IRENE B.

ANTONIO COLLEGE OF MINDANAO INCORPORATED

T.N. Pepito St. Valencia City

SY: 2020-2021

SUBJECT: LEA 4

INSTRUCTOR: Aldrech S. Hermo, RCrim.

COURSE TITLE: Law Enforcement Operations and Planning with Crime Mapping

SUBJECT CREDIT: 3

COURSE & YEAR: B.S. Criminology 3

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MODULE 1

CHAPTER 1
Police Operations

Course Outcomes

At the end of this course, the students will be able to:

 Understand the different kinds of police operations.

 Know the duties and responsibilities of police officers in the conduct of police
operations.
 Demonstrate the proper conduct of each police operation.
 Determine whether a certain police operation conducted is legal or not.
 Appreciate the importance of properly conducting police operations.

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 Key Points- I. Police Operations
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Categories of Police Operations

Police Operations are categorized as follows:

1. Public Safety Operation- includes Search, Rescue and Retrieval Operations, Fire Drills,
Earthquake Drills and similar operations that promote public safety.
2. Law Enforcement Operation- includes Service of Warrant of Arrest, Implementation of Search
Warrant, Enforcement of Visitorial Powers of the Chief, Philippine National Police and Unit
Commanders, Anti- Illegal Drugs Operation, Anti- Illegal Gambling Operations, Anti-Illegal
Logging Operations, Anti- Illegal Fishing Operations, Anti- Carnapping Operations, Anti-
Kidnapping Operations, Anti- Cyber Crime Operations and similar operations that are conducted
to enforce laws, statutes, executive orders and ordinances.
3. Internal Security Operation- includes Counter- Insurgency Operations, Counter Terrorist
Operations and similar operations that are conducted to ensure internal security.
4. Special Police Operation- includes Checkpoint Operation, Roadblock Operation, Civil Disturbance
Management Operations, Police Assistance in the Enforcement of Demolition Eviction Injunction
and similar orders, Police Assistance in the Implementation of Final Court Order and Order from
Quasi- Judicial Bodies, Hostage Situation, Visit Board Search and Seizure onboard Marine Vessels
and similar police operations that are conducted by police units with specialized training on the
peculiarity of the mission or purpose.
5. Intelligence Operation- includes Surveillance Operation, Counter Intelligence, Intelligence
Research, Intelligence Assessment and similar police intelligence operation conducted to gather
information related to security, public safety and order.
6. Investigation Operation- includes investigation of Crime or Incident, Administrative Investigation
and similar investigative work necessary to determine facts and circumstances for filling cases
criminally or administratively.
7. Scene of the Crime Operation (SOCO)- includes the processing of crime scene, technical and
forensic examination of evidences similar scientific investigative assistance.

Operational Procedures

Pre- Operational Clearance

No police operation shall be conducted without the approval of the Chief/Commander/ Head of
the concerned police unit/ office. A pre- operational clearance shall be filed by the Team Leader of
the operating teams prior to the conduct of the operation and shall be approved by the concerned
Police Unit Commander. This clearance shall be submitted to the operations section/division of the
concerned police unit for record purposes.

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 Inter-Unit Coordination
1. Personal Coordination or by Official Representative- Team Leader/s (TL) of local police units
operating outside their territorial jurisdiction and National Support Units (NSUs) shall
coordinate, personally or through an official representative, with the Police Regional,
Provincial or City Police Office within whose jurisdiction the operation is to be conducted.
2. Coordination by filling Coordination Form- Prior to the launching of the operation, except
in cases where the formal (in writing) inter- unit coordination cannot be made due to the
nature and/ or urgency of the situation such as, but not limited to, cross- jurisdictional
pursuit operations, coordination should be made formally using the prescribed Coordination
Form, which shall be filed with the concerned operation center of the Police Regional,
Provincial or City Office (Annex “A”- Coordination Form).
3. Coordination by Practical/ Available Means of Communication- In cases where formal inter-
unit coordination is not feasible, the police unit concerned shall endeavor to notify the
territorial police office through any practical/ available means of communication at any time
during the operation and, if not possible, shall accomplish and furnish the territorial Police
Office a written incident report immediately after the termination of the operation.

Requirements of Police Operations

1. Basic Requirements
Police operations like arrest, search and seizure, checkpoint, roadblocks, demolition and civil
disturbance management shall be conducted as follows:

a. With a marked police vehicle;

b. Led by a Police Commissioned Officer (PCO); and
c. With personnel in prescribed police uniform or attire.

2. Use of Megaphones and Similar Instruments

During actual police intervention operations, the Team Leader shall use peaceful means
including the use of megaphones or any other similar instruments to warn or influence the
offender/s or suspects to stop and or peacefully give. Up.

3. Warning Shots Prohibited

The police shall not use warning shots during police intervention operations.

Use of Force during Police Operations

1. Use of Excessive Force Prohibited

The excessive use of force during police operation is prohibited. However, in the lawful
performance of duty, a police officer may use necessary force to accomplish his mandated tasks
of enforcing the law and maintaining peace and order.

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 2. Issuance of Verbal Warning
The police officer must first issue a verbal warning before he could use force against an
offender. As far as practicable, the verbal warning shall be in the dialect that is known to the
offender or in the national language. Basically the verbal warning shall consist of the following:
the police officer identifying himself; his intention; and what he wants the offender to do. If the
offender is a foreigner, the verbal warning shall be done in the English language followed by a
demonstrative act of the police officers intent. The verbal warning shall be done in a loud and
clear manner.
3. Non- Issuance of Verbal Warning When Excusable
The failure to issue a verbal warning is excusable in cases where threat to life or property is
already imminent, and there is no other option but to use force to subdue the offender.
4. Use of Non- Lethal Weapon
When suspect is violent or threatening, and that less physical measures have been tried and
deemed inappropriate, a more extreme, but non- deadly measure can be used such as
baton/truncheon, pepper spray, stun gun and other nonlethal weapon to bring the suspect
under control, or effect an arrest.
5. Application of Necessary and Reasonable Force
During confrontation with an armed offender, only such necessary and reasonable force should
be applied as would be sufficient to overcome the resistance put up by the offender; subdue the
clear and imminent danger posed by him; or to justify the force/ act under the principles of self
-defense, defense of relatives, or defense of stranger.
6. Factors to consider in the Reasonableness of the Force Employed
A police officer, however, is not required to afford offenders attacking him the opportunity for a
fair or equal struggle. The reasonableness of the force employed will depend upon the number
of aggressors, nature and characteristics of the weapon used, physical condition, size and other
circumstances to include the place and occasion of the assault. The police officer is given the
sound discretion to consider these factors in employing reasonable force.
7. Responsibility of the police officer in charge of the operation
The police officer who is in charge of the operation shall, at all times, exercise control over all
police personnel in the area of operation, and shall exhaust all possible means to apply the
necessary and reasonable force to protect lives and properties during armed confrontation.

Use of Firearm during Police Operations

1. Use of firearm when justified

The use of firearm is justified if the offender poses imminent danger of causing death or jury to
the police officer or other persons. The use of firearm is also justified under the doctrines of self-
defense, defense of a relative, and defense of a stranger. However, one who resorts to self-
defense must face a real threat on his life, and the peril sought to be avoided must be actual,
imminent and real. Unlawful aggression should be present for self- defense to be considered as
a justifying circumstances.

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 2. Firing at Moving Vehicles Prohibited but with exceptions
A moving vehicle shall not be fired upon except when its occupants pose imminent danger of
causing death or injury to the police officer or any other person, and that the use of firearm
does not create a danger to the public and outweigh the likely benefits of its non- use.
3. Parameters to be considered in firing at moving vehicles
In firing at a moving vehicle, the following parameters should be considered:
a. The intent of the suspects to harm the police officer or other persons;
b. The capability of the suspects to harm with certainly the police officer or the persons;
and
c. Accessibility or the proximity of the suspects from the police officer and other persons.
4. Filing of an Incident Report after the use of firearm
A police officer who fires his service firearm or weapon during a confrontation with an offenders
must submit an incident report outlining the circumstances necessitating the use of his firearm.
5. Procedures after an Armed Confrontation
Immediately after an armed confrontation, the officer who is in charge of the operation shall:
a. Secure the site of confrontation;
b. Take photographs;
c. Check whether the situation still poses imminent danger;
d. Evacuate the wounded to the nearest hospital;
e. Ensure that all persons who died on the spot are not moved from their origin position;
f. Arrest suspects should be kept in isolation;
g. Conduct debriefing on all involved PNP operatives;
h. Submit after- operations report; and
i. Ensure psychological stress counselling for all involved PNP operatives.

Patrol Procedures

Patrol Guidelines

1. Observe precautionary measures and personal safety while on patrol;

2. Observe defensive driving and follow traffic rules and regulations;
3. Select routes which provide best visibility;
4. Patrol members must be always on the look- out for indications of vices and other illegal
activities on their beat;
5. Patrol members must be acknowledgeable of all conditions, events and details of places on their
beat;
6. Be observant of people, places, situations or conditions and develop a suspicious attitude
especially if the subject appears to be slightly out of the ordinary;
7. Keep under close observation actions of juveniles, trouble makers/agitators and the mentally
ill/retarded persons;

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 8. Be familiar, as much as possible, with known criminals/ ex-convicts residing in or frequenting the
patrol beat;
9. Be familiar with stay- in employees of business establishments on your beat;
10. Be on the alert of the loiterers;
11. Keep watch on uninhabited homes;
12. Observes the practice of “shaking doors” of unguarded business establishments during night
patrol. Check for signs of intrusions;
13. Establish good rapport with the people on your beat;
14. Develop contacts by getting to know as many people as possible who can give factual
information about crime conditions on the patrol beat;
15. Use tact and persuasiveness when conducting spot inquiry or questioning individuals for
information;
16. When requiring identification from a suspicious person or any individual, avoid taking the wallet
or bag in which the cards/ documents are placed. Let the individual remove and hand them to
you;
17. When checking suspicious persons, places, buildings/ establishments and vehicles especially
during night time, be prepared to use your service firearm. Flashlight should be held tightly
away from the body to avoid making you a possible target; and
18. Patrol members should avoid loitering in theaters, restaurants and other recreational places.

Duties of Patrol Supervisors

1. In any operation, careful planning is a must in order to avoid waste of time, effort and resources.
Make a patrol plan with the following details:
a. Area Coverage: safe haven, ambush areas and crime prone areas;
b. Organizational Detail of Personnel;
c. Duration;
d. Stand- by points; and
e. Route plan.
2. Designated and select the members of the patrol teams;
3. Inspect the members of the patrol for completeness of uniforms, operational readiness and all
government- issued equipment (firearms, mobile car, radio, etc.) to ensure that these are well-
maintained and properly used by the Patrol Officer;
4. Conduct briefing prior to dispatch by disseminating any orders, directives or instructions from
the Chief of Police or higher authorities and new policy or guidelines being implemented by the
PNP Organization;
5. Remind the patrol team about the strict observance of the PNP Operational procedures;
6. Strictly observe “Buddy System” during the patrol operations;
7. Render hourly report of location and situation through radio/ telephone/ cell phone to Police
Community Precinct (PCP)/ Station Headquarters Tactical Operation Center(TOC);
8. Render after- patrol report duly signed by detailed personnel. PCP Commanders shall collate and
submit significant details to the Station Patrol Supervisor, who in turn, will submit the same to
the Provincial/ District Patrol Supervisor; and

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 9. Conduct debriefing after the patrol to assess its conduct and make necessary corrective
measures on defects noted.

Duties of Patrol Officer

1. Attend the Roll Call Formation before his Tour of Duty for briefing and likewise attend the after
Tour of Duty Formation for debriefing;
2. Patrol the assigned beats, observe and check suspicious people, structures/ buildings,
compounds and vehicles;
3. Observe and monitor public gathering, prevent disorders and disperse unlawful assemblies;
4. Inspect and/ or conduct surveillance in various business establishments and other installations
and remove hazards to public safety;
5. Check suspicious vehicles (private, public, or commercial/ delivery vehicles) along the main
roads/ highways in course of their patrol;
6. Report occurrences and conditions which relate to crime, public peace, order and safety
7. Prevent crimes and arrest sighted law violators, assuring the public that peace is preserved;
8. Conduct regular visitations, dialogues/ consultations with the residents and other stakeholders;
9. Assist personnel of responsible agencies/ unit in facilitating the flow of traffic at busy
intersections/ roads within his Area of Responsibility (AOR), assist and provide pedestrian
information such as directions and street locations;
10. Enforce city/ municipal ordinances on liquor establishments and night clubs, cabarets and all
houses of ill- repute;
11. Respond to calls, entertain complaints, initiate the investigation and protection of the scene and
minimize the after- effect of accidents, fires and other catastrophes;
12. Patrol Officers shall wear the prescribed patrol uniform; and
13. Patrol Officer must have the equipment necessary in the performance of their duty.

Guidelines and Procedures when Responding to Calls for Police Assistance

1. Gather and note down in the patrol officer’s logbook all available data as to the nature of the
calls, date, time and name of the caller. It may be regular, urgent or emergency in nature.
2. The manner of approach will be dependent on the nature of the call, either with haste/ secrecy
or with/ without flashing lights and sirens.
3. Consider the pertinent factors like the time, traffic conditions, the possibility of greater damage
and the neighborhood characteristics.
4. Stop the patrol car some distance from the scene. Approach the scene on foot, in complete
silence and exercising extreme caution.
5. Immediately attend to the injured, unless the other members of the patrol are in immediate
danger.
6. Focus all efforts to arrest criminals; however, priority shall be given to aiding the injured.
7. Determine the crime committed, identify and question briefly the victim/ complainant and
possible witnesses at the scene.

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 8. If the suspects or criminals have fled the scene before the arrival of the patrol team,
immediately relay the composition, armament, appearance, and mode and direction of escape
of the suspects to the Operations Center for the conduct of dragnet operation.
9. When responding to street fight/ brawls, the patrol member should call for back-up before
intervening. If there are no injuries and insufficient corroborative statements obtained to
identify who started the fight, disperse the crowd and make complete notes.
10. Never treat calls or complaints of loud noises caused by barking dogs, drunks, appliances and
parties as negligible or a nuisance. They only need courteous and tactful intervention and not
enforcement actions.
11. When responding to calls for police assistance due to planted or found explosives, never
attempt to handle, move or lift the object. Instead contact Operation Center and request for
Explosive Ordnance Disposal Team (EODT). On- lookers must be promptly led to a safe distance
away from the scene.
12. When responding to calls from owners of beer houses, bars or inns or any other similar
establishments during night time, request the owner to put the lights on first before entering
the establishments.
13. Do not attempt to arbitrate and resolve conflicts/ differences between neighbors, landlords/
tenants, husband and wife.

Spot Checks/ Accosting and Pat- Down Searches

Grounds for Spot Check/ Search

1. Spot Check/ Accosting. The police officer may stop an individual for the purpose of conducting
a check/ accosting only when reasonable suspicion exists. Reasonable suspicion must be more
than just a hunch or feeling. In justifying the stop, the police officer must be able to point to
specific facts that, when taken together with rational inferences, reasonably warrant the stop.
Such facts include, but are not limited to , the following:

a. The appearance or demeanor of the individual suggests that he is part of a criminal

enterprise or is engaged in a criminal act;
b. The action of the individual suggest that he is engaged in a criminal activity;
c. Questionable presence of the individual in the area;
d. The subject is carrying a suspicious object;
e. The suspect’s clothing bulges in a manner that suggests he is carrying a weapon;
f. The suspect’s has been found in the time and place proximate to an alleged crime;
g. The police officer has knowledge of the suspect’s prior criminal record or involvement in
criminal activity; and
h. The individual flees at the sight of a police officer.

2. Body Frisk/ Pat- Down Search. A police officer has the right to perform a pat- down search if
the individual has been legitimately stopped with reasonable suspicion and when the police

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 officer has reason to believe that the individual possesses weapons on his person and poses a
threat to the police officers or another person’s safety. Circumstances which may justify pat-
down search:
a. The type of crime believed to be committed by the subject, particularly crimes of
violence where the threat of use or use of deadly weapon is involved;
b. Where the police officer handles several suspects;
c. The time of the day and the location where the pat-down search took place;
d. Prior knowledge by the police officer of the suspects use of force and/ or propensity to
carry deadly weapons;
e. The appearance and demeanor of the suspect;
f. Visual indications suggesting that the suspect is carrying a firearms or other deadly
weapon; and
g. Whenever possible, pat- down searches should be performed by police officers of the
same gender.

Procedures and Guidelines

1. Spot Check/ Accosting

a. When approaching the individual, the police officer shall clearly identify himself as a
police officer. If not in uniform, the police officer must identify himself by announcing
his identity and displaying official identification card and/ or badge.
b. Police officer shall be courteous at all times but maintain caution and remain vigilant for
suspicious movements like attempting to retrieve weapon, conceal or discard
contraband, or other similar actions.
c. Before approaching more than one individual, police officers should determine whether
the circumstances warrant a request for back- up and whether the spot check/ accosting
can and should be delayed until such back- up arrives.
d. Police officers shall confine their questions as to the person’s identity, place of
residence, and other inquiries necessary to resolve the police officer’s suspicion.
However, in no instance shall a police officer hold a person longer than the period
reasonably necessary to be able to make these limited inquiries and to resolve
suspicions.
e. Police officer are not required the person of his rights under the law (i.e. Miranda
Warning, Anti- Torture Law, etc.) unless the person is placed under arrest.

2. Body Frisk/ Pat- Down Search

When reasonable suspicion justifies a pat- down search, the search should be performed with
due caution, restraint, and sensitivity. Pat- Down searches should be conducted in the following
manner;

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 a. Whenever possible, pat- down searches should be conducted by at least two (2) police
officers, one to perform the search while the other provides protective cover.
b. Because pat- down searches are cursory in nature, they should be performed with the
suspect in a standing position, or with hands placed against a stationary object, and feet
spread apart. However, should an officer visually observe a weapon, a more secure
search position may be used like the prone (lying face down) position.
c. In a pat- down search, officers are permitted only to feel the outer clothing of the
suspect. Police officers may not place their hands inside the pockets of the subject’s
clothing unless they feel an object that could probably be a weapon, such as a gun,
knife, club, or the like.
d. If the suspect is carrying an object such as a handbag, suitcase, briefcase, sack, or other
similar items that may conceal a weapon, the police officer should not open the item
but instead put it in a place out of the suspect’s reach.
e. If the external patting of the suspect’s clothing fails to disclose evidence of a weapon, no
further search may be made. If a weapon is found and the possession of which amounts
to a violation of the law, the police officer shall arrest the suspect and conduct a
complete search of his person.

Reporting after the Spot Check/ Accosting or Pat- Down Search

If after conducting a spot check/ accosting or pat- down search, the police officer has no basis for
making an arrest, he should record the facts of such spot check/ accosting or pat- down search and
forward a report to the appropriate authority. If the spot check/ accosting or pat- down search gives a
justification for a valid warrantless arrest, then an arrest shall be made.

Checkpoints

Authority to Establish checkpoints

Checkpoint is a place where the police check vehicular/pedestrian traffic in order to enforce
circulation control measure and other laws, orders, and regulations. The establishment of checkpoints
must always be authorized by the Head of Office of the territorial PNP Unit and manned by uniformed
PNP personnel. Other units directly involved in an operation may establish mobile checkpoint in
coordination with the Unit Commander in the area.

Composition

In the conduct of checkpoint, the checkpoint team shall be composed of, but not limited to, the
following:

1. Team Leader (TL)- shall lead and take responsibility in the conduct of checkpoint preferably an
officer with the rank of at least Police Lieutenant;

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 2. Spotter- PNP personnel who will point/ profile suspected vehicle subject for checkpoint;
3. Spokesperson- TL or member who is in charge of communicating with the motorists subject for
checkpoint;
4. Investigation Sub- Team- in charge of investigation and documentation of possible incidents in
the checkpoint to include issuance of Traffic Citation Ticket (TCT) or Traffic Violation Report
(TVR)
5. Search/ Arresting Sub- Team- designated to conduct search, seizure and arrest, if necessary;
6. Security Sub- Team- tasked to provide security in the checkpoint area; and
7. Blocking/ pursuing sub- team- team tasked to block/ pursue fleeing suspects or vehicle.

Guidelines in the conduct of checkpoint

1. Mobile checkpoints are authorized only when established in conjunction with ongoing police
operations. Only officially marked vehicles with blinkers turned on, if available, shall be used in
establishing mobile checkpoints.
2. Checkpoints are established to enforce circulation control measure, law, orders and regulations,
and when there is a need to arrest a criminal or fugitive from justice.
3. The composition of the personnel manning the checkpoint shall be left to the sound discretion
of the Team Leader (TL), with the consideration of female PNP officer in the team especially
when there is an anticipated female suspect.
4. The minimum Police Checkpoint team should at least be composed of an 8- man complement,
with three verifiers, one spotter, one TL, one profiler, one rear security and one advance
security.
5. The Team manning checkpoints must have immediate contact with the LGU’s, Public Attorney’s
Office (PAO) or any member of the Philippine bar, and/ or the media (for drug cases).
6. The Team should encourage the participation of, but not limited to, the Local Government Units
(LGU), Civil Society Groups, Non- Governmental Organizations (NGOs), business organizations,
other civic groups, media and other stakeholders during the conduct of Police Checkpoint
Operation.
7. The participation of the civilians and the presence of the media in the conduct of checkpoint
must be confined only as observers to give police additional eyes and promote transparency of
activities in the area.
8. All civic groups or organizations to include the media, who are inclined to participate in police
checkpoints, must be duly registered and accredited by the PNP for such purpose. The
accreditation of the civilian groups to join in the conduct of checkpoint shall be administered by
the Police Regional and Provincial Offices.
9. PNP Personnel manning the checkpoint must have a presentable appearance, wearing the
prescribed PNP uniform. Likewise, the civilian members must also be in their organizations
uniform with their names conspicuously displayed for identification. In no case shall the civilian
components be allowed to bear firearms during the checkpoint.
10. In Metro Manila and other major cities, police officers manning the checkpoint should not wear
Field Service Uniforms (FSU) or black fatigues in lieu of the PNP General Office Attire unless the
conduct of checkpoint is a result of a Hot Pursuit Operation or a High Risk Checkpoint. The use
of mixed uniforms (GOA, FSU< black fatigue) in the conduct of checkpoint is strictly prohibited.

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 11. As much as possible, the area where the checkpoints shall be established must be properly
lighted, with a noticeable signage bearing the name of the PNP unit and the participating
organizations visibly displayed in the checkpoint site, to prevent any apprehension from the
public of the existence of the same.
12. Due courtesy must be accorded to the motorists, traders and the commuters during the conduct
of checkpoint.
13. The spokesperson must greet the people subject for inspection, extend apology for the
inconvenience, appeal for understanding and state the reasons of the operation. Upon
completion, thank the persons searched.
14. Except in the actual commission of crime during checkpoints or in a hot pursuit operation, the
conduct of inspection of vehicle during a routine checkpoint is limited to a visual search and
therefore must be done with due respect to innocent passer-by, commuters, or bystander and
be conducted in a manner that is of atleast inconvenience to the public. Searches, seizures, and
Arrest made during checkpoint shall be within the ambit of the law.
15. Violation/ Infraction of the law discovered during the checkpoint operation shall be
expeditiously disposed of following legal procedures. Arrested persons must be apprised of their
rights with respect to the Miranda Doctrine.
16. The security of the PNP personnel, and most especially that of the civilians participating in the
checkpoint operation, must be given due consideration in the planning of the operation.
17. Only the security sub- team and blocking/ pursuing sub team members are allowed to display
high- powered firearms should be positioned where they can best provide security to the
Checkpoint team, including themselves.
18. Checkpoint personnel must not limit their task to law enforcement and crime deterrence. They
should also be ready to provide police assistance in the vicinity e.g., giving directions to inquiring
motorists or passers-by.
19. The PNP operating units must provide their own logistical and financial requirements to avoid
soliciting support from the civilians for their personal or operational needs.
20. Police personnel assigned in the checkpoint shall not mulct, extort, or harass drivers,
passengers, and traders. Designated TL assigned at the checkpoint shall be responsible for the
actuations and behavior of his personnel and shall be accountable under the doctrine of
Command Responsibility.
21. Voluntary offers of cash or in kind from the traders/ motorists passing the checkpoint should be
absolutely refused because the offer might be misconstrued as a bribe.
22. The police and the civilian component must separately submit their after Checkpoint Operation
Report to their respectively units or organization for proper evaluation of the efficacy of the
operation.

Procedure in the Conduct of Regular Police Checkpoint

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 1. Unit Commanders should inform Higher Headquarters (HHQs) Tactical Operation Center (TOC)
and coordinate with adjacent units, such as MPS, CPS, NSUs, Public Safety Company Forces and
other friendly forces, personally or through an official representative, before commencing with
the checkpoint to avoid misencounter and any untoward incident.
2. The TL shall brief the PNP personnel, as well as the civilian components present, including the
media regarding the proper conduct of the checkpoint and their assigned tasks prior to their
deployment.
3. The TL shall initially account for the PNP personnel and check if they are in the prescribed
uniform. PNP personnel conducting the checkpoint shall display their nameplates at all times. If
wearing a jacket, the flap of the jacket bearing their names should also be displayed. Likewise,
the equipment will include, but not limited to, the following:

a. Marked Patrol Vehicles;

b. Firearms with basic load of ammunition;
c. Handheld and vehicles base radios;
d. Flashlights;
e. Megaphone;
f. Video camera; and
g. Signage: Warning signs: (e.g., Slowdown Checkpoint Ahead, Checkpoint 20 Meters Ahead, etc.);
and information signs: (Name of the Unit and TL).

4. The Spotter of the team will be pre- positioned in a place where he can best point/ profile
suspected vehicles prior to their approach to the checkpoint;
5. Search/ Arresting Sub- Team shall flag down suspected vehicles and conduct search, seizure and
arrest, if necessary;
6. In the event of seized drugs, the team having initial custody and control of the drugs shall
immediately conduct physical inventory and photograph the same in the presence of the
accused or the persons from whom such items were confiscated and/ or seized, or his/ her
representative or counsel, a representative from the media and DOJ, any elected public official
who shall be required to sign the copy of the inventory and be given a copy thereof;
7. Arrested persons and seized items shall be turned over to the investigation sub- team for
documentation and proper disposition;
8. In the event that the checkpoint is ignored, and the occupants of the vehicle open fire on the
personnel manning the checkpoint, reasonable force to overcome the suspect’s aggression may
be employed;
9. Inform Higher Headquarters before terminating the conduct of checkpoint.
10. The TL shall conduct debriefing of personnel after termination of the Checkpoint; and
11. Unit Commander shall submit After- Activity Report to Higher Headquarters.

Procedure in the conduct of on- the Spot (HASTY) Checkpoints

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 1. PNP personnel conducting mobile patrols on board patrol vehicles will initially man the
checkpoint, to be complemented by additional personnel upon arrival of reinforcement. A
collapsible signage with markings: “Stop, Police Checkpoint” if available, indicating also the
name of the concerned police office/ unit conducting the operations, will be used for the
purpose;
2. In the case of PNP personnel conducting Internal Security Operation (ISO) or foot patrol, where
a vehicle and collapsible signage is not readily available, the checkpoint shall be manned initially
by said personnel;
3. The team immediately inform Higher Headquarters of the exact location of the hasty checkpoint
to include personnel involved and available equipment;
4. In a hasty checkpoint, where there is a possibility of high- risk stop and high- risk arrest, and
there is an urgency for troop deployment and that public safety might be at risk, the
participation of the civilian components and the presence of the media in the checkpoint
operation shall not be allowed;
5. The Unit Commander of the personnel manning the hasty checkpoint shall immediately send
additional personnel, equipment and signage to the area in order to convert the Hasty
Checkpoint into a Regular Checkpoint; and
6. As soon as the Hasty Checkpoint is converted into a Regular Checkpoint, TL shall follow the
earlier stated procedures.

General Procedure to be Followed When Checkpoints are Ignored

When checkpoints are ignored, the following shall be observed:

1. In the event that checkpoints/ roadblocks are ignored and the motorists/ suspects bump the
roadblock in an attempt to elude arrest or avoid inspection, the TL shall immediately contact
adjacent units to inform them of the situation so that these units can conduct dragnet operation
or police defensive roadblock, while the members of the blocking/ pursuing team shall block or
pursue the errant fleeing motorist;
2. Warning shots shall not be allowed due to the confusion it may create for the driver and
passengers of the vehicle. Megaphones or police sirens shall be used instead during the pursuit.
The plate number of the vehicle shall be noted and given to other units in adjacent areas to
prevent the possibility that the vehicle may elude the pursuit operation; and
3. In the event that the occupants of the vehicle open fire on the personnel manning the
checkpoint, reasonable force to overcome the suspect’s aggression may be employed.

Procedure in flagging down or Accosting Vehicles while in Mobile Car

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 This rule is a general concept and will not apply in hot pursuit operations. The mobile car crew shall
undertake the following, when applicable:

1. Call Headquarters to provide information on the make or type and plate number of the motor
vehicle to be accosted and, if possible, identity of occupants;
2. State the reasons for the planned intervention of the suspected motor vehicle;
3. Give the mobile car’s location and its direction before making actual intervention;
4. Try to get alongside the suspect’s vehicle and check the occupants without alarming them of
your purpose. You can even overtake the vehicle and wait for it at an advantageous location
before stopping the suspect’s vehicle;
5. Determine whether the suspects are hostile or not;
6. Make known to the suspects that you are after them through the use of a siren or megaphone;
7. Instruct the driver to pull over or stop on the side of the road;
8. Park behind the suspects vehicles at an appropriate distance and cautiously approach the
vehicle on the driver’s side;
9. If the vehicle’s window are heavily tinted and the occupants cannot be seen, instruct the driver
to open all windows to have a clear view of the interior of the vehicle;
10. Instruct the driver to turn off the ignition, if this was not done when the vehicle stopped; in case
of motorcycle instruct the driver to remove the key and disembark;
11. The other members of the team must be on guard for any eventuality while the vehicle is being
approached;
12. Talk to the driver in a most courteous manner and inform him of the nature of his violation.
Demand to see the driver’s license, photocopies of the certificate of registration and the official
receipt. Examine these documents and counter- check the driver or any of the vehicles
occupants;
13. If it concerns traffic violations, immediately issue a Traffic Citation Ticket (TCT) or Traffic
Violation Report (TVR). Never indulge in prolonged, unnecessary conversation or argument with
the driver or any of the vehicle’s occupants;
14. In case of other violations that require the impounding of the vehicle, inform the driver
regarding this situation and instruct him to follow you, after issuing the TCT/TVR; and
15. Before moving out, inform Headquarters regarding the situation/ status and disposition of the
person and motor vehicle accosted.

Dealing with Hostile Situation

The following are the procedures to be followed in dealing with hostile drivers:

1. Stopping Vehicles
a. Follow the procedure stated in number 1-3 in the earlier paragraph;
b. Immediately request for back- up;
c. Follow the suspect and always keep him within visual range;
d. Expect that the suspect will notice your action at any time. Be prepared for hot pursuit
or actual hostile confrontation;
e. If the back-up is already in the vicinity, inform Headquarters that you are proceeding to
accost the suspect;

15
 f. Inform the suspects that you are after them through the use of siren or megaphone and
instruct the drivers to pull over or stop on the side of the street;
g. Park at an appropriate distance behind the suspect’s vehicle;
h. While the vehicle is being approached, the other members of the crew and back- up
must be on guard for any eventuality. Overreactions or aggression on the part of the
police should be avoided;
i. If the vehicle’s windows are heavily tinted and the occupants cannot be seen instruct
the driver to open all windows for a clear view of the vehicles interior;
j. Direct the driver and other occupants of the vehicle not to make unnecessary
movements and to show their hands outside the car;
k. Instruct the driver to turn off the ignition and toss the key to the ground. Demand to see
the Driver’s License and photocopies of the vehicle’s certificate of registration and the
official receipt. Examine the documents and counter- check the driver on the
information reflected therein; and
l. If there are other suspects aside from the driver, separate them from one another.

2. Fleeing Vehicles

a. In the event that the motor vehicle did not stop despite the warning given, inform
Headquarters or adjacent units so that dragnet operation or police defensive roadblocks
can be set- up;
b. Inform Headquarters of the make or type, plate number and color of the motor vehicle
to be accosted including the number of occupants and, if possible, their identity;
c. State the reasons for flagging down the suspected motor vehicles;
d. Give mobile car’s location and its direction before making actual intervention;
e. When the vehicle of the suspect is concerned or stopped, instruct the driver and other
occupants in a clear and commanding voice to follow specifically what you will require
of them. Failure on their part to follow will be construed as a hostile act on their part.
Execute instructions on the use of reasonable force;
f. Instruct the driver to turn off the ignition and toss the key to the ground, open the door
and step out of the vehicle, then instruct him to place his hands on top of the vehicle, or
to move towards you with his hands up;
g. Instruct other occupants of the vehicles, if any, to come out one by one, and follow
what the driver has been instructed to do earlier;
h. Arrest, handcuff and search the suspects and bring them to Headquarters for proper
disposition; and
i. Before moving out, inform Headquarters about the situation, status and disposition of
the suspects and motor vehicle accosted.

High- Risk Stop and High- Risk Arrest

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 1. Initial Stage - Upon receipt of information involving movement or armed person or persons,
either singly or in group, including unauthorized movement of government troops, or in
immediate response to a reported commission of crime perpetrated by armed persons, the PNP
shall immediately:
a. Organize appropriate tactical security forces utilizing maximum firepower and armor
assets.
b. Deploy the security forces to stopping zones in defensive position.
c. Seal off the area and stablish strong roadblocks/ barricades.

2. Effecting a High Risk Stop

When effecting high- risk stop, the police officer shall:

a. Exert utmost effort to persuade the suspects to halt or stop their movement.
b. Start with the procedural conduct of regular warrantless arrest where arrest is
inevitable.
c. Ensure proper documentation of the process.
d. Respect the rights of all the persons involved.

3. During Violent Stage

The PNP shall strictly adhere to the PNP Operational Procedures (POP), particularly on the use of
force

Police Defensive Roadblock

Police Defensive Roadblock Is a temporary installation or hastily built barricade set for halting
traffic to facilitate the apprehension/ neutralization of an armed person/ suspect onboard a motor
vehicle.

A. Pre- Conditions in establishing Police Defensive Roadblocks:

A police defensive roadblocks may be established in any of the following conditions/ situations:

1. The object vehicle/s must be the subject of a recent flash alarm;

2. The driver/ occupants of the vehicle are presumed hostile and will not stop at the checkpoint;
3. The vehicle disregarded a police- established checkpoint when flagged down;
4. The identified vehicle and occupants must be the subject of a police case/ combat operational
plan;
5. There is unauthorized troop movement; or (6) there must be validated information on any of
the following:

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 a. On- going hot pursuit/ police chase
b. Movement of suspected armed persons onboard a motor vehicle;
c. Report of suspected armed men who have just committed a crime;
d. Vehicle carrying escaped prisoner; or
e. Armed motorcycle riding criminals.

B. procedures in Establishing Roadblock:

1. Before the Roadblock:

a. Organize appropriate/ sufficient police tactical security forces, utilizing maximum

firepower and armor assets (if any), with the following team composition:

1) Team Leader(TL)- shall lead and take responsibility in the conduct of roadblock
preferably an officer with the rank of at least Police Lieutenant;
2) Forward observer/ spotter- PNP personnel who will point/ profile suspected vehicle
subject for roadblock;
3) Spokesperson- TL or member who is solely in charge of communicating with the armed
suspects onboard a motor vehicle subject for roadblock;
4) Sniper- to render the vehicle un- operational to avoid escape and provide firepower
support to neutralized armed and hostile suspect during firefight;
5) Investigation Sub-team- in charge of investigation and documentation of the
roadblock;
6) Search/ Arresting Sub- Team- designated to conduct search, seizure and arrest;
7) Blocking/ Pursuing Sub- Team- tasked to block/ pursue fleeing suspects/ vehicle;
8) Security Sub- Team- tasked to provide security in the roadblock area and ensure
exclusion of other vehicles and civilians not subject of roadblock;
9) Medical Sub- Team- tasked to provide immediate medical assistance if necessary;
10) Additional tactical personnel/ team- may be employed depending on the size of the
hostiles; and
11) Videographer- tasked to take videos of the entire roadblock operation.

a. The Team Leader (TL) shall brief the elements/ members of the police roadblock and
perform the following:

1. Inform the next higher Headquarters of the make or type and plate number of the motor vehicle
to be accosted, including the number and, if possible, identity of the occupants;
2. State the reasons for the planned intervention of the suspected motor vehicle;
3. Give the exact location of the roadblock to include personnel involved, available equipment and
marked vehicles;

18
4. Coordinate with the Chief of Police and friendly forces who has territorial jurisdiction over the
area; and
5. Immediately contact adjacent units to inform them of the situation so that these units can
conduct dragnet operation, while the members of the blocking/ pursuing team shall block or
pursue the fleeing suspects/ vehicle.

b. Participating personnel in the roadblock must be in their prescribed uniform; and

c. In a roadblock, since troop deployment is urgent and public safety is at risk, the
participation of civilian component and the presence of media in the roadblock shall not
be allowed.

2. During the Roadblock:

a. Establish forward observer/ spotters and rear checkpoint;

b. Deployment security forces in a strategic and defensive position;
c. Establish a strong roadblock on selected strategic areas;
d. Deploy road spikes or tire deflation system if available;
e. Ensure that the whole intervention procedure is documented by the videographer;
f. As much as possible, the area where the roadblock shall be established must be
properly lighted with noticeable signage bearing the name of the PNP Unit visibly
displayed and in a safe distance from a populated area to prevent collateral damage if a
firefight ensues;
g. Police car lights must be turned on at all times during the operation;
h. Identify yourself- rank, name, and unit verbally and make known to the suspect/s that
you are after them through the use of a siren or megaphone;
i. If the vehicles windows are heavily tinted and the occupants cannot be seen, instruct
the driver to open all windows to have a clear view of the interior of the vehicle;
j. Instruct the driver to turn off the ignition ( if this was not done when the vehicle
stopped) and order all the occupants to disembark, followed by their hands to be placed
on top of the vehicle;
k. The other members of the team must be on guard for any eventually while the vehicles
is being approached;
l. Intervention procedures upon stop of subject vehicle:
1. Exert utmost efforts to persuade the suspects to halt or stop their movement;
2. Start with the procedural conduct of regular warrantless arrest where arrest is
inevitable;
3. Ensure proper documentation of the process; and
4. Respect the rights of all the persons involved.
m. Procedures when suspects open fire/ engage the troops:
1. In the event that the occupants of the vehicle open fire on the personnel
manning the roadblock, reasonable force to overcome the suspect’s aggression
may be employed;
2. Use only necessary force to neutralize suspects;

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 3. Prevent panic firing;
4. Prevent collateral damage; and
5. Account for the casualties.

3. after the Roadblock:

a. When suspect/s surrendered or are arrested:

1. Arrested persons must be appraised of their rights in reference to the Miranda
Doctrine.
2. An After- Roadblock Operations Report must be submitted to their respective
units or organization for proper evaluation of the efficacy of the operation.

b. When suspects engage with troops:

1. Account for the casualties and give immediate medical assistance to the
wounded;
2. Protect/ preserve the crime scene/ engagement area; and
3. Ensure proper documentation of the process.
c. Fleeing Vehicles:
1. In the event that the motor vehicle did not stop and it evaded the roadblock
despite the warning given, inform Headquarters or adjacent units so that
another roadblock can be set- up;
2. Fleeing vehicles shall not be fired upon except by a sniper but only to disable the
vehicle;
3. Inform Headquarters of the make or type, plate number and color of the motor
vehicle to be accosted including the number of occupants and, if possible, their
identity;
4. State the reasons for flagging down the suspected motor vehicle;
5. Give mobile car’s location and its direction before making actual intervention;
and
6. Established Hot Pursuit Operation.

End of your module 1 discussions …………………………………………..

Exercise #1

Name

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 Course/ year
Instructor

remarked

Instructions: write your answers based on the given problem. Use only black pen, avoid erasures and
unnecessary mark in your answer sheets. Be responsive.

I. fill in the blanks.

1. _________________ includes investigation of Crime or Incident, Administrative Investigation

and similar investigative work necessary to determine facts and circumstances for filing cases
criminally or administratively.
2. _________________ includes Counter- Insurgency Operations, Counter Terrorist Operations
and similar operations that are conducted to ensure internal security.
3. _________________ includes Surveillance Operation, Counter Intelligence, Intelligence
Research, Intelligence Assessment and similar police intelligence operation conducted to gather
information related to security, public safety and order.
4. _________________ includes search, rescue and retrieval operations, fire drills, earthquake
drills and similar operations that promote public safety.
5. _________________ includes the processing of crime scene, technical and forensic
examination of evidences and similar scientific investigative assistance.
6. _________________ PNP personnel who will point/ profile suspected vehicle subject for
checkpoint;
7. _________________ shall lead and take responsibility in the conduct of checkpoint preferably
an officer with the rank of atleast Police Lieutenant;
8. _________________ designated to conduct search, seizure and arrest, if necessary;
9. _________________ tasked to provide security in the checkpoint area;
10. _________________ Team tasked to block/ pursue fleeing suspects/ vehicle.
11. _________________ TL or member who is in charge of communicating with the motorists
subject for checkpoint;
12. _________________ in charge of investigation and documentation of possible incidents in the
checkpoint to include issuance of Traffic Citation Ticket (TCT) or Traffic Violation Report (TVR);

II. Discuss the following:

21
 1. Procedure in the conduct of regular police checkpoint and the general procedure when the
checkpoint are ignored.

2. Procedure in flagging down or accosting vehicles while in mobile car

3. How to deal with the following situation?

a. Hostile situation in Stopping Vehicles
b. Fleeing Vehicles

4. Discuss the process on Operational Procedures and its special operating procedures (SOP) in
dealing in and out operations.

5. Use of firearms during Police Operations, through;

a. Use of firearms when justified
b. Prohibition in the firing of moving vehicles and its exceptions
c. Considerable parameters in firing at moving Vehicles
d. Procedures after an armed confrontation
e. Filing of an incident report after the use of firearms
6. Authority to establish checkpoints
7. High- Risk Stop and High-Risk Arrest
8. Procedure in the establishing roadblocks

III. Enumerates the following problems:

1. Requirements of Police Operations

2. Do’s and DON’T’s in the use of force during police operations.
3. Patrol guidelines
4. Guidelines and Procedure when responding to calls for police Assistance
5. Ground for the following

a. Spot Check/ search

b. Body Frisk/ Pat Down Search

Note: expected activity: crime scene presentation (scripted). By group/ pertaining the matter in these
chapter.

Nothing Follows………………………………………………………. Preparing for your module 2

IRENE B. ANTONIO COLLEGE OF MINDANAO INCORPORATED

T.N. Pepito St. Valencia City

22
 SY: 2020-2021

SUBJECT: LEA 4

INSTRUCTOR: Aldrech S. Hermo, RCrim.

COURSE TITLE: Law Enforcement Operations and Planning with Crime Mapping

SUBJECT CREDIT: 3

COURSE & YEAR: B.S. Criminology 3

__________________________________________________________________________________

MODULE 2

CHAPTER 1
Internal Security Operation

Course Outcomes

At the end of this course, the students will be able to:

 Understand the nature of internal security operations.

 Know the duties and responsibilities of police officers in the conduct of police
operations specially in defensive position
 Demonstrate the proper conduct of warrant of arrest search warrant
 Determine whether a certain arrest or seizure is valid or not
 Appreciate the importance special operating procedure in all police business.

Key Points_______________ISO…ISO…ISO….
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_______________________________________

GENERAL MANDATE
The PNP is mandated to provide active support to the armed Forces
of the Philippines (AFP) in Internal Security Operations (ISO) for the
suppression of the Communist Terrorism Movement (CTM) and other
serious threats to national security. (E.O. 546)

The PNP in an Active Support Role

The PNP shall perform the following:

1. Conduct sustained law enforcement actions against CTM atrocities;

2. In urban areas, the PNP may assume the lead role in ISO against the CTM, other threat groups
and organized crime groups engaged in armed offensive;
3. The PNP units may either operate as a single force or as a part of joint PNP- AFP combat
operations. In both cases lateral coordination is a must;
4. The PNP units in CTM- affected areas may be placed under Operational Control (OPCON) of AFP
units but shall continue to perform law enforcement functions.
5. Specific areas where armed confrontations such as encounter, ambush, raid, liquidation and
other similar atrocities occur between government forces (PNP or AFP) and the Communist
Terrorist (CT’s) shall be treated as a crime scene. The police unit that has jurisdiction over the
areas shall conducted the crime scene investigation (CSI).

Defensive Position

Police Stations, especially those located in far- flung areas, are priority targets of attacks. As such,
security measures against CT atrocities must be undertaken as follows:

1. Continuously remind all PNP personnel to be extra vigilant and security conscious in their day-
to- day activities and during troop movements.
2. Duty station guards shall memorize, internal and put into practice the 11 General Orders of ta
Duty Guard. (Annex “Z”) likewise, they shall always carry their issued long firearms and
ammunition rig/ bandoliers with basic load.
3. Vigorously implement added security measures in all Police Stations and Police Community
Precincts.
4. Conduct sustained inspection of the operational readiness of PNP field units/ station.

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 5. Always keep in mind the modus operandi, strategies and tactics being practiced/ employed by
the CTM and other threat groups.
6. Enhance the establishment of Advance Security Control Points (ASCPs) to control the ingress and
egress of people in Police Stations.
7. One of the strategies and tactics employed by CTM and other threats group to gain access to
police stations is by wearing of PNP/AFP uniforms and that of other LEAs, hence, personnel
assigned in the advance security control points shall not allow entry of uniformed groups or any
individuals without prior coordination.

a. Exercise sustained vigilance and maintenance of law, order and public safety in
respective AOR through the intensified conduct of police visibility patrols.
b. Carry out Police Community Relation (PCR)/ Barangay Peacekeeping Operations (BPO)
activities in areas that are prone to influence, infiltration and infestation of CTM fronts
organization.

Arrest
General Guidelines

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 1. All arrest should be made only on the basis of a valid warrant of arrest issued by a competent
authority, except in instances where the law allows warrantless arrest.

2. No violence or unnecessary force shall be used in making an arrest, and the person to be
arrested shall not be subjected to any greater restraint than what necessary under the
circumstances.

3. As a general rule, arrest can be made on any day of the week and at any time of the day or
night.

4. Only judges are authorized to issue Warrants of Arrest.

5. A warrant of arrest is no longer needed if the accused is already under detention. An order of
commitment is issued by the judge in lieu of the warrant of arrest.

6. The following are immune from arrest:

a. A senator or member of the house of the representatives while congress is in session for
an offense punishable by not more than six years of imprisonment; and

b. Diplomatic Agents, under the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations.

Warrant of Arrest
The warrant of arrest is the written authority of the arresting officer when making an arrest
or taking of a person into custody in order that he may be bound to answer for the commission
26
of an offense. The head of the office to whom the warrant of arrest has been delivered for
implementation shall cause the warrant to be implemented within ten (10) days from receipt.
Within ten (10) days after the expiration of such period, the police officer to whom it was
assigned for implementation shall make a report to the judge who issued the warrant and in
case of his failure to implement the same, shall state the reasons thereof.

Arrest without a Warrant

A peace officer or a private person may, without a warrant, arrest a person:

1. When, in his presence, the person to be arrested has committed, is actually committing, or is
attempting to commit an offense;

2. When an offense has just been committed and he has probable cause to believe, based on
personal knowledge of facts or circumstances, that the person to be arrested has committed it;

3. When the person to be arrested is a prisoner who has escaped from a penal establishment or
place where he is serving final judgement or temporarily confined while his case is pending, or
has escaped while being transferred from one confinement area to another.

4. Where the accused released on bail attempts to leave the country without court permission;

5. Violation of conditional pardon, punishable under Article 159 of the Revised Penal Code as a
case of evasion of service of sentence; and

6. Arrest following a deportation proceeding by the Immigration Commissioner against illegal and
undesirable aliens.

Authority of the Arresting Officer when Making an

Arrest

27
 1. Police officer may summon assistance- A police officer making a lawful arrest may verbally
summon as many persons as he deems necessary to assist him in affecting the arrest.

2. Right of a police officer to break into building or enclosure- A police officer in order to make an
arrest, with or without warrant, may break into a building or enclosure where the person to be
arrested is or is reasonably believed to be, if he is refused admittance thereto after announcing
his authority and purpose.

3. Right to break out from the building or enclosure- wherever a police officer has entered the
building or enclosure to make an arrest, he may break out there from, when necessary, to
liberate himself.

4. Arrest after escape or rescue- if a person lawfully arrested escapes or is rescued, any person
may immediately pursue to retake him without a warrant at any time and in any place within
the Philippines.

Procedures

Serving of Warrant of Arrest

1. Verify the validity of the warrant and request for an authenticated copy from the issuing court;

2. In serving the warrant, the police officer should introduce himself and show proper
identification;

3. Make a manifestation of authority against the person to be arrested;

4. If refused entry, the police officer may break into any residence, office, building, and other
structure where the person to be arrested is in or is reasonably believed to be in, after
announcing his purpose;

5. The police officer need not have a copy of the warrant in his possession at the time of the arrest.
If the person arrested so requires, the warrant shall be shown to the arrested person as soon as
possible.

6. Secure the person to be arrested and use handcuffs for the protection of the arresting officer,
other individuals or the arrested person himself;

28
 7. Conduct thorough search for weapons and other illegal materials on the person arrested and
surrounding’s within his immediate control;

8. Inform the person to be arrested of his right under the law (Miranda warning/ rights and Anti-
torture warning);

9. No unnecessary force shall be used in making an arrest;

10. Confiscated evidence shall be properly documented with the chain of custody of evidence duly
and clearly established;

11. Bring the arrested person to the Police Station for documentation;

12. Make a Return of Warrant to the court of origin (Annex “B”- Return of Warrant Form);and

13. Deliver the arrested person to jail/ prison upon the issuance of a commitment order of the
court.

Effecting Warrant of Arrest

1. Freeze or restrain the suspect/s;

2. Make proper introduction as to identify and authority to arrest;

29
 3. Inform the arrested person of the circumstances of his arrest and recite the Miranda Warning/
rights and Anti- torture warning to him;

4. Secure the person to be arrested and use handcuffs for the protection of the arresting officer,
other individuals or the arrested person himself;

5. Conduct thorough search for weapons and other illegal materials on the person arrested and
surrounding’s within his immediate control;

6. Confiscated evidence shall be properly documented with the chain of custody of evidence duly
and clearly established;

7. No unnecessary force shall be used in making an arrest; and

8. Bring the arrested person to the Police Station for further investigation and disposition.

Duties of the Arresting Officer

1. It shall be the duty of the police officer implementing the Warrant of Arrest to deliver the
arrested person without delay to the nearest Police Station or jail to record the fact of the
arrest;
2. At the time of the arrest, it shall be the duty of the arresting officer to inform the person
arrested of the cause of the arrest and the fact that a warrant had been issued for his arrest. The
arresting officer need not have the warrant in his possession at the time of the arrest but after
the arrest, if the person arrested so requires, the warrant shall be shown to him as soon as
possible.
3. When women or children are among the arrested suspect/s the arresting officer shall task the
women’s and Children’s Protection Desk (WCPD) officer or a policewoman who familiar with
women and children protection desk duties to conduct the pat- down search;
4. In case of arrest without a warrant, it shall be the duty of the arresting officer to inform the
person to be arrested of his authority and the cause of the arrest except when he flees or
forcibly resists before the arresting officer has the opportunities to inform him or when the
giving of such information will imperil the arrest;
5. The person arrested, with or without warrant, shall be informed of his constitutional right to
remain silent and that any statement he makes could be used against him. Also, that he has the
right to communicate with his lawyer or his immediate family and the right to physical
examination.
6. A person arrested, with or without warrant, shall be immediately brought to the proper Police
Station for investigation without necessary delay. He shall be subjected to inquest proceedings
within the time prescribed in article 125 of the RPC;

30
 7. No torture, force, violence, threat, intimidation, or any other means which vitiate the free will
shall be used against an arrested person. The bringing of arrested persons to secret detention
places, solitary confinement and the like is prohibited;
8. If the person arrested without a warrant waives his right under the provisions of Art 125 of the
revised penal code , the arresting officer shall ensure that the former signs a waiver of detention
in the presence of his counsel of choice and
9. If the person arrested waives his right against self- incrimination and chooses to give statement,
the arresting officer shall ensure that the waiver is made in writing and signed by the person
arrested in the presence of a counsel of his own choice or a competent and independent
counsel provided by the government.

Physical Examination of Arrested Person/ Suspect

Before interrogation, the person arrested shall have the right to be informed of his right to0 demand
physical examination by an independent and competent doctor of his own choice. If he cannot afford
the services of a doctor of his own choice, he shall be provided by the state with a competent and
independent doctor to conduct physical examination. If the person arrested is female, she shall be
attended to preferably by a female doctor.

Search and seizure

Requisites for the Issuance of Search Warrant

31
 A search warrant shall be issued only upon probable cause in connection with one specific offense to
be determined personally by the judge after examination under oath or affirmation of the complainant
and the witnesses presented. The search warrant shall particularly describe the place to be searched
and the things to be seized which may be anywhere in the Philippines.

a. The following properties may be the object of search warrant:

1. Properties which are the subject of the offense;

2. Stolen, embezzled proceeds, or fruits of the offense; and
3. Object including weapons, equipment, and other items used or intended to be used as
the means of committing an offense.

b. Object that are illegal per se, even if not particularly described in the search warrant, may be
seized under the plain view doctrine.

Validity of Search Warrant

1. The warrant shall be valid for ten (10) days from date of issuance and may be served at any day
within the said period. Thereafter, it shall be void

2. If, in the implementation of the search warrant, its object or purpose cannot be accomplished in
one day, the search can be continued the following days, until completed, provided it is still
within the ten (10) - day validity period of the search warrant.

3. If the object or purpose of the search warrant cannot be accomplished within the (10) day
validity period, the responsible police officer conducting the search must file, before the issuing
court, an application for the extension of the validity period of said search warrant.

Time search
The warrant should be served during daytime, unless there is a provision in the warrant allowing
service at any time of the day or night

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 Application for Search Warrant
All application for Search Warrant shall be approved for filing by the Chief of Office. The
application shall indicate the following data:

1. Office applying for the search warrant;

2. Name of officer- applicant ;
3. Name of the subject, if known;
4. Address/ place(s) to be searched;
5. Specific statement of things/ articles to be seized; and
6. Sketch of the place to be searched.

All approved applications shall be recorded in a log book, duly maintained for the purpose, indicating
the name of the applicant, name of the respondent, nature of the offense, and date of the application.

Authority of Police Officers when Conducting Search

In the conduct of search, if after giving notice of his purpose and authority, the police officer is
refused admittance to the place of search, he may break open any outer or inner door or window or any
part of a house or anything therein to implement the warrant or liberate himself or any person lawfully
aiding him when unlawfully detained therein.

Prohibited Acts in the Conduct of Search by Virtue of a Search

Warrant
1. Houses, rooms, or other premises shall not be searched except in the presence of the lawful
occupant thereof or any member of his family or, in the absence of the latter, in the presence of
two(2) witnesses of sufficient age and discretion residing in the same locality

2. Lawful personal properties, papers, and other valuables not specifically indicated or particularly
described in the search warrant shall not be taken.

Inventory and delivery of Property Seized

1. The police officer who confiscates properly under the warrant shall issue a detailed receipt of
property seized to lawful occupant of the premises, or in the absence of such occupant, shall do
so in the presence of at least two (2) witnesses of sufficient age and discretion residing in the
same locality;
2. The receipt shall likewise include items seized under the Plain View Doctrine;

33
 3. The police officer must then a receipt in the place in which he found the seized property and a
duplicate copy thereof with any barangay official having jurisdiction over the place searched;
and
4. The police officer must forthwith deliver the property seized to the judge who issued the
warrant, together with an inventory thereof, duly verified under oath.

Valid Search and Seizures without Search Warrant

a. Search made incidental to a valid arrest

A person lawfully arrested may be searched for dangerous weapon or anything which may be
used or which may constitute proof in the commission of an offense, without a search warrant.
The warrantless search and seizure as an incident to a lawful arrest may extend beyond the
person of the arrested to include the premises or surroundings under his immediate control.

b. Search of Moving Vehicles

If the police officer who will conduct the search have reasonable or probable cause to believe,
before the search, that either the motorist is a law offender or they will find the instrumentality
or evidence pertaining to a crime in the vehicle to be searched, the vehicle may be stopped and
subjected to an extensive search.

c. Seizure of evidence in plain view

Any object in the plain view is subject to seizure and may be introduced as evidence.
Requirements under the plain view doctrine are:

1. The police officer must have prior justification for an intrusion or, otherwise, must be in
a position from which he can view a particular area;
2. The discovery of the evidence in plain view is unintentional or
3. It is immediately apparent to the police officer that the item he observes may be
evidence of a crime, contraband, or is a valid subject of seizure.
d. When there is waiver of the right or there is consented search

To constitute a waiver of this constitutional right, it must appear, first, that the right exists;
second, that the person involved had knowledge, either actual or constructive, of the existence
of such right; that said person had an actual intention to relinquish the right.

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 e. Search under stop and frisk rule

The police officer has the right to stop a citizen on the street, interrogate him, and pat for
weapons whenever he observes unusual conduct which convinces him that a criminal activity
exists.

f. Emergency and exigent circumstances

A search warrant could be validly dispensed with in cases of exigent and emergency situation,
and the police officer have reasonable grounds to believe that a crime is being committed, and
they have no opportunity to apply for a search warrant from the courts because the latter were
closed.

g. Tipped Information

If the officers have reasonable grounds to believe that the subject are engage in illegal
activities, the tipped information is sufficient to provide probable cause to effect a warrantless
search and seizure.

End of your module 2 discussions________________________________________A. Hermo…..

Module 2 exercises 1 and 2___________internal security operation by: A. Hermo A.

Hermo.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

Instructions: answer the questions base on the statement of your key points given. Do not repeat your
questions if not necessary, answer legibly and direct to the point. Do not leave blanks and submit your

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test questionnaire and answer sheets in brown envelop. Note further, your questions may include topics
from your previous modules. Good luck.

A. MCQ- 5 POINTS EACH- ENCIRCLE THE LETTER OF THE CORRECT ANSWER.

1. The following are functions of a police officer during police operations, except
a. To protect lives and properties
b. To respect human rights
c. To observe the human dignity of persons
d. To serve or protect the illegal activity of a particular person, group or criminal
syndicate.

2. What is the prescribed uniform of the police officer during police operation?
a. Camouflage green
b. General office attire
c. Patrol Uniform
d. The uniform which is appropriate for the kind of police operation to be undertaken

3. Juan, a police officer, in appearing before the public, should not at all times
a. Smart and well- groomed
b. While on actual patrol duties, he shall refrain from eating along the sidewalks
c. While patrolling, he shall avoid smoking and reading newspaper
d. Appear in a condition not good enough to be seen by the community

4. Is it a must for every police officer on patrol, whether on board a vehicle or on foot
patrol, to always carry with him a police notebook, a pen and the Miranda Warning
Card?
a. No, the police officer could carry a police notebook and a pen, but the Miranda
Warning Card is not necessary especially when the police officer has memorized the
Miranda Warning.
b. Yes, the notebook, which is approximately pocket- sized, will be used to inscribe
important events that transpire during his tour of duty, and the Miranda Warning Car is
used to make sure the arresting officer informs the arrested person of all his rights.
c. No, the police notebook and pen, should be put inside the motor vehicle because
the pen, which is usually placed by the police officers in the pocket of their uniform,
destroy the uniform.
d. It depends upon the police officer whether to carry or not a police not book, pen
and a Miranda Warning Card.

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5. What is the primary use of the non- lethal weapon’s (pepper spray, baton or stun gun),
which every police officer shall carry in his prescribed rig?
a. Used instead of the officer’s issued firearm in order to avoid collateral damage.
b. Used when there is real and imminent danger of injury or death on the part of the
police officer.
c. Used in a non-armed confrontation with an uncooperative and unruly offender
during the arrest.
d. The non- lethal weapons in the police rig are part of the officer’s complete uniform.

6. What is the category of police operations that includes Search, Rescue and Retrieval
Operations, Fire Drills, Earthquake Drills and similar operations that promote public
safety?
a. Public Safety Operation
b. Law Enforcement Operation
c. Internal security operations
d. Special police operations

7. What is the category of police operations that includes Service of Warrant of Arrest,
implementation of Search Warrant, Enforcement of Visitorial Power of the Chief,
Philippine National Police and Unit Commanders, Anti- Illegal Drugs Operation, Anti-
Illegal Gambling Operations, Anti- Illegal Logging Operations, Anti- Illegal Fishing
Operations, Anti- Carnapping Operations, Anti- Kidnapping Operations, Anti- Cyber
Crime Operations and similar operations that are conducted to enforce laws, statutes,
executive orders and ordinances?
a. Public Safety Operation
b. Law Enforcement Operation
c. Internal security operations
d. Special police operations

8. What is the category of police operations that includes Counter- Insurgency Operations,
Counter Terrorist Operations and similar operations that are conducted to ensure
internal security?
a. Public Safety Operation
b. Law Enforcement Operation
c. Internal security operations
d. Special Police Operations

9. What is the category of police operations that includes Checkpoint Operation,

Roadblock Operation, Civil Disturbance Management Operation, Police Assistance in the
Enforcement of Demolition Eviction Injunction and similar Orders, Police Assistance in
the Implementation of final Court Order and Order from Quasi- Judicial Bodies, Hostage

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 Situation, Visit Board Search and Seizure Onboard Marine Vessels and similar police
operations that are conducted by police units with specialized training on the peculiarity
of the mission or purpose?
a. Public Safety Operation
b. Law Enforcement Operation
c. Internal security operations
d. Special police operations

10. What is the category of police operations that includes Surveillance Operation, Counter
Intelligence, Intelligence Research, Intelligence Assessment and similar police
intelligence operation conducted to gather information related to security, public safety
and order?
a. Intelligence Operation
b. Investigation Operation
c. Scene of the crime operation
d. Law enforcement operation

B. Discussion/ abstract reasoning- 10 pts each.

1. SPO10 Paredes and SPO23 Sumalinog were patrolling an uninhabited place when they
came across a shirtless person who was trembling and holding a bladed weapon. What
do you think about the person?

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2. Considering that SPO10 Paredes and SP023 Sumalinog found a person in the time and
place proximate to an alleged crime. What should they do?

3. Who should, whenever possible, conduct pat- down searches?

4. In the conduct of spot check/ accosting, what should the police officer do if not in
uniform?

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5. Before approaching more than one individual, what should the police officers do first?

6. What is the primary purpose of the police checkpoint?

7. It states that the PNP is mandated to provide active support to the Armed Forces of the
Philippines (AFP) in Internal Security Operation (ISO) for the suppression of the
Communist Terrorists Movement (CTM) and other serious threats to national security.
Cite and discuss. 20 pts.

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8. In urban areas, who may assume the lead role in ISO against the CTM, other threat
groups and organized crime groups engaged in armed offensive.? Cite and discuss 20
pts.

IRENE B. ANTONIO COLLEGE OF MINDANAO INCORPORATED

T.N. Pepito St. Valencia City

SY: 2020-2021

SUBJECT: LEA 4

INSTRUCTOR: Aldrech S. Hermo, RCrim.

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 COURSE TITLE: Law Enforcement Operations and Planning with Crime Mapping

SUBJECT CREDIT: 3

COURSE & YEAR: B.S. Criminology 3

__________________________________________________________________________________

MODULE 3

CHAPTER 1
Police Operations
(The continuation)

Course Outcomes

At the end of this course, the students will be able to:

 Understand the different kinds of police operations.

 Know the duties and responsibilities of police officers in the conduct of police
operations.
 Demonstrate the proper conduct of each police operation.
 Determine whether a certain police operation conducted is legal or not.
 Appreciate the importance of properly conducting police operations.

MODULE 3_______________ Continuation to POLICE OPERATIONS CHAPTER 1

_____________________________________________________________________________________

Investigation Procedures
Investigation by the Territorial Police Unit after an Armed Confrontation
Responsibility of the Territorial Police Unit

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 The Police Unit that has territorial jurisdiction over the area where the armed confrontation occurred
shall secure the scene and immediately undertake the necessary investigation.

Scene of the Crime Operation (SOCO) Team to Process the Crime Scene
The concerned Police Unit shall immediately request the Scene of the Crime Operation (SOCO) Team to
conduct crime scene processing.

Mandatory Examination of firearm Seized/ Confiscated during Police Operation

1. All firearms, cartridges and slugs seized, captured or recovered during checkpoints or
pursuit operations or in any other police operations including those seized during the
service of warrants and, more importantly, those recovered from the crime scene shall
immediately be submitted to the local Crime Laboratory (CLO) which shall in turn
process it for capturing and cross- matching through the Integrated Ballistics
Identification System (IBIS);
2. The field investigator or investigator- on- case (IOC) shall submit the photo of the
firearm and the receipt issued by the local Crime Laboratory Office for the said firearm/
cartridges/slugs to the prosecutor or the court;
3. Should the prosecutor eventually require the physical submission of the firearm, the
investigator- on- case shall manifest with the prosecutor or court that a subpoena be
issued for the Crime Laboratory which issued the receipt to present the said firearm;
and
4. It is also imperative that the chain of custody be strictly observed and documented and
therefore, as much as practicable, it shall be the investigator- on- case (IOC) who shall
personally submit the recovered firearms/shell/slugs to the local Crime Laboratory.

Inquest Proceeding Necessary When the Suspects Dies

In cases of armed confrontation wherein the suspect dies the Team Leader of the operating unit shall
submit the incident for inquest before the duty Inquest Prosecutor prior to the removal of the body
from the scene, except in areas where there are no Inquest Prosecutor. In which case, the territorial
police unit can proceed with the investigation.

Judicial Affidavit Rule

This Rule shall apply to all actions, proceeding, and incidents requiring the reception of evidence
before the court in place of the direct testimonies of witnesses in order to reduce the time needed for
completing their testimonies.

Application of Rule to Criminal Actions

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 This rule shall apply to all criminal actions where the maximum imposable penalty does not exceed six
years.

Contents of Judicial Affidavit

A judicial affidavit shall be prepared in the language known to the witness and, if not in English or
Filipino, accompanied by a translation in English or Filipino, and shall contain the necessary data/
information.

1. The name , age, residence or business address, and occupation of the witness;
2. The name and address of the lawyer who conducts or supervises the examination of the witness
and the place where the examination is being held;
3. A statement that the witness is answering the questions asked of him, fully conscious that he
does so under oath, and that he may face criminal liability for false testimony or perjury;
4. Questions asked of the witness and his corresponding answer, consecutively numbered, that:

a. Show the circumstances under which the witness acquired the facts upon which he testifies;
b. Elicit from him those facts which are relevant to the issues that the case presents; and
c. Identify the attached documentary and object evidence and establish their authenticity in
d. Accordance with the Rules of Court

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