a changing world: a comparative introduction topolitical science (6th Edition). Australia: Wadsworth CengageLearning
*Nownes, A. (2013). Interest Groups in American Politics. Routledge: NewYork
*Carson, C. (2016). American Civil Rights Movement.Britannica
Let’s Check!
Instructions: Please check the answer under each item that best reflects your thinking.
1. Traditional ways of measuring public opinionisthrough.
a. Broadcasting c.Election
b. Advertising d. PeoplePower
2. Public opinion in the United States can be reflectedin:
a. Election c.Consultation
b. Survey d.Demonstration
3. This is the most important factor in propaganda operation andimplementation.
a. Money c.Media
b.Information d. Machinery College of Arts and Sciences Education BA Political Science Program nd 2 Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local134
4. This is one of the manifestations of representativedemocracy.
a. PoliticalExercise c. BillofRights
b.Voting d. PoliticalParties
5.This group attempts to promote public or collectivegoods.
a. LobbyistGroup c.InterestGroup
b. PublicInterestGroup d. All oftheabove
6. What are the two main political parties in the UnitedStates?
a. Wig PartyandIndependent c. Democrat andRepublican
b. DemocraticandRepublic d. Liberal andSocialist
7. What is the Political Party system in the UnitedStates?
a. Multi-PartySystem c. 3PartySystem
b. 2PartySystem d. 2 Party System plus 1Independent
8. What is the primary role of the Interestgroups?
a. InfluencingPolicy c. IntimidationPolicy
b. Moneybribery d. Pressure Strategy
9. What is the Political Party of AbrahamLincoln?
a. Wig Party c. Democratic
b. Republican Party d.Independent
10. This is a group having a shared-attitude that makes certain claims upon other groupsin society.
a. InterestGroups c. Religious Groups
b. Pressure Groups d. Group of Workers
Scoring:Thisactivityisself-scoring.Circletheansweryouselectedforeachofthequestions checked on the
test. Total the number of circles below eachcolumn. College of Arts and Sciences Education BA Political Science Program nd 2 Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local134
1. A b c d
2. A b c d
3. A b c d
4. A b c d
5. A b c d
6. A b c d
7. A b c D
8. A b c d
9. A b c d
10. A b c d
Let’s Analyze!
Activity 1. The democratic system of government in the United States is the most influential in the world today; thus, freedom is not absolute, and it must be situated instead. As Martin Luther King Jr once have said: "Call it Democracy or call it Democratic Socialism, but there mustbeabetterdistributionofwealthwithinthiscountryforallGod'schildren."Weareguided by laws that will educate us through our actions, which we are encouraged to utilize critical thinking towardssociety.
At this juncture, you are required to assess the said democratic system based on the documentary film and the concepts of civil rights, public opinion, and interest groups. Please write your thoughts in the space provided.
________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ College of Arts and Sciences Education BA Political Science Program nd 2 Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local134
PublicOpinionisvitalinAmericanDemocracy,andthehistoryoftheCivilrightsmovementis such an inspiring story. In this portion, you are asked to write your arguments and reasoning relevant to the topics presented. I will provide the first two items and you will do therest.
1. TheAmericanCivilRightsaccomplishmentisattributedtoadheringtotheprinciplesof the AmericanConstitution. 2. Arguments state how Interest Groups differ from PoliticalParties.
9. ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ College of Arts and Sciences Education BA Political Science Program nd 2 Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local134
Big Picture in Focus: ULOc. Explain the systematic study and the structure of politics and government.
Metalanguage
Presentedbelowisthesummaryofthebasicunderstandingofthethreebranches of the government in the
United States of America that serves your guide as you will determine and distinguish its function and role towards the political system. Again, you are asked to relate the topics and subtopics to the learning outcomes(ULOc).
Essential Knowledge
In the book entitled Politics, it mentioned the function of the three branches of the government, and it is one of the contents of the constitution created by Aristotle. Montesquieu supported this book in his book entitled the Spirit of Laws. The three branches of government must have a separation of powers, and it is the best way to reconcile citizens and public authorities' freedom. The idea of a separation of three powers was seen as the remedy for abuse of power.
Again,theresourcesbelowarenotexclusive;thus,youareencouragedtoutilizeother referencesthatyoumightsearchfromotherbooks,researcharticles,andotherresources available in the university's library, e.g., ebrary, search.proquest.com,etc.
One basic corollary in the United States system of government is the principle of separationofpowerswhereinlegislationbelongstoCongress,executiontotheExecutive, and settlement of legal controversies to theJudiciary.
The United States has three branches of government: the executive, the legislative, and thejudicial.Eachofthesebrancheshasadistinctandessentialroleinthefunctionofthe government, and they were established in Articles 1 (legislative), 2 (executive), and 3 (judicial) of the U.S. Constitution.
The Executive Branch
The executive branch consists of the President, vice president, and 15 Cabinet-leveldepartments such as State, Defense, Interior, Transportation, and Education. The executive branch's primary power rests with the President, who chooses his vicepresident and his Cabinet members who head the respective departments. A crucial function of the executive branch is to ensure that laws are carried out and enforced to facilitate such day-to-day responsibilities of the federal government as College of Arts and Sciences Education BA Political Science Program nd 2 Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local134
collecting taxes, safeguarding the homeland, and representing the United States' political and economic interests around the world.
The President
The President leads the American people and the federal government. He or she also actsastheheadofstate,andas CommanderinChiefoftheUnitedStatesArmedForces.
The President is responsible for formulating the nation's foreign and domestic policy and for developing the annual federal operating budget with the approval of Congress.
ThepeoplefreelyelectthePresidentthroughtheElectoralCollegesystem.ThePresident serves a four-
year term in office and can be elected no more thantwice.
The Vice President
The vice president assists and advises the President, and must be ready at all times to assume the presidency in the event of the President's death, resignation, or temporary incapacitation. The Vice President also serves as the President of the United States Senate, where he or she casts the deciding vote in the case of a tie.
The vice president is elected along with the President as a "running mate" and can be elected and serve an unlimited number of four-year under multiple presidents.
The Cabinet
The President’s Cabinet serves as advisors to the President. They include the vice president,theheadsofthe15executivedepartments,andotherhigh-rankinggovernment officials. Each Cabinet member also holds a spot in the presidential line of succession. AftertheVicePresident, SpeakeroftheHouse,andPresidentprotemporeoftheSenate, the line of succession continues with the Cabinet offices in the order in which the departments werecreated.
Exceptforthevicepresident,CabinetmembersarenominatedbythePresidentandmust be approved by a simple majority of theSenate.
The Legislative Branch
The legislative branch consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives, collectively known as the Congress. There are 100 senators; each state has two. Each statehasadifferentnumberofrepresentatives,withthenumberdeterminedbythestate's population, through a process known as "apportionment." At present, there are 435members of the House. As a whole, the legislative branch is charged with passing the nation'slawsandallocatingfundsfortherunningofthefederalgovernmentandproviding assistance to the 50 U.S.states. College of Arts and Sciences Education BA Political Science Program nd 2 Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local134
TheConstitutiongrantstheHouseofRepresentativesseveralexclusivepowers,including thepowertoinitiatespendingandtax-relatedrevenuebills,impeachfederalofficials,and elect the President of the United States in the case of an electoral college tie.
The Senate is granted the sole power to try federal officials impeached by the House of Representatives,thepowertoconfirmpresidentialappointmentsthatrequireconsentand to ratify treaties with foreign governments. However, the House must also approve appointmentstothevicepresident'sofficeandalltreatiesthatinvolveforeigntradesince they involverevenue.
Both the House and Senate must approve all legislation—bills and resolutions—before theycanbesenttothePresidentfortheirsignatureandfinalenactment.BoththeHouse andtheSenatemustpasstheidenticalbillbyasimplemajorityvote.WhilethePresident hasthepowertoveto(reject)abill,theHouseandSenatehavethepowertooverridethatvetobypassingthebill againineachchamberwithatleasttwo-thirds“supermajority” of the members of each body voting infavor.
The Judicial Branch
The judicial branch consists of the United States Supreme Court and lower federalcourts. Under the Supreme Court's constitutional jurisdiction, its primary function is to hear cases that challenge the constitutionality of legislation or require interpretation. TheU.S. Supreme Court has nine justices, who are nominated by the President and mustbe confirmed by a simple majority vote of the Senate. Once appointed, Supreme Court justices serve until they retire, resign, die, or are impeached.
The lower federal courts also decide cases dealing with the constitutionality of laws, as well as cases involving the laws and treaties of the U.S. ambassadors and public ministers, disputes between two or more states, admiralty law, also known as maritime law, and bankruptcy cases. Decisions of the lower federal courts can be and often are appealed to the U.S. SupremeCourt.
Checks and Balances
Why are there three separate and distinct branches of government, each with a different function? The framers of the Constitution did not wish to return to the totalitarian system of governance imposed on colonial America by the British government.
Toensurethatnosinglepersonorentityhadamonopolyonpower,theFoundingFathers designed and
instituted a system of checks and balances. The President's power is checked by Congress, which can refuse to confirm his appointees, for example, and has thepowertoimpeachorremoveapresident.Congressmaypasslaws,butthePresidenthas the power to veto them (Congress, in turn, may override a veto). Moreover, the SupremeCourtcanruleontheconstitutionalityofalaw,butCongress,withapprovalfrom two-thirds of the states, may amend theConstitution.
Self-Help: You can also refer to the sources below to help you further understan College of Arts and Sciences Education BA Political Science Program nd 2 Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local134
Hamilton,L.(2016).Congress,Presidents,andAmericanPolitics:Fiftyyearsofwriting and reflections.
Indiana UniversityPress
Guy Peters, B. (2016). American Public Policy. Los Angeles:SAGE
Let’s Check!
Activity 1.Instructions: Please check the answer under each item that best reflects your thinking.
1. What power does the President exercise to reject the legislation approve by both houses?
a. Power toReject c. Power to override
b. VetoPower d. None of theabove
2. How many justices composed the United States SupremeCourt?
a. 9 c. 12
b. 10 d. 14
3. How would you definelaw?
a. The power to amend and revisedpolicy
b. Distinct from those grafted under theconstitution
c. Regulations enacted by the legislature to guide our actions insociety
d. Grant of legislative power to theCongress
4. The power to invalidate laws of Congress of the statutes if they conflict with the constitution
a. JudicialPower
b. JudicialReview
c. JudicialTenor
d. JudicialMandate
5. What month of the year is the election period in the UnitedStates?
a. September
b. October College of Arts and Sciences Education BA Political Science Program nd 2 Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local134
c. November
d. December
6. The constitution protects the independence of the judicial department through the followingEXCEPT:
a. The Judiciary enjoys FiscalAutonomy
b. The Supreme Court had appointed allofficials
c. All Judges enjoy the security oftenure
d. Judges will be ousted due to People’spower
7. Is it a fundamental principle in the U.S. system of government? It obtains not through express provisions but by actual division in AmericanConstitution.
a. Separation ofPowers
b. Delegation ofPowers
c. Powers of the President
d. Powers of the Congress
8. By this principle is meant that the constitution grants powers to each of thethreebranches of government.
a. Principle ofChecks
b. Principle ofBalances
c. Principle of Checks andBalances
d. Principle for the Government of aNation
9. Who will elect the President of the United States as mandated by theirconstitution?
a. Elected in thePrimary
b. Popular Votes
c. ElectoralCollege
d. Direct vote from thepeople
10. Which among the three branches of the government can approve the declaration of war? College of Arts and Sciences Education BA Political Science Program nd 2 Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local134
a. Legislative
b. Executive
c. Judiciary
d. All of theabove
Scoring: This activity is self-scoring. Circle the answer you selected for each of the questions checked on the test. Total the number of circles below each column.
1. a b c d
2. a b c d
3. a b c d
4. a b c d
5. a b c d
6. a b c d
7. a b c d
8. a b c d
9. a b c d
10. a b c d
Identification
1. This is a kind of opinion in the Judicial Department favoring the decisions of a saidcase.
2. Who impose totalitarianism in the colonial period inAmerica.
3. A branch of American Government that can impeach FederalOfficials.
4. A writ or order by which a higher court reviews a case tried in a lowercourt.
5. Who designed and instituted the check and balance of the three branches of government in the AmericanConstitution.
6. How many Heads in the Executive Department under thePresident?
7. The branch of government transforms into a quasi-judicial body mandated to tried impeach federalofficials.
8. The number or percentage of votes to override the PresidentialVeto.
9.– 10. The two houses in the LegislativeDepartment.
College of Arts and Sciences Education BA Political Science Program nd 2 Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local134
Let’s Analyze
Activity 1. The three branches of the government were explained thousands of years ago, from ideal to real perspective. The political philosophers from the ancient era were abletofigureouttheflow,thematrixofitsfunction,andthemodernpoliticalthinkerswho developed it. Moreover, it is indeed an influential part to enhance the system of government.
At this juncture, you are asked to elaborate on the three branches of the government. Please answer the questions below.
1. Explain, in summary, the three branches of the government in terms of their functions and co- equalpowers.
PublicOpinionisvitalinAmericanDemocracy,andthehistoryoftheCivilrightsmovementis such an inspiring story. In this portion, you are asked to write your arguments and reasoning relevant to the topics presented. I will provide the first two items and you will do therest.
1. Since the United States is a Democratic and Federal State, the people are allowed to contribute their criticism, and public opinion must be respected. However, the law will still prevail. The people's political thoughts can contribute to drafting a bill for as long that thought has a political reasoning and legal basis. Meaning to say there must have a deeper understanding of the analysis to the rationale. Political biases must be discouraged, while political differences must be respected.
Your turn
2. _________________________________________________________________________ College of Arts and Sciences Education BA Political Science Program nd 2 Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local134
8. _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________ College of Arts and Sciences Education BA Political Science Program nd 2 Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local134
Big Picture in Focus: ULOd. Discuss the different political theories
and connect the relevance to the current political issues.
Metalanguage
Presented below are the essential terms that will be explained for you to have a better understanding of this section in the course. Again, you are to relate the explanation of these terms to the learning outcomes (ULOd).
1. Bureaucracy is a government system in which state officials make most of the important decisions rather than by elected representatives. 2. The Politics of Economics and Domestic Policy-Making issues in American Policymaking process affecting Poverty and Peoples Welfare, the Cold War in the 1990s and beyond and Environmental Policies. 3. Foreign and Defense Policy is the study of the relations of states, including international organizations with special attention in American Defense Policy and Military spending to secure economic security internal and abroad.
Essential Knowledge
1. BUREAUCRACY
The Bureaucracy: How is its structure?
Turning a spoils system bureaucracy into a merit-based civil service, while desirable, comes with several different consequences. The patronage system tied the livelihoods of civil service workers to their party loyalty and discipline. Severing these ties, as has occurred in the United States over the last century and a half, has transformed the way bureaucracies operate. Without the patronage College of Arts and Sciences Education BA Political Science Program nd 2 Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local134
network, bureaucracies form their motivations. These motivations, sociologists have discovered, are designed to benefit and perpetuate the bureaucracies themselves.
Bureaucracies are complex institutions designed to accomplish specific tasks. This complexity, and the fact that they are organizations composed of human beings, can make it challenging for us to understand how bureaucracies work.
Bureaucracies are naturally competitive and power-hungry. This means bureaucrats, especially at the highest levels, recognize that limited resources are available to feed bureaucracies, so they will work to enhance the status of their bureaucracy to the detriment of others.
This effort can sometimes take the form of merely emphasizing to Congress the value of their bureaucratic task. Still, it also means the bureaucracy will attempt to maximize its budget by depleting all its allotted resources each year. This ploy makes it more difficult for legislators to cut the bureaucracy's future budget, a strategy that succeeds at the expense of thrift. In this way, the bureaucracy will eventually grow far beyond what is necessary and create bureaucratic waste that would otherwise be spent more efficiently among the other bureaucracies.
Other theorists have concluded that the extent to which bureaucracies compete for scarce resources is not what provides the greatest insight into how a bureaucracy functions. Instead, it is the absence of competition.
Similarities exist between a bureaucracy like the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and a private monopoly like a regional power company or internet service provider with no competitors. Such organizations are frequently criticized for waste, poor service, and a low level of client responsiveness. Consider, for example, the Bureau of Consular Affairs (BCA), the federal bureaucracy charged with issuing passports to citizens. There is no other organization from which a U.S. citizen can legitimately request and receive a passport, a process that normally takes several weeks. Thus there is no reason for the BCA to become more efficient or more responsive or to issue passports any faster.
Types of Bureaucratic Organizations
A bureaucracy is a particular government unit established to accomplish a specific set of goals and objectives as authorized by a legislative body. In the United States, the federal bureaucracy enjoys a great degree of autonomy compared to those of other countries. This is partly due to the sheer size of the federal budget, which is approximately $3.5 trillion as of 2015.[1] Moreover, because many of its agencies do not have clearly defined lines of authority—roles and responsibilities established by means of a chain of command—they also are able to operate with a high degree of autonomy. However, many agency actions are subject to judicial review, in Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States (1935), the Supreme Court found that agency authority seemed limitless.[2] Yet, not all bureaucracies are alike. In the U.S. government, there are four general types: cabinet departments, independent executive agencies, regulatory agencies, and government corporations.
Cabinet Departments
There are currently fifteen cabinet departments in the federal government. Cabinet departments are principal executive offices that are directly accountable to the President. They include the Departments of State, Defense, Education, Treasury, and several others. Occasionally, a College of Arts and Sciences Education BA Political Science Program nd 2 Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local134
department will be eliminated when government officials decide its tasks no longer need direct presidential and congressional oversight, such as happened to the Post Office Department in 1970.
Each cabinet department has a head called a secretary, appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate. These secretaries report directly to the President, and they oversee a huge network of offices and agencies that make up the department. They also work in different capacities to achieve each department's mission-oriented functions. Within these large bureaucratic networks are a number of undersecretaries, assistant secretaries, deputy secretaries, and many others. The Department of Justice is the one department that is structured somewhat differently. Rather than a secretary and undersecretaries, it has an attorney general, an associate attorney general, and a host of the different bureau and division heads.
Individual cabinet departments are composed of numerous levels of bureaucracy. These levels descend from the department head in a mostly hierarchical pattern and consist of essential staff, smaller offices, and bureaus. Their tiered, hierarchical structure allows large bureaucracies to address many different issues by deploying dedicated and specialized officers. For example, below the secretary of state is a number of undersecretaries. These include undersecretaries for political affairs, for management, for economic growth, energy, and the environment, and many others. Each controls a number of bureaus and offices. Each bureau and office, in turn, oversees a more focused aspect of the undersecretary's field of specialization. For example, below the undersecretary for public diplomacy and public affairs are three bureaus: educational and cultural affairs, public affairs, and international information programs. Frequently, these bureaus have even more specialized departments under them. Under the bureau of educational and cultural affairs is the spokesperson for the Department of State and his or her staff, the Office of the Historian, and the United States Diplomacy Center.
Independent Executive Agencies and Regulatory Agencies
Like cabinet departments, independent executive agencies report directly to the President, with heads appointed by the President. Unlike the larger cabinet departments, however, independent agencies are assigned far more focused tasks. These agencies are considered independent because they are not subject to the regulatory authority of any specific department. They perform vital functions and are a major part of the United States' bureaucratic landscape–providing information or services. Some prominent independent agencies are the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), which collects and manages intelligence vital to national interests and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), charged with developing technological innovation for space exploration.
The independent regulatory agency emerged in the late nineteenth century as a product of the push to control the benefits and costs of industrialization. The first regulatory agency was the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), charged with regulating that most identifiable and prominent symbol of nineteenth-century industrialism, the railroad. Other regulatory agencies, such as the Commodity Futures Trading Commission, which regulates U.S. financial markets and the Federal Communications Commission, which regulates radio and television, have largely been created in the image of the ICC. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) illustrates well the potential power of such agencies. The SEC’s mission has expanded significantly in the digital era beyond mere regulation of stock floor trading.
Government Corporations College of Arts and Sciences Education BA Political Science Program nd 2 Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local134
Agencies formed by the federal government to administer a quasi-business enterprise are called government corporations. They exist because the services they provide are partly subject to market forces and tend to generate enough profit to be self-sustaining, but they also fulfill a vital service the government has an interest in maintaining. Unlike a private corporation, a government corporation does not have stockholders. Instead, it has a board of directors and managers. This distinction is important because whereas a private corporation's profits are distributed as dividends, a government corporation's profits are dedicated to perpetuating the enterprise. Unlike private businesses that pay taxes to the federal government on their profits, government corporations are exempt from taxes.
The most widely used government corporation is the U.S. Postal Service. Once a cabinet department, it was transformed into a government corporation in the early 1970s. Another widely used government corporation is the National Railroad Passenger Corporation, which uses the trade name Amtrak. Amtrak was the government’s response to the decline in passenger rail travel in the 1950s and 1960s as the automobile came to dominate. Recognizing the need to maintain a passenger rail service despite dwindling profits, the government consolidated the remaining lines and created Amtrak.[4]
Bureaucrats must implement and administer a wide range of policies and programs as established by congressional acts or presidential orders. Depending upon the agency’s mission, a bureaucrat’s roles and responsibilities vary greatly, from regulating corporate business and protecting the environment to printing money and purchasing office supplies. Bureaucrats are government officials subject to legislative regulations and procedural guidelines. Because they play a vital role in modern society, they hold managerial and functional positions in government; they form the core of most administrative agencies. Although many top administrators are far from the masses, many interact with citizens on a regular basis.
Given the power bureaucrats have to adopt and enforce public policy, they must follow several legislative regulations and procedural guidelines. A regulation is a rule that permits the government to restrict or prohibit certain behaviors among individuals and corporations. Bureaucratic rulemaking is a complex process that will be covered in more detail in the following section, but the rulemaking process typically creates procedural guidelines, or more formally, standard operating procedures. These are the rules that lower-level bureaucrats must abide by regardless of the situations they face.
Elected officials are regularly frustrated when bureaucrats seem not to follow the path they intended. As a result, the bureaucratic process becomes inundated with red tape. This is the name for the procedures and rules that must be followed to get something done. Citizens frequently criticize the seemingly endless networks of red tape; they must navigate to effectively utilize bureaucratic services, although these devices are meant to ensure the bureaucracies function as intended.
2. Politics of Economics and Domestics Policy Making
What Is Domestic Policy in the U.S. Government?
Dealing with Issues that Affect Americans' Daily Live
The term “domestic policy” refers to the plans and actions taken by a national government to deal with issues and needs present within the country itself.
Domestic policy is generally developed by the federal government, often in consultation with state and local governments. The process of dealing with U.S. relations and issues with other nations is known as "foreign policy." College of Arts and Sciences Education BA Political Science Program nd 2 Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local134
Importance and Goals of Domestic Policy
The domestic policy affects every citizen's daily lives in dealing with a wide range of critical issues, such as healthcare, education, energy, natural resources, social welfare, taxation, public safety, and personal freedoms. Compared to foreign policy, which deals with a nation's relationships with other countries, domestic policy tends to be more visible and often more controversial. Consider together, domestic policy and foreign policies are often referred to as "public policy."
At its basic level, the domestic policy goal is to minimize unrest and dissatisfaction among the nation's citizens. In accomplishing this goal, domestic policy tends to stress areas such as improving law enforcement and healthcare.
Domestic Policy in the United States
In the United States, the domestic policy can be divided into several different categories, each concentrated on a different aspect of life in the U.S.
Regulatory Policy focuses on maintaining social order by outlawing behaviors and actions that endanger the public. This is typically accomplished by enacting laws and policies banning individuals, companies, and other parties from taking actions that might endanger social order. Such regulatory laws and policies might range from mundane issues like local traffic laws to laws protecting the right to vote, preventing racial and gender discrimination, stopping human trafficking, and fighting illegal drug trade and use. Other important regulatory policy laws protect the public from abusive business and financial practices, protect the environment, and ensure workplace safety. Distributive Policy: Focuses on ensuring the fair provisions of taxpayer-supported government benefits, goods, and services to all individuals, groups, and corporations. Such goods and services funded by citizens' taxes include public education, public safety, roads and bridges, and welfare programs. Tax-supported government benefits include programs such as farm subsidies and tax write-offs to promote homeownership, energy savings, and economic development. Distributive Policy focuses on one of the most challenging and controversial aspects of domestic policy: the equitable sharing of the nation's wealth. The redistributive policy goal is to fairly transfer funds raised through taxation from one group or program to another. The aim of such redistribution of wealth is often to end or alleviate social problems like poverty or homelessness. However, since Congress controls the discretionary expenditure of tax dollars, lawmakers sometimes abuse this power by diverting funds from programs that address social problems to programs that do not. Constituent Policy: Focuses on creating government agencies to help provide services to the public. For example, over the years, new agencies and departments have been created to deal with taxes, to administer programs like Social Security and Medicare, to protect consumers, and to ensure clean air and water, just to name a few.
Other Areas of Domestic Policy
Within each of the four basic categories above, there are several specific areas of domestic policy that must be developed and constantly modified to respond to changing needs and situations. College of Arts and Sciences Education BA Political Science Program nd 2 Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local134
Examples of these specific areas of U.S. domestic policy and the Cabinet-level executive branch agencies primarily responsible for creating them include:
Defense Policy (Departments of Defense and Homeland Security)
Economic Policy (Departments of Treasury, Commerce, and Labor) Environmental Policy (Departments of Interior and Agriculture) Energy Policy (Department of Energy) Law Enforcement, Public Safety, and Civil Rights Policy (Department of Justice) Public Health Policy (Department of Health and Human Services) Transportation Policy (Department of Transportation) Social Welfare Policy (Departments of Housing and Urban Development, Education, and Veterans Affairs)
The Department of State is primarily responsible for the development of U.S. foreign policy.
Examples of Major Domestic Policy Issues
Going into the 2016 presidential election, some of the major domestic policy issues facing the federal government included:
Gun Control: Despite the protection of gun ownership rights ensured by the Second Amendment, should greater restrictions be placed on the purchase and ownership of firearms in the name of public safety? Surveillance of Muslims: Should federal and local law enforcement agencies increase surveillance of Muslims living in the United States to prevent terror attacks by Islamic extremists? Term Limits: While it would require amending the Constitution, should term limits for members of the U.S. Congress be created? Social Security: Should the minimum age for retirement be raised to prevent the Social Security system from going broke? Immigration: Should illegal immigrants be deported or offered a path the citizenship? Should immigration from nations know to harbor terrorists be limited or banned? Drug Enforcement Policy: Is the War on Drugs still worth fighting? Should the federal government follow the trend of the states in legalizing the medical and recreational use of marijuana?
The President’s Role in Domestic Policy
The actions of the President of the United States have a major impact on two areas directly influencing domestic policy: the law and the economy.
The Law: The President has primary responsibility for ensuring that the laws created by Congress and the federal regulations created by federal agencies are fairly and fully enforced. This is why so- called regulatory agencies like the consumer-protecting Federal Trade Commission and the environment-protecting EPA fall under the executive branch authority.
The Economy: The President's efforts in controlling the U.S. economy have a direct impact on the money-dependent distributive and re-distributive areas of domestic policy. Presidential College of Arts and Sciences Education BA Political Science Program nd 2 Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local134
responsibilities like molding the annual federal budget, proposing tax increases or cuts, and influencing U.S. foreign trade policy largely determine how much money will fund dozens of domestic programs affecting the lives of all Americans.
Highlights of President Trump’s Domestic Policy
When he took office in January 2017, President Donald Trump proposed a domestic policy agenda that included key elements of his campaign platform. Foremost among these were: the repeal and replacement of Obamacare, income tax reform, and cracking down on illegal immigration.
Repeal and Replace Obamacare: Without repealing or replacing it, President Trump has taken several actions weakening the Affordable Care Act — Obamacare. Through a series of executive orders, he loosened the law’s restrictions on where and how Americans could buy compliant health insurance and allowed the states to impose work requirements on Medicaid recipients.
Most significantly, on December 22, 2017, President Trump signed the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, part of which repealed Obamacare's tax penalty on individuals who fail to get health insurance. Critics have argued that the repeal of this so-called "individual mandate" removed any incentive for healthy people to buy insurance. The non-partisan Congressional Budget Office (CBO) estimated that some 13 million people would drop their existing health care insurance as a result.
Income Tax Reform—Tax Cuts: Other provisions of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act signed by President Trump December 22, 2017, lowered the tax rate on corporations from 35% to 21% starting in 2018. For individuals, the act cut income tax rates across-the-board, including dropping the top individual tax rate from 39.6% to 37% in 2018. While eliminating personal exemptions in most cases, it doubled the standard deduction for all taxpayers. While the corporate tax cuts are permanent, the cuts for individuals expire at the end of 2025 unless extended by Congress.
Restricting Illegal Immigration (‘The Wall’): A key element of President Trump’s proposed domestic agenda is the construction of a secure wall along the entire 2,000-mile-long border between the U.S. and Mexico to prevent immigrants from entering the U.S. illegally. Construction of a small part of “The Wall” was scheduled to begin on March 26, 2018.
On March 23, 2018, President Trump signed a $1.3 trillion omnibus government spending bill, part of which included $1.6 billion for construction of the wall, an amount Trump called “an initial down payment” on the estimated nearly $10 billion needed. Along with repair and upgrades to existing walls and anti-vehicle bollards, the $1.3 trillion will allow for the construction of about 25 miles (40 kilometers) of a new wall along levees in the Texas Rio Grande Valley.
3. Foreign and Defense Policy
Historical Overview
The main trend regarding the history of U.S. foreign policy since the American Revolution is the shift from non-interventionism before and after World War I, to its growth as a world power and global hegemony during and since World War II and the end of the Cold War in the 20th century.[5] Since the 19th century, U.S. foreign policy also has been characterized by a shift from the realist school to the idealistic or Wilsonian school of international relations
Foreign policy themes were expressed considerably in George Washington's farewell address. These include, among other things, observing good faith and justice towards all nations and College of Arts and Sciences Education BA Political Science Program nd 2 Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local134
cultivating peace and harmony with all, excluding both "inveterate antipathies against particular nations, and passionate attachments for others," "steer[ing] clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world," and advocating trade with all nations. These policies became the basis of the Federalist Party in the 1790s, but the rival Jeffersonians feared Britain and favored France in the 1790s, declaring the War of 1812 on Britain. After the 1778 alliance with France, the U.S. did not sign another permanent treaty until the North Atlantic Treaty in 1949. Over time, other themes, key goals, attitudes, or stances have been variously expressed by Presidential 'doctrines', named for them. Initially, these were uncommon events, but since WWII, these have been made by most presidents.
Jeffersonians vigorously opposed a large standing army and any navy until attacks against American shipping by Barbary corsairs spurred the country into developing a naval force projection capability, resulting in the First Barbary War in 1801.[7]
Despite two wars with European Powers—the War of 1812 and the Spanish–American War in 1898 —American foreign policy was mostly peaceful and marked by the steady expansion of its foreign trade during the 19th century. The Louisiana Purchase in 1803 doubled the nation's geographical area; Spain ceded Florida's territory in 1819; annexation was brought in the independent Texas Republic in 1845; a war with Mexico added California, Arizona, Utah Nevada, and New Mexico in 1848. The U.S. bought Alaska from the Russian Empire in 1867, and it annexed the independent Republic of Hawaii in 1898. Victory over Spain in 1898 brought the Philippines and Puerto Rico, as well as oversight of Cuba. The short experiment in imperialism ended by 1908, as the U.S. turned its attention to the Panama Canal and the stabilization of regions to its south, including Mexico.
World War I.
The 20th century was marked by two world wars in which Allied powers, along with the United States, defeated their enemies. Through this participation, the United States increased its international reputation. Entry into the First World War was a hotly debated issue in the 1916 presidential election.[8]
President Wilson's Fourteen Points was developed from his idealistic Wilsonianism program of spreading democracy and fighting militarism to prevent future wars. It became the basis of the German Armistice (which amounted to a military surrender) and the 1919 Paris Peace Conference. The resulting Treaty of Versailles, due to European allies' punitive and territorial designs, showed insufficient conformity with these points, and the U.S. signed separate treaties with each of its adversaries; due to Senate objections also, the U.S. never joined the League of Nations, which was established as a result of Wilson's initiative. In the 1920s, the United States followed an independent course and succeeded in a naval disarmament program, and refunded the German economy. Operating outside the League, it became a dominant player in diplomatic affairs. New York became the financial capital of the world,[9] but the Wall Street Crash of 1929 hurled the Western industrialized world into the Great Depression. American trade policy relied on high tariffs under the Republicans, and reciprocal trade agreements under the Democrats, but in any case exports were at very low levels in the 1930s
World War II College of Arts and Sciences Education BA Political Science Program nd 2 Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local134
The United States adopted a non-interventionist foreign policy from 1932 to 1938, but then-President Franklin D. Roosevelt moved toward strong support of the Allies in their wars against Germany and Japan. As a result of intense internal debate, the national policy was one of becoming the Arsenal of Democracy, which is financing and equipping the Allied armies without sending American combat soldiers. Roosevelt mentioned four fundamental freedoms, which ought to be enjoyed by people "everywhere in the world"; these included the freedom of speech and religion, as well as freedom from want and fear. Roosevelt helped establish terms for a post-war world among potential allies at the Atlantic Conference; specific points were included to correct earlier failures, which became a step toward the United Nations. American policy was to threaten Japan, to force it out of China, and to prevent its attacking the Soviet Union. However, Japan reacted by an attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, and the United States was at war with Japan, Germany, and Italy. Instead of the loans given to allies in World War I, the United States provided Lend-Lease grants of $50,000,000,000. Working closely with Winston Churchill of Britain and Joseph Stalin of the Soviet Union, Roosevelt sent his forces into the Pacific against Japan, then into North Africa against Italy and Germany, and finally into Europe, starting with France and Italy in 1944 against the Germans. The American economy roared forward, doubling industrial production, and building vast quantities of airplanes, ships, tanks, munitions, and, finally, the atomic bomb. Much of the American war effort went to strategic bombers, which flattened the cities of Japan and Germany.
Cold War
After the war, the U.S. rose to become the dominant economic power with broad influence in much of the world, with the Marshall Plan and the Truman Doctrine's key policies. Almost immediately, however, the world witnessed division into two broad camps during the Cold War; one side was led by the U.S. and the other by the Soviet Union, but this situation also led to the establishment of the Non-Aligned Movement. This period lasted until almost the end of the 20th century and is thought to be both an ideological and power struggle between the two superpowers. A policy of containment was adopted to limit Soviet expansion, and a series of proxy wars were fought with mixed results. In 1991, the Soviet Union dissolved into separate nations, and the Cold War formally ended as the United States gave separate diplomatic recognition to the Russian Federation and other former Soviet states.
In domestic politics, foreign policy is not usually a central issue. From 1945–1970, the Democratic Party took a strong anti-Communist line and supported wars in Korea and Vietnam. Then the party split with a strong, "dovish," pacifist element (typified by 1972 presidential candidate George McGovern). Many "hawks," advocates for war, joined the Neoconservative movement and started supporting the Republicans—especially Reagan—based on foreign policy.[10] Meanwhile, down to 1952, the Republican Party was split between an isolationist wing, based in the Midwest and led by Senator Robert A. Taft, and an internationalist wing based in the East and led by Dwight D. Eisenhower. Eisenhower defeated Taft for the 1952 nomination largely on foreign policy grounds. Since then, the Republicans have been characterized by a hawkish and intense American nationalism, strong opposition to Communism, and strong support for Israel.
21st century
In the 21st century, U.S. influence remains strong but, in relative terms, is declining in terms of economic output compared to rising nations such as China, India, Russia, and the newly consolidated European Union. Substantial problems remain, such as climate change, nuclear College of Arts and Sciences Education BA Political Science Program nd 2 Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local134
proliferation, and the specter of nuclear terrorism. In their book The Next American Century, foreign policy analysts Hachigian and Sutphen suggest that all five powers have similar vested interests in stability and terrorism prevention and trade; if they can find common ground, then the next decades may be marked by peaceful growth and prosperity.[12]
In 2017 diplomats from other countries developed new tactics to deal with President Donald Trump. The New York Times reported on the eve of his first foreign trip as President:
For foreign leaders trying to figure out the best way to approach an American president, unlike any they have known, it is a time of experimentation. Embassies in Washington trade tips and ambassadors send cables to presidents and ministers back home suggesting how to handle a mercurial, strong-willed leader with no real experience on the world stage, a preference for personal diplomacy and a taste for glitz....certain rules have emerged: Keep it short — no 30-minute monologue for a 30-second attention span. Do not assume he knows the history of the country or its major points of contention. Compliment him on his Electoral College victory. Contrast him favorably with President Barack Obama. Do not get hung up on whatever was said during the campaign. Stay in regular touch. Do not go in with a shopping list but bring some sort of deal he can call a victory. [13]
Trump has numerous aides giving advice on foreign policy. The chief diplomat was Secretary of State Rex Tillerson. His major foreign policy positions were often at odds with Trump, including:
urging the United States to stay in the Trans-Pacific Partnership and the Paris climate accord, taking a hard line on Russia, advocating negotiations and dialogue to defuse the mounting crisis with North Korea, advocating for continued U.S. adherence to the Iran nuclear deal, taking a neutral position in the dispute between Qatar and Saudi Arabia, and reassuring jittery allies, from South Korea and Japan to our NATO partners, that America still has their back.
Self-Help: You can also refer to the sources below to help you further understan
Acharya, A. (2014). The end of American World Order. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press
Janda, K. et al. (2014). The challenge of Democracy: American Government in Global Politics. Australia: Wadsworth Cengage Learning
Snow, N. (2014). Media and Public Affairs: Propaganda and American Democracy. LSU Press.
Let’s Check!
Activity 1. Instructions: Please check the answer under each item that best reflects your thinking.
1. What American bureaucracy empowers to collect taxes?
a. BIR c. IRS or Internal Revenue Service
College of Arts and Sciences Education BA Political Science Program nd 2 Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local134
b. Federal Collectors d. Federal Revenue Service
2. What American Bureaucracy enjoys a great degree of autonomy?
a. Federal Bureaucracy c.Federal Department
b. Federal Autonomy d. Federal Services
3. In the U.S. bureaucracy, how many current departments are operating?
a. 15 c. 17
b. 16 d. 18
4. This department is not subject to the regulatory authority.
a. Executive Agency c. Local Government
b. Federal Department d. Independent Executive Agencies
5. In the 19th Century, this body was tasked to regulate interstate commerce.
a. Department of Commerce c. Independent Regulatory Agency
b. Federal Government d. State Department
6. It is the obligation of the American quasi business enterprise.
a. Government Corporation c. American Economic Enterprise
b. Federal Corporation d. State Enterprise
7. It is called the corrupt practice in bureaucracy.
a. Bribery c. Diversion of Funds
b. Red Tape d. None of the Above
8. In 2015, how much was the size federal budget of the federal bureaucracy?
a. $3.2 Trillion c. $3.7 Trillion
b. $3.5 Trillion d. $3.9 Trillion
College of Arts and Sciences Education BA Political Science Program nd 2 Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local134
9. What is the natural behavior of a bureaucracy?
a. Independent c. Dependent
b. Competitive and Power Hungry d. Accountable
10. In what bureau the Office of Historian connected?
a. Bureau of Education and Cultural Affairs c. Department of Education
b. Cultural Affairs Department d. Federal Education Bureau
Scoring: This activity is self-scoring. Circle the answer you selected for each of the questions checked on the test. Total the number of circles below each column.
1. a b c d
2. a b c d
3. a b c d
4. a b c d
5. a b c d
6. A b c d
7. A b c d
8. A b c d
9. A b c d
10. A b c d
Let’s Analyze
Activity 1. Once again, you are asked to elaborate on the importance of Bureaucracy, Domestic Policy Making, and the Foreign and Defense Policy. Please answer the following questions.
1. What is the Pendleton Act? How has the merit system changed the makeup of the federal bureaucracy?
________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________ College of Arts and Sciences Education BA Political Science Program nd 2 Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local134
2. How did the Red Scare affect the Domestic Policy of the United States? Discuss
3. China's economic and military power has been rising rapidly, and it has been increasingly aggressive in advancing territorial claims in the South China Sea and elsewhere, in part by reclaiming reefs and shoals and expanding its military presence. Do you believe it is a vital U.S. interest to prevent China from establishing de facto control of these key maritime passageways, and, if so, would you authorize the use of military force to halt China’s efforts? If you are unwilling to use force, how will you keep China from eventually dominating the region?
Activity 1. The study of the Government and Politics of the United States of America is such an interesting and fascinating journey of knowledge. Comprehending their evolution to democratic and federal states is breathtaking that provides arguments and ideas that will help the students understand the essence of this study. In this part, you will be required to cite your arguments and ideas from the unit lesson. I will supply the first item, and you will continue the rest.
1. Political experts claim that the United States is still the Primus Inter Pares in the race of global domination. However, in the past years, the emergence of China and the European Union provided a great challenge in American dominance in the global political and economic intramurals. With the current pandemic experienced by the global community, the halt to this problem is still unpredictable. Will the United States hurdle these obstacles in the next few months and years is still unanswerable?
3. ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ College of Arts and Sciences Education BA Political Science Program nd 2 Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local134
Your final examination will only take you 7 minutes via pre-recorded video presentation. The virtual and oral presentation along with info graphical inserts, shall consist of the following details:
I. FIRST SLIDE:Introduction Key phrases of problems and issues in the casestudy. outcome of your analysis in 1–2 keyphrases College of Arts and Sciences Education BA Political Science Program nd 2 Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local134
II. SECOND SLIDE:Background
State in bullet form the relevant facts, and the most importantissues.
III. THIRD SLIDE: Evaluation of theCase
State what is working and what is notworking. Insert key phrases why these parts of the case study are or are not working well.
IV. FOURTH SLIDE: ProposedSolution/Changes
Provide specific and realistic solution(s) or changesneeded. Explain why this solution waschosen. Support this solution with solidevidence: Concepts from class (text readings, discussions,lectures)
V. FIFTH SLIDE:Recommendations Discuss specific strategies for accomplishing the proposedsolution. If applicable, recommend further action to resolve some of theissues. What should be done and who should doit?
VI. SIXTH SLIDE:References
CRITERIA. You will be graded according to the following criteria:
*Soft copies (preferably in Microsoft Docs or PDF file) must be submitted through BLACKBOARD LMS as a proper avenue for learning materials.
Course Schedule
Activity Date Where to submit
Week 1 – 3 Big Picture A: Let’s Check Activities [email protected] du.ph Big Picture A: Let’s Analyze Activities [email protected] du.ph Big Picture A: In a Nutshell Activities PS forum feature Big Picture A: QA List PS discussion feature Big Picture B: Let’s Check Activities [email protected] du.ph Big Picture B: Let’s Analyze Activities [email protected] du.ph College of Arts and Sciences Education BA Political Science Program nd 2 Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local134
Big Picture B: In a Nutshell Activities PS forum feature
Big Picture B: QA List PS discussion feature Big Picture C: Let’s Check Activities [email protected] du.ph Big Picture C: Let’s Analyze Activities [email protected] du.ph Big Picture C: In a Nutshell Activities PS forum feature Big Picture C: QA List PS discussion feature First Examination [email protected] du.ph Week 4 – 5 Big Picture A: Let’s Check Activities1 [email protected] du.ph Big Picture A: Let’s Analyze Activities 1 [email protected] du.ph Big Picture A: In a Nutshell Activities PS forum feature Big Picture A: QA List PS discussion feature Big Picture B: Let’s Check Activities [email protected] du.ph Big Picture B: Let’s Analyze Activities [email protected] du.ph Big Picture B: In a Nutshell Activities PS forum feature Big Picture B: QA List PS discussion feature Second Examination [email protected] du.ph College of Arts and Sciences Education BA Political Science Program nd 2 Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local134
61 College of Arts and Sciences Education BA Political Science Program nd 2 Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local134
1. All teachers/Course Facilitators and students are expected to abide by an honor code of conduct, and thus everyone and all are exhorted to exercise self-management and self- regulation. 2. Faculty members are guided by utmost professional conduct as learning facilitators in holding OBD and DED conduct. Any breach and violation shall be dealt with properly under existing guidelines,specificallyonsocialmediaconduct(OPM21.15)andpersonneldiscipline(OPM 21.11). 3. AllstudentsarelikewiseguidedbyprofessionalconductaslearnersinattendingOBDorDED courses. Any breach and violation shall be dealt with properly under existing guidelines, specifically in Section 7 (Student Discipline) in the StudentHandbook. 4. Professional conduct refers to the embodiment and exercise of the University’s CoreValues, specifically in the adherence to intellectual honesty and integrity; academic excellence by giving due diligence in virtual class participation in all lectures and activities,aswellasfidelity in doing and submitting performance tasks and assignments; personal discipline in complying with all deadlines; and observance of data privacy. 5. Plagiarism is a serious intellectual crime and shall be dealt with accordingly. The University shall institute monitoring mechanisms online to detect and penalize plagiarism. 6. All borrowed materials uploaded by the teachers/Course Facilitators shall be properly acknowledged and cited; the teachers/Course Facilitators shall be professionally and personally responsible for all the materials uploaded in the online classes or published in SIM/SDLmanuals. 7. Teachers/Course Facilitators shall devote time to handle OBD or DED courses and shall honestly exercise due assessment of student performance. 8. Teachers/Course Facilitators shall never engage in quarrels with students online. While contentions intellectual discussions are allowed, the teachers/Course Facilitators shall take the higher ground in facilitating and moderating these discussions. Foul, lewd, vulgar and discriminatory languages are absolutely prohibited. 9. Students shall independently and honestly take examinations and do assignments, unless collaboration is clearly required or permitted. Students shall not resort to dishonesty to improve the result of their assessments (e.g., examinations, assignments). 10. Students shall not allow anyone else to access their personal LMS account. Students shall not post or share their answers, assignment or examinations to others to further academic fraudulent online. 11. By handling OBD or DED courses, teachers/Course Facilitators agree and abide by all the provisions of the Online Code of Conduct, as well as all the requirements and protocols in handling online courses. 12. By enrolling in OBD or DED courses, students agree and abide by all the provisions of the Online Code of Conduct, as well as all the requirements and protocols in handling online courses.
62 College of Arts and Sciences Education BA Political Science Program nd 2 Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local134
Monitoring of ODB and DED
1. The Deans, Asst. Deans, Discipline Chairs and Program Heads shall be responsibleinmonitoringtheconductoftheirrespectiveOBDclassesthroughthe Blackboard LMS. The LMS monitoring protocols shall be followed, i.e. monitoring of the conduct of Teacher Activities (Views and Posts) with generated utilization graphs and data. Individual faculty PDF utilization reports shall be generated and consolidated by program and by college. 2. TheAcademicAffairsandAcademicPlanning&Servicesshallmonitortheconduct of LMS sessions. The Academic Vice Presidents and the Deans shall collaborate to conduct virtual CETA by randomly joining LMS classes to check and review online the status and interaction of the faculty and the students. 3. For DED, the Deans and Program Heads shall come up with monitoring instruments, taking into consideration how the programs go about the conduct of DED classes. Consolidated reports shall be submitted to Academic Affairs for endorsement to the Chief OperatingOfficer.
Course prepared by:
63 College of Arts and Sciences Education BA Political Science Program nd 2 Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local134
