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dSGJHpFDu8sN0484L13z7PeCjYdqiP2u7N13ooVSnBooUW0VLrShkCzukFWcbZHRG27SJY1WaZmil3jUIJSVCZsZUGJZi9NotJVLqvuYkA4isRxMEXTFYlq5XPQzkyyBxnRpoYZhCNsBDFbcJnVyMzpzQPD4WglHMhl2mqm3ZZfOo/50clzWp/pAFPsVAZy4gX9ZoYy9ta3Ffcc5K8JWJQCKoq9kVlaaQW8ALMcVzio2JR1eesrCD+55GHDQaJmLxVv25bHCFYJFcemoQOkQNGTgrUqTd51KFOipQJA1kV728q4QV6qG1W+nkplL489nQdnvFL3aMyKzSLanGJQu9qyuabFnCEVxTfPHtXT+97BesKheU8hZRk6Sw/NRW8z7lg5GVUfpEgyvBy96zVN5+l5P6SIpoLIB3Tq/lXAl8kJN4jNgslxPwQEspw5ABSyKLDTauUxQ5U99cjwVcSHy2zhTmak66qOZkXbhP6oYft3cWxKI3IbdZhU5/5qPJvhso8zm6YcogqzTvo7AAnj3Gjst88NkbDE9Z5W1mdyZqA8fPYZ5K7bJOwlPJzPrcphugU24AJ1j/7BR7bPLPZg74LroPSt1We3aYQ9/A+GPqSWgSzphIa1sLYBa96I6PGzhrmC6OMIjPWOlpIyvFWT64b8jGMT4Q6HCUOxcPWJ3zjb1bJrpYJr9EXPaV06qM6yRmFfNWGt1UhBEa3WiWGF0ZymVizJHlh7MpzEbIK90ClCZszNRauFz+RnIsq8ZFsgnW95E1NR+uihrjL4zZBZ9zbFAdGLnXzRZ866YXPGXc+VCd8KJ86J3VfFbPU4mn5QsRG576oKAPFlXSaUBuqRityXIdYGN/ZVaXRwSWcMNisIvSy9wTL6EpEvhxKsXUUM4QW++7yxEi3jkidZMzRhmKbDitTtYfMPMps0pVOHSzjtBm9ZVHD0ZN0JhY478j+XlJCv8wuOT1b3sNy0l1BXlX7LEVE4lx05J1HGqTQ7U3F6zQtM3KyoNI89AS8EPyRYNi9OEHAY4FFMNhdsXHsL0cBQmgg6Ec5rhQ/XwJvW8wIduzLEGWrp9nhw4vvRiA2+xzl+mqbpRHgPdFkIzIeJrvFjP3ofj6O5Uicc7kcDK4wAlPAYms72D5SjXMT4covXyOPgDzSOCHHNff5SIAeH0ijPnxCJH0cJB1nQXChjtd7+hSnzbDE6korEma/xLWjT7bYlDBHAzjo/LJMwhMdgNEDSwqJuv9QdWMV9LFCofiH+ZvWEaSF8jI42xbZA54dMK/K6rKwuJDlqQ+TYUmv7jn7O+PLad50pk9vS3qaoLGtd/v2w9Kkzd7sNh4c7ffyMgc5WENYlTsD7uriJ6hL2ZTOFc8GOpS4EGopZ6CFivxxms47F7sjB7ylq+ENJg/DT1GhkYy6j78A8nrz4nRXhQUlNJ7ZUKOLyftaVXRNE96ipRKd40WCZ0y75mLHZJpFORn+vlRRYKO1DiOanYMkJS1inovelwGNhJ5dvTazttUUfPRTR/yMglm8yrXzYNCbXf7Z5jl0LOCw/bzZut9MgNXW8WFKgCf9CYUICNzkcc/uKc32tZtsAJdfbT21A3Jzeo69G6SaHO+2tocJ31PUlr4ZOhwNdB/32BhItxqUb6BtcbeJFKJGfy5ioAphrjgVNfTchMe5pjh+T4uXyarHPZyWYv+qjkSanYY42JSU1MbpZVrFnn5qpURuFEcFBo2vaSTOZJaHdxuI5d3vS1mpSpNV2jUot+G7OMpAaFSsDHZ2E8GwMU/7rNh3b7aWaopElF1NGFX9yTfYgaUcm43/sHm+2rUPu+7b85H+ZusB4nyAzJhSNntTbLzVrtl5BhOnzzvj5R3Wb2P8E2PzOEmmQk9b/2f7HAqvdh+U9jCI3G0ldzNwzP1g+K3paVBdcYCsgeura7PvyR9oUVpBxBH+Q4asgSb1GxGDleHnoiamfTFOUuO2qL+lNlnkquQ7i8ldS2G5zker6oW4wBObLCeqNTq5PcpVNdKPrFyquuIAw6DzejAGLeY2HkfzshiEdZq1F7P+xcZZzUoXm++Pdg0U8M1er91Z9Wq/X02YK3V+ECy+gi3bWKgCv6VMyAT8HjbnYsrE+Id9/2Z/f0M7bXUv/sXWjzi60zAzSdzT3m+4x37/bK+f9tk/bZw7T1V3+w4x8+HRx+Rx2Pd0qOYsk82bqP9SLstM4IOxqi3nAQkyq314V367pfEoV9QNk8hOD+ISzydkT6JzEJOm5FjVnSgRjUPBuqduF+gVKw2myELA062vtumxJY88M2LbYnOedO6TBOCLjftmYzS7B152a17jfWv+flN754cZ2A+b/y/3zaDvHLWJp619XRyqnoYA5EA2D5Rxs9/drv3lvqh4dNDOYSCIwh+2xput7Z6qK9+8tdKTU/qEGAoDyYBrMzZb35vJ5DS5f9iczQz2tHsejL1lOB0Nl0cgxUJB0oCSrMoZkeK5j5d6aKz+RKB9c6GhpcHSk+IelTnrnKN4HMwwitf4YQU9jhjIA/M1zRBMZpEdjH1Tvneqm66ngzwX9JJVM+9ZCOeITU+7HB7X0xcdrHq3sW8dwm7p3TwFQrmZMX2pLkR418uE+28mDEDu3TziE8J5dsERtaK6lJAF7UZ0Kz87DDI3m38XdGavR5Iv/NOuqyboN67D2CxONtj6/wsxL4MouRdXawzfqxsXvPf3s5Gv/B17IeO/s5jyj+Sn2vsmlML5olOkkPXUAgh9zT4WT1HdpjIIXW/pp9NkUATYEDF7k4epSkBXX6a3QFlLjJfmT3Mq7zlfnulGkJ3jnJ+N5q33Jf1cgJe0cHTxFxAQTI2YZOt4Lw57HzbOL5bWwLs+27petv4fgBw4vxnBr0gbeFS+U/kNzWhGIvNePPUDCMRYtiZAMhQCKF2KnwNb9CDNy77fW6fXfNk8xWo4M2uCJom0q/5qL5yMnrwWOfR7uaXfbU2/mXKRqmDsP5q8sO7H+Ujfjfh8MQN7Wg59gE2bjk5wFApQKVyB8bRjUn1yjEsnPvWR4M8KeHOlxtO5LOukCbFQ5qoSUn/NPl90IaIVE0VmOba7zptiZh9eneOxZjxgY/fUtfA8DoSw2nwgDN8saBhlSb+akhfzNKQGn21OsMwbUgVbwx/Mig+j5FDMm+3RxEHvu9k98NSaPY4uagFhTiTJSOLv1WPXacZAr+vqvHTPJ1dTwH764a6bHtzE94euL8XrxTxthJYcq2Sv9EWHxrD177bGX23Nr4eFAZMpVWWh6ndbw3dDw52NbTH+0b3ozkLH+Q2dhBrPdIuaz55dUmK5X05zlck46annLDTf5zNxXocUi6yXagix3uumGdCRVfQl01pH62pDsm1CPjOEbUIza/xiSv0wsfzZWCgs+wZmZ7b+yQT6NC+GSO/22WfzgGLXfoVQER+RSKiaVLR+QC0tHbHOkOUBcmPL+oKHKDEnYphs1FftysXK1452mhfqYBhH8g7MZ/PID/pHI2NFHrktzrRLFBE69tRpYL8ZafmjyfV3pHPdx0Ouebdd/TfSI7bJlD8jXzSDXAY175GPqe43Wj8qUsfzdeXS/omHOXoc+dv93ivh6GoZxTPjKU3lrYJIwCi79N7vK2B2BtM8o6MHY17wuKwHZQxi/t1u/WYw9ck2Q+hMeP8kS3zogZS77ekvOrd6tBdj0g35XQfJOE1pmYn3ZxZydoaV1+GHmW+o1ti9h0LJgbSA3uTx3fuvnSSq8RmQrkNs7rFn8w7GapWd1WTHclrFERIYJTLR1XJIGE6RSF78HgaMvfzdNFflOA/ArJnF2Zwo8pkVPoSLGKhTvuPUlrueFCNoRArAwrGo/Dhyr9PcqzJRKkNHGbpqqPTol9+/Xc59skVVZm0yqDKPeJgn8PXKYx6LDtGCsfX2MCu1mIa0AEzP7n1ld/C7TmnBx+7299eaKdzFKiz4D/BaINTwcjOqd7C/0z3ixXhnccVc72QeB7DRWrI/R8jYZwJ80ZscaZqM/Za8toq4CUMCerBghQQ+CeTSi9Ug/F0YL4sfkTFVrGaoP0w28Oo/GRS/bD/w3LvJqVnTeLfuyjcztN1Czfk62URwwI5GbPTzwsTiSR7lX6zZqUjrh2KXS3Jd1GKpaTxxQ0LyUCU/qQvt8c2PbeQ0Ot46DAXj4SNqRUkrYC+r68B4VC1eGEwi37LvVhPkzea9CY5P5YmMoM3rofjsfV2cuNl8zbwRTLGxdGhCRtw074d3vZuxvtgrbEzOK/PIhfGMT2Hxb2M6sts9d9vLzfbcALNQlpipaib0eHjvHWMALvUQbQExAupUN9ijO+teAKsMTwfn3JAj2jVfzQeZbtgefphDHGY8jwPYEiemiroHRS0PFqdvE/Tj3D8fKAllJYfNpmanCsCeTohdruqiR100zowQQpd5zD2ONqiLUVUIBpUDVCEOIQ8Dm6QH2WvkVkgZKDj7+3Ei0UZpzLzPYgohjxDqp+5OsdzPLBfuIxTvZihvhhQYY2fKYCSiVo9RxdtFi+I3vkNcRSi7KX7SYLgdZ8DskZIodW//AYKtIIF1rYzL2ZkxUjRAN4tYWN/LxIVKz2mx13JHwHxBmuPpxFe75xcoM5+8Bt0gx7SsGuYabX6xxaTuQJw6q2VWP+K0VNImbBXt0Bn/6LwnJfnbMt8zppklo8UUPcLt8qQOcjoIFXlW9X+3BptDnGt271+L/2MKiB8QJkpmYJr0SqzBBILY1/gc/uGPNBR5ZUXkOagY/pMfDPGZdU0wRJ6qUNXpfPmRRKyaTTMzyjfWMfWUbEqEQLLhBUz3RehkZwmeB9KCAgGJkWdUpe16kAnK2tMnHtZyqEW3A2J42jUrD0tDiYVVHRjQZp78sMH/YTk7lL9bzGwWT5dRjA4PjCd64mhBnDXB63F+pMw+4ervGQe2SmvnE6VQLZ/YTTokrCAAd0ELKJhqPHVr2y7mBYhfO9snjZvmuQDULVkKMyLSKstUCyvxYJWIGSuTc3hm994JhfLJoP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)}80%{background-image:url(data:image/png;base64,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Pearson 

Education Limited
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History
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Tel: +44 (0)1279 623623
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Offers & Deals

First edition published 2017 (print and electronic)
Highlights

© Pearson Education Limited 2017 (print and electronic)
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ISBN:  978­1­292­17892­9 (print)
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NOTE THAT ANY PAGE CROSS REFERENCES REFER TO THE PRINT EDITION
Playlists
Where to Play presents the Market Opportunity Navigator­ a tool that will help you:
History

Topics
Discover promising market opportunities  
Tutorials

Offers & Deals

Highlights

Evaluate their value                         
Settings

upport

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Set your strategic focus smartly         

To make sure you’re running in the right direction and remain agile, without losing
your focus!
History

Chapter 1
Topics

Tutorials

Overview
Offers & Deals

1.1 Are you running in the right direction?
Highlights

1.2 The Market Opportunity Navigator in a nutshell
Settings

1.1 ARE YOU RUNNING IN THE RIGHT DIRECTION?


upport

SignCommercialising
Out innovative ideas is a constant run.
It requires immense efforts, as you attempt to move forward and make progress on
your way … while facing one hurdle after the other. And it’s not just simply running …
in fact, entrepreneurs and innovators are trained to run fast. Time can be one of your
greatest enemies when new products or services are waiting to be adopted, and speed is
seen as critical to successful innovation.

Yet, running, and even running fast, may simply be useless if you are not running in the
right direction! If you are not pursuing a valuable market opportunity, or not playing in
the right field, you are wasting your time, energy and resources … and those of others,
too!

Finding the right direction, however, is not obvious at all. Your unique resources and
abilities can address different needs, for different sets of customers, thereby creating
several potential market opportunities for your venture – or a set of possible paths in
your entrepreneurial race!

So before you run fast, make sure you are running in the right
direction, because …
Different paths lead to different results
Different paths lead to different results
Market opportunities differ in their value creation potential and thus in your ability to
generate sales and become successful.

Your market choice imprints your venture


Your market choice will shape many aspects of your emerging venture. It will not be
easy to un­do, especially when significant investments are required.

Have you been asking yourself …


How can I identify blockbuster opportunities?

Did I miss out on any?

How do I know what’s the most valuable option if there is so much uncertainty out
there?

How can I let go of seemingly promising opportunities?

Should I pursue several opportunities in parallel?

The Market Opportunity Navigator will support your market choice and
help you to systematically uncover the most valuable market
opportunities.

In short: it will help you to make sure that you are running in the right
direction.

Are you locking yourself into one direction?


Once you have chosen your direction, you also need to make sure that you can remain
agile, without slowing your pace. Your efforts, your resources, your attention – they
should all be focused on advancing your chosen path, but at the same time you need to
develop your capabilities in a way that would allow you to redirect your route.

That is because unforeseeable things may happen: despite your best, diligent efforts in
choosing the most promising path, you may reach a startling dead­end and will need to
pivot; you may also uncover a new, more attractive opportunity and consider its
potential; or, down the road you may simply want to exploit your next growth options
in the most efficient and effective manner. In short: new junctions, which are currently
unforeseeable, may appear along your way, and you must make sure that you make the
most out of them.

So, what does it mean to remain agile while running in your chosen direction? It means
that you understand your options and keep some of them open now – so that you avoid
locking yourself out of other interesting directions in the future.

When you consciously keep selected options open, you can, for example, create a more
modularised technology, cast a wider intellectual property (IP) net or even pick a brand
name that would lend itself to redirection. In short, it would help you to develop your
resources and capabilities in a way that would allow for greater flexibility down the
road.

Especially for start­ups, being able to focus while remaining agile is crucial. If you are
not open to alternative paths while concentrating your available resources, and can’t
handle change or adaptation efficiently, you may simply lose the race …

The innovator’s challenge: focus and be agile.

Have you been asking yourself …


If market choice is so important how can I hedge my bets?

How can I focus sharply yet stay flexible at the same time?

What shall I do with new information that cracks my confidence in our chosen
path?

How can I deal with the next junction in our road?

The Market Opportunity Navigator will help you to strategise your
opportunities and decide which options you should keep open as
backups or for additional growth, so that you can stay both focused and
agile at the same time.

Three steps to support your market opportunity choice


The book will take you through three steps that are necessary for designing your market
opportunity strategy and choosing where to play:

I. Search broadly
Which market opportunities exist for us?
It is important to understand your terrain and uncover potential paths
before you start running. Step 1 will guide you on how to search
systematically and broadly for market opportunities in order to create a
varied set of options.

   

II. Assess deeply
What are the most attractive market opportunities for us?
   Next, it is essential to assess your options and understand their pros and
cons. Step 2 will guide you on how to evaluate opportunities, so that you
can estimate and compare their attractiveness in an unbiased manner.

   

III. Strategise smartly
What market opportunities should we focus on?
This is where choosing smartly comes in: it’s not only about focusing on
the most promising option, but also about remaining agile. Step 3 will
guide you on how to build your Agile Focus Strategy, so that you can
mitigate your risks and increase the value you can create – with minimum
effort!
Overall, this book will take you by the hand as you progress from:

Manage your commercialisation effort in the face of


uncertainty
The Agile Focus Strategy clearly defines the market opportunities that you will pursue
now, and the opportunities that you will keep open as Backup or Growth Options, so
that you can manage your start­up with foresight and agility, while facing uncertainty.

This smart portfolio will be essential for running in the right direction and for
remaining agile. Eventually, it will have significant implications on how you build and
design your firm.

So before you …
Develop your technology

File your patents

Recruit new employees

Engage your stakeholders

Nurture your company culture

Pick a brand name

Design your marketing materials

Make sure to apply the Market Opportunity
Navigator and design your Agile Focus Strategy!

Enhance your value creation potential


The three steps of the Market Opportunity Navigator will successfully …
Support your decision making

Identify valuable opportunities and make an informed decision for
enhancing your value creation potential – one that is less vulnerable to
biases and that is not based mainly on intuition.

Establish a shared language

Communicate, share and debate with your team members and
stakeholders, to enhance your learning, to showcase your potential and
to reach agreements more easily.

Offer guidance over time

Trace back, track and update your decision over time, at any junction
along your path, or whenever new information puts your strategy in
doubt. Just like navigators that you know from other walks in life, this
will help you to re­calculate your route if necessary. It’s your learning
companion.

The Market Opportunity Navigator works for …

Start-ups
Faced with uncertainty, start­ups often struggle to find their path to success. They need
to make sure to focus on pursuing the most valuable opportunity on one hand, and
hedge their bets on the other – and all with limited resources. The Market Opportunity
Navigator will help entrepreneurs to identify and map their options as they progress
along their entrepreneurial journey, and to choose a path that can lead them to success.

Established organisations
Established firms often struggle in creating the most value from their existing assets
and in identifying opportunities for new growth. The Market Opportunity Navigator
will help established firms to identify the next BIG thing and to manage their
innovation funnel smartly, so that their entrepreneurial endeavours are better
positioned for success.

Technology Transfer Offices


Research institutes often struggle with how to commercialise or spin out innovative
technologies stemming from their laboratories. Finding potential applications and
customers for these inventions is challenging, yet of key importance for these offices. It
will support their decision to patent an innovation and can help them understand how
– and to whom – they shall license it.

Investors
Investors are constantly looking for promising businesses. While they do want to invest
in a specific market opportunity, they also greatly appreciate the value of agility. They
can use the Navigator as a screening tool – to evaluate the attractiveness of an
opportunity and, if it proves to be interesting, to encourage the development of a smart
portfolio around it.

Educators and accelerators


No matter if you are teaching entrepreneurship or technology commercialisation in
universities, or if you are accompanying budding entrepreneurs in an accelerator or an
incubator: this book provides a suite of important tools that clearly lays out all the
major considerations of this process, and all in an easy­to­apply form.

Use the Market Opportunity Navigator with other business


tools
The Market Opportunity Navigator is an easy­to­apply business tool that helps you in
systematically identifying and rigorously assessing potential opportunities as you
choose which options to focus on. It not only gives you the ability to deliberately plan
your strategy but also to reflect and adjust it as you progress through your learning
journey.

To make this learning process broad and complete, we recommend that you use the
Market Opportunity Navigator together with other key methods and business tools.
Specifically, the Navigator is designed to work seamlessly with the Business Model and
Value Proposition Canvases, created by Alexander Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur, and
with the Lean Start­up Methodology, created by Eric Ries and Steve Blank.

The Business Model Canvas and the Value Proposition Canvas offer valuable
frameworks that help you to plan your strategy in order to create value for your
customers and for your firm.
The Navigator – which provides the macro view of the landscape of opportunities –
adds an essential level of analysis to the micro­planning of the Business Model and the
Value Proposition Canvases. Together, these three tools reinforce each other to provide
the comprehensive planning that is required for finding the most fertile ground for your
endeavour.

The Lean Start­up Methodology offers an important validation process for
discovering and developing customers through rapid market testing and continuous
pivoting.

The combination of the Navigator with the Lean Start­up Methodology allows for a
powerful process of validating a winning strategy: the Navigator provides an on­going
tool for planning, reflecting and adjusting as you go through rapid Lean cycles of
learning and makes sure that you will always keep track of the broad picture in addition
to the path that you are currently testing.

This suite of business tools helps you in understanding fundamental questions in
entrepreneurship and innovation in a manner that none of the tools by itself would
allow you to. The whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Use this powerful
combination to set your strategy for success.
Turn to Chapter 3.3 for a more detailed explanation on how you can reap the greatest
benefit from this suite of business tools!

1.2 THE MARKET OPPORTUNITY NAVIGATOR IN A


NUTSHELL
The Market Opportunity Navigator is designed to help you master your market
opportunity strategy and find out where to play. It offers a structured and easy to apply
framework covering the three main questions that you need to consider for setting a
smart strategy: (I) Which market opportunities exist for us? (II) What are the most
attractive market opportunities for us? (III) What market opportunities should we
focus on?

The Navigator takes you through these questions, step by step. Dedicated worksheets
will help you to find the best answers, and to depict their outcome in a visual manner,
so that choice becomes more apparent. Corresponding to the three focal questions, the
Navigator is comprised of three parts: the Market Opportunity Set, the Attractiveness
Map and the Agile Focus Dartboard.

Market Opportunity Set


What is it?
The set of potential market opportunities that you can address with your core resources
and capabilities. These can be varied options, related to different types of needs for
different types of customers.

Why is it important?
Market opportunities can vastly differ in their attractiveness. A varied set of market
opportunities is an asset in and of itself, as it increases your chances of focusing on the
most promising option. It also provides the basis for a Plan B, if required, and for
unlocking new growth opportunities over time. ‘Look before you leap’ is therefore the
first step for setting a smart strategy.

How is it done?
To discover valuable market opportunities, assess the generic functionalities of your
core abilities, to understand what other applications you can create with them for
different types of customers.

Worksheet 1 will guide you through this process.

Attractiveness Map
Attractiveness Map

What is it?
Because market opportunities can vastly differ in their attractiveness, you need to
understand their value. The Attractiveness Map allows you to visually depict the
evaluation of your market opportunities, so you can better grasp their upsides and
downsides, and compare them with each other.

Why is it important?
This visualisation helps you in determining your most valuable options, at a given point
in time, so that you can make an informed decision about your Primary Market
Opportunity – one that relies less on intuition or suffers from the biases that we all
have.

How is it done?
The attractiveness of possible market opportunities is based on their value creation
potential and on the challenge encountered in capturing this value. The rating of each
option on both dimensions results in its location on the map.

Worksheet 2 will guide you through this process.

Agile Focus Dartboard


Agile Focus Dartboard

What is it?
The Dartboard depicts your Agile Focus Strategy. This strategy balances the tension
between focus and flexibility, by consciously keeping open other market options: those
that will allow you to mitigate your risk and increase your value with minimum effort.

Why is it important?
The Agile Focus Strategy enables you to hedge your risk and to leverage your
competences at the same time, thus allocating your resources more effectively and
avoiding a potentially fatal lock­in. The Agile Focus Strategy has significant
implications for how you build and design your venture.

How is it done?
After choosing your Primary Market Opportunity, analyse which other options are
suitable for backup or for growth, based on their attractiveness and their relatedness to
your primary market. This analysis can help you decide which options should be
pursued in parallel, kept open for later stages or put aside for now.

Worksheet 3 will guide you through this process.

Before you roll up your sleeves …


Before you roll up your sleeves …

1. It’s a process
Applying the Navigator is a process that requires attention and time. Dedicating this
time is often counterintuitive to the common ‘just do it’ tendency of entrepreneurs and
innovators. Getting products out there and iterating as they go seems like a better use
of time. However, thinking thoroughly through your business and unearthing
important variables beforehand can actually get you on the road to success quicker and
cheaper …

Appreciate the process, not just the outcome


Although the Market Opportunity Navigator is designed to help you set a smart
strategy, the learning process to get there is just as important! It helps you figure out
the strengths of your business, your competitive landscape, your customers and your
obstacles. You can use the Navigator’s process to clarify your assumptions about a
market opportunity and to gradually turn them into facts. So don’t try to make any
short cuts or skip some parts of the process. The knowledge you will gather is
indispensable!

Make it as iterative as possible


It may seem like a linear process – yet it is not. You will go back and forth between
steps, as more knowledge is accumulated and new market opportunities are discovered.

Make it a habit
The Market Opportunity Navigator will help you in navigating through the initial
market entry decision, but also beyond it! Things may constantly evolve and new
parameters may require additional attention. Make the Market Opportunity Navigator
a constant companion – you can capture your ongoing learning and updated situations.
If strategic changes are required, you will easily see them! The Navigator will help you
to see a better idea when it arrives, and to overcome the challenge of discarding your
old one.

2. Use the three steps according to your own needs


Although we portray the Navigator’s process in a structured and staged manner, it is
actually possible – and sometimes even more useful – to apply the Navigator in a
different order, or simply use individual parts according to your specific questions or
dilemmas.
It’s possible to start from different entry points
It’s possible to start from different entry points
You can start using the Market Opportunity Navigator at different stages, and use
different steps, depending on what you already know and what you have already
decided. For example, you may use it to compare potential market opportunities, but
not to generate alternatives, or to build a smart portfolio around a target market that
you already pursue.

Market pull
Some firms may start with the intention to address a specific market need. This
approach is typically called ‘market pull’. If your firm falls in this category, you will find
great value in the Market Opportunity Navigator as it allows you to evaluate your initial
target market. If it proves to be a worthwhile opportunity, you can then build an Agile
Focus Strategy around it. If it turns out to be a weak opportunity, the Market
Opportunity Navigator will assist you in discovering more valuable fields to play in!

Technology push
Some firms may start with a technological invention and search for potential uses for
their technology. They are typically called ‘technology push’ firms. If your firm falls in
this category, you will find great value in the Market Opportunity Navigator as it allows
you to discover possible market opportunities, stemming from your innovation, to
evaluate them and to develop your Agile Focus Strategy.

3. Work efficiently
Remember that the Navigator provides you with the cornerstone questions that need to
be addressed as you figure out where to play, but it does not provide the answers. Here
are some important tips to help you search for answers in a more effective manner:

Avoid ‘paralysis by analysis’


Paralysis by analysis is a well­known phenomenon. It refers to managers who are
reluctant to make important decisions before gathering all the information that they
could possibly get. While our framework urges you to collect comprehensive data before
setting your strategy, we also urge you to stop at some reasonable point. Uncertainty
can never really fade completely. Be prepared to base your decision on an ‘informed
and educated intuition’ rather than on a complete set of data. The fine line between
under­ and over­analysis is a bit illusive, so you should be aware of it.

Be aware of your biases


As human beings, we are never an empty table. We usually approach tasks with our
prior beliefs, tendencies, passions etc. This is normal. Yet, don’t use the Market
Opportunity Navigator to simply rationalise your intuition. Try to be as objective as
possible and to base your evaluation on proven knowledge instead of beliefs. Let the
Market Opportunity Navigator be a mirror in your face, rather than mirroring your own
subjective opinion!

Debate as much as you can


One main value of using the structure that the Market Opportunity Navigator provides
is to clearly put your thoughts and considerations on the table, and to debate them with
others. Use the framework and the language it provides to discuss your analysis with
peers and stakeholders. It will enrich your reasoning and will help you to avoid any
biases that may tilt your analysis in a wrong direction.

FAQS
The technology that we are developing is quite specific for the product that we
have in mind. Will the Market Opportunity Navigator be relevant for us?
Of course, some technologies or capabilities are more fungible than others. They can
more easily be applied to serve different applications and market domains. Yet, almost
any technology can be de­linked from its current product and be characterised ‘in its
own right’ to understand its generic functionalities. The Market Opportunity Navigator
will help you discover new market opportunities and will make sure that your firm will
not get locked in and lose its agility.

There are so many things to do in a start-up and so little time. Why should we
take the time to invest in this process?
Indeed, time is one of the scarcest resources for entrepreneurs. We know that.
However, because it is so rare, it should be spent wisely. Our natural tendency is to
invest our time in troubleshooting and short­term problems. Yet, this approach will
likely take us nowhere in the long term. Your choice of market opportunity is one of the
most important decisions you will ever make. Take the time to think widely and
comprehensively about your options before you commit to a specific path. Make sure
that the choice is smart, so that you will not regret it when it’s too late. You should also
keep in mind the ‘learning curve’ in applying the Navigator. A significant investment is
usually required when you begin working with the Navigator but, over time, you will be
able to use it and benefit from it with much less effort.

The common assumption among entrepreneurs and investors is that start-ups


must adopt a ‘laser-sharp focus’ approach, because their resources are scarce.
How does it fit your Agile Focus approach?
We have done comprehensive research, involving hundreds of firms, to understand this
question. Our studies clearly show that a laser­sharp focus on one narrow path doesn’t
pay off for most firms! On the contrary: firms that implemented a wider approach – by
consciously keeping related market options open – outperformed those who didn’t,
mainly because of their greater agility. Laser­sharp focus therefore comes at the price of
flexibility, while Agile Focus helps you manage the delicate balance between staying
focused and staying flexible!
History

Chapter 2
Topics

Tutorials

The Market Opportunity


Offers & Deals

Navigator: Three steps for


Highlights

discovering your most


Settings

valuable market opportunities


Support

2.1 Market Opportunity Set
Sign Out

2.2 Attractiveness Map

2.3 Agile Focus Dartboard

Working with the Market Opportunity Navigator


The Market Opportunity Navigator is carefully designed to turn a complex decision
making process into a clear and easy­to­manage task.

It contains one primary design board and three dedicated worksheets.

The Navigator’s main design board includes the three parts that are essential for setting
a smart market opportunity strategy:

Download the worksheets from our website, or copy the
blank sheets at the end of this book.
Use sticky notes to represent each of the market opportunities that you are
considering. Place them on the Navigator to display: your Market
Opportunity Set, your Attractiveness Map and your Agile Focus Dartboard.

Three worksheets facilitate the achievement of these three key outcomes:

WORKSHEET 1
Generate your Market Opportunity Set

Discover how to describe your core abilities – independent of any (envisioned) product,
and how to identify different applications that can be developed with these abilities,
along with potential customers who may need these applications. The desired outcome
is your Market Opportunity Set.

https://avxhm.se/blogs/hill0
WORKSHEET 2
Evaluate Market Opportunity Attractiveness

Discover how to rate each option based on two main dimensions – the Potential of the
opportunity and the Challenge in capturing its value. The result of this scoring process
is depicted in the Attractiveness Map.

WORKSHEET 3
Design your Agile Focus Strategy

Discover how to assess possible Backup and Growth Options, once the Primary Market
Opportunity is chosen. By examining their value and relatedness, you are able to decide
which opportunities to pursue now, which will be kept open for later, and which will be
placed in storage. The resulting strategy (the ‘Agile Focus Strategy’) is depicted on the
Agile Focus Dartboard.

Once you have gone through the worksheets, you have reached the most important
milestone: the complete Market Opportunity Navigator for determining your most
promising path.

Remember that both the process and the outcome that the Navigator offers are valuable
and important. They will help you to reflect on your learning, communicate your
thoughts and determine your strategy.
You are now ready to dive into the inner workings of the Market
Opportunity Navigator. We will guide you step by step … Enjoy!

Yet, before we begin …
Meet Saar and Gal – Founders of Augury.

Saar and Gal are two good friends who always wanted to found a start­
up. One day back in 2011, Gal – a software engineer – was sent to India
by his employer to diagnose a machine that didn’t work properly. He
had to fly thousands of miles for that, but as he entered the room he
simply heard – with a clear sound – that the problem was not the
software, but rather a mechanical malfunction. It was at this moment
that an idea came into his mind: why can’t we develop something that
will simply listen to machines, to diagnose their problems?

A quick technological investigation revealed that developing this
technology would be difficult, yet doable. But as they started working on
this project, Saar and Gal quickly realised that machines are literally all
around us – all the way from complicated manufacturing lines to simple
home appliances. So how can they know what type of machines they
should ‘listen to’? And which market opportunities they should focus
on?

As we progress along the three steps of the Market Opportunity
Navigator, we will accompany Gal and Saar in their initial market
opportunity decision.
https://avxhm.se/blogs/hill0
2.1 MARKET OPPORTUNITY SET
Your resources and capabilities are typically fungible – this means, they can be used to
create products or services not just for customers in one market domain, but for
different customers across many market domains. They can be ‘leveraged’ to create
multiple market opportunities for you.

Market Opportunity
We define a market opportunity as the combination of an application
of your abilities for a specific set of customers.

Discovering multiple market opportunities is very important for you, because not all
market opportunities are alike. Some have greater growth potential, whereas others
face much less competition, and again others are just markets that one should avoid as
they are difficult and costly to enter. Hence, finding a great market opportunity to
exploit is a real advantage, as it can provide you with the fertile ground for growing
your business and for reaping the greatest value from your innovation! Don’t waste
your time with possibly inferior opportunities. Look before you leap!

Additionally, and just as important, once you have identified multiple opportunities,
you have a portfolio at hand that offers additional growth possibilities, or the ability to
pivot to another market should it become necessary. You can thus unleash the power of
multiple opportunities to enhance your agility and manoeuvrability.

A Market Opportunity Set is a true asset for your firm!

In this chapter, we show you how you can identify manifold market opportunities, some
closer to what you may have had already in mind, and some far afield. Worksheet 1 will
guide you through this process. The result will be your Market Opportunity Set that will
create much needed strategic choice on your path to commercial success.

Your main takeaways    


Identifying potential market opportunities is not an easy task. It requires questioning,
observing, experimenting and networking, to understand different customer needs and
1
how you can address them.  Worksheet 1 helps you to generate possible market
opportunities, as you adopt these four behaviours. It will help you to think about your
own resources and capabilities in a more fungible way, detached from the products that
you may have already envisioned, and regardless of whether you have already
developed these capabilities or just about to do so.

Ultimately, this structured thinking process opens your mind to different applications
that can address different needs of different customers. It actually enhances your
cognitive flexibility, so you can be more alert to other promising opportunities.

The result is just as important as the process. Having options at hand not only gives you
the power of choosing but also the power of staying agile. Remember that options are a
real asset for your venture, if you know how to leverage them smartly. Hence: one of the
main takeaways from this step is that you leave some long held assumptions (such as
‘this is already the perfect market for me’) behind, verify your beliefs, and explore what
else may be in store for you. You will not regret this later.

RESEARCH INSIGHTS

A research study of over 80 venture­capital backed technology start­ups
examined the contribution of having multiple market opportunities at
hand prior to the firm’s first market entry.

The results offered two valuable insights regarding this important early
stage in new firm creation:

First, they revealed that one key element that serial entrepreneurs have
learned through prior start­up experience is to generate a choice set of
market opportunities before deciding which market opportunity to pursue
initially.

Second, the analysis clearly showed that entrepreneurs can derive key
performance benefits from the identification of a choice set of market
2
opportunities.
WORKSHEET 1:
Generating your Market Opportunity Set

Worksheet 1 will assist you in generating a set of market opportunities. It consists of
two straightforward steps:

First, think about your unique abilities or core technological elements – independent of
their application in a specific product. In particular, list what these elements can
accomplish (their functions) and their main properties.

Second, seek out different possible applications that these technological elements can
establish, either by combining the elements you listed in different ways or by adding
additional technologies to them. Along these lines, think about who may need these
different applications. You can further segment these customer sets to identify even
more opportunities!

The identified set of market opportunities will then be subject to an evaluation in the
following step.
Step 1: Unique abilities and technologies
The whole process starts with getting a good understanding of your unique abilities or
your core technology (or technologies, in case you develop multiple ones). Because your
unique abilities form the basis from which you will identify your market opportunities,
it is of fundamental importance to understand what they can do – what properties they
have and what functions they can perform.

When we talk about abilities and technologies, we mean a set of resources and
capabilities that you currently have, and also those that you are currently developing
or planning to develop.

Decoupling abilities and use context!


To get to a good understanding of what you can potentially do with your abilities, you
will need to think about them ‘in their own right’. Imagine them in a more general way,
that is, decoupled from the specific product idea or customer need that you may
originally have had in mind.
In the upper part of Worksheet 1 you note the key elements that in combination form
your technology or unique abilities. For instance, unique abilities can be an important
know­how that you or your venture possesses about a specific process, a rare resource
that you have developed, or a special capability (such as manufacturing). Technologies
can be ‘broken down’ into core elements based on their unique functionality (such as
pattern recognition, for example), or based on their structural design (such as a nano­
sized camera).

Typically, some of these elements and abilities are more generic and some are more
specific in nature, i.e., they are there because of the particular functionality that is
needed for the specific product you may have in mind. We urge you to think about
and describe your technological elements and abilities in the most generic
manner, as they will form the basis for different applications!

Once done with noting the key technological elements and abilities, briefly describe
their main properties as well as the functions they can perform. This description will be
an important help for you when searching for new market opportunities!

Augury’s technology records ultrasonic sounds and vibrations, with a
hardware device called the ‘Auguscope’. An algorithm then compares
the recording of a specific machine to previous recordings of that same
machine as well as recordings of other, similar machines stored on the
company’s servers. They then display the diagnosis and treatment
recommendation to the user. A well­designed user interface allows
users to operate the system and tailor its reports from a mobile and a
web application.

Regardless of the type of machine they can ‘listen to’, and the customers
who may need it, Saar and Gal – the two founders of Augury – can
therefore describe three unique technological elements:

1.  They will have a hardware device, which will record the sounds of a
machine. This hardware device will include both vibration and
ultrasonic sensors, it will be small and portable, and it will operate at
a high sampling rate.
2.  Augury will develop the ‘brains’ of their platform – the algorithm
that can diagnose a machine’s health in mere seconds. This
algorithm will be able to compare new and existing data from similar
machines in order to detect any changes in real time. It will be
designed to work with big data, as the sounds will be recorded and
saved on the firm’s servers. Adopting a machine learning approach,
the algorithm can become stronger and smarter over time, and also
develop a malfunction dictionary as it gathers more and more
information.
3.  Augury’s team will develop an easy­to­apply user interface system.
This system will allow its users to operate the hardware from any
mobile device, and to manage and tailor its output from a mobile and
from a web platform.

Here is how these three technological elements should be listed and
characterised in the upper part of Worksheet 1:

Unique abilities, however, are not necessarily only technological, as the case of Biotia
points out. Biotia is a NY­based start­up that was founded by Niamh – a recent PhD
graduate in the field of genomics. Niamh possesses several unique know­hows in this
area, including the ability to design effective experiments, to sample complex natural
environments, and to monitor all types of pathogens using next­generation DNA
sequencing. She decided to found a start­up that can offer environmental surveillance
solutions using the power of genomics. Here is how the upper part of Worksheet 1 looks
for Biotia:
This step is extremely important not only because it helps you understand what exactly
your unique technologies and abilities are but also because it helps in developing your
cognitive flexibility – the mental ability to develop a variety of viewpoints.

As a result, it will be easier for you to discover other potential applications for your core
technologies and abilities – as a whole set, and for each technology and ability by itself,
thereby broadening your perspective on what you may currently believe to be just a
feature of your (envisioned) product. And this could be of great importance, as the
properties or functionalities of such a feature may turn out to be extremely valuable for
other applications and markets.

Think about Flickr. This well­known photo­sharing firm started out (as Ludicorp) in
2002 by developing a multiplayer online game with real time interaction through
instant messaging. One feature of this game was a chat environment with photo sharing
– which quickly became valuable in its own right and surpassed the game itself in
popularity, leading the firm to put the game on hold, and to focus on developing a new
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photo­sharing community site.

Another example that emphasises the importance of viewing ‘features’ in their own
right, from the outset, is Medic Vision Imaging Solutions. This start­up aimed to
develop computer­aided diagnostic tools for brain scans (CTs), to help radiologists in
their complicated job. One technological feature which they had to develop for that
product was a ‘noise reduction’ algorithm to improve the quality of the CT before the
automatic analysis begins. It took them quite a while to understand that this feature –
in its own right – is extremely valuable as it provides the ability to generate high­quality
CT images with lower doses of radiation. This understanding led them to shift their
strategy and develop the SafeCT, an add­on iterative image reconstruction for low­dose
CT imaging. While Medic Vision succeeded in this strategic shift, it was definitely
difficult, as they had to put aside years of R&D, find new investors and even change
their top management team. A structured analysis of their key features and the
opportunities they offer might have saved them from this painful shift along the way, or
at least might have helped them to build their venture in a way that would make such
pivoting less challenging.

Step 2: Applications and customers: discovering new market


opportunities
The discovery of new market opportunities will create your Market Opportunity Set. A
market opportunity is any combination of applications and customers.
Hence, the discovery process encourages you to think broadly on both ends: the
possible applications and the possible customers. The link that ties both ends is the
need: applications are designed to address specific needs of specific customers.

Out of the box: think BROAD


The bottom half of your Worksheet 1 is dedicated to this DISCOVERY process. For
some, this may be an easy task, but for many this presents a key challenge. The
challenge lies not only in uncovering new applications and customers but also in
leaving some long held assumptions behind (such as ‘this is the already perfect market
for me’) and explore what else may be in store for you. You will never know unless you
look!

BE OPEN, THINK UNCONSTRAINED, SHOW YOUR CREATIVITY – and all of that in
a playful manner. The idea is really to get out of your own box and look for market
opportunities that could, in fact, be quite distant to the market that you may have thus
far envisioned. Essentially, try to generate a wide variety of new opportunities in your
discovery process.

Take your time,
this is a very important step for your venture or innovation project!
The example of PayPal’s early days, which were described by its co­founder Max
Levchin in the book ‘Founders at Work’, emphasises the importance of thinking broadly
about possible applications and customers.

The founders initially developed library codes that allowed users to secure anything on
their handheld device. But this unique ability still needed to find its ‘killer’ application,
as Max described: ‘Then we started experimenting with the question: what can we store
inside the PalmPilot that is actually meaningful?’ They thought about enterprise
applications (for secured data) and consumer applications (like storing passwords),
until finally ‘we hit on this idea of why don’t we just store money in the handheld
devices’.

Indeed, the PayPal founders invested significant effort in finding potential customers
with one broad application in mind: securing data on handheld devices. What they had
missed, however, is that they could also use their unique abilities to secure data on the
web – which could open up other promising opportunities. In fact, they were so hooked
on handheld devices that they didn’t even notice when users were practically begging
for a web application, as Max described: ‘Then all these people from a site called eBay
were contacting us and saying, “Can I put your logo in my auction?” and we were like:
“Why?”, so we told them, “No. Don’t do it.” So for a while we were fighting, tooth and
nail, crazy eBay people: “Go away, we don’t want you.” Eventually we realized that these
guys were begging to be our users. We had a moment of epiphany, and for the next 12
months just iterated like crazy on the website version of the product, which is today’s
PayPal.’ Despite this initial, rigid thinking, PayPal managed to adapt – later rather than
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sooner – and, ultimately, accomplished an immense success!

The identification challenge


For some technologies it is easier to identify a large and varied set of market
opportunities than for others. Consider NanoAF, a start­up that develops a novel
coating that prevents bacterial adhesion to surfaces. This coating can be applied on all
surfaces (including glass, titanium, metals and polymers). Evidently, this technology
can be useful in a large variety of domains, including water treatment, medical devices,
marine antifouling, food packaging and air quality control – to name but a few. Because
NanoAF’s abilities are so general from the outset, identifying a wide variety of market
domains is not a very difficult task.

However, even if you develop a more contextualised (specific) technology, you can still
search widely to create a large and varied set of options. Inka Robotics is one such
example. This start­up developed an autonomous tattooing robot controlled by
computer vision and aims to change the tattoo world by revolutionising technology,
prices, hygiene and safety. A broad search for additional market opportunities revealed
that this robotic machine can also be applied in different medical applications, as well
as for computer controlled cutting machines (CNC).

Look for proven tips on how to boost your discovery skills below!

Possible applications

Once you have listed your core abilities and technological elements, it’s time to think
about them creatively, perhaps recombine them in different possible manners, in order
to identify possible applications. An application means a specific usage or function,
which you can create with your core technologies and abilities. It can be based on some
or all of the key elements you noted in the upper part of Worksheet 1.

As an example, think about Google Glass – the smart eyewear developed by Google X
Labs. This wearable computer had several unique technological elements, including
eye­tap technology, voice control, smart prism projector and augmented reality
abilities.

This device, which became a catalyst for a huge surge in wearable tech back in 2012,
was officially pulled from the market in early 2015. One main reason was that it had
been released for consumers without a solidified purpose in mind. Yet, the unique
abilities of the Google Glass could actually serve many different applications, other than
consumers. It could be used for medical purposes, for educational purposes or for
media applications, to name just a few.

Note that you can describe an application in a manner that is detached from any
specific customers (e.g., ’environmental monitoring’) or in a way that already signals
specific users or the broad market domain (e.g., ‘medical device’).

Combining your technology with other technologies


Another powerful way to jump­start your imagination when identifying new
applications is to think about combining your technology with others … and thereby
add functionality – which, in turn, may broaden the appeal of your technology to new
customer sets.

Fujifilm is an interesting example for such combinations. Originally, Fujifilm brought
photographic film production to Japan and grew based on this business. By researching
and developing for many decades everything related to photographic film, from raw
materials to processes to systems, Fujifilm became an expert in many different
advanced materials technologies, including coatings, membranes and organic
compounds. By combining these abilities with newly developed technologies, the
company today creates unique materials that can be used in an extremely wide variety
of applications, including desalination, gas membranes and AstroPore filters. In fact,
the company’s website presents the tree shown here, to emphasise how core
technologies can be leveraged to create different products in multiple domains, far
5
beyond its original market.

Possible customers
Applications are designed to address specific needs. Hence, as you uncover potential
applications, you should also consider who may have the need for them. These will
create your possible sets of customers. Think as broadly as possible about who may
have the need for your applications. For example, environmental monitoring could be
useful for hospitals, for child­care institutes and for food manufacturers, to name a few.
Use the bottom half of Worksheet 1 to list your possible applications and customers.
This will help you see new market opportunities.

Here is what it looks like for Augury:

Augury’s technology can be applied to offer predictive maintenance for
commercial machines, for consumer appliances and for medical
purposes. Each of these applications already alludes to a fairly general
market domain.

Next, in the customers’ section, different market segments can be listed
for each application. For instance, commercial machines include
customer segments such as factories, commercial buildings and freight
firms.
Each of these groups requires further segmentation to arrive at the
largest homogenous customer set. For example, as Gal and Saar zoomed
into commercial buildings, they understood that their offer could be
relevant for maintaining elevators, or for maintaining heating,
ventilation and air conditioning systems (HVAC).

Zoom in and zoom out on possible customers

Identifying a set of customers for an application is in many cases just the beginning of
your discovery process. Zoom in on potential customer segments to identify sub­
segments (e.g., further investigations by Augury’s team revealed that the HVAC market
for commercial buildings could be additionally segmented into service providers or
building­management companies). Or zoom out to identify a broader set of users that
may open your mind to other segments (e.g., zooming out of the commercial building
market can lead to maintenance opportunities in residential buildings).

Let’s look at ForNova to better understand the zooming­in process in customer
discovery. This start­up develops visual scanning software that mimics human
behaviour and ‘reads’ content like pricing, images, descriptions and ratings. As such, it
can gather on­line data that isn’t hindered by changes in code, language or layout.

https://avxhm.se/blogs/hill0
In Worksheet 1, their customer tree begins with understanding whether they will serve
consumers (B2C) or businesses (B2B). Zooming into the B2B domain, they could serve
e­commerce firms or classified sites. Within the classified market domain, they could
focus on the travel market or the retail market, and zooming­in further shows how the
travel market can be broken down into hotels and airlines. In sum, this zooming­in
process helps in identifying a wider range of potential customers and in understanding
how to group them properly.

Continents and countries


The zooming­in activity encourages you to further segment a broad market domain into
more concrete groups of users, thereby creating different possible levels of analysis.

You can also think about this as the ‘continents vs. countries’ issue in market
opportunity identification: a continent, for this matter, is a broad market domain (or a
vertical). And every continent contains multiple countries – or market segments. In
order to arrive at a consistent Market Opportunity Set, you will need to have
opportunities that are on the same level of abstraction. Otherwise, it will be very
difficult to compare them with each other.

For instance, in the ForNova example, you can think about the evaluation of the e­
commerce market domain relative to classified sites as a ‘continent’ level of analysis,
whereas retail and travel can be viewed as ‘countries’ within one continent. Of course, it
is possible to compare countries from different continents, yet it would be misleading
when you compare countries to continents – as they represent different levels of
analysis.

The goal is to arrive at a level of abstraction that you feel comfortable with during your
evaluation (which is the next step of the Navigator). Too broad is not good, as it will
become difficult to truly compare market opportunities with each other. In fact, in a
fairly broad market domain there are likely some segments that will provide you with
more fertile ground for your efforts than others! Too narrow is often not good either, as
you will want a market opportunity that addresses a homogeneous customer set that is
still sufficiently large to warrant your efforts!

Back to Augury …

As the Augury example shows, it may sometimes be necessary to start by
comparing different continents, even though they average many types of
countries. Gal and Saar understood that when they discovered that their
diagnostic technology could be suitable not only for industrial machines
but also for the human body – a complex machine in its own right! The
decision whether Augury should diagnose machines or bodies is a
continent analysis, and a critical one to begin with, because it is almost
impossible to move from one domain to another given the heavy
investments and the unique know­how and reputation that each of these
domains requires.

To make this major decision, Gal and Saar had to understand first the
possible different market segments within each continent and then had
to evaluate the overall potential and challenges in each continent (as we
will discuss in detail in the following chapter). Overall, they discovered
that their offering could be disruptive in machine maintenance (as they
could turn to a market that historically lacked the ability to perform
predictive maintenance), while many big players are already attempting
to offer predictive healthcare products in the medical domain. Hence,
they considered the potential of the machine domain to be higher, and
the overall challenge to be a bit lower – because medical devices require
heavy regulation.

Thus, Augury’s founders chose to focus on predictive maintenance for
machines and to put aside the medical market.

In sum: This discovery process is extremely important. Be open and discover as many,
and as varied, market opportunities as you possibly can! Having 3–5 market
opportunities in your Market Opportunity Set is typically a good starting point. We
have worked with start­ups that could identify more than 50 market opportunities
before they performed an initial screening. So, don’t give up too early.

Turbo boost your discovery skills


Over the past 15 years, we have met with a large number of entrepreneurs and
innovators, and also engaged in large­scale research on the secrets of those who have
6
‘superior vision’ of the market opportunity landscape.  Here are some powerful tactics

that you can use to boost your own discovery skills:

Mine your knowledge


People will primarily discover market opportunities that are associated with their own
existing knowledge of customer problems. It is easy: you will most likely see those
opportunities that relate to your prior knowledge! But typically you only invoke parts of
that knowledge … so: take your time, and try to remember all the instances in which
you came across people (or firms) experiencing a problem that could be solved with the
functionality inherent in your technology! But don’t be too strict with yourself … having
a hunch about a potential customer problem is a good start for more systematic
investigations.

Access external sources


Because people tend to see market opportunities that are related to their existing
knowledge, and are blind to others, one straightforward way to increase your vision of
the market opportunity landscape is to open up your search to include others – for
instance, this can be other people in your team, friends from different industries, or you
could use one of the crowd search platforms on the web. Independent of the way, make
sure that you describe the functionalities of your technology very well, and in layman
terms, so that others do understand what your technology can do!

Ploughing lists of industries and markets


In order to systematically jump­start your creativity, or simply to help your memory,
you can also consult existing lists of industries and markets. Often, these are
hierarchically ordered, so that you can easily zoom in and zoom out of domains and
consider whether your technology may be useful to customers in that domain!

Perform a patent search


Whenever relevant, you can search for patents that are closely related to or form the
basis for the technology you are planning to develop. This could give you some ideas in
which industries and by which companies similar technologies were applied.

Initial screening of your options


Once you have discovered multiple options, you may want to do an initial screening
with some limited research in order to weed out those that are not sufficiently
promising or that have some fatal flaws. In fact, having such ‘no­goes’ at this stage is
quite natural, as it is a sign that you searched broadly and creatively for new ideas –
and some may just not be what they originally seemed to be!

Key questions you can ask for an initial screening are:

Does the customer need exist?

Can we really satisfy the customer need using our unique abilities, and better than
existing solutions?

Are there severe restrictions that would hinder us from executing on this market
opportunity?

Will this opportunity be in conflict with any of our core values?
Once you are done with this initial screening you either may want to go back to another
round of market discovery or, if you are happy with the outcome (i.e., you have several
market opportunities in your set which you want to further consider), you have arrived
at our first key result!

The outcome – your Market Opportunity Set


You are now ready to depict your Market Opportunity Set on the Navigator’s main
design board. Make sure that you give each market opportunity a clear name.

Use sticky notes to represent each of the market opportunities in your set, and place
them in the designated area.

And remember, these could all turn out to be important value creation and growth
opportunities for you.
It’s time for Augury to define their Market Opportunity Set.

Augury’s team discovered many potential market opportunities. In an
initial and rough screening process, they decided to further examine
five markets that seemed most interesting: HVAC for commercial
buildings, manufacturing lines in factories, cooling containers for
freight companies, cars’ and white appliances’ manufacturers.
Based on the information in Worksheet 1, they were now ready to depict
their market opportunity set on the Navigator’s main design board:

Remember that this is a dynamic process. You can add opportunities to your set over
time, if you uncover new options that require your attention, or you can discard options
from your set, if you find that these are not worthy enough.

FAQS
Why do some technologies pose a bigger challenge than others when searching
for different market opportunities?
for different market opportunities?
Our research has shown that those technologies that are more abstract and that are
tightly coupled with a specific application context are more difficult to decouple and
understand ‘in their own right’ compared to technologies that address human senses
and are loosely coupled to a specific context. It will require more effort to identify
market opportunities for the former, and it will also require strong technological
7
expertise to do so.

When should I stop searching and start my evaluation?


You may keep on searching and searching and keep on discovering ever new market
opportunities along the way. Yet, at some point you will need to stop, as your ultimate
goal is to commercialise your innovation. From our research we know that there are
also decreasing returns to search, that means, after a while you have identified your
main market opportunities. Shoot for 3–5 market opportunities in your set!

What happens if I identify additional opportunities as I move along?


This will most likely happen to you – as new customers may approach you along the
way and learn about your technology or you may simply have a new insight. When this
happens, just add the newly discovered market opportunity to your Market
Opportunity Set – yet, only after it passes the initial screening round! You can then
evaluate it and reconsider your Agile Focus Strategy, as we describe in the following
chapter.

https://avxhm.se/blogs/hill0
2.2 ATTRACTIVENESS MAP
A set of potential market opportunities is a valuable asset for your business. However,
as in all situations in life where you have to make a choice they are likely to create a
dilemma for you: which option is your primary opportunity – the one which you will
pursue with full force? And which ones do you put aside for now?

To make this important decision, you will first have to evaluate your options, as
opportunities differ in their level of attractiveness. This is exactly what this stage is all
about: an attractive market opportunity is one that will likely produce significant
potential for value creation and that poses relatively few challenges in capturing that
value!

Potential
How BIG is this opportunity? Is it at all worth pursuing?
And if so, how much value can we create if we choose this path?

Challenge
Which obstacles lie ahead of us if we decide to pursue this option?
What are our main risks?
How difficult will it be to overcome them and conquer this
opportunity?

In this chapter we show you how you can evaluate the Potential and the Challenge
inherent in your market opportunities, using Worksheet 2.

Once you have rated each opportunity on these two dimensions, you can place it on the
Attractiveness Map. This map is your guide to understand the very nature of each
individual opportunity and your whole set of opportunities. It thus helps you to better
grasp the trade­offs existing among opportunities, to compare them and to reveal your
most attractive options. Ultimately, the Attractiveness Map is your tool to make an
informed choice of your Primary Market Opportunity – a choice that takes into account
the most important data points and that will not be based mostly on intuition (which
often suffers from one’s own biases).

Moreover, the Attractiveness Map is a dynamic tool which helps you to reflect on any
new information that becomes available – as you can easily update the Potential or the
Challenge associated with your opportunities and relocate your options if necessary, or
simply add new ones.

Your main takeaways    


Worksheet 2 guides you on how to evaluate your set of market opportunities. The
outcome of this task – the scoring of your options – has great value for any business
owner who wants to choose smartly which market opportunities to play in. Yet, the
process in and of itself is beneficial as well.

First and foremost, this is a learning process. It enables you to ask the most important
questions before making such a critical decision. Even if you are not sure how to score
the different parameters, you can rest assured that you have not missed any important
consideration. Moreover, use this comprehensive checklist to figure out what are your
main assumptions that still need to be validated and which action items are most
appropriate to do so. This process will also help you to understand which types of
information sources you should access frequently in order to monitor your
opportunities over time.

Furthermore, Worksheet 2 provides a great basis for team discussion – either with your
peers or with your stakeholders. These discussions bring different perspectives to the
table and will facilitate your understanding. Eventually, you will get a better sense of
your alternatives and become more sensitive to the upsides and downsides of each
market opportunity.

Lastly, the Attractiveness Map that will be derived from Worksheet 2 provides you with
the ‘big picture’ that allows you to better understand the relative assessment of your
options from a bird’s eye perspective. The ability to drill down and see the big picture at
the same time is of key importance for making a smart decision.

It’s a learning process!


The evaluation that you will perform for each option is one of the most important
learning processes in entrepreneurship and innovation. Take time to research and
study, and to gather all the knowledge you can before you make the fundamental
decision about which market(s) to enter with your company.

In short, adopt a learning mindset:

Be systematic
The structure of the evaluation process makes sure that you will not overlook key
issues. It helps you to be consistent throughout, so that you can compare your options
based on the same set of considerations.

Turn hypotheses into knowledge


A learning process usually starts with hypotheses or beliefs that you have about the
opportunity that you want to analyse. Yet, a valid evaluation should not be based on
beliefs: try to turn your critical assumptions into knowledge as you progress through
the evaluation and the scoring process. Perform desk research and make sure to ‘go out
of the building’ and talk with customers and market experts. If feasible, conduct some
small experiments with customers, as methods such as design thinking and lean start­
8
up suggest.

Get used to uncertainty


Uncertainty is normal when bringing innovation to the marketplace. Hence, there are
also limits to your evaluation. As systematic and thorough as you may want to be, there
is still not a crystal ball that can tell you the future: ‘known­unknowns’ as well as
’unknown­unknowns’ can both influence the validity of your scoring. Yet, don’t let this
fogginess stop you from performing your evaluation. Try gathering the most critical
information and validate it as much as you can before making a decision. And just as
important: update your evaluation once new data becomes available. This is exactly
why the Market Opportunity Navigator is designed to be a companion for your
innovation journey – a dynamic tool that helps you navigate over time!

Before starting your evaluation


Preparation can go a long way when striving for success. So, there’s some homework to
accomplish before you can get to the actual scoring of your options based on their
Potential and their Challenge. Learn about and understand (1) your customers’ world,
(2) the business environment and (3) the key milestones on the road to
implementation.

Learn about your customers’ world


‘If you’re going to be good at fishing, you’ve got to learn to think like a fish.’ Putting
yourself in the shoes of your customers is critical for understanding the essence of your
market opportunity. What is the value proposition that you bring to your customers?
What pain are you addressing and why is your offer better than current solutions? What
do these customers value, and what important trends influence them? Without a clear
9
understanding of these questions, your evaluation will be of limited value.

Learn about your business environment


You will not compete in a vacuum. Because many other players could influence your
chances of success, you need to understand your playground very well. To be able to
evaluate a market opportunity, you’ll need to understand the value chain of this
market (i.e., the string of companies or players that work together to satisfy the market
demand for a given product). Where will you fit in? Who could stand in your way? And
who has an incentive to collaborate with you? In fact, innovative ideas often break
existing value chains and change them completely (e.g., think about Apple iTunes), so a
comprehensive understanding of all the relevant players is critical. In addition, you also
need to understand who could be your competitors in this market: What do they
offer? How would they react? And do you have a strong (perhaps even ‘unfair’)
competitive advantage over them?10

Understand your key milestones on the road to implementation


You will also have to understand your own resources and capabilities: What do you
already have, and what do you still need to develop in order to create your product and
to deliver it to the market? Think about your technological know­how, human capital,
intellectual property, allies and partners, financial resources etc.

AUGURY’S LEARNING PROCESS


Saar and Gal took the time to study their market opportunities. They
clearly understood the importance of this initial decision and wanted to
make sure they had all the necessary information at hand to make the
right choice.
They followed key elements of the Lean Start­up approach to test their
assumptions on each of their five market opportunities. They
performed interviews, showed mockups, handed out some surveys and
visited several conferences – to be able to understand the customers’
world and the business environment of each option. Gradually, they got
to know the ecosystem and the value chain in each market, and to
deeply understand the value proposition that they could offer to each
actor.

They documented and updated their knowledge on each market, to
figure out what should be their next action items for validating the
market. This learning process, coupled with a structured set of
evaluation criteria – such as the one offered in Worksheet 2 – enabled
them to progress from pure intuition to an informed decision.
WORKSHEET 2
Evaluating Market Opportunity Attractiveness
Worksheet 2 helps you to evaluate each market opportunity along two primary
dimensions: Potential and Challenge.

Each dimension is comprised of three different factors, which are scored separately,
and which are then combined to achieve an overall rating for each market opportunity.
You will then use this overall rating to place each market opportunity on your
Attractiveness Map.

https://avxhm.se/blogs/hill0
How to score?
Although it would be easiest if you could derive the overall rating of an opportunity by
plugging the scores of each of the six factors into a mathematical formula, such a
mechanistic approach would not do justice to the complexities of the underlying
decision.

Instead, look at these factors as providing you a comprehensive understanding of the
key elements that one should assess when judging the attractiveness of a market
opportunity. For each factor that contributes to the Potential or to the Challenge of an
opportunity, the following pages give you a list of questions that guide you in this
evaluation process. Think thoroughly about these questions and gather all the
information that you can, as you score each factor on a scale ranging from ‘Low’ to
‘Super High’. Combine your qualitative and quantitative insights to do that, and strive
to be as objective as possible. Team discussions will greatly help here!

Remember that the overall goal is to understand the main upsides and downsides of
each option, so don’t get too frustrated if you feel that your scoring is not yet 100%
accurate! You can also refine your scoring over time, as you learn more about each
option separately, and relatively to others.
Overall, scoring the Potential and the Challenge of your opportunities will help you to
recognise the patterns and to distinguish between your options … so that your most
promising strategic path becomes visible!

Potential
The assessment of the Potential of a market opportunity is critical to your evaluation, as
it allows you to understand the value that could be created by exploiting this
opportunity. In short, how valuable will it be to pursue this option? This evaluation
refers to the opportunity in and of itself, regardless of your own capabilities to succeed
in it. (Note: your ability to successfully exploit the market opportunity will be evaluated
in the Challenge dimension.)

Imagine that the set of possible market opportunities create the landscape in which
your venture should travel. If each market opportunity is a mountain on this
landscape, this dimension measures the height of the mountain, so that the higher the
mountain, the greater the potential value it can offer to you.

The value creation potential of a market opportunity is shaped by three primary factors:

Compelling reason to buy
Will someone really want our offer and be willing to pay for it?

Market volume
Market volume
How big is this market, now and in the near future?

Economic viability
Is it worthwhile from a business perspective to pursue this market?

We recommend that you evaluate each factor separately and then combine your scores
into the rating of the overall Potential.

Compelling reason to buy


What does it mean?
If no one wants to buy it, it isn’t worth anything … So the first thing you need to learn
about a market opportunity is whether someone will really want what you have to offer.
If compelling reason to buy is low – it’s simply a ‘No­Go’, as demand will not fly.

How to evaluate?
Look deeply into three important questions:

Is there a real unmet need?

Can we provide an effective solution to this need?

And can we address it (much) better than current solutions?

An honest answer to these questions can lead you into estimating the strength of your
potential customer’s reason to buy. Here is a non­exhaustive list of questions that can
guide you when searching for answers.

A real unmet need?

What exactly is the problem/ need/ job to be done? Is it functional, social,
emotional or basic need?

Who exactly has this need? Try to characterise a common customer. Who will be
your economic buyer? Your user?

How do they currently solve the problem? Do they make an effort to actually solve
the problem?

What will change with our offer? What are its main benefits? Are they economic,
functional, emotional, self­expressive or social? If economic (e.g., increased
productivity on key success factors/ reduced costs) – try to estimate the value and
the return on investment in actual numbers.

Is it a ‘nice to have’, ‘should have’ or a ‘must have’ offer?

Make vs. buy possibility – can customers make it themselves?

Provide an effective solution?

Can you fully address the needs of these customers and provide them with a whole
solution?11

Do you create other needs – which you can’t address – for the customers that will
use your solution?

What strengths do you have that allow you to address this need, or do this job well?

What weaknesses do you have that hinder you from addressing this need?

Better than current solutions?

What other solutions exist for your customers?

What are the upsides of your solution relative to others? Why would customers
prefer your product?

What are the downsides of your solution relative to others? Why would customers
not prefer your product?

Are the advantages of your solution really meaningful for the customers?

IMPORTANT TO REMEMBER
Note that the only way to score this factor is to look through the eyes of
your customers. It’s not what you think, it’s what they think – what they
say, or even more importantly, what they do. Validate your beliefs, go out
of the building and talk about this market opportunity with as many
potential customers as possible. Several books can help you as you design
12
your customers’ interviews.

Once you have thoroughly gone over these questions, you will be able to score your level
of ‘compelling reason to buy’. If you find it helpful, you can also score each of the sub­
elements separately and then combine their grade into an overall score.

To illustrate the assessment of this factor, let’s go back to Augury.
One market opportunity that they thoroughly considered was HVAC
systems (heating, ventilation and air conditioning) for commercial
buildings. They believed that managers or service providers of large
commercial buildings will benefit from predictive maintenance
equipment that can monitor all the HVAC systems. Such a product will
not only help to eliminate failures but will also extend the operational
life of the system and will reduce operational expenses and energy
consumption.

To assess the compelling reason to buy of this market they talked with
many potential customers and carefully examined alternative solutions.
They found that implementing current predictive maintenance
solutions requires very high investment, which is disproportional to the
cost of an HVAC system breakdown. Augury’s solution will be able to
offer a relatively cheap solution with no upfront investment. The need
for predictive maintenance in this market, thus, clearly exists. However,
the customers themselves are not aware of predictive maintenance
possibilities, so that Augury will actually need to educate the market in
order to create awareness to this unmet need and induce demand.

In terms of effective solution, as HVACs are standardised systems,
Augury could develop a product that would address the customer’s need
in a complete manner, and provide alerts and reports on most types of
malfunctions. As no solutions were tailored to this market, their
product would also be much better than current predictive maintenance
solutions.
Overall, they scored the compelling reason to buy as ‘mid­high’,
especially since customers were not aware of this unmet need.

Market volume
What does it mean?
Satisfying a real need is an important condition for creating value. Yet, it is the market
volume that will determine to what extent you can sell your product and, thus, to what
extent you will create that potential value!

To understand market volume, you need to estimate how many customers actually face
(or are expected to face) this need in the near future and how much they will be willing
to pay. The size of the market provides key indications for how BIG this market
opportunity is. Although market size is important, a market which is not BIG may still
be an interesting option, especially if it can become a stepping stone towards a larger
market that can be exploited later on.

How to evaluate?
Look deeply into two main questions:

What is the size of the current market?

How much is it expected to grow over time?

Objective answers to these questions are the basis for estimating the size or volume of
the market. Here are some questions that can guide you when searching for these
numbers.
Current market size?

How many customers need your solution? You can estimate the total number of
potential customers in a bottom­up or a top­down approach, depending on the data
that you have.

How many customers can actually use or buy your solution? This is an initial filter
to narrow down the ‘universe’ of all customers. Alternatively, you can think about
the TAM (total available market) and the SAM (served available market), as
13
suggested by Steve Blank.

How many units would these customers buy annually and what would be the annual
revenues per customer? Combine the figures to estimate the total market size, that
is, how large is the market if they all would buy (in units and in dollars)?

Alternatively, you can estimate the size of the problem, that is, how much do
customers spend annually today to deal with the pain you are addressing?

Expected market growth?

Is the market mature or in flux? Has it grown in the last two years?

How much do you expect the need, or the number of customers, to grow in the next
2–5 years?

IMPORTANT TO REMEMBER
We recommend to break down the size of the market into two elements:
units and dollars. These complementary measures provide a better
overview of the expected volume.

Clearly, some markets are more difficult to estimate than others. Steve
Blank suggests that there are three main types of markets: existing, re­
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segmented and new.  The first two are easier to gauge, as customers can
be more explicit about their needs, and data about the market is often
readily available. New markets, however, have no customers, no well­
defined competitors and no products yet, so measuring the size of the
opportunity is more of a ‘guesstimation’ than an exact evaluation. In any
case, to size a market you will have to talk to people that could be
interested in the product and to representatives in the sales channels, look
for competitive approximations and search for existing analyst reports and
relevant market researches. Google Analytics and Google Trends can also
provide initial hints for sizing the demand.

Once you have thoroughly gone over these questions, you will be able to score your
‘market volume’. If you find it helpful, you can also score each of the sub­elements
separately and then combine their grade into an overall score.

To illustrate the assessment of this factor, let’s look again at the HVAC
market for commercial buildings.

There are countless commercial buildings with HVAC systems
worldwide. Even if Augury initially limits itself to the US market, there
are millions of such buildings (in fact, the Commercial Buildings Energy
Consumption Survey shows that there were 5.6 million commercial
buildings in the USA in 2012, i.e., the time when Augury investigated the
market).

Augury’s founders estimated that the annual revenues per building
would be around $5000, which overall turns out to create a very large
market size, both in units and in dollars.

Research analysts also predict that the global HVAC market will grow
steadily in the next few years (at an annual growth rate of around 7%),
mainly due to the increase in construction activities worldwide.

Thus, the overall market volume for this opportunity can be scored as
‘high’.
Economic viability
What does it mean?
The last factor for assessing the Potential of a market opportunity estimates the
economic benefit of this option for you. Without getting into a detailed sales plan or
return­on­investment (ROI) calculations, it refers to the basic elements that influence
the economic value of a market opportunity.

How to evaluate
At this early point of evaluation, the creation of a detailed financial plan (with 3–5 years
of profit and loss estimations) is typically not feasible as most of the information that
flows into such a plan is too vague. Instead, you can get a relatively good understanding
of the economic potential of a market opportunity by examining three main questions:

Do you have sizeable margins?

Are the customers well funded to pay the price?

How sticky will customers be?

An objective answer to these questions can get you a long way towards understanding
to what extent a market opportunity is economically promising. Here are some
questions that will help you when searching for answers.

Margins (value vs. cost)?

What is the estimated price that customers will be willing to pay?

What is the estimated cost of your product/ service?

What is the estimated acquisition cost per customer?

What are the expected margins (i.e., the economic potential per customer)?

Are they expected to change over time (due to economies of scale, improved
availability of components etc.)?
Customers’ ability to pay?

Are the customers well funded (in general)?

Do the customers already have a budget to solve the problem you are addressing
with your offering (especially relevant in B2B)?

Is there someone who is economically responsible for this budget (especially
relevant in B2B)?

Customer stickiness?

How frequently will customers use your solution or rebuy it?

How difficult is it for your customers to switch to alternative solutions?

IMPORTANT TO REMEMBER
Economic viability of your opportunity is essential, as it will ultimately
allow your venture to survive and grow. While it is challenging to know the
future price tag of your offering, it is important to understand – and to
make sure – that you have enough slack between the cost of your offer and
how much customers are willing to pay for it. In any case, make sure to
talk with your ‘economic buyers’ to understand their perspective.
Additionally, try to seek comparable offers, which can serve as a signal for
how much you can charge for your offering.

Similar challenges arise when assessing your costs: a rough estimation is
probably the best you can do for now, yet it is better than nothing!
Remember that costs may decrease over time, as economies of scale may
kick in.

Despite the importance of this factor, there are many examples of
successful companies that did not have a clear revenue model to begin
with, but trusted that growth in customer traction would lead to
substantial economic reward (e.g., think about Instagram and Waze). In
that case, take into account that your economic viability is highly risky and
will only be substantive in the long term.
Once you have thoroughly gone over these questions, you will be able to score the level
of ‘economic viability’. If you find it helpful, you can also score each of the sub­elements
separately and then combine their grade into an overall score.

To illustrate the assessment of this factor, let’s look again at the HVAC
market for commercial buildings. To estimate the economic viability, it
is important to first evaluate the value that customers can derive from
Augury’s solution. Studies estimate that a properly functioning
predictive maintenance programme can provide commercial facilities’
savings of approximately $1 per square foot annually, resulting in total
savings of up to 13% of their operational budget. These estimations led
Augury’s founders to conclude that the value vs. price ratio is relatively
high.

Moreover, although initial costs will be relatively high, due to
development hurdles and low economies of scale, these customers were
relatively well funded and could afford a price tag that is significantly
greater than these costs. The question of whether customers will stay
loyal was difficult to answer. Because their algorithm was based on
machine learning, it provides more accurate diagnostics by listening to
the same machine over time. This should be an incentive for customers
to stick with Augury’s solution. However, once competitive offerings
will pop up in the market, this switching barrier may not be high
enough.

Overall, these considerations resulted in scoring the economic viability
of this market opportunity as “high”.
Potential: the overall rating
Once you have analysed these three key factors, it’s time to combine your ratings into
an overall score that indicates the Potential of the market opportunity.
Use your individual ratings to arrive at an average score that ranges from ‘low’ to ‘super
high’. It will later be used to locate this market opportunity on the Attractiveness Map:
the value creation Potential is the Y­axis.

Note that an average score may hide information regarding the key up­ or downsides of
a market opportunity. However, the important element here is that you have gone
through all the major considerations for evaluating the potential of a market
opportunity. By now, you know its main advantages and disadvantages, and can keep in
mind any major up­ or downsides.

Assigning weights to different factors


Are all factors of the same importance?
This is a straightforward question with no straightforward answer.

The value to the customers (the compelling reason to buy) is a necessary condition, and
therefore also the first to be analysed. If it is relatively low, it will make your life
difficult – independent of any advantages associated with the other factors. However,
value and volume can balance each other to create interesting opportunities (e.g., very
high value to relatively low volume, or vice versa). The overall picture, thus, really
depends on all three factors.

Of course, it is possible to assign different weights to different factors in case the
opportunities you are looking at warrant such an approach. But be careful – if you do
weigh factors differently, make sure to be consistent across options.

For Augury, the overall Potential of the HVAC opportunity was
relatively high. Although they had to educate the market, they believed
that the effort was worthwhile since the market was big enough and
economically promising.
Sometimes a market opportunity can promise high potential even though the market
itself is not very big (in volume). Microbot Medical is one such example. One of the
company’s products is an autonomous crawling micro­robot that is controlled by
electromagnetic fields.

This breakthrough technology is ideal for performing micro­invasive medical
procedures in a variety of areas, including neurosurgery, cardiology, gynaecology and
many more. One market opportunity that the company considered – and later chose to
initially focus on – was self­cleaning shunts for treating the condition of ‘water in the
brain’ (also known as hydrocephalus). Although the market volume for such treatment
is not very big (approximately 40,000 procedures for shunt­related surgeries are
performed annually in the USA), the value that this product offers is enormous – to the
patients and to the insurance companies, so the reimbursement is attractive and there
are no other competitive solutions. The compelling reason to buy and the economic
viability of this opportunity are therefore ‘super high’, making this a high potential
option.

Challenge
Each market opportunity that you consider is not only associated with its own value
creation potential but also entails its very own value capture challenge. The challenges
are important to understand as they shape how difficult it is to succeed in this market.
Note that whereas the Potential was assessed by looking at the market opportunity in
and of itself, this dimension examines your own capabilities to succeed in it, and the
main obstacles that you may face.
In the landscape of market opportunities, where each option is a mountain to be
climbed, this dimension refers to your chances of conquering the top of a mountain,
rather than its height.

The Challenge of a market opportunity can be gauged using three main factors:

Implementation obstacles
How difficult will it be for you to create and deliver your offer?

   

Time to revenue
How long will it take until you can generate cash flow through sales?

   

External risks
What obstacles in your business environment can stand in your way?

As before, we recommend that you examine each of these factors separately and then
combine the scores into an overall Challenge rating.

Implementation obstacles
What does it mean?
On your way to a successful market launch and diffusion of your offering in the market,
you will face challenges in creating and delivering the product. Assessing these
difficulties will help you in understanding the Challenge associated with a particular
market opportunity. Given the resources and capabilities that you already possess, you
need to obtain insights on the additional resources and abilities that you will need to
develop and acquire in order to succeed with a market opportunity.

How to evaluate?
In order to assess your implementation obstacles, three main questions should be
addressed:

How difficult will it be for you to develop the product?

How difficult will it be for you to access the market?

How challenging will it be for you to raise funding for this option?

The answers to these questions offer key insights on the challenges that you will face
during implementation. Here are several key questions that can guide you when
searching for answers.

Product development difficulties?

Which technological hurdles have to be overcome?

Are there any user­interface and design challenges that you might face?

Are there any regulation requirements that you should comply with?

Sales and distribution difficulties?

What type of distribution channel is required to gain access to customers (direct
sales, resellers, retailers etc.)?

Are there adequate channels in place?

How much time will it take to build the channel?

Is it important to have multiple channels?

How costly will it be to operate/ utilise the distribution channel?

Are there effective marketing channels already in place (targeted to your
customers)?

How costly will it be to create awareness and interest in your offer (i.e., to acquire
new customers)?
Funding challenges?

What amount of money do you need to raise until customers start paying you (i.e.,
the total seed investment required)?

How difficult will it be for you to raise this amount (availability of money,
fashionable sector etc.)?

IMPORTANT TO REMEMBER
Innovators often give much thought to the challenges of creating the
offering, but neglect the challenges of bringing it to the market. Delivering
the offering may sometimes be much more difficult than creating it, so give
it careful attention.

Once you understand the challenges in creating and delivering the offering
for a particular market opportunity, you can gauge the financial resources
required to do so. Adopt a bottom­up analysis when estimating the
required funding: How many R&D people will be required? How much do
they cost? What type of equipment is required? How many marketing and
sales people will you need? How much will that cost? How much money
will you need to invest in marketing and sales activities?

If it is not possible to estimate the exact sum of required funding at this
stage, try to categorise it as follows: less than 100,000 USD, less than
500,000 USD, less than 2,000,000 USD or more than that. This can
provide a sufficient estimation for the financial challenges that lie ahead of
you.

Once you have thoroughly gone over these questions, you will be able to score the
height of your ‘implementation obstacles’. If you find it helpful, you can also score each
of the sub­elements separately and then combine their grade into an overall score.

To illustrate the assessment of this factor, let’s turn again to Augury’s
HVAC market for commercial buildings.
Compared to manufacturing equipment, where every machine is
unique, the advantage of HVAC equipment lies in its standardisation.
Hence, developing a product that can monitor the sounds and
vibrations of such a system is much simpler. Augury’s founders
estimated that it was doable.

Once the product is ready, delivering it to the market will require, at
least at the first stage, a direct sales force. This is mainly because the
distribution’s primary role would be to create demand, rather than to
fulfil it.

Over time, however, there will be adequate sales channels that could be
used to access this market.

Understanding the development and the sales challenges provided the
basis for estimating that the desired seed funding would be around 2
million USD.
Overall, the implementation obstacles were therefore classified as ‘mid­
high’.

Time to revenue

What does it mean?


Positive cash flow is the oxygen of a start­up. The clock is ticking and money is usually
burned quickly. The speed with which you can generate cash flow through sales is thus
a major consideration. This factor estimates how long it will take until cash begins to
accumulate in your account. If the time period is too long, you will likely face key
challenges on your innovation path – and will likely experience significant stress, as
your key stakeholders, including your employees, may question the viability of your
endeavour.

How to evaluate?
To estimate the time to revenue for a market opportunity, you need to consider three
main questions:

What is the estimated time for development?

Will we need to wait until the market is ready for our offer?

How long is the sale cycle expected to be?

Based on the answers to these questions, you will have a better understanding of the
time element associated with your market opportunity. Several questions can guide you
when searching for answers.

Development time?

What are the major milestones that you should accomplish until the product is
ready for the market? (think about technological developments, design components,
regulation requirements etc.)

How long will it take you to accomplish each milestone?

What is the overall estimated time until the product is ready for the market?

Time between product and market readiness?

After the product is ready, what else should or needs to happen until it can be
launched? (Think about value chain elements, required infrastructure,
complementary products etc.)

How much time will this take?

Is there a gap in time between product readiness and market readiness? How long is
this gap expected to be?
Length of sale cycle?

Who is involved in the buying decision? How many people will you need to talk to/
meet to make a sale?

Are there possible resistances or gate keepers? Why would they resist buying
(expensive/ complex/ require change in legacy systems etc.)?

What is the estimated time to make a sale?

What is the estimated deployment time, once a deal is sealed?

IMPORTANT TO REMEMBER
A complex and long sale cycle is mostly relevant for B2B markets rather
than B2C markets. Consumer markets act differently: while adoption may
take time, the actual decision to buy and the deployment of the product are
relatively short. However, time considerations are highly critical in both
cases.

In addition, time to revenue is closely related to implementation obstacles
(assessed above). However, they emphasise two different perspectives that
are both important when seeking to understand the underlying Challenge
of a market opportunity.

Note that revenues are one key element to measure success in adoption. If
your start­up has different success metrics (such as a certain level of
traction), you can use them to estimate the required time for adoption.

Once you have thoroughly gone over these questions, you will be able to score the
length of ‘time to revenue’. If you find it helpful, you can also score each of the sub­
elements separately and then combine their grade into an overall score.

Here is how Augury estimated this factor, when evaluating the HVAC
market for commercial buildings.

Because the development seemed doable and there were no special
regulatory requirements, Gal and Saar estimated that they could launch
a product relatively quickly, especially in comparison to the other
market opportunities in their set.

The market itself was able to adopt their offering in terms of the
required infrastructures, so there was no expected gap between product
and market readiness.

The sales cycle, however, is expected to take a while, although
deployment can be gradual and there is no need for upfront investment.

Overall, it seems like this market opportunity offers a short time to
revenue, scoring well at ‘low­mid’.

External risks

What does it mean?


The success of your business can be put at risk by many companies and players in your
external environment. This risk is often uncontrollable by you, yet it has to be taken
into account when assessing how difficult it will be to capture the value inherent in a
market opportunity.

How to evaluate?
In order to understand the level of external risks associated with a market opportunity,
look at three important questions:
How threatened are you by competition?

How dependent are you on other companies or players?

How susceptive are you to adoption barriers?

An objective answer to these questions will help you to get important insights on the
external risks inherent in a market opportunity. Here are some questions that can guide
you when searching for answers.

Competitive threat?

Who are your current competitors (name them)?

Who may become your competitor in the future?

How big/ strong are these competitors?

Are there entry barriers for new entrants (patents, regulations, network
externalities etc.)?

Do you have a clear advantage over competitors?

Is this advantage sustainable (i.e., unique, difficult to imitate, durable)?

Third party dependencies?

Co­innovation: Who else needs to innovate for your innovation to be successful?

Which other ecosystem players could affect the adoption of your offering? Who else
needs to adopt your innovation so that your customers can capture the full value
proposition?15

Regulation governance: How dependent are you on policy makers and regulators?

Barriers to adoption?

Are the customers receptive to innovations?

Is your product compatible with existing ways of doing things? Existing norms?
Existing systems, standards, infrastructure?

How complex is your product?

Can it be tried before purchase?
IMPORTANT TO REMEMBER
External risks can be a nerve­wracking element in innovation. In
particular, strong competition is often emphasised as a key hazard in the
business literature. Yet, while entering a fortified field is dangerous, the
lack of competition may be equally worrisome – either the market
opportunity you are envisioning is not for real (as others may have
discovered and exploited it already) or the lack of competition means that
you will carry the burden of educating the market and supplying the
complementary elements. So, when assessing external risks associated
with the competition, consider the extent to which you have an advantage
vis­à­vis the competition. The greater that advantage is, the better your
competitive situation. Some even talk about ‘unfair’ competitive advantage
– as such an advantage will help you in making your sale!

As for adoption barriers, remember that some markets adopt innovations
more easily than others and that some innovations are more easily
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adopted.

Once you have thoroughly gone over these questions, you will be able to score the level
of ‘external risks’. If you find it helpful, you can also score each of the sub­elements
separately and then combine their grade into an overall score.

Here is how Augury estimated this factor, when evaluating the HVAC
market for commercial buildings:

The team’s competitive analysis showed that current diagnostic
solutions are too costly and too complex. Initial equipment investment
can run as high as $50,000, while an even larger investment is required
to provide in­house personnel with the required expertise and training
for the use of these techniques. Augury’s solution is simple to operate
and does not require any upfront investment. This gives Augury a clear
competitive advantage, which they hope would be a sustainable one –
due to patents that they had filed and because they kept on building up
their own knowledge and capabilities.
Other than that, their offer is a standalone solution, which means that
they are not dependent on any other players in the market or on
regulatory governors.

In terms of adoption risks, their product is new and disruptive in a
market that is somewhat conservative. However, it will be completely
compatible with existing infrastructures, easy to use and available for
trials – all factors that lower the barriers for adoption.

Based on these considerations, the level of external risks was rated as
‘mid’.

Challenge: the overall rating


Just as before, once you have thought through all the value capture Challenge factors,
you can combine your scores into an overall rating. This rating ranges from ‘low’ to
‘super high’, according to the results from your analysis. It will later be used to place the
market opportunity on the Attractiveness Map, as Challenge is its X­axis.

Again, an average score can hide information – key downsides or upsides associated
with a market opportunity. Yet, it provides one clear measure for comparing
alternatives. So, be aware of the individual analysis of each factor and the meaning of a
combined score.

Assigning weights to different factors


Assigning weights to different factors
Are all factors of the same importance? Again, this is a straightforward question with
no straightforward answer. We recommend that you carefully observe the different
factors and decide how critical they may be to your success.

If you do assign weights, remember that the factors are somewhat interconnected. For
example, implementation obstacles and external risks influence time to revenue,
although they emphasise different perspectives and important considerations.

In addition, remember to be consistent throughout, and assign the same weights when
evaluating other market opportunities.

For Augury, the overall Challenge of pursuing the HVAC opportunity
was evaluated as ‘mid’. Especially noteworthy was the relatively short
time to revenue, which was an important factor for the team. They
believed that the implementation obstacles are feasible and the external
risks are manageable.

https://avxhm.se/blogs/hill0
For Microbot Medical, the case is different. Developing the self­cleaning shunts for
treating ‘water in the brain’ condition is quite challenging. Although shunts are
synthetic lumens with constant diameter – which makes it easier for a micro­robot to
crawl in – the development of such a device bears many obstacles and risks, and takes a
long time. Clinical trials are complicated and regulatory demands are challenging.
External risks are also quite high, even though competitive offers are inferior. That is
due to high dependencies on regulatory governors (such as the FDA) and on insurance
reimbursements.

The overall Challenge in pursuing this path was ‘high’, yet Microbot’s management and
technology experts were positive about their ability to handle this challenge.
Furthermore, the development obstacles, the time to revenue and the external risks
were even higher for other market opportunities that the firm considered, as it required
the micro­robot to crawl in a biologic lumen with changing diameters (such as blood
vessels, the respiratory system, or the digestive tract). Moreover, these high challenges
can eventually become major barriers to entry for Microbot’s potential competitors in
the future.

Key scoring considerations


Scoring your different market opportunities is both a learning and a validation process.
It usually begins with assumptions that you hold about the market, and as your
knowledge accumulates your understanding relies on an increasing amount of facts.
Use Worksheet 2 to generate your key assumptions and to set your key action items as
you attempt to find out if an opportunity is real.

Moreover, even if you feel confident with the information that you have gathered about
a market opportunity, assigning a score to the different factors and dimensions is often
not a trivial task. Here are some important considerations to keep in mind, as you
perform this task:

Raising the questions vs. finding the answers


Working with entrepreneurs and innovators, we often hear about their frustrations
when seeking to find satisfying answers to market­related questions. It is a complex
process, one that does not rely solely on hard data and clear figures, but involves
common sense, inductions and some intuition. Yet, the benefit of this process not only
lies in finding the right answers but also in asking the right questions.

Hence, the mere fact that you search for answers and that you take these factors into
consideration when choosing a market opportunity is important in its own right. In
short, try to strive for finding the right answers, but remember that asking the right
questions is just as important!

Absolute vs. relative analysis


Should we score a market opportunity in its own right or relative to the other options in
our Market Opportunity Set? The answer is ‘both’. We recommend that you start
assessing an opportunity as a standalone option and score it in absolute terms, but then
also think more widely on how it is rated relative to your other options, and adjust the
score accordingly, if necessary. Scoring is also a learning process!

Quick and dirty vs. thorough analysis


As stated above, an evaluation process always begins with assumptions that we have
about a market opportunity. You can make a ‘quick and dirty’ evaluation of market
opportunities, based on these assumptions. This exercise offers value if you need to
shrink your set of opportunities and quickly weed out some options. But even more
importantly – you can use this quick evaluation to find out the critical information that
you still have to gather, so that you can convert your hypotheses and beliefs into
knowledge. Make sure to perform a thorough analysis before you take any action, and
base this far­reaching decision on a solid evaluation.

Qualitative vs. quantitative scoring


The natural tendency of entrepreneurs and innovators, especially if they come with an
engineering background, is to think about the scoring process in a mathematical way –
e.g., transforming the scale into numbers (from 1 to 4) and averaging all numbers to
calculate the overall score. While this is a feasible approach, we urge you to think about
the assessment in a qualitative manner. Through systematic analysis of the different
factors, try to understand the major pros and cons of a market opportunity, and rate its
value creation Potential and value capture Challenge accordingly.

Short- vs. long-term horizon


Lastly, the scores that you assign to different factors may depend on the time horizon
that you adopt when doing so. A short­term perspective may result in different ratings
from those of a long­term perspective, especially due to scaling possibilities over time.

The appropriate time horizon depends largely on your own goals for growing the firm:
do you strive to build a large organisation, or do you prefer a quick exit? Whether you
adopt a short­ or a long­term horizon make sure to be consistent in your approach
when assessing all the options in your Market Opportunity Set.

The outcome – your Attractiveness Map


Here we are: once you are done with evaluating each market opportunity in your set,
you can place them on the Attractiveness Map – and learn about each opportunity
and your opportunity set in its totality! The Attractiveness Map allows you to visually
depict the evaluation of your market opportunities so you can better grasp their upsides
and downsides, and compare them with each other. This visualisation helps you in
determining your most attractive options, at a given point in time, so that you can make
an informed decision about your Primary Market Opportunity.

The Y­axis of the map represents the ‘Potential’ of the option, and the X­axis represents
its ‘Challenge’.
Analysing the Attractiveness Map
The Attractiveness Map unleashes its power once you move your perspective from an
individual opportunity to the overall market opportunity set that is placed on it. The
map provides you with the ability to compare possible market opportunities, locate the
most promising options, and start designing your Agile Focus Strategy.

There are four zones in the Attractiveness Map:

Gold Mine
These are market opportunities with relatively high value creation Potential and low
value capture Challenge. In other words: your dream comes true! They are ideally
located but relatively rare. A Gold Mine option is usually a result of identifying a
significant unmet need – one that no one has addressed before. Or, you may possess
unique know­how to overcome a challenging hurdle, one that others simply cannot
overcome. If you do have a Gold Mine opportunity, it has the features that would make
it your Primary Market Opportunity.

As an example, let’s look at Gusto, a US­based start­up founded in 2011, to develop a
modern payroll system designed especially for small businesses. The potential of this
market opportunity is definitely high. Although there are many payroll solutions, none
is tailored specifically to the needs and requirements of small businesses. Gusto’s
simple and affordable ‘one­roof’ solution is therefore highly compelling for a large
volume market. And even though their pricing is affordable, the economic viability is
also high, especially due to customers’ stickiness. The overall Challenge is relatively
low, although competitive threat should definitely be considered. Implementation
obstacles can be dealt with, and the product can be launched in relatively short time.
Overall, this high Potential and low­mid Challenge opportunity creates a Gold Mine
option. Indeed, in 2015 the company employed over 300 workers, served over 30,000
clients, and was valued for over 1 billion USD.

Moon Shot

These are market opportunities with relatively high value creation Potential but also
high value capture Challenge. Truly innovative offers are usually located in this quarter
of the Attractiveness Map, bearing high risk and high returns simultaneously. Some
investors would argue that these are the most interesting options to invest in, if you
believe that the team is qualified to overcome the major challenges that it entails.
Hence, Moon Shot options may fit as your Primary Market Opportunity or as a long­
term Growth Option.

An interesting example of a Moon Shot opportunity is Given Imaging, a venture that
developed a swallowable imaging capsule for endoscopy procedures. Back in 1998 when
the firm was founded, the idea of a miniature pill­cam seemed like science fiction, yet
the founders believed that a missile technology could be miniaturised to create such a
medical product.

While the Potential of this market opportunity was super high (as there was no good
solution for examining the small intestine), the Challenge was even higher. Fortunately,
the firm succeeded in pursuing this Moon Shot opportunity and launched their first
PillCam in 2001. In 2013 Given Imaging held close to 90% market share on gastro­
intestinal endoscopy video devices and was acquired for 995 million USD.

Quick Win

These are market opportunities with relatively low value creation Potential and low
value capture Challenge. In the risk­return analogy, they represent the low risk/ low
return alternatives. They offer limited value creation potential that is relatively safe.
These options may offer a great jump­start and may be combined with other
opportunities to enhance the long­term potential of the firm. Many innovative firms
start by targeting such Quick Win opportunity in the short term – as a stepping stone
for a future Moon Shot.

E Ink is a well­known example. Founded in 1997 as a spin­off from the MIT Media Lab,
the venture developed a special form of electronic ink that could be used in electronic
displays. The founders’ vision was to create ‘radio paper’ – a flexible electronic display
that could replace books, magazines and newspapers … a clear Moon Shot opportunity.
As a short­term option, the firm decided to focus on the large­area signage market.

While this market opportunity suggested a relatively modest potential, it was also much
less challenging, especially in terms of the technological obstacles that still needed to be
solved (as the initial ink only worked in blue and white). Overall, E Ink perceived this
opportunity to be its best stepping stone. Reality, however, proved to be different:
manufacturing costs were significantly above expectations, the firm had to invest a lot
in building a sales force as the distribution channel, and the customers themselves did
17
not like the blue and white limitation.

Tesla’s Roadster – its initial luxury, all electric sports car – is another example. While
clearly challenging, it is still easier to build a luxurious $100,000 car that draws on the
latest technological advances in electric vehicle technology than a model geared
towards the mass market that would have needed to be much cheaper. Tesla aimed to
target this niche market, although it had a lower potential, as a stepping stone for
technologically more advanced and more affordable models that were Moon Shots at
that time.

Questionable

These are market opportunities with relatively low value creation Potential and high
value capture Challenge. It is no surprise that this is the least desirable quadrant. While
you will likely be better off finding a target market opportunity in a different quarter,
you might just want to keep these Questionable opportunities in mind, as conditions
may change over time and they may turn into more attractive opportunities at some
point in the future.

Many venture projects fail because they pursue a Questionable opportunity, often
without even being aware of that! As studies show, they run into the problem of having
little or no demand for the product that they have built with much sweat: there is not a
sufficiently compelling value proposition or the market size is simply too limited. This
is exactly what low Potential and high Challenge opportunity means. In fact, in a post
mortem analysis of 101 start­up failures done by CB Insights, the number one reason
for failure (in 42% of all cases) was that the start­ups primarily addressed problems
18
that are interesting to solve rather than problems that serve a market need.

Once you map your opportunities, you can use these distinctive quarters to easily
discriminate your options and grasp their differences.

Let’s examine the Attractiveness Map of Augury.
The evaluation of the HVAC opportunity for commercial buildings
resulted in an overall rating of high Potential and mid Challenge.
Hence, looking at the Attractiveness Map, it is located in the desirable
Gold Mine quarter. Augury had four other market opportunities that
they wanted to evaluate, before making such an important decision.

The first one was predictive maintenance for manufacturing lines in
different factories. Manufacturers can benefit greatly from preventing
catastrophic failures, thus decreasing downtime and saving energy and
operational costs.

However, it turns out that every line is unique and requires a great deal
of customisation. Overall, this was an opportunity with high Potential
and high Challenge.

The second market opportunity was international freight companies
with cooling containers.

Analysis showed that this market had a mid­level of Potential, especially
since the value of predictive maintenance was not big enough.

The Challenge, however, was manageable and was rated as ‘mid­high’.
The third option was white appliances. Augury believed that once the
internet is embedded in these appliances, they could offer
manufacturers to install their device in these appliances.

Although the compelling reason to buy is not extremely high (because
the cost of a breakdown is relatively low), the market volume is huge
and economically worthwhile, so the overall Potential is rated as ‘high’.

However, the market was just not ready yet for that type of offering, so
time to revenue and external risks were ‘super high’, resulting in a high
Challenge level.
Lastly, Augury’s founders wanted to check the opportunity to offer
predictive maintenance capabilities for cars – by offering ‘Augury
inside’ to car manufacturers.

This market opportunity had a ‘super­high’ Potential, but also entailed
‘super­high’ Challenge, especially due to implementation obstacles and
extremely long time to revenue.

https://avxhm.se/blogs/hill0
The learning and evaluation process that Augury’s team engaged in can
now be summarised visually with the Attractiveness Map. This map
enables them to capture the upsides and downsides of each individual
opportunity, and relative to others.
What can we learn from the Attractiveness Map?
The Attractiveness Map is designed to help you in making your optimal choice of
market opportunities. As highlighted, it helps you to understand each opportunity in
and of itself – and in relation to other opportunities. It can thus offer vital insights on
the growth possibilities that lie ahead!

Analysing each individual market opportunity


As you look at the position of each market opportunity individually, you can better
grasp its downsides and upsides, and understand the trade­offs that it bears.

Analysing the set of market opportunities


Looking at the bigger picture, the map will show you how superior or inferior an
opportunity is relative to others and how your opportunities are spread across the
different quarters. While highly attractive market opportunities represent great target
market opportunities, variety across quadrants is desirable – as it allows you to balance
the downsides of your Primary Market Opportunity by keeping other options open.

Choosing a preferred market opportunity (the Primary Market Opportunity)


By zooming in on each individual market opportunity, and then zooming out on the
whole set of opportunities, you will obtain important insights that will allow you to
choose your preferred market opportunity, the one that you plan to pursue with full
force: your Primary Market Opportunity. This choice is actually the first step in
building your Agile Focus Strategy, as will be described in the next chapter.

Shaping a market opportunity to improve its location on the


Attractiveness Map
The characteristics of a market opportunity are not written in stone. You can change
them so that the opportunity becomes more attractive and/ or is fraught with fewer
challenges. Ultimately, by shaping the opportunity, you can attain a better position on
the Attractiveness Map. So don’t wait until someone else ‘moves your cheese’ – try to do
it yourself!

Shaping a market opportunity to improve its location on the map requires a fresh look
at its major downsides and risks, and at any untapped potential. Here are a few proven
ways that will help you in shaping your market opportunity – and, ultimately, creating
more ‘Gold Mines’ in your set of market opportunities.

Improving the ‘Potential’ of a market opportunity:


Often, an unsatisfying score here relates to a low level of (expected) market demand. It
could be because the ‘pain’ you are addressing is not significantly strong, or simply
because not many customers face this pain. One way to deal with this situation is to try
to think differently about your market and re­segment it in another way, so that you
aim for a (sub­)segment that feels a stronger pain and/ or is significantly larger. For
example, if you offer an environmental monitoring solution for hospitals, you can
segment this market based on private vs. public hospitals, but you can also sub­
segment it according to the size of specific departments within the hospital.

Improving the ‘Challenge’ of a market opportunity:


Many obstacles can stand in your way when you attempt to capture value from a market
opportunity. It could be major difficulties in developing or delivering your offer, or
major risks within your business environment. Try to think if there is anything you can
do to diminish this risk or handle these obstacles over time, so that the value capture
Challenge decreases. One way to accomplish this is to find a strategic partner or an ally
that could help you overcome your weaknesses. For example, cooperating with another
player in the value chain may help you in overcoming the challenges in developing a
product, reduce your external dependencies on others or shorten your time to revenue.

FAQS
Are these the only parameters that one should consider when evaluating a
market opportunity? Are there others?
You can definitely think of other parameters that are not listed in Worksheet 2 and that
may influence the attractiveness of a market opportunity. Nevertheless, Worksheet 2
contains a comprehensive list of factors that cover the key considerations for most
cases. If you do think, however, that there are other factors that require your attention,
feel free to add and weigh them as you determine the overall Potential or Challenge
scores for a market opportunity. Notably, there are some additional factors that do not
influence these two dimensions, but may influence your choice, such as your own
values, aspirations and passion. We will further elaborate on these factors in the next
chapter, where we discuss how to choose your Primary Market Opportunity.

My goal is quick exit so some of my parameters are different – what should I do?
Naturally, you should evaluate your opportunities according to the goals that you want
to accomplish. Our set of evaluation parameters was designed with the primary goal in
mind to build a successful and growing venture or to successfully commercialise an
innovation over time. If you build your venture with a primary goal of exiting quickly,
your evaluation parameters may change. So, feel free to add or revise some factors
according to your goal, when evaluating the Potential and the Challenge of an
opportunity. In case you do that, make sure to be consistent and rate all your
opportunities based on the same parameters.

Prior experience of the founders in a specific market is a very important


parameter. Why is it missing in the evaluation?
Prior experience in a specific market domain can be a great advantage. You already
possess customer intimacy that enables you to better understand their needs and how
to reach them, and you also probably have a good network for building the necessary
ecosystem in the market. The influence of such prior experience is therefore reflected in
a lower Challenge for capturing value. Thus, prior experience is not an evaluation
parameter in and of itself, but will influence how you score other important factors.

Is it possible to evaluate and compare different market domains rather than


different market opportunities?
As mentioned before, we call this concern the ‘continents vs. countries’ analysis. A
continent, for this matter, is a broad market domain, such as medical device or
surveillance, for example. A country within a continent is a more specific market
segment within this domain, such as cardiologists or radiologists in the medical field.
Sometimes, an initial decision requires the evaluation of broad domains, or continents,
first. While it is possible to use Worksheet 2 to assess the attractiveness of a market
domain, it is worthwhile doing so only if the segments within this domain are
somewhat similar. If there is high variation across different market segments, the
average scoring of a broad market domain will likely lead to biased conclusions.

Our opportunity involves a two-sided platform. How can we evaluate it?


In a two­sided platform model, such as AirBnB, the firm creates value primarily by
enabling direct interactions between two distinct groups of users. Such ‘marketplace’
platforms incur costs in serving both groups and can collect revenues from each
(although sometimes one side is subsidised). To succeed in a multi­sided platform, you
actually need to make sure that you provide value to each side and that you can
overcome the challenges of serving each side. Therefore, we recommend that you
perform a separate evaluation for each type of user, based on Worksheet 2, and then
combine these evaluations to an overall score of the market opportunity. The most
logical way to combine ratings in this case is to take the lowest score of both sides in
each of the two dimensions: Potential and Challenge.

Can social ventures benefit from Worksheet 2 as well?


The assessment done in Worksheet 2 examines the economic potential of an option.
Social ventures, however, strive to achieve financial returns as well as social impact.
The Potential of such market opportunities, therefore, should be examined from both
ends: the expected economic gains as well as the expected social gains. Hence, if you are
assessing such an option, we recommend that you add to the Potential dimension
another factor: the extent to which this opportunity solves a social problem and, thus,
provides social benefits. Likewise, the Challenge dimension may entail factors that are
unique to capturing social benefits. In the end, make sure to be consistent and rate all
your opportunities based on the same parameters.
2.3 AGILE FOCUS DARTBOARD
The discovery of new market opportunities and their assessment is an important
learning process for you. Hence, take your time – it may take several weeks, or even
more. Yet at some point it is time to make a decision:

What market opportunities should you focus on?


Without a doubt, this is one of the most fundamental decisions you will ever make in
your commercialisation process: not only is it key for getting traction on the
marketplace and for creating value, but it also shapes the DNA of the company that you
are establishing.

Yet, here is the catch: despite the critical nature of this choice and your best efforts in
finding the most fertile ground for your innovation, you may still have to adapt your
choice over time! This is what innovation is all about: due to the uncertainty inherent in
your decision, you better just accept that change is a likely outcome – and get ready for
it! In other words: prepare for the time when unforeseen things happen …

What does this all mean in practical terms?


A smart market opportunity strategy has to take into account two major aspects:

1.  What are the most attractive market opportunities that you should focus on?
2.  How can you focus, yet stay flexible, agile and open­minded at the same time?

The Agile Focus Strategy is your way to combine these two aspects to set an optimal
strategy and reap the greatest value from your commercialisation efforts.

Agile Focus Strategy: Combining focus & flexibility


The Agile Focus Strategy balances the tension between focus and flexibility, by
consciously keeping open other market opportunities: those that will allow you to
mitigate your risk and to increase your value with minimum effort.

Hence, this strategy enables you to leverage your resources and capabilities, so that you
allocate them more effectively and avoid a potentially fatal lock­in. Don’t get trapped!
The Agile Focus Strategy has significant implications for how you build and design your
venture. It will enable you to focus on the most attractive market opportunity on one
hand, while maintaining your agility and manoeuvrability on the other.

How can this be achieved?


There is a lot you can do to keep some options open now and to nurture your agility,
without losing the focus that is required to push forward on your most attractive path!
In particular, you can develop your resources and capabilities in a way that allows for
greater flexibility down the road – for instance, by creating modularised technology
that can be reconfigured more easily, by casting a wider Intellectual Property (IP) net,
or by picking a brand name that would lend itself for redirection. These relatively low
investments will make your firm more robust to change, without compromising the
pursuit of your most promising opportunity.

In the landscape of market opportunities where each mountain represents a possible
option, your Agile Focus Strategy can create ‘bridges’ between the mountain you are
currently climbing, and the ones around it, so that you will avoid starting a new climb
from the very bottom if change is required.

In entrepreneurship, keeping options open is akin to the Real Options reasoning: a
relatively small investment now provides you with the right – but not the obligation –
to further pursue the opportunity in the future.

The Agile Focus Strategy, therefore, builds on the logic of Real Options that was
developed in research on strategising under uncertainty.

RESEARCH INSIGHTS

The theory of real options concerns classes of investments in real assets
that are similar to financial options in structure. Just as the purchase of a
financial option contract conveys the right, but not the obligation, to
purchase its underlying asset in the future, investment in a real option
conveys the opportunity to continue investment in the future should
conditions prove favourable. If further investment is not desired, the cost
of failure is limited to the cost of creating the real option.19

But what about ‘laser-sharp’ focusing?


Entrepreneurs are often told that they have to pursue a narrowly focused strategy, or
else they won’t be able to survive. And the reason for this advice is fairly clear: small
ventures are scarce on resources (think about the limited human and financial capital)
and, thus, they must not spread their efforts too thinly.

While this is all very true, it neglects the importance of agility, which is especially
critical for operating under conditions of uncertainty. In fact, our comprehensive
research of over 500 start­ups clearly showed the inherent trade­offs in laser­sharp
focusing.

RESEARCH INSIGHTS

How should entrepreneurs manage the delicate balance between staying
focused and staying flexible? Intrigued by this question, we have studied
more than 500 technology ventures over the past 10 years.20

Here are some of our findings:

Most firms change their initial market choice over time, so learning
how to balance between focus and flexibility is absolutely crucial.

A laser­sharp focus on one market opportunity doesn’t pay off for most
firms! Consciously keeping related market options open is key for
enhancing flexibility and driving success.

Market opportunities that are closely related (and thus do not require
significant additional investments nor a lot of additional bandwidth by
the entrepreneurs) may even be pursued in parallel – increasing the
chances of success amid high market uncertainty.
Stephen Kaufer, co­founder of TripAdvisor, emphasises the downside of laser­sharp
focusing in some advice he offers to entrepreneurs:

… if you are lightning focused on just one thing and aren’t willing to
consider others, you probably don’t have the flexibility to make it
when things don’t go according to plan. That’s the one truism: things
won’t go according to plan21

How to design your Agile Focus Strategy?


The assessment accomplished in Worksheet 2 and the Attractiveness Map is the basis
for designing your Agile Focus Strategy. It shows you how attractive your options are –
both each by itself and in relation to others. This important information will help you
choose your Primary Market Opportunity – the one that you will be pursuing with full
force.

However, setting a smart strategy is not only based on finding the most attractive
opportunity but also on creating a smart portfolio around it to enhance flexibility. To do
so, you will need to pick from your Market Opportunity Set at least one Backup Option
and one Growth Option.

A Backup Option is an attractive market opportunity that does not
share the same major risks of your Primary Market Opportunity. It allows
you to change direction over time, if necessary.

A Growth Option is an attractive market opportunity that allows
you to create additional value over time.
Backup and Growth Options should ideally be closely related to your Primary Market
Opportunity: product and market relatedness will allow you to leverage your existing
resources, capabilities and relationships – thereby increasing your value creation and
balancing your risk with minimum effort. You can keep your Backup and Growth
Options open (for pursuing them later if you desire to do so), or you can even decide to
pursue them now, parallel to your Primary Market Opportunity. This investment
decision depends on the additional effort that is required for pursuing the options, and
on how critical they are for your venture’s survival or success.

The result of this design process is your Agile Focus Strategy: it clearly states your
Primary Market Opportunity/ ies, the options that you keep open as Backup or Growth
and the opportunities that you currently keep in ‘storage’ and disregard at this stage.

You can depict your strategy and communicate it with the Agile Focus
Dartboard.

Reid Hoffman is the co­founder and executive chairman of LinkedIn and a partner at
Greylock Partners Venture Capital. In his essay on Pitch Advice for Entrepreneurs, he
emphasises the importance of having Backup Options at hand:

… you want to show focus in your decks by emphasizing what you’re
really betting on. However, show some maneuverability. Don’t just
say that you have five different options. Instead, say that you’re doing
one, but you also have some fall­back or maneuvering options.

For example, if we were doing the Series B pitch in 2004 with my
knowledge of today, we would emphasize that LinkedIn would start by
transforming one business – the recruiting industry, by shifting it
from a posting model to a searching model. Then, in our talking points,
we would highlight some of the other businesses we can transform
with our platform.

Invest in A, but here’s B to show that we could contain that risk.
Investors would appreciate this because you’re identifying a
reasonable risk and demonstrating that you have actually thought
about what you would do if the primary plan doesn’t play out as you
expect.22
A clear roadmap for your market opportunities will not only help you in balancing your
risk but will also help you in dealing with opportunistic options that tend to pop up
along the way, as you can more easily evaluate and categorise them based on the firm’s
Agile Focus Strategy.

Your main takeaways    


Designing your Agile Focus Strategy is the last step of the Market Opportunity
Navigator, and it is actually the main outcome of this whole process. It enables you to
focus on the most attractive market opportunity and at the same time to build your
agility in preparation for a world full of uncertainty. Note, however, that your Agile
Focus is not merely a strategy, it is also a mindset. We urge you to adopt this mindset
from the very early stages of your innovation effort:

First and foremost, this mindset entails cognitive flexibility. It’s not only about the
flexibility of your resources and capabilities, and their ability to serve different market
needs. It is also about your own openness and receptiveness to alternative
opportunities and to change or adaptation. This is very important, as cognitive rigidity
may lead you very quickly into the graveyard of companies that failed to listen to the
market and to adapt promptly. Designing a smart portfolio by keeping your Backup and
Growth Options open actually helps you to build and maintain the cognitive flexibility
of you and your team, regardless of whether you will actually pursue these options
when the time comes.

An Agile Focus mindset also means that you don’t rush your focus decision. Although
many talk about the importance of focusing from day one, Agile Focusing actually
implies that you take your time to investigate and to get acquainted with different
market opportunities, and can make your decision carefully! Don’t rush to scale up too
quickly, as it just may be that you are striving to conquer the wrong market.

Yet, at some point you will need to set your focusing strategy. This is not an easy task.
The most difficult part is to figure out what not to do. Letting go of potentially
interesting opportunities is often the most painful part of this process. Yet, if you adopt
the Agile Focus mindset, it becomes less challenging.

You can understand by now that the ‘perfect’ market opportunity is probably not yet
revealed. In fact, it is very likely that you have not found the ‘perfect’ market
opportunity to focus on, simply because there rarely is a ‘perfect’ one. However, by now
you have taken into account all the major considerations and utilised all the
information that you have in hand, to set the optimal strategy for the time being. And if,
for any reason, it turns out to be the wrong decision, you are prepared for change and
adaptation.

WORKSHEET 3:
Designing your Agile Focus Strategy
Worksheet 3 helps you to design your Agile Focus Strategy. Specifically, once you
choose your Primary Market Opportunity, it will assist you in finding the best Backup
Options and Growth Options, based on their attractiveness and their relatedness to
your primary opportunity.

You will then need to decide how much effort you are currently going to invest in these
options: will you pursue them now, in parallel to your primary opportunity, or will you
just keep them open (i.e., in order to pursue them in the future)? The result of this
process is your Agile Focus Strategy, which can then be depicted on the Agile Focus
Dartboard.

If you are unsure what your Primary Market Opportunity should be, use a separate
worksheet for each possible candidate. This scenario­playing will help you to
eventually determine your strategy!
The design of your Agile Focus Strategy begins with choosing your Primary Market
Opportunity. Once this is set, you can start planning your smart portfolio of Backup
and Growth Options.

Step 1: Choosing your Primary Market Opportunity


The Primary Market Opportunity is the option that you want to focus on. The one that
you will pursue with full force, investing most of your resources and capabilities in
conquering it.

Having several exciting opportunities at hand may feel like visiting a candy store. The
candies all look tasty and colourful, but if you try to eat them all you will end up feeling
awful. Your challenge is, therefore, to control yourself and decide which candy is the
best one for you. You cannot pursue too many opportunities in parallel, or you may end
up really sick …

Choosing your Primary Market Opportunity is sometimes a clear and straightforward
decision, but it could also be a difficult and even frustrating decision, as you are forced
to let go of other seemingly interesting alternatives, and you are really not sure which
one should eventually win your attention.

To make a smart choice, you first need to examine the Attractiveness Map and utilise all
the knowledge that you have gathered from the evaluation process. Note that there may
be unique considerations in your case that may not be reflected in the Attractiveness
Map, such as your personal inclinations, or the inclinations of your stakeholders.

Attractiveness Map considerations


The independent evaluation of each market opportunity and the overall picture that the
Attractiveness Map offers provide you with a deep understanding of which
opportunities are superior to others. Based on their Potential level and on their
Challenge level you can compare alternative options and choose your Primary Market
Opportunity.

Sometimes the map provides a clear answer that simplifies this choice. This happens
when a single option is more attractive than all the others. But in other cases, the
location of your options on the Attractiveness Map does not provide a straightforward
answer.

Here are some common patterns of the Attractiveness Map, and how they may
influence the choice of your Primary Market Opportunity:

1. One clearly superior opportunity


If you have a single opportunity located in the Gold Mine quarter, your choice is
relatively easy. Other less attractive opportunities may still be important, as they may
serve as your Growth or Backup Options.

2. Diagonal trade-off

Diagonal trade­off is a very common pattern, in which your options are spread along
the ‘risk­return’ diagonal: some are low risk­low return opportunities, located in the
Quick Win quarter, and some are high risk­high return options, located in the Moon
Shot quarter. A preferred market opportunity in this case is not readily apparent. You
can choose to begin with a smaller option, which would serve as a stepping stone for a
larger one in the future, or you can shoot for the moon from the very beginning. This
choice depends, among others, on your personal preferences, your propensity for risk,
the interest of your stakeholders, and on the resources that you have in hand or may
likely acquire.

3. Options are all closely located

In some cases, options are not spread across the map, but are all situated in the same
quarter: the Gold Mine, the Quick Win, or the Moon Shot. Alternatively, they can all be
scattered around the middle. In these cases, the best option is not apparent, as
opportunities are not too distinctive in their Potential and their Challenge.

Choosing your Primary Market Opportunity in this situation may heavily depend on
your personal preferences and the interest of your stakeholders, or on specific factors in
Worksheet 2 that seem most important to you (such as time to revenue for example).
Additionally, some options may still be better positioned than others – even if they are
closely positioned. So choose the option that is relatively more promising, or the one
which you believe can be shaped to become more attractive in the future.

4. No attractive options

Unfortunately, this may happen as well. After a thorough assessment you may find
yourself with opportunities that are not sufficiently attractive. If all your options are
located in the Questionable quarter, you could do one of two things: either go back to
Worksheet 1, and try to identify additional market opportunities, or think how to shape
one of your options to improve its location on the Attractiveness Map.

Although sometimes inevitable, we do recommend that your Primary Market
Opportunity should not be positioned in the Questionable zone. Think twice, even three
times if you want to take this difficult road that is likely to lead to outcomes that might
not warrant your efforts!

Other considerations
The Attractiveness Map depicts the objective evaluation of your market opportunities,
based on their Potential and Challenge. However, there are other important
considerations that may come into play when choosing your Primary Market
Opportunity.

Personal fit with the opportunity


You (and your founding team) have to see if the opportunity matches your personal
preferences: your values, your passion, your aspirations, and even your attitude
towards risk taking. Our colleague John Mullins describes the team’s mission,
aspiration and propensity to risk as very important parameters for evaluating a
business opportunity.23 You should therefore choose your primary market not only
because it has the highest Potential or the lowest Challenge but also because you love it,
and will continue to love it as your venture grows and evolves. Some term this
important aspect ‘product/ market/ founder fit’: success is not only driven by building
something that people actually want, it is also derived from doing something that YOU
actually enjoy doing!

Fit with stakeholders’ interest


Fit with stakeholders’ interest
Sometimes you already have key stakeholders that have to be considered when
choosing your Primary Market Opportunity. These may be current investors, existing
partners etc. Their incentives and interest may not be completely aligned with yours,
but they still have to be considered. For example, if your existing investors come from a
specific market domain, they may push you to choose an opportunity within this
domain. If you do not like their preferences, the Navigator gives you substantiated
insights that may help you in redirecting their interest to another market domain. In
other cases, investors may heavily weigh your ‘time to revenue’, as they need to realise
their investment in a relatively short time frame, and therefore tilt your choice in a
specific direction.

Resource constraints
Sometimes you just have to start with a Quick Win option, simply because you don’t
have the resources to pursue a larger, more challenging opportunity. Add your current
financial and human capital to the equation when choosing your Primary Market
Opportunity.

When is the right time to make this decision?


Don’t rush making this profound decision. Take your time to discover manifold market
opportunities and to research them as thoroughly as possible, as you may end up
running with full force in the wrong direction. In fact, a recent study by Startup
Genome found that 74% of internet start­ups fail due to premature scaling, that is,
expending money and resources without consistent evidence for potential growth.
Moreover, they found that start­ups need two to three times longer to validate their
market than most founders expect. This underestimation creates the pressure to scale
prematurely.24

So take the time to develop your strategy. At some point, however, it is necessary to
decide what market opportunity you are going to focus on. How do you know that this
time has arrived?

When learning reaches a point of saturation


At some point you may feel that any additional information is familiar to you. There is
nothing new … This means that you have reached saturation. Staying in the learning
phase is thus no longer productive. This does not mean that you have kicked
uncertainty out of your field. Some questions may still be open, but simply be un­
answerable at this point. It’s time to take the decision, as difficult as it may be.
When you are running out of money (oxygen!)
When you are running out of money (oxygen!)
For start­ups, money means oxygen. When you have to raise money, you will need to
decide on your Primary Market Opportunity. Most investors want to see a clear
strategy, and will most likely decide on whether to invest in your venture based on the
opportunity that you intend to pursue initially, as well as other opportunities that you
can exploit over time.

When you have to invest in branding


The firm’s branding often implies its markets and applications (think about ‘GetTaxi’,
as one clear example). Investing in brand development requires quite a lot of resources,
and changing your brand name requires even more … So once you need to start
branding, you better have a clear understanding about your Primary Market
Opportunity as well as your Agile Focus Strategy. Alternatively, you may adapt a
broader brand name (such as Amazon for example), that would still give you the
flexibility to manoeuvre over time.

A few tips for making this profound decision

There is no ‘perfect’ option


Market opportunities differ in terms of their features and it is most likely that you don’t
find the ‘perfect’ market opportunity. They all tend to have upsides and downsides. For
some, the upsides outweigh the downsides, yet there rarely is a ‘perfect’ option. Once
you accept this, and understand the drawbacks that you are about to confront, it is
easier to make a decision.

Make it a team decision


One of the biggest values of the Market Opportunity Navigator is that it gives you and
your team the possibility to clearly discuss the all­important market opportunity choice
with a crisp language. The Market Opportunity Navigator is your communication tool!
A team discussion brings different perspectives to the table and takes into account the
personal inclinations of others. Furthermore, a decision that was made together will
increase the team’s motivation to invest all their efforts, and, much more than that, to
succeed at it.
Back to Augury:
As we have seen, Augury’s Attractiveness Map included five options. It
was now time to decide which one will be their primary market. This
was not an easy decision: they all had some major upsides and
downsides.

Examining the Attractiveness Map revealed that cooling containers are
just not interesting enough for the firm and that cars would be too far
out to begin with. It seemed that HVAC for commercial buildings –
which was the only option located in the Gold Mine quarter – was
indeed the most attractive option, especially when emphasising the time
to revenue factor – which was very important to the team.
The founders decided to initially focus on offering predictive
maintenance solutions to large commercial buildings operating heating,
ventilation and air­conditioning systems.

Let’s examine another example, where the options were all closely scattered around the
middle. KalOptics was a US­based start­up. Its technology provided a simple to use,
cost­effective method of capturing, manipulating and editing photorealistic textured
materials, thus making 3D computer­generated imagery indistinguishable from the
original.

The markets for KalOptics’ products included visual effects in movies, animation and
gaming, catalogues and advertisers, as well as designers (for improved renderings by
interior, fashion, architectural and industrial designers). A thorough analysis of these
four different market opportunities revealed little distinction between their Potential
level and their Challenge level. In other words, while each option had its own pros and
cons, they were all located close to each other in the middle part of the Attractiveness
Map.

In this case, the visual map itself cannot provide the required prioritisation for
choosing the most attractive opportunity. It is necessary to go back to the details of
Worksheet 2 to better distinguish the options. In the case of KalOptics, one thing
became clear as they assessed their opportunities and talked with potential customers:
the market for visual effects in movies, while definitely not the largest, was the most
appropriate one to begin with, as movie makers were already spending enormous
amounts on visual effects and were ready to adopt the firm’s solution. They were also
considered to be ‘lead users’ in rendering textured surfaces, so that other industries
looked up to them in a search for solutions. Hence, the firm decided to focus on film
studios as their initial target market.

Once you have chosen your Primary Market Opportunity, mark it on the upper part of
Worksheet 3. It is now possible to plan your portfolio of Backup and Growth Options.

Step 2:
Examining possible Backup and Growth Options
The main objective of the Agile Focus Strategy is to balance your risk and to increase
your value creation with minimum effort.

To do that, you will need to pick at least one market opportunity as your possible
Backup Option and one market opportunity as your possible Growth Option, to create a
smart portfolio around your Primary Market Opportunity!

A Backup Option allows you to change direction over time. It answers the question:
If we are not successful, what shall we do next?
A Growth Option allows you to create additional value over time. It answers the
question: If we are successful, what shall we do next?

To identify possible candidates for your Agile Focus portfolio, go back to the
Attractiveness Map and the evaluations you have done in Worksheet 2. Pick other
attractive market opportunities – those that you would like to consider in more detail
as your candidates – and list them in the designated spot in Worksheet 3.

Sometimes, you can also consider additional market opportunities that had originally
not been placed in your set of options, but that now – after you have chosen your
Primary Market Opportunity – appear to be interesting options as they are related to
your main market. If this is the case, you can analyse these options as candidates for
your Agile Focus portfolio, but don’t forget to add them to your Market Opportunity Set
as well, as they will require additional evaluation.

Next, you will check how related these options are to your Primary Market Opportunity,
and whether they are suitable to become your Backup or Growth Options. The more
related they are, the less the effort required to keep them open.

Assessing the relatedness to your Primary Market


Opportunity
Relatedness of two market opportunities means that you can effectively leverage the
resources, capabilities and relationships that you are developing for one option for
succeeding in the other.

When building a smart portfolio around your Primary Market Opportunity, it is
important that your Backup Option and Growth Option will be as related as possible to
your primary market. In this case, the additional effort that will be required to pursue
them will be relatively low.

To assess the ability to leverage your resources and capabilities from one option to
another, two types of relatedness need to be examined: Product Relatedness and
Market Relatedness.

Product Relatedness
is the extent to which the development of the two products requires
similar resources and capabilities.
Market Relatedness
is the extent to which the marketing and distribution of the two
products require similar resources and capabilities.

Both types of relatedness are equally important considerations. However, while
entrepreneurs tend to consider product relatedness, they often neglect examining
market relatedness. This may turn out to be a critical mistake, as developing the
competences to play in a ‘distant’ or unrelated market may require huge efforts that a
small venture simply cannot afford.

Assessing product relatedness


The development of your product (or your offering in a more general sense) requires
specific capabilities, resources and networks.

To examine the level of relatedness between the product associated with your Primary
Market Opportunity and the product associated with your potential Backup/ Growth
Option, think about the following questions:

To what extent do the products share …

Technological competences?
(i.e., products’ functions and features rely on similar technological
developments and share regulation requirements)

   

Required resources?
(i.e., employees, manufacturing equipment, intellectual property etc.)

   

Necessary networks?
(i.e., suppliers, partners or other members of the value chain)
The overall product relatedness can then be rated as one of
three levels:

Assessing market relatedness


Customers in adjacent markets base their buying decision on similar values, buy from
the same sales channels and reference each other when making a buying decision.

To understand the level of relatedness between the customers in your primary market
and the customers of your potential Backup/ Growth Option, think about the following
questions:

To what extent do the customers share …

Values and benefits?
(i.e., you can leverage your brand and reputation from one market to the
other)

   

Sales channels?
(i.e., you can utilise the same distribution channels for both markets)

   

Word of mouth?
(i.e., satisfied customers in one market can promote your product in the
other)

Once again, the overall market relatedness can then be rated


Once again, the overall market relatedness can then be rated
as one of three levels:

Use the designated space in Worksheet 3 to assess the relatedness of possible Backup/
Growth Options to your Primary Market Opportunity.

The Bowling Pin Model by Geoffrey Moore


In his books ‘Crossing the Chasm’ and ‘Inside the Tornado’, which describe the
diffusion of highly innovative products, Moore offers a model for crossing the chasm
between the early and the main market by attacking one niche after the other. He terms
this the ‘Bowling Pin Strategy’, as knocking over one target segment will help to knock
over an adjacent niche, and thus lead to market expansion. In his model, adjacencies
are based on leveraging the ‘whole product’ (i.e., offering related products to different
customers) or on leveraging customers’ references (i.e., offering different products to
related customers).25

This is similar to our notions of product relatedness and market relatedness. In
essence, Moore’s subsequent niches serve a similar purpose as our Growth Options do:
leveraging current resources and capabilities to enhance the economic gains of the firm.
Once the Primary Market Opportunity for Augury was chosen, it was
time to think about their options portfolio and design their Agile Focus
Strategy. The manufacturing machines market was an attractive
candidate to examine. Cars and white appliances seemed too far out for
now, and cooling containers did not seem to be a valuable enough
opportunity.

However, once focused on the HVAC market for commercial buildings,
two additional opportunities required further attention: elevators in
commercial buildings and HVAC systems in residential buildings. These
opportunities were clearly related to the firm’s primary focus (just as
Geoffrey Moore suggested in his Bowling Pin Model) and thus could be
suitable to serve as Growth or as Backup Options.
Monitoring HVAC systems in residential buildings required a very
similar solution to monitoring HVAC in commercial areas. Although the
product would have to be cheaper, product relatedness is quite high.
However, the markets were only somewhat related as residential
houses do not necessarily rely on the same service providers, so word­
of­mouth and marketing will definitely require additional effort.

Elevators for commercial buildings were just the opposite: the product
shared some similarities but also required additional abilities as it will
need to comply with specific regulations. Yet, the markets were tightly
related because it would be the same users who would use both
products.

As for manufacturing machines, these were only somewhat related on
both aspects. Once this was understood, it became more apparent which
opportunities can serve for future growth and which are suitable as
backups for future redirection, if necessary.

Which market opportunities are suitable as Backup Options?

Backup Options are your ‘Plan B’. They allow you to change direction if you find out
that your initial opportunity isn’t satisfying. Eric Ries uses the term pivot to describe
such redirection, referring to a shift in strategy that is accomplished by keeping one foot
26
in place, as you shift the other in a new direction.
This implies an attempt to leverage your knowledge and capabilities as much as
possible once a strategic shift is required. Hence, Backup Options are attractive
opportunities that should be as related as possible to your Primary Market
Opportunity. However, as these will constitute your Plan B, Backup Options should not
share the same major risks with your Primary Market Opportunity or rely on the same
major assumptions. In short: you want to be able to succeed with them, even though
you have failed in pursuing your primary opportunity!

Use the Attractiveness Map and the evaluations you have done in Worksheet 2 to think
about the major risks and potential show stoppers associated with your Primary Market
Opportunity and compare them to those of your other options. For example, if success
in your primary market depends heavily on regulation, find a Backup Option that does
not depend on such regulation.

Remember that it is extremely important to become familiar with the weaknesses and
major risks of your primary market, as you’re much less likely to be caught off­guard
that way. Balancing these pitfalls by keeping an appropriate Backup Option open will
help you manage this risk with minimum effort.

Mark whether your opportunities are suitable to become Backup Options in the
designated spot of Worksheet 3.

Which market opportunities are suitable as Growth Options?

Growth Options allow you to increase your value creation potential. You can pursue
them in parallel to your Primary Market Opportunity if the potential that the latter
offers is not sufficient – or simply keep them open to be pursued in the future, if you
desire to do so.

In any case, you are looking for options that should be as attractive as possible (i.e.,
with high Potential and low Challenge) and that will be as closely related to your
primary opportunity, so that pursuing them will require limited additional effort. Think
about your Growth Options as your strategic roadmap to success. If you choose, for
example, a Quick Win opportunity as your initial target, you can set a Moon Shot
opportunity as your Growth Option.

For example, Tesla’s affordable electric vehicle for the mass market was a clear Growth
Option, when Elon Musk (Tesla’s co­founder and CEO) decided to focus initially on the
luxury sports car market.

Examine your opportunities and mark whether one or more are suitable to become
your Growth Option(s) in the designated spot of Worksheet 3.

Sometimes, an opportunity can serve as your Backup Option and also as your Growth
Option. If your Market Opportunity Set includes an attractive opportunity that is
highly related to your Primary Market Opportunity but does not share the same
major risks with it, this might be the case for you. In this situation, you will most
likely not need to keep two different options open.

For Augury, it became apparent that the residential HVAC option and
the elevators for commercial buildings option can be good Growth
Options once they are successful in pursuing their Primary Market
Opportunity (HVAC for commercial buildings).

Yet, the main risk of this Primary Market Opportunity was that the
value of the solution will not be clear enough to the customers, as they
will first have to be educated about the product and its performance
benefits.

If this would eventually hinder success, Augury could change direction
and offer predictive maintenance solutions for manufacturing
machines, where their value is more critical. Manufacturing machines
can therefore serve as a Backup Option for Augury.
Remember that some opportunities can serve as Backup and as Growth Options both at
the same time. KalOptics provides one such example.

The firm decided to initially focus on film producers striving to create complicated
visual effects. Animation producers look up to film producers when making their
buying decision and require a relatively similar product. Hence, they are a natural
candidate for a Growth Option.

The market for designers and the market for advertisers, however, require a simpler
product and are not strongly influenced by the film industry. They do not share the
technological risk of capturing real­life or moving objects, and success will likely not be
hindered by low adoption rates in the primary market. Hence, both opportunities can
serve as Growth or as Backup Options.

KalOptics’ Growth and Backup Options provide the basis for their market roll­out plan,
combined with the ability to contain risk, if things don’t play out as planned.
Step 3: Determining your Agile Focus Strategy
Now that you have chosen your Primary Market Opportunity, and have assessed several
Backup and Growth Options, it is time to finalise your Agile Focus Strategy. Two
decisions are still required:

Which of the assessed market opportunities will eventually serve as your Backup
Option and as your Growth Option?

How much effort are you planning to invest in these options in the near future?

Once you make these decisions, you will be able to determine which market
opportunities will you:

https://avxhm.se/blogs/hill0
Combining all of these important considerations will enable you to do exactly what
the Agile Focus Strategy is all about: focus on the most attractive market opportunity
while maintaining your agility and manoeuvrability.

Choosing your Backup Options and your Growth Options


In order to design a compelling and promising Agile Focus Strategy, pick at least one
Backup Option and one Growth Option. It will help you tremendously to prepare for an
uncertain future!

If you have several alternatives that can serve as your Growth Option or as your Backup
Option, choose the ones that you believe will best fit the bill. While it is possible to keep
several options open, it comes with the price tag of spreading your attention and your
resources. In effect, although keeping an option open requires little investment,
keeping too many options open can easily become too large an effort for a small venture
and strain the bandwidth that you and your team members have.

If you have several candidates, choosing your Backup and your Growth Options may
not be straightforward due to two widespread trade­offs:

Attractiveness vs. relatedness


Some options can be more attractive (i.e., with high Potential and low Challenge), but
less related to your primary opportunity, or vice versa. In this case, the benefits of high
attractiveness oppose the costs of low relatedness.

Relatedness vs. risk balancing


Highly related options usually tend to share similar risks, while distant options offer
dispersed risk. Therefore, options that are less related to your Primary Market
Opportunity can often better balance its major risks.
Be aware of these trade­offs so that you can make an informed choice.

Investing in your Backup and your Growth Options


The Agile Focus Strategy, which is built on real options reasoning, suggests that you
keep your Backup and Growth Options open. You will be better prepared to pursue
them later on, if conditions become more favourable.

Keeping your options open

In general, keeping an option open means that you allocate little resources and
management attention to this opportunity. You should keep it ‘breathing’, and make
sure that you do not lock yourself out of this path. Here is how you do that:

Stay informed
First and foremost, you need to allocate some resources and attention to staying
informed about this particular market: What’s going on? Are there new trends? New
products? New entrants? etc. You can do this by following relevant market researches
or industry reports, visiting tradeshows or keeping good contacts with key people in
that market. The idea is to keep your finger on the pulse in order to maintain and
advance your understanding of the market.

Build flexible resources and capabilities


Second, because you have identified options for backup or for growth early on, you now
have the possibility to develop your resources and capabilities in a way that allows for
greater flexibility and robustness. Instead of locking yourself into one particular path,
develop your resources and capabilities so that they can be adapted with minimal effort.

For example, sometimes you can overcome a technological challenge by developing a
solution that is tailored to your specific offering but will not be suitable for other
options. In such a case, it is worthwhile to spend the extra effort to develop a broader
solution, one that can also serve as the basis for your future options. Intellectual
property is another example. When you file your patents, make sure that your future
options are reflected in your claims.

Develop an appropriate identity


Develop an appropriate identity
Organisational identity is an important yet sometimes overlooked aspect in new
venture creation. It relates to how employees, as well as customers and investors,
perceive the firm and provides an answer to questions such as: ‘Who are we?’ ‘What are
we doing?’ ‘What do we want to be in the future?’. The identity statement defines what
is important and essential to the organisation, and usually includes organisational
ideology, management philosophy and culture.27

Identity is enduring and difficult to change. Therefore, open options must be taken into
consideration when managers develop their organisational identity and define their
branding.

Keeping selected options open does not endanger your ability to focus on your primary
market because it requires minimal attention.

Think of resource allocation as a continuum that runs from ‘none’ to ‘many’: keeping an
option open is somewhere above zero and usually requires about 5%–10% of your time
and attention.

You can also decide to invest more than just a few resources for keeping your options
open. This is especially relevant for your Growth Option, which you may actually decide
to pursue right now, in parallel with your Primary Market Opportunity.

Pursue options now – in parallel


Executing your Growth Option in parallel with your Primary Market Opportunity
means that you allocate your resources and attention to pursue both markets
simultaneously and to develop the required skills and expertise for succeeding in both.

This endeavour is challenging for a small venture due to the scarce human and financial
capital. Management attention and time are always limited and may simply be spread
too thinly. However, in some cases such a parallel strategy may be beneficial and can
lead to improved results.

RESEARCH INSIGHTS

In one of our research studies, we examined the strategy of over 300 new
technology ventures and their performance at the age of 3 years.

We wanted to understand under which conditions, if any, pursuing more
than one market opportunity in parallel yields better performance despite
the resource limitations of new start­ups.

Our results showed that the parallel strategy led to superior performance
when market uncertainty was very high, that is, when founders operated in
a new market in which customer needs could not be clearly articulated and
easily translated into products. Start­ups that adopted a parallel strategy
under such conditions outperformed start­ups that pursued one single
28
market opportunity at a time.

Two major considerations should guide your decision of whether to keep your option
open for later or to pursue it now in parallel with your Primary Market Opportunity:

1.  How critical is this option to your venture’s performance? If your Primary Market
Opportunity is highly uncertain and very risky, or if its value creation potential is
not satisfying enough, you can increase your gains and lower your risk by pursuing a
parallel strategy.
2.  How related is this option to your Primary Market Opportunity? Because pursuing
opportunities simultaneously requires a lot of effort and attention, a parallel
strategy tends to be feasible only when options are highly related, because this will
allow you to leverage your resources and capabilities.
As an example for such a parallel strategy, consider Camero – a world leading provider
and pioneer of through­wall­imaging solutions. Camero’s products provide real­time
observation of stationary and moving objects concealed behind walls or barriers. This
revolutionary solution is suitable for intelligence and tactical applications – needed by
both military troops and law enforcement officers. While both markets had large
potential, the main challenges lie in accessing these customers and in bearing the very
long and complex sales process.

To balance this risk, Camero’s managers decided to pursue these two markets
simultaneously: military and police. The products they required were similar, and the
markets were tightly related, as they were both leaning on government budgets and
sharing the same values and word­of­mouth. This tight relatedness enabled Camero to
pursue such a parallel strategy, to increase their value and mitigate their risk with
minimum effort.

At the end of this process, it should be clear to you which market opportunities will
serve as your Backup Options and as your Growth Options, and how much effort you
are planning to invest in each: Will you invest much effort to fully pursue them now –
in parallel with your Primary Market Opportunity – or will you invest little effort to
consciously keep them open?

What about all the other market opportunities?


Your Agile Focus Strategy is already taking shape. But there is one more element to
discuss: What about all the other market opportunities that you had evaluated but did
not select as your Primary Market Opportunity or your Backup/ Growth Options?

Do not discard them, but rather place them in ‘storage’ for now – they might become
valuable options in the future!

Storing market opportunities

Placing a market opportunity in ‘storage’ means that you do nothing about it, for now.
You only keep it in the back of your mind. On the ‘resource allocation’ continuum
described before, stored options are located at the far left, as they require no effort or
management attention.

For instance, options that are suitable for storage may be those that are currently too
far out – either because they are completely distant from the direction that you chose,
or because their time has just not come yet.

These options can become relevant someday, either for you to pursue or for licensing to
others. Luckily, you do not need to pay storage rent, so market opportunities can be
stored as long as you wish.

At the bottom of Worksheet 3, you can indicate your final decision: Which of the
options will you pursue now? Keep open for later? Or place in storage?

Congratulations
You are now ready to depict your strategy on the Agile Focus Dartboard!

As Augury were embarking on their very first steps in their market
domain, they consciously decided to keep both of their Growth Options
open as well as their Backup Option.

They figured that as they get more acquainted with commercial building
managers and service providers, they will be able to better assess these
options over time. So, when the time comes, they would be ready for
adaptation or change.
They also decided to place in storage all the other market opportunities
that they had in their set, as they were currently too far out from their
chosen direction.

The outcome – your Agile Focus Dartboard


You are now ready to depict your Agile Focus Strategy on the Market Opportunity
Navigator. Use the Dartboard to mark your Primary Market Opportunity, the options
that you keep open for backup or for growth and the options that you place in storage.

If you decide to pursue two options in parallel, put them both at the centre of your
Dartboard!

The Agile Focus Dartboard allows you to depict your strategy and to discuss it with
team members, employees and other stakeholders. It has many implications for how
you build and develop your venture. These implications will be discussed in detail in the
next chapter.
Finally, Augury’s Agile Focus Strategy was set: they will focus on the
HVAC market for commercial buildings, they will keep open one Backup
Option (manufacturing machines) and two Growth Options (residential
HVAC and elevators), and they will currently put aside all other market
opportunities.

Their strategy can now be depicted on the Agile Focus Dartboard:
Note that the two Growth Options are marked in a different colour –
simply to signal in a visual manner that these are new market
opportunities that have not yet been assessed. They were also added to
the Market Opportunity Set, but still need to be positioned on the
Attractiveness Map.

As the Navigator is designed to be a dynamic tool, it is perfectly fine to add or dismiss
options as you move forward with your learning and build your understanding.

The founders of KalOptics also depicted their Agile Focus Strategy on the Dartboard.
They not only decided on what would be their Primary Market Opportunity and which
options they will keep open but also planned their market development roll­out:
beginning with the film studios, then growing to the animation and gaming market and
then to the designer market. The market for catalogues and advertisers was placed in
storage for the time being.

FAQS
How can we make sure that Agile Focusing doesn’t lead us to de-focusing?
Many entrepreneurs that we have worked with described the fine line between staying
focused and feeling scattered. With the Agile Focus Strategy, you deliberately plan your
focus to be a bit broader, so that you increase your agility. However, you clearly define
and state your focused strategy at the end of this process, so that you do not have to
worry about losing your way. Remember that the most difficult part in focusing is
deciding what not to do, a question for which the Agile Focus Strategy provides a clear
answer.

What shall we do if we discover additional market opportunities after we have


already set our strategy?
A strategy is not that easy to change. Yet, the Agile Focus mindset enables you to build
cognitive flexibility, and to be ready to adapt, if necessary. New market opportunities
will most probably be revealed as you move forward, get exposure and acquire new
insights. Once that happens, you should go back to the evaluation process of Worksheet
2 and place the newly identified market opportunity on the Attractiveness Map. Then,
take a careful look to determine if this opportunity deserves (partial) adaptation of your
strategy – either as your primary market or as your Backup/ Growth Option. The
Navigator provides an effective learning companion that helps you to deal smartly with
new developments – on one hand, not to jump too quickly on a new wagon and on the
other hand to be open for change and adaptation if it would improve your situation.

Investors usually fund start-ups only if they believe that they focus on one
target. Is the Agile Focus Strategy relevant at all for finding investment?
It is true that investors, and especially VCs, hedge their bets by investing in several
firms and will most likely invest in your firm only if they find your Primary Market
Opportunity interesting enough. However, investors do understand the importance of
agility and will be happy to learn that you have other attractive options in your pipeline,
and that you know how to prepare your venture for adaptation. Additionally, investors
want to see that you have a well­defined strategy. Hesitating between potential market
opportunities will turn them off. Use the Navigator to communicate your strategy in a
clear manner, and to convey the logic behind your strategic decisions.

Let’s recap with flying robots


To recap on how you should apply the Navigator and turn a complex strategic choice
into a structured decision­making process, let’s look at Flyability.

Flyability is a Swiss start­up – a spin­off from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology
(EPFL) in Lausanne – that is developing a collision­tolerant flying robot. This drone is
unique as it can fly in complex and confined spaces and in contact with humans,
because it has a surrounding cage that protects it.

Well … where should this drone be applied?

The answer is definitely dazzling, because there are numerous options. That is exactly
where the Market Opportunity Navigator comes in handy.

Step 1: Generating a Market Opportunity Set


To begin with, let’s understand Flyability’s core technology. The drone that they plan to
develop has unique accessibility due to the decoupled and light protection cage that
surrounds it. It can fly or roll on any surface and will actually be able to operate in a
range of temperatures (from 0ºC to around 50ºC). It will be piloted manually with an
on­site video screen, even in very dark, smoked or dusty environments, but only for a
limited duration due to battery limitations. Lastly, it carries an automated, fully
adjustable imagery system, with HD and thermal recordings that are live streamed to
the control screen and recorded for a later analysis.

Flyability’s unique drones will therefore be able to inspect and explore inaccessible
places – regardless of how complex and confined they are, thus avoiding the need to
send humans into dangerous environments. These unique abilities can be utilised for
many different applications, including inspections, surveillance, deliveries or
entertainment – to name but a few.

At its early stage, the team identified several promising applications that could bring
real value from the start: inspection of complex industry machineries, inspection of
difficult­to­maintain infrastructures, and also security or search and rescue
applications. As detailed in Worksheet 1, these applications can serve many types of
customers.

After an initial rough screening, Flyability’s team decides to further examine those
market opportunities that seem to be more reachable and especially those that mainly
require indoor navigation (to suit the expected initial limitations of the drone).
Their Market Opportunity Set includes five options: inspection of boilers and
heaters in thermal power plants, inspection of rooms in nuclear power plants,
inspection of storage tanks in the oil and gas industry, vessel inspection in the maritime
industry and, lastly, intelligence and surveillance for police forces.

Step 2: Evaluating the attractiveness of market opportunities


The Flyability team is now ready for the next step. By using Worksheet 2, they can
evaluate each of these market opportunities and place them on the Attractiveness Map.

Opportunity 1:
Inspection of boilers and heaters in thermal power plants
Plants converting heat energy into electric power operate under extreme temperatures
with huge boilers and super­heaters. These facilities have to be inspected periodically,
which means that individuals have to work at great heights and gain access either with
ropes, sky climbers or scaffolding. One can easily imagine that implementing the
required safety measures, bringing in and installing the inspection equipment, and
performing the inspection manually are lengthy processes that result in several days of
costly shutdowns … and they expose workers to great risks! Thus, the ability to replace
a manned intervention with a collision­tolerant drone can bring significant value to
these energy plants, as they would be able to save time and cost, and increase safety.

Here is how Flyability’s team evaluated this market opportunity:

Potential Challenge

The unique value that this drone The firm already had the know­how for
can bring creates a ‘super­high’ developing the drone and estimated both the
compelling reason to buy. The implementation obstacles and the time to
market size itself is high (there revenue as ‘mid’, taking into account the
are about 100000 plants distribution requirements and the length of a
worldwide), and so is the sale cycle. The external risks seemed low,
economic viability, due to large because competition is limited and success is
margins and customers’ ability not dependent on other parties.
to pay.

The overall potential is The overall challenge is ‘low­mid’.
‘high’.

Overall, this is an attractive market opportunity, located in the Gold Mine quarter of the
Attractiveness Map.

Opportunity 2:
Inspection of rooms in nuclear power plants
Another market opportunity is the periodic inspection of the immediate environment to
nuclear reactors, which is an activity that involves challenging work in an extremely
hazardous environment. The operators of nuclear reactors thus have a strong interest
in adopting any good solution that could replace manned interventions in radioactive
areas.

This is how Flyability’s team evaluated the Potential and the Challenge associated with
this market opportunity:

Potential Challenge

While the compelling reason to Because the effect of radioactiveness is
buy and the economic viability of unknown, the implementation obstacles
this market are ‘super high’, the seem ‘super high’. Time to revenue is
market volume is relatively low, estimated as ‘mid’ and coupled with
as there are around 450 nuclear relatively high external risks due to
reactors worldwide. competitive threats and adoption barriers.

The overall potential is ‘mid­ The overall challenge is ‘high’.
high’.
Overall, this market opportunity is located between the Moon Shot and the
Questionable quarters of the Attractiveness Map.

Opportunity 3:
Inspection of storage tanks in the oil and gas industry
Every few years, oil and gas producers have to perform a thorough inspection of their
huge storage tanks – a procedure that includes a visual inspection of fire protection
piping, overfill protection, roof inspection and more. To perform their demanding
work, the inspectors have to enter the huge tanks and work at great heights in pitch­
dark conditions! Usual methods such as scaffolding or rope access are costly and time­
consuming. By employing a collision­tolerant drone, oil and gas producers could
generate significant savings in time and cost, and increase safety.

Here is a summary of how Flyability’s team evaluated this market opportunity:

Potential Challenge

The value that this drone can bring The major challenge of this market is the
creates a ‘super­high’ compelling need to comply with regulations for
reason to buy. While the market size working in explosive environments. This
itself is rated as ‘mid’ (because implies relatively ‘high’ implementation
inspections are mainly done by obstacles and ‘midhigh’ time to revenue.
specialised inspection companies), The external risks were also estimated as
the economic potential is still high ‘mid­high’, as conventional drones can
due to large margins and customers’ do part of the job in large tanks.
ability to pay.

The overall potential is ‘high’. The overall challenge is ‘high’.

Overall, this market opportunity is located in the Moon Shot quarter of the
Attractiveness Map.

Opportunity 4:
Vessel inspection in the maritime industry
Vessels have to be inspected once every 5 years to maintain their permit. These
inspections are done by specific classification companies that are dedicated to safe
ships and clean seas. Examinations are done in deep, dark and confined areas of the
boat, as well as in open air platforms and large tanks. Just as before, replacing a
manned intervention with a collision­tolerant drone can bring significant value to these
customers, allowing important savings in time and cost, and increased safety.

Flyability’s team evaluated this market opportunity in the following way:

Potential Challenge

Although the compelling Because this market requires high levels of
reason to buy is ‘super high’, navigation stability, the implementation
and so is the economic obstacles were rated as ‘mid­high’. Distribution
viability, this is a relatively and sales are relatively simple and short, so time
low volume market as there to revenue seems to be ‘mid’. External risks were
is a very limited number of rated as ‘mid­high’, especially due to
classification companies dependencies on industry standards and
worldwide. regulations.

The overall potential is The overall challenge is ‘mid­high’.
‘mid­high’.

Overall, this market opportunity is located right in the middle of the Attractiveness
Map – with no clear location in any quarter.

Opportunity 5:
Intelligence and surveillance for police forces
A drone that can safely fly near walls and humans may be extremely valuable for
security purposes, and especially for intelligence, surveillance and indoor
reconnaissance. Police units, fighting against crime and terrorism, could use the images
from the drone to increase the success of their operation and the personal safety of
their professionals.

Flyability’s team evaluated this market opportunity in the following manner:

Potential Challenge

The drone can provide an Product has to be very stable and very quiet,
effective solution to a real unmet and entering the police procurement
need – thus, the compelling channels is challenging. Hence
reason to buy is high. While the implementation obstacles seem high. The
market volume is ‘super high’, long sale cycle and the long training period
the economic viability was may lead to a ‘super­high’ time to revenue,
estimated as ‘mid’, especially and so are the external risks due to high
since customers’ ability to pay competitive threat and dependencies on
and to generate high margins is third parties, and very high barriers for
questionable. adoption.

The overall potential is The overall challenge is ‘super high’.
‘high’.

Overall, this market opportunity is located in the Moon Shot quarter of the
Attractiveness Map.

Once the evaluation was completed, the Flyability team was able to depict these five
market opportunities on the Attractiveness Map and to visually evaluate and compare
their attractiveness.

Step 3: Designing the Agile Focus Strategy


Next, Flyability’s team can use Worksheet 3 to design its Agile Focus Strategy and
depict it on the Dartboard.

Examining the Attractiveness Map shows that inspecting boilers and heaters in
thermal power plants is the most attractive market opportunity for Flyability at this
stage. It offers a clear value proposition to a large­volume market and encounters the
least amount of challenge for becoming successful. Hence, the team decided that this
will be the venture’s Primary Market Opportunity.

Once set, it is time to design a smart portfolio of Backup and Growth Options that will
allow Flyability to mitigate risks and increase the value of its activities. Three market
opportunities are relevant candidates:

Inspection of storage tanks in the oil and gas industry: While the product is
only somewhat related (as it requires the ability to work in explosive areas), the
markets are relatively close, especially since they share the same distribution channels
for non­destructive testing equipment. Overall, this opportunity is suitable for future
growth and, hence, is kept open.

Inspection of vessels in the maritime industry: Although some stability
improvements are required, the product is tightly related. Yet, the customer segments
only share a limited number of similarities. Overall, this is quite an attractive
opportunity that can also be suitable for future growth and, hence, is kept open.

Intelligence and surveillance for police forces: This is the most unrelated
opportunity. While the product shares some similarities, the customer segments are
completely distant: customers don’t value the same benefits and don’t share sales
channels or word­of­mouth. In general, this opportunity bears different risks from that
of the primary market and, hence, qualifies as a Backup Option. Flyability will keep it
open.

The last examined opportunity – inspection of rooms in nuclear power plants –
will be placed in storage for now. Because it bears unique challenges in complying with
radioactive environments and it represents a relatively low­volume market, it is the
least attractive option.

Flyability’s Agile Focus Strategy is now set and can be depicted on the Dartboard.
This strategic choice provides a clear market entry roadmap and a clear technological
roadmap for Flyability’s managers. It enables them to set the right development
priorities, build relevant networks and design the proper marketing materials.
Moreover, the team has now the right skills for applying a well­structured decision
making process whenever it is time to rethink their strategy.

Taking everything together, here are the full worksheets and the Navigator’s main
design board for Flyability.
To find out more take a look at:

1  The Innovator’s DNA/ Dyer, Gregersen & Christensen (2011)

2  Look before you leap: Market opportunity identification in emerging technology firms’/ Gruber,

MacMillan & Thompson (2008)

3  Founders at Work/ Jessica Livingston (2008)

4  Founders at Work/ Jessica Livingston (2008)

5  http://www.fujifilm.com/innovation/stories/highly­functional­materials

6  Escaping the prior knowledge corridor: What shapes the number and variety of market opportunities

identified before market entry of technology start­ups?/ Gruber, MacMillan & Thompson (2012)

7  The micro­foundations of technology leveraging across markets/ Gruber & Thiel (working paper)

8  The Lean Startup/ Eric Ries (2011); The Four Steps to the Epiphany/ Steve Blank (2005); Design

Thinking/ Thomas Lockwood (2009)
9  Value Proposition Design/ Osterwalder, Pigneur, Bernarda & Smith (2014)

10 Competitive Advantage/ Michael Porter (1985)

11 Crossing the Chasm/ Geoffrey Moore (1991)

12 The Entrepreneur’s Guide to Customer Development/ Cooper & Vlaskovits (2010); Running Lean/ Ash
Maurya (2010); Talking to Humans/ Giff Constable (2014)

13 The Startup Owner’s Manual/ Blank & Dorf (2012)

14 The Four Steps to the Epiphany/ Steve Blank (2005)

15 The Wide Lens/ Ron Adner (2012)

16 Diffusion of Innovations/ Everett Rogers (1962)

17 E Ink in 2005/ Yoffie & Mack, HBS case (2005)

18 The Top 20 Reasons Startups Fail/ CB Insights (2014)

19 Strategy through the option lens: An integrated view of resource investments and the incremental­
choice process/ Bowman & Hurry (1993); A real options logic for initiating technology positioning
investments/ Rita McGrath (1997); Investment Under Uncertainty/ Dixit & Pindyck (1994)

20 Market entry decisions, emergence processes & adaptation in new organizations/ Tal, Gruber & de
Haan (Dissertation Technion)

21 Founders at Work/ Jessica Livingston (2008)

22 www.reidhoffman.org/485­business­and­entrepeneurship/2135­linkedin­s­series­bpitch­to­greylock

23The New Business Road Test/ John Mullins (2006)

24 Startup Genome Report Extra on Premature Scaling/ Startup Genome (2011)

25 Crossing the Chasm/ Geoffrey Moore (1991); Inside the Tornado/ Geoffrey Moore (1995)

26 The Lean Startup/ Eric Ries (2011)

27 Organizational identity/ Albert and Whetten (1985)

28 Experimentation, uncertainty, and the performance of new technology ventures/ Tal, Gruber & de
Haan (Dissertation Technion)
History

Chapter 3
Topics

Tutorials

Implications and additional


Offers & Deals

benefits
Highlights

3.1 Implications of the Agile Focus Strategy
Settings

3.2 Ongoing use of the Navigator
Support

3.3 Using the Market Opportunity Navigator with other business tools
Sign Out

The Market Opportunity Navigator is your business tool to successfully navigate the
market opportunity landscape, whenever this is required.

In order to work effectively with the Market Opportunity Navigator, it is
important to:

Understand how the Agile Focus Strategy influences key issues in venture creation
and in commercialising innovations

Learn how you can benefit from the Market Opportunity Navigator over time

Employ it in concert with other business tools

3.1 IMPLICATIONS OF THE AGILE FOCUS STRATEGY


The final outcome of the Market Opportunity Navigator is your Agile Focus Strategy. It
shows how you can navigate smartly on the market opportunity landscape: you can
focus on the most attractive opportunity and maintain your agility while doing so. In
effect, by deliberately keeping open your Backup and Growth Options, you enhance not
only the agility of your resources and capabilities but also your cognitive flexibility …
and that of your management team, your employees and your stakeholders.

In short, the Agile Focus Strategy has important implications for many areas and
activities associated with your commercialisation effort.

Think about the …

Resources and capabilities that you will continue to develop and build over time

Identity, culture and structure of your venture

Branding and marketing you will employ in your commercialisation efforts

Fundraising efforts you will engage in

Resources and capabilities over time: developing agility and


acting with foresight!
The Dartboard provides an overview of the market opportunities that you can exploit –
now, and over time. Having such an early understanding of the markets that can
(potentially) be entered also helps you in taking key decisions regarding your resources
and capabilities, and how you want to develop them over time. In essence, by having
some foresight on this front, you will be able to develop your resources and capabilities
in a way that will enable greater flexibility and agility – and these features are key when
you should need to pivot to another market, or when you want to diversify to new
markets!

Build a modular technology


Given that you know about future opportunities, you may want to build your technology
in a modular manner so that you will be able to deploy it with greater flexibility –
thereby saving time and money when pivoting or exploiting additional market
opportunities! In any case, make sure that you do not lock yourself into one particular
development path for your technological capabilities. Although at times it is tempting
to tailor your technology in a way that allows you to cater to one specific market
(because it may save you time and money in the short term), it will become fairly
cumbersome, if not impossible, to adapt this technology to other applications. So, be
very strict about this, and make sure that your R&D team is aligned with this guidance.

Cast a wider intellectual property (IP) net


Your Agile Focus Strategy should also influence your Intellectual Property (IP) strategy.
Now that you know of additional market opportunities, you are able to proactively
protect your invention in these domains. When you file your patents, make sure that
your future options are reflected in your claims or application fields, to maximise your
IP potential.

Take into consideration future human resource needs


You may also want to think about the people you will be hiring in a manner that takes
into account your future market opportunities. Perhaps some employees bring the
necessary skills to develop your technology in a more flexible manner or are better
equipped for your sales and marketing efforts in current and future market domains?
Furthermore, think of how you define their roles in the organisation, in a way that
open­mindedness and agility are encouraged.

Build and involve your stakeholder network


Stakeholders have a key interest in the opportunities that you will (potentially) exploit.
These could be your investors, your advisory board or other potential partners and
allies. All these stakeholders need to be aware of your Agile Focus Strategy, and even
more importantly, they may help you in its implementation. Hence, be smart about
picking the right people in your network, with the relevant experience and attitude, so
that they will not lock you out of your future option(s).

Medic Vision provides an illustration for this important point. As the firm decided to
pivot from developing computer­aided diagnostic tools for brain scans to developing
SafeCT (an add­on that enables low­dose CT imaging), they actually had to find new
investors, as their current ones were locked on pursuing the original idea. Fortunately,
Medic Vision succeeded in this strategic shift, but it was definitely painful and costly.

The identity of your venture, its culture and its structure


The market(s) a firm is serving is (are) not only of significance for creating value. Your
choice of market opportunities also has a powerful influence on the DNA of your firm:
‘what your firm is all about’ and how others (potential employees, stakeholders,
customers etc.) will perceive it. In fact, it is not only the market opportunities that you
choose to pursue but also the scope of your focus that influence these profound
characteristics.
RESEARCH INSIGHTS

In a study that examined the emergence of 25 new technology ventures, we
investigated how different types of market focus influence the
1
organisational identity of these newly created firms.

The results show that the founders’ definition of ‘who we are as an
organisation’ clearly depends on the scope of market opportunities that
they intend to pursue:

Ventures that adopt a ‘laser­sharp’ focus approach tend to develop a
relatively narrow identity, which was mainly based on the specific
product that they wanted to develop.

Ventures that adopt an Agile Focus approach define their
organisational identity in a fairly broad manner, often emphasising a
wide market domain or a broadly defined need.

Un­focused ventures (i.e., those that had not yet adopted a strategic
focus) define their emerging firm in the widest possible manner, mainly
based on the technology they develop.

In short, your Agile Focus Strategy will shape the identity of your firm and its culture. It
will also affect how you design the structure of your company. Without a doubt, these
are some of the most profound, far­reaching characteristics of your venture!

Imprinting the firm’s identity


An identity statement defines what is important and essential to the venture, and
usually draws on ideological ideas that are important to the founder and his or her
plans for the venture. It relates to how employees, as well as customers and investors,
perceive the firm, and provides an answer to questions such as: ‘Who are we?’ ‘What
are we doing?’ ‘What do we want to be in the future?’

Foresight in terms of market choice can lead to foresight in terms of choosing ‘who you
are and will be as a company’. This is a subtle activity – yet one that is of great
significance! An identity, once more widely known, cannot be changed easily. Hence, it
is important to consider your range of market opportunities when developing and
shaping your ideas of what your firm is and will be about.

Augury’s founders, for example, define themselves as ‘a firm that brings predictive
maintenance to new markets by listening to machines’. In fact, their tag line says:
‘Machines talk. We listen’. This definition of ‘who we are’ is broad enough and holds for
any type of machine or market.

Shaping the culture


A firm’s culture is based on the notion of identity, yet it emphasises the shared
assumptions, values and beliefs that shape how people behave in a firm. Every
organisation develops and maintains a unique culture. Whether a firm’s culture is
actively shaped or not, it will emerge nonetheless … but maybe not in the way that is
most beneficial to the success of the firm. Your Agile Focus Strategy will influence the
culture that you want to develop and see flourish in your venture. In particular, you can
work on implementing a culture that values agility and innovativeness, as these
features are instrumental not only in pursuing an Agile Focus Strategy but also for
becoming and remaining competitive.

Augury’s founders, for example, initiate breakout sessions in which their employees
gather together and brainstorm for new ideas. These gatherings nurture the innovative
culture of the firm.

Designing the structure of your organisation


Lastly, your foresight of market opportunities is likely to shape the structure of your
organisation. You may define the roles in the organisation, or may want to build your
divisions in a way that will be aligned with your current and future market entry plans.
Remember that these plans may change over time, so the most important element is to
structure your firm such that it remains agile!

Your branding and marketing communications


The information shown on the Dartboard is also a key input to your branding strategy
and your marketing communications. Now that you have mapped out your future
growth path, you have opened up the opportunity to pick a brand name that reflects
best what your company is and will be about!

For instance, if you choose a brand name that is focused on one particular application
of your abilities, you may lose the ability to sell future products for new markets with
the same brand name (e.g., think of the brand names ‘Salesforce.com’ vs. ‘Oracle’).
While there are benefits to having a focused brand name that corresponds to a
particular application – especially if your budget for marketing communication is
limited – you also need to consider its inflexibility when seeking to enter new markets.

Furthermore, changing a brand name down the road means losing the reputation and
the positioning that you worked so hard to achieve, and usually requires some
significant financial investment.

GetTaxi is one interesting example of such a case. GetTaxi developed a GPS­based
application that connects customers and taxi drivers. Yet, over time it became clear that
the very same application can also be used for getting anything on demand (from
beauty and home services to dry cleaning and food). This novel understanding of what
the firm’s market opportunities can be required changing the brand name to ‘Gett’, a
move that involved significant expenditures.

So, when you develop and design your brand name and marketing communication
strategy, make sure they do not lock you out of possible growth or pivoting options.

Your fundraising campaign: communicating with potential


investors
Investors are often critical to the success of commercialisation efforts. Before they
invest, however, they want to understand how much value can be generated with your
venture project and want to see the roadmap that will help you to achieve your value
creation goals.

The Market Opportunity Navigator allows you to showcase the potential inherent in
your venture in a simple and intuitive way, as you can communicate your market
opportunities and your market entry strategy to investors, discuss risk mitigation
strategies (i.e., Backup Options) and show how you align your funding needs with key
milestones and your market roll­out plan.

In order to benefit from the systematic approach and clear language that the Market
Opportunity Navigator offers, you can include the main outcomes of your Navigator
process in your pitch deck and business plan. For example, investors will appreciate if
you can clearly show why you chose your target market opportunity, and how you
estimate its value creation potential and its value capture challenge. They will want to
see that you are focusing on the most promising opportunity, but also that you
understand how to bring your company to the next stage by exploiting additional
Growth Options over time.

Moreover, investors understand that innovative projects are often fraught with high
levels of uncertainty – hence, when you are able to show your Backup Options, you will
signal that you are in command of your venturing process and are ready to navigate
into an uncertain future.

Remember that investors are looking for a winning team and not just for a winning
idea. Applying the Navigator also signals to investors that your team is rigorous and
prudent, with broad insights and long­term views.

3.2 ONGOING USE OF THE NAVIGATOR

Are you running in the right direction?


This question bothers entrepreneurs and innovators not only as they choose their initial
path but also over time as they strive to pursue it.

Doubts that poke your confidence arise for many reasons. They can result from external
changes in your business environment or internal modifications in your firm’s abilities.
Whatever it may be, you can always go back to the structured evaluation offered by the
Navigator, check your new assumptions, support or refute your doubts and align your
strategy if necessary. It will build up your confidence – if your analysis shows that you
are still running in the right direction, or it will help you to discover a new direction – if
your analysis indicates that pivoting is preferable.

New opportunities that come unannounced often create big doubts as well. Think of
potential customers that hear about your technology or product and knock on your
door to see if it could be used in their domain. Surely, interested customers are great.
But should you really span your limited attention or redirect your strategy because of
that? The Market Opportunity Navigator can help you in dealing with such decisions:
evaluate these new opportunities, look at them relative to your other options and arrive
at an informed decision on whether they are worthwhile to be pursued – now or later.

Running in the right direction is also a relevant question when it’s time to grow your
business. Whether you are still a start­up or a larger enterprise, the Navigator will come
handy as you search for your next pathway to success.

All in all, the Market Opportunity Navigator can be of great value throughout your
entrepreneurial journey. Applying this framework over time will not only help you in
setting a promising strategy but will also help you in developing a proper DNA for your
emerging venture – one that facilitates a structured and thorough process when
important decisions are on the table.

The Market Opportunity Navigator is your ongoing companion. Make it a habit to use
it!

How can you benefit from the Market Opportunity Navigator


over time?
Trace back, track and update your decision

Move from intuition, to informed intuition, to fact­based decisions. Use the
Navigator with the information that you currently have in hand to decide on your
next action items (such as: What shall we work on this week?) until you are
sufficiently knowledgeable to set your strategy.

Learn more about your current market opportunities and update their positioning
on the Attractiveness Map and, perhaps, on the Agile Focus Dartboard.

Systematically work with newly arising market opportunities, that is, position them
on the Attractiveness Map and consider them for an updated Agile Focus
Dartboard.

Make your learning process and the evolution of your venture visible to everyone.

Date your updates and save them so that you can always go back for a review. This
will help you to understand what has changed and how the logic of your strategy has
developed over time.

Navigate the pivoting process


Things may go wrong and you will need to pivot over time. The Agile Focus Strategy
helps you to cope with pivoting more easily, as you develop wider capabilities, have
Backup Options in store and have been able to learn about other opportunities all
along.

Update the Attractiveness Map and the Agile Focus Strategy to make your pivoting
choice more apparent.

Navigate the growth process

The Agile Focus Strategy helps you to see and exploit new Growth Options. Once
your efforts prove successful, you can use the Market Opportunity Navigator to
decide on your new target opportunities. Attractiveness and relatedness will most
probably be your main considerations, as emphasised in Worksheet 3.

Remember that you may also use the options that you have placed in storage as
licensing opportunities, thereby creating an important additional income stream.

3.3 USING THE MARKET OPPORTUNITY NAVIGATOR


WITH OTHER BUSINESS TOOLS
Designing your business strategy is a complicated task that involves an iterative process
of learning, planning and validating. A handful of great business tools and methods can
help you as you strive to overcome this challenge and set a winning strategy.

This is why we designed the Market Opportunity Navigator in a way that …

Allows seamless integration with other major business tools

Mutually reinforces other tools, making their use more valuable

In the following, we explain how the Market Opportunity Navigator can be used
together with the Business Model Canvas and the Value Proposition Canvas,
outstanding frameworks for planning your strategy, and with the Lean Start­up
Methodology – a key method for validating your strategy. Together, they form a
powerful suite of tools that clearly lays out the planning and validating processes, as
you strive to find your promising path.
The Business Model and Value Proposition Canvases –
Enhancing your frameworks for strategic planning
While the Market Opportunity Navigator provides an excellent framework for assessing
your complete landscape of opportunities, the Business Model and Value Proposition
Canvases provide great frameworks for zooming into the details of a specific market
opportunity.

The Business Model Canvas, developed by Alexander Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur, is
one of the most commonly used tools for designing a business model.

It captures the offering (value proposition), the customers (customer segments,
distribution channels, relationships), the infrastructure (resources, activities, partners)
and the finances (costs, revenues) in a single, easy­to­use template that seeks to explain
how a business wants to create value with its offerings.
The Value Proposition Canvas, developed by Alexander Osterwalder, Yves Pigneur,
Greg Bernarda and Alan Smith, zooms in on two key cells of the Business Model
Canvas, that is, the value proposition and the customer segment. This canvas helps
innovators to find the fit between their offering (on its left side) and their customers (on
its right side). In particular, by analysing and designing the different elements of this
canvas, innovators can better understand how to build an attractive offering that will
2
create value for their customers.

The Market Opportunity Navigator integrates seamlessly with the Business Model and
Value Proposition Canvases, and offers great value in addition to these frameworks.
These tools work together like cogwheels, with one reinforcing the other, as they
provide different levels of analysis that are all essential for setting your strategy.

Combining macro and micro views

https://avxhm.se/blogs/hill0
The Navigator provides a powerful ‘macro view’ on the landscape of opportunities. Each
market opportunity in this landscape represents an application of your abilities for a
specific set of customers.

As such, it allows you to understand the content of and the links between four core
elements of the Business Model Canvas: the ‘resources’ and the ‘activities’ that form
your unique abilities, the ‘value proposition’ and the ‘customers’ cells.

Eventually, each market opportunity should have a clear ‘micro planning’ that details
its business model (i.e., how to create value to the firm) and its value proposition (i.e.,
how to create value to the customers).

However, to set these elements properly, you need to understand all levels of analysis,
as they are all essential: the macro view is essential for uncovering and comparing your
options, so that you can choose which markets to play in, and the micro view is
essential for understanding how to actually play in that market.
Each level of analysis provides important inputs to the others, so you can drill down
and go up in an iterative manner. For instance, you will need to understand your Value
Proposition Canvas to be able to evaluate a market opportunity and map it on the
Attractiveness Map, and you will need to understand your Agile Focus Strategy, to be
able to design a winning business model.

Design your business model to address an attractive market


opportunity
The birds­eye view of the Navigator will help you to choose the most attractive market
opportunity, so that you can design a winning business model to address this promising
path.

Most importantly, it answers the question ’Which customer segment(s) is (are) the best
to address with your resources? This is often one of the most pressing questions that an
innovator has, and without having a good answer to it, the business model design
process will suffer.

Design your business model to be flexible


You can design the building blocks of your business model in a flexible manner, to align
with your Agile Focus Strategy. Think about your partners, your channels, your key
activities and resources or even the type of relationships that you build with your
customers. They can all be designed with your smart portfolio in mind, to enable a
smoother pivoting or an easier growth in the future.

In order to get inspiration for your business model design, you can also turn to the
Business Model Navigator, which offers a collection of 55 models that have been
3
implemented successfully!

In sum, the combination of the Market Opportunity Navigator with the Business Model
and Value Proposition Canvases offers powerful insights that reach significantly beyond
the insights that each tool can provide by itself. These tools reinforce each other to
provide the comprehensive planning that is required for finding the most fertile ground
for your endeavour.

In fact, it doesn’t matter which of these cogwheels you start rolling first. Eventually, you
will need all to formulate a winning strategy.

The Lean Start-up Methodology – Enhancing your processes


The Lean Start-up Methodology – Enhancing your processes
for strategic validation
The Lean Start­up Methodology, which was developed by Eric Ries and Steve Blank,
has risen to prominence as it offers innovators a process by which they can rapidly test,
learn and adapt their offerings for their customers. It adds great value to the Market
Opportunity Navigator, as it forces you to nail down and validate your assumptions as
you learn about your market opportunities.

In particular, this methodology proposes that innovators have to discover and validate
their target customers before they engage in product development and company
building. Hence, innovators should adopt rapid build – measure – learn cycles that
involve the formulation of assumptions, their validation or their adaptation – if
4
required.

The Market Opportunity Navigator and the Lean Start­up Methodology complement
each other in several ways. Just as before, the two approaches work together like
cogwheels, with one reinforcing the other.

Here is how you can greatly benefit from using these tools
Here is how you can greatly benefit from using these tools
together:
1. Combine planning and experimentation
The Navigator is a tool to plan your strategy, reflect on what you have learned and
adjust if necessary. This plan­reflect­adjust process enhances the rapid
experimentation cycles offered by the Lean Methodology. Together they create a
complete learning process, during which you can be both predictive and adaptive. The
iterative process usually begins with planning. Gather the knowledge that you have in
hand on the Navigator to understand and to set your strategic boundaries so that you
can engage in meaningful experimentations. Then build a minimum viable product and
get out of the building – as guided by the Lean Method – to learn about real customer
needs. You can then go back to the Navigator to reflect and adjust: update your Market
Opportunity Set, your Attractiveness Map, and your Agile Focus Dartboard according
to what you have learned. Now build­measure­learn again …

In short, the Navigator offers a process to rigorously plan and define your market
domains and the Lean Method offers a process to understand and to validate the
customers’ needs, as these are often not known in advance, even with rigorous
planning.

2. Combine broad and targeted perspectives


The Lean Method pushes you to examine a single, targeted path. If it turns out to be the
‘wrong’ one, you should pivot by finding a branch from that path that seems to be
interesting. The Market Opportunity Navigator, however, guides you to see the broad
landscape of opportunities. This overview can save you from going down the wrong
path in your experimentation or from missing out a more promising one. In addition, it
enables you to be more prepared for pivoting down the road, as you keep on reflecting
on your Market Opportunity Set, and you keep some options open following your Agile
Focus Strategy.

In short, this broad perspective helps you to find a ‘global maximum’ rather than a local
one, and to leverage your variety of options for a better manoeuvrability.

3. Combine customers and market hypotheses


The Lean Method pushes you to validate your hypotheses about customers through
rapid experimentations. These hypotheses are usually based on the nine building blocks
of the Business Model Canvas and emphasise mainly the value proposition aspect. The
Navigator examines the attractiveness of an opportunity based on its Potential and its
Challenge. The structured evaluation shown in Worksheet 2 forms the basis for an
additional set of hypotheses which examines other aspects of the market and its
environmental context (such as competitors, value chain actors etc.) so that you can
generate market hypotheses on top of your customer hypotheses and base your
strategic choice on a more inclusive set of considerations.

4. Combine short and long learning loops


The Lean Method emphasises the importance of rapid build­measure­learn loops. Yet,
as examples such as KalOptics and Microbot have shown, many ideas simply cannot be
tested quickly and cheaply in a series of experiments. They require significant upfront
investment in research and development, perhaps even over a longer term. They may
also be too novel or too complex to allow rapid customer assessments. In other words,
firms with such innovations need to incur substantial expenses – and thus need to be
very careful about the path which they want to take. If this is the case for you, the
Market Opportunity Navigator will provide you with important answers, as you can
apply it to identify the most promising paths and to make sure that you remain agile if
adaptation is required over time. The Agile Focus Strategy is therefore indispensable
when rapid experimentation is not feasible.

In sum, the combination of the Navigator and the Lean Start­up Methodology is
powerful, as they reinforce each other to create a broad and complete process for
validating your strategy. Once again, it doesn’t matter which of these cogwheels you
start rolling first. Eventually, you will need both to formulate a winning strategy.

To find out more take a look at:

1  Experimentation, uncertainty, and the performance of new technology ventures/Tal, Gruber & de

Haan (Dissertation Technion)

2  To find out more about the Business Model Canvas and the Value Proposition Canvas, take a look at

the creators of the canvases: Strategyzer and strategyzer.com

3  The Business Model Navigator/ Gassmann, Frankenberger & Csik (2014)

4  The Lean Startup/ Eric Ries (2011); The Four Steps to the Epiphany/ Steve Blank (2005); Running

Lean/ Ash Maurya (2010); Lean strategy/ David Collis (2016)
History

Chapter 4
Topics

Tutorials

Beyond start-ups: The


Offers & Deals

Navigator for:
Highlights

4.1 Established firms
Settings

4.2 Investors
Support

4.3 Technology Transfer Offices
Sign Out

4.4 Educators and Accelerators

Identifying, evaluating and exploiting new market opportunities are core to the
venture creation process, the competitiveness of established firms and, more
generally, to value creation.

Other than newly created ventures, the Market Opportunity Navigator can
provide novel insights and create value for …

Established firms – when seeking to commercialise their innovations and looking
for new business opportunities

Investors – when screening new ventures and when guiding their growth strategy
over time

Technology Transfer Offices – when working with inventors and drafting patent
applications

Educators and accelerators – when seeking to provide knowledge and to accompany
the learning of budding entrepreneurs and innovators
And … even if you are not part of these groups, the Navigator’s process (or parts of it)
entails valuable insights that may help you to understand your specific business
situation in a more thorough way and allow you to arrive at a better strategic choice.

4.1 THE MARKET OPPORTUNITY NAVIGATOR FOR


ESTABLISHED FIRMS
All companies have to renew themselves to survive and are challenged to capture new
growth opportunities: they struggle to sustain their competitiveness, find new fertile
grounds and satisfy their shareholders.

Yet, discovering and implementing growth endeavours is extremely challenging for
established firms. In fact, studies show that a very high percentage of these attempts
fail, and that profitable growth is becoming increasingly difficult and more elusive for
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most companies.

Why is this the case? Organisations are typically designed to protect the status quo and
to do well what they are already doing. Hence, they are usually good at execution, but
they are rarely designed to engage in the art of entrepreneurship. Finding the right
growth opportunity and successfully capturing it requires a change in mindset for most
managers and employees. It also requires the cooperation of many different groups of
stakeholders – each following their own agenda and incentives, and each possessing
different risk preferences that may limit what they are willing to accept as expansion
attempts. Overall, as your firm becomes larger, more complex and more internally
focused over time, growth is often stifled by the very forces that make your organisation
run smoothly and execute in its established lines of business.

In his books ‘Profit from the Core’ and ‘Beyond the Core’, Chris Zook emphasises the
importance of leveraging existing core abilities of the firm when searching for profitable
growth opportunities. These adjacent diversification moves make use of existing
customer relationships, technologies or core business skills to build competitive
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advantage in a new area.

In fact, when 3M engaged in a study to better understand their own successes and
failures, they actually discovered that new businesses based on long­standing 3M
competencies were dramatically more likely to succeed than those that didn’t leverage
core skills.
In addition, successful growth endeavours depend greatly on applying methods that
allow you to decide correctly, to tilt the odds in your favour and to control the cost of
failures when they inevitably occur. According to Chris Zook, even small improvements
in performance along these dimensions can considerably increase the overall likelihood
of successfully capturing a new business opportunity.

The Market Opportunity Navigator supports you in accomplishing just that: it will help
you to discover new market opportunities stemming from your unique abilities, will
guide you towards the most promising opportunities and will help you to control your
risks along the way.

So, whether you are the CEO, the VP for business development, the innovation
manager of your firm or if you carry any other role that faces the challenge of finding
new growth paths, the Market Opportunity Navigator offers several key benefits that
will help you in better positioning your intrapreneurial endeavours for success!

Casting a wide net


Before you focus on a specific growth opportunity, you must make sure to develop a
broad range of business concepts. Outstanding opportunities are rare, and your
chances of stumbling across one such idea are directly proportionate to the number of
business opportunities that your company can identify.

Generating a set of new business options requires an explicit process for developing the
capability to uncover truly fresh opportunities. Step 1 of the Market Opportunity
Navigator offers such an explicit process: it guides you on how to de­link your core
abilities from any specific product that you are currently producing or any specific
customer that you are currently addressing. It helps you in characterising your core
abilities in ‘their own right’, so that you can search systematically for new market
opportunities. Importantly, this process will not only support you in discovering
adjacent market opportunities but will also facilitate your distant search for new
opportunities – to help you overcome the well­known ‘tyranny’ of your currently served
markets.

Deciding on ‘how to decide’


Business expansions are journeys into the unknown. Screening and evaluating your
opportunities are therefore both extremely challenging and extremely crucial tasks. In
fact, successful companies invest a great deal in developing criteria and processes for
making the best growth decisions. For example, such an innovation funnel is used at an
innovation centre of Microsoft: their structured, multi­stage process includes four
gateways where new opportunities are screened – moving from initial perceptions
about many opportunities, to the evaluation of several opportunities, and to developing
strategy and tactics for a few opportunities.

The Market Opportunity Navigator offers you a proven and easy­to­apply process for
screening, evaluating and mapping your growth opportunities. Step 2 provides you with
a comprehensive checklist of criteria for evaluating the Potential and the Challenge
inherent in your opportunities, and guides you on how to map their attractiveness in
one clear overview. These criteria hold regardless of whether your Growth Options are
based on internal means or on external ones such as partnerships and acquisitions.

Depending on your specific needs, you can also adjust the process. For instance, if
necessary you can include additional factors that may shape the Potential of an
opportunity (e.g., the extent to which it influences existing businesses) or that may
shape the Challenge of an opportunity (e.g., the extent to which it fits the organisational
culture).

Overall, this thorough evaluation process will help you to remove the weeds and
uncover the gems – and make a smart growth decision.

Bringing relatedness to the forefront


Assessing relatedness among opportunities has two main implications:

First, you can use the relatedness measure to understand the linkage between your
current business and a new Growth Option. Chris Zook suggests that relatedness to a
strong core is the most powerful engine for value creation and shows that many of the
most successful growth companies were able to maintain strong reinforcement between
the current business and the new adjacencies. Therefore, assessing the relative distance
of alternative growth opportunities to your current business is useful when comparing
possible investments relative to each other, as well as in evaluating them on an absolute
basis.

Second, once a growth opportunity is anchored as your preferred option, you can use
relatedness to adopt a long­term perspective and plan your multi­step moves. In other
words, you can build a portfolio of related Growth and Backup Options around this
primary opportunity. Furthermore, relatedness reasoning can also help you in building
‘clusters of future moves’ around each possible investment option and in comparing
these different strategic scenarios by having the bigger picture of all opportunities in
mind.
Afterall, investment in one opportunity always carries the trade­off of putting aside
other possibilities, so understanding future portfolios is important for making the right
choice.

Worksheet 3 offers clear guidance on how to assess product and market relatedness.
You can use these measures for both purposes: to assess the relatedness of an
opportunity to your current business and to build a portfolio of options around it. This
will help you in setting the right priorities, in spending cash with the right amount of
foresight and, ultimately, in reaping the greatest benefits from your innovation efforts!

Controlling the risk


One of the biggest challenges in innovation and growth projects is managing the risk
inherent in such endeavours. As a manager, you have to make sure to maintain the net
income from your established lines of business while also managing riskier growth
projects: you need to exploit the existing business and explore new businesses. The
Market Opportunity Navigator can help you in balancing the risky growth projects and
in controlling the cost of failure once it occurs. In particular, the Agile Focus Strategy
provides foresight on your opportunities for backup and future expansion, and leads to
a smart portfolio of options that you keep open. This is an excellent way to hedge your
bets and to prepare your firm for potential pivots. Having such foresight will signal to
your different stakeholders that you are taking an informed risk rather than an
unreasonable gamble.

Selling the idea within the organisation


Lastly, one major challenge is to get the agreement, the support and the commitment of
all stakeholders on a future growth path. In the early stages of a new project, you will
need at least a sponsor and a small incubation team to embark on the idea. The Market
Opportunity Navigator can help you in several ways as you strive to promote your idea
within the firm.

First, it helps to establish a common language within the organisation to facilitate
discussions and reach agreements. The stages of the decision process are clearly
specified and visualised – so that you can discuss opportunities in a more efficient and
3
effective manner, either with your peers or in prominent board meetings.

Second, forming a clear strategic vision, as the Navigator suggests, is key when trying to
lead change and create commitment in your firm. According to John Kotter, author of
‘Leading Change’, communicating a clear plan and keeping it updated and breathing
are necessary when trying to sell your idea in the organisation.
Lastly, Kotter also suggests that generating short­term wins can greatly help in getting
the agreement and the sponsorship for your main idea. Hence, you can use the
Attractiveness Map to identify your ‘Quick Wins’ and to design your strategy
accordingly.

All in all, the Market Opportunity Navigator can serve as an invaluable tool that allows
you not only to identify and exploit major new opportunities for growth but also to
build a systematic capability in this core activity: the capability of opportunity
4
management.  This capability includes superior skills in identifying a larger number,
and a more varied set of new opportunities, in evaluating and prioritising these
alternatives in an efficient manner and in assembling a promising opportunity
portfolio.

With the Market Opportunity Navigator, you can find out how to best leverage the
current assets of the firm to find the next BIG thing and how to manage your
innovation funnel more effectively.

As a side note, it is interesting to mention that the Navigator’s process is useful not only
for comparing different market opportunities and setting the growth strategy of a firm
but also for setting priorities among different investment options within a department
or a specific unit. For instance, a product manager that needs to decide which features
to develop in the upcoming year can use the very same process to set his priorities
properly. Of course, the factors that shape the Potential and the Challenge of his
options will likely have to be adjusted, but the overall framework will still be of help. In
sum, the Navigator can actually be applied in different levels of the organisation, by
different types of managers, for different types of investment choices.

4.2 THE MARKET OPPORTUNITY NAVIGATOR FOR


INVESTORS
The Market Opportunity Navigator can support investors in two main ways. First, it
allows for a more effective screening of new ventures and the opportunities that they
seek to exploit. Second, it allows for an improved management of their portfolio
companies over time.

Whether you are a private investor, a corporate investor or a venture capitalist, you can
enjoy the benefits of the Navigator in several ways.

Supporting the screening process in investment decisions


As an investor, you primarily look for venture deals that allow for significant growth
and in a relatively short period (often within a time frame of 5–7 years max). One of the
main reasons as to why you turn off a funding request is because you believe that the
venture’s target market does not offer the potential for significant value creation, or at
least not within this time frame … in some cases, however, founders fail to
communicate the potential inherent in their venture, although it does exist!

The Market Opportunity Navigator offers a highly compelling way with which ventures
can communicate their opportunities and associated market entry strategy to potential
investors. In particular, it allows entrepreneurs to showcase the potential inherent in
their venture, discuss risk mitigation strategies (i.e., Backup Options) and align their
funding needs with the key milestones and future growth. It also helps them to bridge
the knowledge gaps and the different perspectives that each side brings to the table.

In turn, you are better able to grasp the strategic plans of founders and understand the
prospects of a venture proposal. You can also communicate your feedback to founders
in a more effective manner – for instance, if you believe the venture has merits yet fails
to exploit the best market opportunity.

Furthermore, you can get additional insights on other key elements shaping your
investment decision when founding teams apply the Navigator, as you can understand
how they manage their opportunities and how flexible their thinking is.

Investors can request founders to use the Navigator in their pitch deck – thus
allowing a thorough discussion on alternative market opportunities and on a
validated roadmap.

Overall, the Market Opportunity Navigator enhances your ability to communicate with
founders, and to make better and quicker investment choices.

Supporting the management of portfolio companies


Once an investment is made, you and the founders have a vital interest in seeing the
venture flourish. During the venture development process, the Market Opportunity
Navigator can serve as an important tool that supports venture management – for
instance, in terms of planning and executing pivots to alternative markets or for
pursuing additional growth opportunities.

The navigator also offers a clear language that facilitates fruitful discussions in board
meetings and aligns expectations of different stakeholders, once a strategy needs to be
set.
4.3 THE MARKET OPPORTUNITY NAVIGATOR FOR
TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER OFFICES
One of the core missions of Technology Transfer Offices (TTOs) is to transfer
knowledge and technologies from universities and other research institutions to a wide
range of users, to ensure that such advances can be exploited widely in the form of new
products, services, processes etc. The process of technology commercialisation involves
mechanisms such as new venture creation, licensing agreements, partnerships and joint
ventures. The basis of many such agreements is the patent, as it codifies the
technological knowledge that is to be commercialised.

Technology Transfer Offices typically have strong legal expertise, as such expertise is
needed for both the patenting process as well as the contractual arrangements made
between the parties. They also draw on strong technological expertise – expertise that is
either present in their own team or that the inventor provides to the TTO.

Yet, among the many TTOs that we observed, knowledge about market opportunities
and associated applications remained limited – in no small part because such
knowledge requires a different set of skills and competences, that are often scarce
among the relatively small TTO teams.

So, if you are a team member of a technology transfer unit, you can use the Market
Opportunity Navigator to improve your work. In essence, applying the Navigator on a
research project – either by you or by the inventor him­ or herself – will provide you
with an improved view of the potential applications for the technology. Such an
improved view will support you in a number of ways, including:

Getting a better understanding of the value of a proposed technology, to decide
which technologies are worthwhile to be pursued, and which are not

Making better commercialisation decisions (which opportunities should be
exploited with which mechanism)

Writing stronger patents as the application space is more clearly specified

Having better knowledge of potential licensees and other partners

Drafting more specific agreements with partners
In addition, the Market Opportunity Navigator can serve as an excellent
communication tool between you and the inventor. It allows you to better understand
the technology – in its own right – and realise its limits and possibilities, and it allows
the researcher to better understand the applicability of his work and the additional
know­how that may still be required to capture its value at the fullest.

Notably, TTOs can commercialise a technology in several ways simultaneously. You can
license a technology to different parties in parallel, based on exclusivity in different
domains, or you can support the creation of several spin­outs based on the same patent.
Thus, the Agile Focus Strategy – which is elemental for resource­constrained ventures
– has limited relevance in the pursuit of multiple commercialisation paths. However,
once a technology is commercialised through a spin­out, the Agile Focus Strategy
becomes powerful, and the Market Opportunity Navigator can, again, serve as an
important tool that supports the management of the venture.

4.4 THE MARKET OPPORTUNITY NAVIGATOR FOR


EDUCATORS AND ACCELERATORS
The Market Opportunity Navigator is a key tool for educators – as it addresses one of
the most pressing concerns of start­ups and established firms, that is, how to identify
and benefit from opportunities for value creation.

Academic institutes, as well as accelerators, seek to educate their trainees and provide
them with valuable knowledge and a toolbox to promote their future success. The
Market Opportunity Navigator is an essential part of such a toolbox.

Using the Market Opportunity Navigator in Higher Education


As an educator, you can use the Market Opportunity Navigator in your classroom
teaching. With this solid tool at hand, you can teach your students not only how to
discover and strategise valuable opportunities but also how to engage in systematic
analysis and how they can maintain their cognitive flexibility during the innovation or
venture creation process. In short, it is not merely a capability that you can offer to your
students but a dynamic capability!
Because the Market Opportunity Navigator is solidly anchored in contemporary
thinking in entrepreneurship, innovation and strategy domains, it can readily be
integrated into your teaching curricula – either as part of an existing course, a
standalone course or in a workshop setting.

In our own teaching efforts, we have achieved extraordinary results using the Navigator
process in a wide variety of educational settings. More specifically, we have found that
the Navigator process fits well to entrepreneurship, innovation and strategy classes and
can be taught to students on the bachelor, master or executive education levels.

Because the Navigator offers a staged framework, it is fairly easy to structure the
lectures and the students’ assignments, either in class or at home.

The worksheets offer hands­on exercises and fit well the current trend of engaging the
students with real, problem­based work. These hands­on assignments can also be
presented in class, to facilitate discussions and peer learning.

Furthermore, given that the book and its supporting material explain both the
theoretical background and its practical implementations in an easy­to­use format, they
offer an excellent teaching companion for you and an important learning companion
for your students.

Some insights can help you as you design your course:

First, we typically include real technologies in our curricula. These can be based on the
students’ own start­up ideas or on other research projects in the university. Working on
these ‘real’ cases not only motivates students but also helps the innovators … and,
ultimately, may create significant value!

Second, we have found that a mix of students pursuing a business education and of
students having no prior education in business (e.g., students in a variety of
engineering domains) works best for such classes, as they can contribute different
perspectives and expertise to the three steps of the Market Opportunity Navigator. So,
if feasible, try to gather a varied audience in your class.
To give you a rough idea on how you can apply the Navigator, an example for a
workshop structure on market opportunities for new technologies is shown below.

Suggested workshop: Market opportunities for new


technologies
Preparation: Scouting for technologies (either by lecturer or by enrolled students)

WEEK I Background, explanation of the Market Opportunity
Navigator and its Worksheets 1, 2 and 3

   

WEEK II Presentation of technologies (by inventors)
Team­building: teams of 3–4 students work on one
technology
Joint (class­wide) brainstorming of market opportunities
Worksheet 1: preliminary draft
Start filling the Market Opportunity Set per technology
Homework: continue opportunity identification and use
Worksheet 2 for evaluation

   

  Time for students to work on opportunity identification and
evaluation

   

WEEK III   Presentations of the results (Market Opportunity Set and
Attractiveness Map) and backup Worksheets 1 and 2

   

WEEK IV Workshop with externals (e.g., VCs, Angels, start­up
consultants) to advance understanding of market
opportunities and their evaluations Homework: improve
existing insights and use Worksheet 3

   

  Time for students to work on developing the Agile Focus
Strategy

   

Final Presentations:
WEEK V Market Opportunity Set, Attractiveness Map and Agile Focus
Dartboard Invite inventors and other stakeholders for their
feedback and learning

Using the Navigator in accelerators and incubators


Accelerators and incubators are constantly searching for ways to boost their start­ups’
success. In fact, acceleration programmes are primarily developed to nurture earlystage
founders and to provide them with the necessary platforms and know­hows for value
creation. Moreover, the success of accelerators and incubators themselves depends
largely on the success of their start­ups!

Whether you run an accelerator programme or train its start­ups, the Market
Opportunity Navigator is an ideal add­on to your programme. Similar to other business
tools (e.g., the Business Model Canvas), the Navigator can be easily taught and applied
throughout the incubation period. You can schedule a joint workshop or one­on­one
meetings to help founders in identifying, evaluating and setting their market
opportunity strategy smartly. This training is visual and fun. You can put the
Navigator’s main boards on the wall, and use sticky notes to show the market
opportunities that were identified and considered by each group. Presenting the three
steps of the Navigator can facilitate interesting discussions and generate excellent peer
learning – which is of vital importance for early stage founders.

Because many start­ups already have a market opportunity in mind as they enter the
programme, they can start with Step 2 of the Navigator to evaluate how valuable their
opportunity is and to map it on the Attractiveness Map. Once this analysis is
accomplished, founders can see whether it is worthwhile to pursue this opportunity as
their primary market. Regardless of their decision, however, it is then important to go
back to Step 1, generate additional market opportunities, evaluate them, and design the
Agile Focus Strategy of the firm accordingly. In the process, they may discover even
better opportunities …

Furthermore, as the Navigator is most beneficial if it is used in an ongoing manner, it
can actually serve as a reflection tool during the acceleration period and, thus,
accompany the learning process. Founders can update their Navigator in a timely
manner, to summarise what they have learned so far, and discuss their strategy­
building progress in a shared language.

Overall, the Market Opportunity Navigator is an extremely important tool for early
stage ventures and can greatly contribute to their success – and to the success of your
accelerator or incubator!

To find out more take a look at:

1  The Growth Gamble/ Campbell & Park (2005)

2  Beyond the Core/ Chris Zook (2004); Profit from the Core/ Chris Zook (2001)

3  Leading Change/ John Kotter (1996)

4  To find out more about opportunity management in established firms take a look at: The

Entrepreneurial Mindset/McGrath & MacMillan (2000); Discovery­Driven Growth/ McGrath &
MacMillan (2009); The End of Competitive Advantage/ Rita McGrath (2013); The process of
technological competence leveraging/ Erwin Danneels (2007)
History

Chapter 5
Topics

Tutorials

Epilogue: The Navigator’s


Offers & Deals

Navigator
Highlights

Setting the strategy for the Market Opportunity Navigator


Settings

The Market Opportunity Navigator is a business tool that supports entrepreneurs in
Support
setting their market opportunity strategy.
Sign Out
As we began developing it, however, it became clear that our unique know­how – on
which this tool is built – can actually be utilised to serve other needs of other market
segments. We had to identify and examine these options and prioritise them, if we
wanted to develop an appealing offering to an attractive market. In other words, we had
to follow our own advice and use the tool ourselves. Here is how we used the Market
Opportunity Navigator – for the Navigator …

The first step was to analyse our unique abilities and search broadly to uncover
additional market opportunities, thus creating our Market Opportunity Set.
Worksheet 1 came in handy for that purpose:
First and foremost, our unique know­how is built on the deep understanding that we
possess regarding the entrepreneurial process, including the identification of options,
their evaluation criteria, the choice mechanism and the challenge of balancing focus
and flexibility when making this profound decision. This know­how is also based on a
broad perspective, as it relies on extensive academic research and practical experience,
and is grounded by hundreds of cases across industries and countries. We also have
unique abilities as educators – as we are both well­recognised lecturers in the field,
with all that it entails.

These unique abilities can be applied to create a strategy­setting tool for managing the
choice of market opportunities that can be used by start­ups, established firms and
educators of all kind. They can also be applied as a screening tool – especially for
investors and Technology Transfer Offices, where difficult screening decisions are core
to their business’ success. Additionally, we could apply our abilities to create a method
for patent valuations, which can be useful for patent lawyers or financial advisors such
as investment bankers, to list a few.

As we began to investigate these options and to talk with different potential customers,
we understood that the patent valuation application was currently too far out of our
expertise and thus decided to assess the following five markets: start­ups, educators,
established firms, investors and Technology Transfer Offices. Our Market Opportunity
Set was ready for the next stage:
We next used Worksheet 2 to evaluate each of these markets.

Start-ups:
New ventures, of all kind, are the original users that we had in mind when we started
this project. We evaluated the overall Potential of this market opportunity as ‘high’ and
the overall Challenge of pursuing it as ‘mid’. Here are the major considerations that
lead us to this evaluation:

Educators:
Being educators ourselves – teaching technology commercialisation and
entrepreneurship courses in universities – we are highly familiar with this market and
can access it relatively easily.

We estimated the overall Potential of this market to be ‘high’ and the overall Challenge
as ‘mid’. Here are the major considerations that lead us to this evaluation:
Established firms:
Established firms must innovate to maintain their competitiveness and to identify new
growth opportunities … or else they are bound to lose market share and eventually die.
Managers in established firms can apply the Market Opportunity Navigator to identify
and prioritise their Growth Options.

We estimated that the overall Potential of this market is somewhere between high to
super high, but that the overall Challenge in pursuing it is relatively high.
Here are the major considerations that lead us to this evaluation:

Technology Transfer Offices:


Technology Transfer Offices are dedicated to identifying research which has potential
commercial interest and to develop the strategies for how to exploit it. TTOs work on
behalf of universities and research institutions, governments and even large
corporations. They can use the Market Opportunity Navigator as a screening tool – to
fully understand the potential of an innovation and decide whether they should invest
efforts in its commercialisation (e.g., patents, licenses).

We estimated that the overall Potential of this market is ‘mid’ and so is the overall
Challenge. Here are the major considerations that lead us to this evaluation:

Investors:
Investors of early stage start­ups are constantly seeking promising businesses. The
Market Opportunity Navigator can assist them in screening their deal­flow, and in
achieving agreement with their investment partners.

We estimated that the overall Potential of this market is mid­high and that the overall
Challenge of pursuing it is high. Here are the major considerations that lead us to this
evaluation:

The overall rating of each market opportunity could now be depicted on the
Attractiveness Map, to help us characterise and compare our options:
According to the map, start­ups and educators are both Gold Mine opportunities.
Established firms are a Moon Shot opportunity and TTOs are Quick Wins. Investors are
somewhat in the middle.

We decided that start­ups would thus be our Primary Market Opportunity. It was now
time to understand how other market opportunities are connected to our primary one,
so that we can build a smart portfolio around it.

Next, we used Worksheet 3 to design our Agile Focus Strategy.


Educators are the most attractive opportunity next to start­ups. This opportunity is
highly related to start­ups – both in terms of the product and the market, so that we can
increase our value with relatively low efforts. We decided to pursue this Growth Option
in parallel to our primary market.

Technology Transfer Offices were analysed next. Our product would need to be
somewhat adapted to turn into a screening tool, and hence the product relatedness is at
a medium level, and so is the market relatedness, as start­ups and TTOs require
different channels and not necessarily reference each other. Still, TTOs can serve as a
Growth Option, and we decided to keep it open for later.

Established firms seem to bear high potential for our tool. The product they require
is somewhat related to the product for start­ups, but the markets have low relatedness.
While this opportunity can become a promising Growth Option in the future, it can also
serve as our Backup Option – if we fail to succeed with entrepreneurs. We decided to
keep it open.
Lastly, we looked at investors. While the product needed to be adapted and thus is only
somewhat related, the market relatedness to start­ups was tight, as they both share
extensive word­of­mouth.

This opportunity could help us grow in the future, so we decided to keep it open as well.
Finally, it was time to gather all these decisions and depict our strategy on the
Dartboard: we would focus on pursuing start­ups and educators, keep TTOs and
investors open for future growth, and keep established firms open as a Backup Option.

Here is how the Navigator’s Navigator looks like:

Based on this decision, we tailored the tool to entrepreneurs and decided to write this
book and record an on­line course at the outset. We also developed several curricula
programmes to address educators in parallel.

Overall, our own Agile Focus Strategy helped us not only in building our roadmap, but
also in shaping our marketing materials and key messages.

https://avxhm.se/blogs/hill0
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Now it’s YOUR turn to find out where to play. Apply the Navigator to make sure that
you are running in the right direction and remain agile without losing your focus!
History

These worksheets are for you …
Topics

Tutorials

Offers & Deals

Highlights

Settings

Support

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History

Thank you note


opics

Writing this book involved a great amount of feedback, iterations and testing. In
utorials
particular, we wish to thank the following persons for their invaluable feedback and
inspiring discussions over the years: Ayala Berenson, Tali Hadasa Blank, Bart Clarysse,
Offers & Deals
Erwin Danneels, Shirah Foy, Marc Gandillon, Uzi de Haan, Yonathan Lerner, Ian
MacMillan, John Mullins, Argyro Nikiforou, Alex Osterwalder, Nettra Pan, Yves
Highlights
Pigneur, Keren Rubin, Galia Schwartz, Gal Shaul, Jana Thiel, James Thompson and
Saar Yoskovitz. You helped us shape the ideas presented in this book and for that we
ettings
are more than grateful!
Support
We also owe our gratitude to those who have helped make this book a reality.
SignSpecifically, we are grateful for the support of our publisher and, in particular, of Eloise
Out
Cook and her professional team. We also owe a huge thank you to our designer, Dana
Shimoni, who accompanied us from the very first outline to the very last detail of this
book. Dana – you are the best!

Last, but of course not least, we wish to thank our families for their never­ending
support throughout the years. Writing a book is a long journey and you walked it with
us, providing a tremendous amount of encouragement and inspiration. This book
would not have happened without you!
What others say about this
Topics

book
Tutorials

Offers & Deals

‘Designed to work seamlessly with our Business Model and Value
Highlights
Proposition Canvases, the Market Opportunity Navigator, proposed by
Marc and Sharon, will help entrepreneurs and innovators to
Settings
commercialise technologies. You will enjoy discovering highly
practical worksheets, maps and dartboards of tremendous interest if
upport
you want to better identify, evaluate and strategise market
opportunities. Let yourself be charmed by the toolkit and the case
Sign Out
studies, along with the thoughts of Marc and Sharon.’

Alex Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur, authors of the bestseller Business
Model Generation

‘When two internationally­known experts in entrepreneurship write a
“how to” book on market opportunities for entrepreneurs, it is bound
to be a very valuable book indeed. Marc Gruber and Sharon Tal have
created just the right book for first­time and experienced
entrepreneurs. It contains both step­by­step plans and very valuable
tips on identifying market opportunities – an invaluable complement
to both the Lean Start­up Process and the Business Model Canvas!’

Eric von Hippel, T. Wilson Professor of Innovation, MIT Sloan School of
Management
‘From entrepreneurship thought leaders comes this innovative step­
by­step guide to thinking through the market essentials of an
opportunity. Rather than relying on generic examples or others’
stories, the authors put the reader in the driver’s seat by encouraging
him or her to generate, evaluate and prepare to act on their own
opportunities. I can’t think of a more practically useful
entrepreneurship book.’

Dean A. Shepherd, Ray and Milann Siegfried Professor of
Entrepreneurship, Mendoza College of Business, Notre Dame
University

‘Gruber and Tal have crafted a visually exciting way for entrepreneurs
to identify and analyse their opportunities, before they dive into
execution. This book pairs nicely with the Business Model Canvas and
Lean Startup. Best of all, it also tells you how to focus, and what NOT
to do!’

Henry Chesbrough, UC Berkeley Haas School of Business professor,
and author of Open Innovation.

‘Using thoughtful research and compelling examples, Where to Play
provides important guidance on how to balance focus and flexibility
when launching a new venture. It builds on the Lean Startup model by
providing meaningful insights on what markets to address first.’

Tina Seelig, Professor of the Practice, Stanford School of Engineering

‘Where to Play attacks head­on one of the most difficult questions any
aspiring entrepreneur must answer: “Which target market should I
serve?” It’s visual, easy­to­apply, and full of common­sense. If I were
starting a business today, I wouldn’t leave the starting blocks without
it!’

John Mullins, Professor, London Business School; best selling author,
The New Business Road Test and The Customer­Funded Business

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