Placed at the meeting of

Academic Council
held on 26.03.2018
APPENDIX – AY
MADURAI KAMARAJ UNIVERSITY
(University with Potential for Excellence)
M.Sc. Mathematics (Semester)
REVISED SYLLABUS
(With effect from the academic year 2018-19 onwards)

1. Introduction of the Programme

The M.Sc., Mathematics programme is expected to be highly beneficial to the
student community. The programme introduces new ideas slowly and carefully in
such a manner so as to give the students a good institutive feeling for the subject and
develops an interest in the subject to pursue their studies further. It would also prove
to be a great asset for those preparing for NET, SET and other competitive exams.
One of the amazing features of the twentieth century mathematics has been its
recognition of the power of the abstract approach. This has given rise to a large body
of new results for problems and has in fact led us to emerging trends in mathematics.
2. Eligibility for admission
A candidate with a pass in B.Sc., Mathematics degree or any other degree
accepted by Madurai Kamaraj University as equivalent to B.Sc., Mathematics is
eligible to join the course.
2.1 Duration of the Programme : 2 Years
2.2 Medium of Instructions : English
3. Objective of the Programme
To Develop knowledge in basic Mathematics and Mathematical theories so
that the students are able to develop skills which enable them to apply mathematical
techniques for solving problems and help them to appreciate the depth of
mathematical ideas that are useful in other areas. Students undergoing this course will
make them serve as good teachers at the U:G level and will also prepare them for
pursuing research in areas related to Mathematical Science.
4. Outcome of the Programme
The syllabi for M.Sc., Mathematics have been designed in such a way that the
students, When they go out, will be capable of facing the competitive situation
prevailing now and getting placement with developed Mathematical Knowledge.
5. Core subject papers
M.Sc., Mathematics programme consist of number of subjects. The following
are the various categories of the courses suggested for the M.Sc., Mathematics
Programme.
Core Subjects (CS) – 16,
Elective Subjects (ES) – 4,
Non-Major Subject Elective (NMSE) – 3. (For other major students)

6. Subject Elective Papers

The University shall provide all information related to the Elective subject in
M.Sc., Mathematics to all the students so as to enable them to choose their Elective
Subject in each semester. The list of elective papers in each semester is displayed
under the Programme structure.
7. Non-Major Elective papers
The University shall provide all informations relating to the Non-Major
Elective Subjects wise is related to competitive examinations in M.Sc., Mathematics,
to all the students so as to enable them to choose their Elective Subjects in third
semester. The list of elective papers of third semester is displayed under the
Programme structure.
8. Unitization
Each subject contain five units which are interrelated each other. Not only
core subjects, but elective and non-major elective also contain the same.
9. Pattern of semester exam
Internal - 25Marks
External - 75 Marks
Total - 100 Marks
10. Scheme for Internal Assessment
For the M.Sc., Mathematics Degree, the internal assessment marks will be
given as below

Tests - 10 Marks(average of best two tests)

Assessment - 5 Marks
Seminar/Group Discussion - 5 Marks
Peer-Team-Teaching - 25 Marks
Total - 100 Marks

11. External Exam

 There Shall be external Examination at the end of each semester, odd semester
in the month of October / November and even semester in April / May.
 A candidate, who has not passed the examination, may be permitted to appear
in such failed subjects in the subsequent examination to be held in October /
November or April / May. A candidate should get registered for the first
semester examination. If registration is not possible, owing to shortage of
attendance beyond condonation limit / regulation prescribed OR belated
joining OR on medical grounds, The candidates are permitted to move to the
next semester. Such candidates shall re-do the missed semester after the
completion of the programme.
 Students must have earned 75% of attendance in each course for appearing for
the examination. Students who have earned 74% to 70% of attendance have to
apply for condonation in the prescribed form with the prescribed fee. Students
who have earned 69% to 60% of attendance have to apply for condonation in
the prescribed form with the prescribed fee along with the Medical Certificate.
 Students who have below 60% of attendance are not eligible to appear for the
examination. They shall re-do the semester(s) after the completion of the
programme.

 The result of all the examination will be published through the controller of
examination where the students underwent the course as well as through
University website. In the case of private candidates, the results will be
published through the Controller of University examination in which they took
the examination as well as University Website.
 12. Question paper pattern
Part – A
Ten Questions (NO Choice) 10 X 1 = 10 Marks
Two Questions from each Unit (Objective type Questions)
Part – B
Five Questions (either or type) 5 X 7 = 35 Marks
One question from each unit
Part – C
Three Questions out of five 3 X 10 = 30 Marks
One question from each unit

13. Scheme of Evaluation

The performance of a student in each course is evaluated in terms of
percentage of marks with a provision of conversion to grade points. Evaluation of
each course shall be done by a continuous internal assessment by the concerned
Course Teacher as well as by an end semester examination and both will be
consolidated at the end of the course.
A mark statement with
∑( )
CCPC = ∑( )
Where the summation cover all the papers appeared up to the current semester.

14. Passing Minimum

A candidate passes the M.Sc., Mathematics by scoring a minimum of 50%
(internal + external) in each paper of the course. No minimum marks for internal
assessment . External minimum for external assessment is 45% and the external
minimum is 34 out of 75.
14.1. Classification

S.No. Range of CGPA Class

1. 40 & above but below 50 III
2. 50 & above but below 60 II
3 60 & above I

15.Model Questions
One model question paper is displayed at the end of the regulation.
16.Teaching Methodology
Each subject is designed with Lectures/tutorials/seminar/Peer-Team-Teaching/ PPT
Presentation/assignment etc., to meet the effective teaching and the learning
requirements.
17.Text Books
List of all the text books is quoted at the end of he syllabus of each subject.

18.Refrence Books
The list of all the reference books is followed by the list of text books. This list
contains at least two books for each subject.
19.Retotaling and Revaluation Provision
 Candidate may apply for retotaling and revaluation within ten days from the date of
the result published in the university website along with the required forms and fees.

20.Transitory provision
The candidate of previou scheme may be permitted to write exams in their own
schemes up to the examninations of April 2020 as a transitory provisions.

Subjects and Paper related websites

All the subject details along with syllabus may be downloaded from the university
website www.mkuniversity.org

SCHEME OF EXAMINATIONS

S.No Title of the Paper Credits Contact Duration Marks

. hours of Exams
(in hours) External Internal Total
I Groups and Rings 5 6 3 75 25 100
Theory of Riemann Integrations 5 6 3 75 25 100
Ordinary Differential Equations 4 6 3 75 25 100
Differential Geometry 4 6 3 75 25 100
Elective I (From list I) 4 6 3 75 25 100
II Linear Algebra 5 6 3 75 25 100
Real Analysis 5 6 3 75 25 100
Classical Mechanics 4 6 3 75 25 100
Partial differential equations 4 6 3 75 25 100
Elective II (From list II) 4 6 3 75 25 100
III Topology 5 6 3 75 25 100
Measure Theory 5 6 3 75 25 100
Graph Theory 5 6 3 75 25 100
Probability and Statistics 4 6 3 75 25 100
Non-Major Elective III (from list III) 5 6 3 75 25 100
IV Functional Analysis 5 6 3 75 25 100
Number Theory and Cryptography 5 6 3 75 25 100
Complex Analysis 5 6 3 75 25 100
Operations Research 4 6 3 75 25 100
Elective IV (From list IV) 4 6 3 75 25 100

Elective Subject for M.Sc., Mathematics

Sem S.No Course Title Credits
I 1 Automata Theory 4
List I 2 Discrete Mathematics 4
3 Calculus of variations 4
II 4 Galois Theory 4
List II 5 Integral Transforms 4
6 Numerical Methods 4
IV 7 Fluid Dynamics 4
List IV 8 Fuzzy sets and Logic 4
9 Financial Mathematics 4
 Non-Major Elective Subjects for M.Sc., Mathematics
Sem S.No. Course Title Credits
III 1 Statistical Methods 5
List III 2 Quantitative Aptitude 5
3 Competitive Mathematics 5
Semester Subject Code Course Title Credits
Major Elective
I Automata Theory 4
Discrete Mathematics 4
Calculus of variations 4
Major Elective
II Galois Theory 4
Integral Transforms 4
Numerical Methods 4
Non Major Elective
III Statistical Methods 5
Quantitative Aptitude 5
Competitive Mathematics 5
Major Elective
IV Fluid Dynamics 4
Fuzzy sets and Logic 4
Financial Mathematics 4

FIRST YEAR / SEMESTER I

CORE SUBJECT 1
GROUPS AND RINGS – (5 Credits) / 90Hrs

Subject Objective: To study the advance ideas in Group theory like fundamental theorem on
finite Abelian groups and polynomial Rings in Ring theory.
Outcome of the subject: This subject helps the students to know about the algebraic
structure, develops thinking and improve the mathematical ability.

Unit I: A Counting Principle – Normal subgroups and quotient groups – homomorphism –

Automorphism – Cayley’s theorem – permutation groups – another counting principle –
Sylow’s Theorem ( Sections 2.5-2.12 of Chapter-2)

Unit II : Direct Products – Finite Abelian Groups (Sections 2.13-2.14 of Chapter -2) –
Solvable groups – Nilpotent groups (Text book No.2, Chapter 1, Sections 1.13 and 1.14)

Unit III : Ideals and Quotient Rings – More Ideals and Quotient Rings – The Field of
Quotients of an Integral Domain (Sections 3.4-3.6 of Chapter-3)

Unit IV : Euclidean Rings – A particular Euclidean Ring (Sections 3.7-3.8 of Chapter-3)

Unit V : Polynomial Rings – Polynomials over the rational fields – Polynomial rings over
commutative rings. (Sections 3.9-3.11 of Chapter-3)
Text book:
1. I.N. Herstein, Topics in Algebra – John wiley and sons, Second Edition (2013)
2. N.S. Gopala Krishna, University Algebra –New age International (P) Limited, Second
Edition
Reference Books :
1. Vijay K Khanna and S.K. BhambriVikas; A course in Abstract Algebra,
Publishing House Pvt, Ltd., 3rd Edition, Reprint 2011.
2. Richard M. Foote and David S. Dummit; abstract Algebra, John Wiley
Publication, 2011.

CORE SUBJECT – 2
THEORY OF RIEMANN INTEGRATION – (5 Credits) / 90Hrs
Subject objective : To make the students familiar with the concept of the construction of
real number system, metric space and the analytical rudiments such ascontinuity,
differentiability and Riemann integrations in the real life.

Outcome of the subject: Students will get a comprehensive idea about the underlying
principles of real analysis and Riemann integrations.

Unit I :Metric Spaces:Basic properties of complete metric spaces-countable-uncountable

sets – Compact Sets – Perfect Sets – Connected Sets-construction of cantor sets (Chapter-2,
Text Book-1)

Unit II : Some special sequences, addition and multiplication of series, rearrangements.

(Rest as in existing syllabus)-Limits of Functions – Continuous Function – Continuity and
Compactness – Continuity and connectedness – discontinuities – Monotonic Functions –
Infinite Limits and Limits at Infinity.(Chapters 3 and 4 of Text Book-1)

Unit III: The Derivatives of a real Function – Mean Value Theorem – The Continuity of
Derivatives – L-Hospital’s Rule – Derivatives of Higher Order – Taylor’s Theorem –
Derivatives of Vector – Valued Functions. (Chapter-5 of Text Book -1)

Unit IV : The Riemann – Stieltjes Integral – Definition and Exixtence of the Integral –
Properties of the Integral – Integration and Differentiation – Integration of Vector – valued
functions. (Chapter-6 of Text Book-1)

Unit V: Functions of bounded variation, Rectifiable curves:Introduction-Properties of

monotonic functions-Functions of bounded variation-Total variation-Additive property of
total variation-total variation on [a,x] as a function of x- Functions of bounded variation
expressed as the difference of increasing functions-Continuous functions of bounded
variation curves and paths-Rectifiable path and arc length- Additive and continuity properties
of arc length-Equivalence of paths, Change of parameters. (Chapter-6 of Text Book-2)

Text Book:
1. Walter Rudin, Principles of Mathematical Analysis – McGraw Hill International
Editions, Mathematics series, Third Edition (1964)Units 1 to 4
2. Apostol, Mathematical Analysis,Narosa Publishing House, Indian edition,1974
Reference Books:
1. Patrick M. Fitzpatrick, Advanced Calculus, AMS, Pine and Applied
Undergraduate Texts, Indian Edition, 2006
2.Robert G. Bartle, The elements of Real Analysis, John Willy & Sons.
CORE SUBJECT – 3
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS –(5 Credits) / 90Hrs
Subject objective: To provide knowledge of ODE”s, power series solution, special
function, existence and uniqueness of solutions of ODE”s.

Outcome of the subject:Distinguish between linear, nin linear, partial and ordinary
differential equations and state the basic existence theorem for 1st order ODE’s and use the
theorem to determine a solution interval.

Unit I: Second order homogeneous equations, Initial value problems, Linear dependence and
Independence, Wronskian and a formula for Wronskian, Non-homogeneous equations of
order two.(Sections 2.1-2.6 of Chapter-2)

Unit II: Homogeneous and Non-Homogeneous equations of order n, Initial value problems,
Annihilator method to solve non-homogeneous equations, Algebra of constant coefficient
operators.(Sections 2.7-2.12 of Chapter-2)

Unit III: Initial value problems for homogeneous equation, Solutions of the homogeneous
equation, The Wronskian and linear independence, Reduction of the order of a homogeneous
equation, The non-homogeneous equation, Homogeneous equation with analytic coefficients,
The Legendre equation.(Chapter-3)

Unit IV: The Euler equation, second order equations with regular singular points- an
example, second order equations with regular singular points-the general case, A
convergence proof, The exceptional cases, The Bessel equation, The Bessel equation
(Continued).(Chapter-4)

Unit V: Equations with variables separated, Exact Equations, The method of successive
approximations, The Lipschitz condition, Convergence of the successive approximations,
Non-local existence solutions, Approximations and uniqueness of solutions.(Chapter-5)

Text Book:
E.A.Coddington, An Introduction to Ordinary DifferentialEquations, Prentice Hall of
India, 1987.

Reference Books:
1. G.F. Simmons, Differential Equations with Applications and Historical notes, Tata
McGraw-Hill, 2006.
2. S.G. Deo and Raghavendra, Ordinary Differential Equations and Stability Theory,
Tata McGraw Hill, 1980.
 CORE SUBJECT – 4
DIFFERENTIAL GEOMETRY – (5 Credits) / 90Hrs
Subject Objective:To introduce the curve in space and to find curvature, torsion of a curve
and various applications in differential geometry.

Outcome of the subject: Students will get new ideas and techniques which play a
prominent role in current research in global differential geometry.

Unit I: Introductory remarks about space curves, Definition, Arc length, Tangent, Normal
and binomial, Curvature and torsion of a curve given as the intersection of two surfaces,
contact between curves and surfaces, Tangent surfaces, involutes and evolutes.(Sections 1.1-
1.7, Chapter-1)

Unit II: Intrinsic equations, fundamental existence theorem for space curves, Helices and
definition of a surface, Curves on a surface, Surfaces of revolution, Helicoids.(Sections 1.8 &
1.9 of Chapter-1; Sections 2.1-2.4 of Chapter-2)

Unit III: Metric – Direction coefficients, Families of curves, isometric correspondence,

Intrinsic properties, Geodesics, canonical geodesic equations, Normal property of
geodesics.(Sections 2.5-2.12 of Chapter-2)

Unit IV: Existence theorems, geodesic parallels, Geodesic curvature, Gauss-Bonnet

theorem Gaussian curvature, Surface of constant curvature.(Sections 2.13-2.18 of Chapter-2)

Unit V: The second fundamental form, principal curvatures, Lines of curvature Developable,
Developable associated with space curves, Developable associated with curves on surfaces,
Minimal surfaces, Ruled surfaces.(Sections 3.1-3.8 of Chapter-3)

Text Book:
T.G.Willmore, An Introduction to Differential Geometry, Oxford University Press 23rd
Impression 2008.

Reference Book:
1. C.E. Weatherburn, Differential Geometry of Three Dimensions, The University Press
1998
2. D. Somasundaram, Differential Geometry, Narosa Publishing House, 2008.
 FIRST YEAR / SEMESTER II
CORE SUBJECT – 5
LINEAR ALGEBRA – (5 Credits) / 90Hrs
Subject objective:To study the advance ideas in Vector Space, Linear Transformations and
inner product space.

Outcome of the subject:Students will know more concepts in linear algebra and they will
help them to develop thinking and improve mathematical ability.

Unit-I: Vector spaces – Subspaces – Bases and Dimension – Coordinates – Linear

transformations – The Algebra of Linear transformations.(Sections 2.1-2.4 of Chapter-2 and
Sections 3.1-3.2 of Chapter-3)

Unit-II: Isomorphism – Representation of transformation by matrices – Linear functional –

Annihilators – The transpose of linear transformation. (Sections 3.3-3.7 of Chapter-3)

Unit-III: Determinants – Commutative rings – Determinant functions – Permutations and

uniqueness of determinants – Properties of determinants.(Sections 5.1-5.4 of Chapter-5)

Unit-IV: Characteristic values and characteristic vectors – Annihilators polynomials –

Invariant subspaces. (Sections 6.1-6.4 of Chapter-6)

Unit-V: Inner product – Inner product spaces – Linear functional and adjoints,
Modules.(Sections 8.1-8.3 of Chapter 8 and Section 5.5 of chapter-5 )

Text Books:
Knneth Hoffman and Ray Kunze, Linear Algebra, Pearson Ed, Second Edition first Indian
reprint 2003.
Reference books:
1. Jin Ho Kwak and Sungpyo Hong, Linear Algebra, Birkhauser Boston, 1997.
2. Stephen H. Friesberg, Arnold J. Insel and Lawrence E. Spence, Linear Algebra,
Prentice-Hall, 1989.

CORE SUBJECT – 6
REAL ANALYSIS – (5 Credits) / 90Hrs
Subject objective:To make the students familiar with the concept of uniform convergence
of sequence, double convergence and series, theorems of implicit functions, inverse function
and stokes.

Outcome of the subject: Students will have enriched knowledge of the concepts of real
analysis and they will get more knowledge in Weierstrauss theorem for algebraic
polynomials.

Unit-I: Uniform convergence and continuity – Uniform convergence and Integration –

Uniform convergence and Differentiation – Double sequence and series – Iterated limits –
Equicontinuous Families of Functions. (Chapter-7)
Unit-II: The Weierstrauss theorem for algebraic polynomials – The stone - Weierstrauss
theorem – Power series – The exponential and Logarithmic Functions – the Trigonometric
Functions – Fourier series – The Weierstrauss theorem for trigonometric polynomials – The
Gamma Functions.(Chapter-8)

Unit-III: Functions of several variables – Linear Transformations – Differentiation – The

Contraction Principle.(Chapter-9)

Unit-IV: The inverse function theorem – The Implicit Function Theorem – The Rank
Theorem – Determinants.(Chapter-9)

Unit-V: Integrations of Differential forms – Primitive mappings – partition of unity –

change of variables – differential forms, Simplexes and chain and Stoke’s theorem.(Chapter-
10)
Text Book:
Walter Rudin, Principles of Mathematical Analysis, McGraw Hill International Editions
(1976).

Reference Books:
1. Patrick M. Fitzpatrick Advanced Calculus, Amer. Math. Soc. Pure and Applied
Undergraduate Texts, Indian Edition, 2006
2. Apostol, Mathematical Analysis, Narosa Publishing House, Indian edition, 1974

CORE SUBJECT - 7
CLASSICAL MECHANICS (5 Credits) / 90Hrs
Subject objective: To understand the basic concepts of Lagrangian and Hamiltonian
approaches to classical mechanics and to study different applications of these concepts in the
mechanics.

Outcome of the subject: This concept introduces the methods of solving partial
differential equation. Students will become familiar with the first order and second order
linear partial differential equation. a selection of analytical techniques for solving some
partial differential equation that frequently occur in applications and students will understand
Bertrand theorem and Kepler problem in mechanics.

Unit I: Mechanics of particle, Mechanics of a system of particles, Constraints(Sections 1.1 -

1.3 of Chapter-1)

Unit II: D'Alembert's principle and Lagrange's equation, Velocity - dependent potentials and
the dissipation function, Hamilton's principle, Some techniques of the Calculus of
variations.(Sections 1.4-1.5 of Chapter-1 and Sections 2.1-2.2 of Chapter-2)

Unit III: Derivation of Lagrange's equation from Hamilton's principle, Extension of

Hamilton's principle to nonholomorphic systems, Advantage of a variational principle,
formulation, conservation theorems and symmetry properties.(Sections 2.3-2.6 of Chapter-6)

Unit IV:Reduction to the equivalent one-body problem, The equations of motion and first
integrals, The equivalent one-dimensional problem and classification of orbits, The viral
theorem.(Sections 3.1-3.4 of Chapter-3)
Unit V: The differential equation for the orbit and integrable power - law potentials,
Conditions for closed orbits (Bertrand's theorem), The Kepler problem: Inverse square law of
force, The motion in time in the Kepler problem, The Laplace - Runge - Lenz
vector.(Sections 3.5-3.9 of Chapter-3)

Text Books:
H.Goldstein; Classical Mechanics, Second edition, Addison Wesley, New York, 1980.

Reference Books:
1. D.T. Greenwood; Classical Mechanics, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd.New Delhi,
1979.
2. D. Rutherford; Classical Mechanics, Oliver and Boyd, 1987.
CORE SUBJECT - 8
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS - (5 Credits) / 90Hrs
Subject objective:To provide knowledge of PDE and it's various kinds of solving methods.

Outcome of the subject: Students will be able to solve partial differential equations which
arise in geometry, physics and applied mathematics

Unit-I:Formation of PDEs - solution of PDEs of first order - Integral surfaces passing

through a given curve - The Cauchy problem - Cauchy method of characteristics to first order
nonlinear equations - Compatible systems of first order PDEs - Charpit's method (Sections
0.4-0.11 of Chapter-0)

Unit-II: Classification of second order PDEs into canonical forms - Adjoint operators -
Riemann's method - CF of homogeneous linear PDEs - Methods for finding PI.(Sections 1.2-
1.7 of Chapter-1)

Unit-III: Derivation of Laplace equation - The spherical mean - Maximum-Minimum

principle - Separation of variables - Dirichlet problem for a rectangle - Neumann problem for
a rectangle - Laplace equation in cylindrical coordinates - Laplace equation in spherical
coordinates. (Sections 2.1.1, 2.4-2.7, 2.11-2.12 of Chapter-2)

Unit-IV: Derivation of the diffusion equation - The elementary solution - Dirac delta
function - Separation of variables - Diffusion equation in cylindrical coordinates - Diffusion
equation in spherical coordinates - Maximum-Minimum principle.(Sections 3.1-3.8 of
Chapter-3)

Unit-V: Derivation of the one-dimensional wave equation - solution of the one-dimensional

wave equation in canonical form - D'Alembert's solution - Separation of variables for
vibrating string - periodic solution of the wave equation in cylindrical coordinates - periodic
solution of the wave equation in spherical polar coordinates.(Sections 4.1-4.5, 4.8-4.9 of
Chapter-4)

Text Book:
K. SankaraRao: Introduction to Partial Differential Equations, Third Edition, PHILearning,
New Delhi, 2011.
References:
 1. Ian Sneddon; Elements of Partial Differential Equations, International Student
Edition, McGraw-Hill, New Delhi, 1957.
2. W.E.Williams; Partial Differential Equations, Oxford Applied Mathematics and
Computing Sciences Series, Claredon Press, Oxford, 1980.
3. K.F.Riley and M.P.Hobson; Essential Mathematical Methods for physical Sciences,
Cambridge University Press, Delhi, 2011.

SECOND YEAR / SEMESTER III

CORE SUBJECT – 9
TOPOLOGY – (5 Credits) / 90Hrs
Subject objective: To study the concepts of Topological spaces and the theorems of
Uryshon’s and Tychonoff.

Outcome of the subject: It will clear the extended concepts of Analysis and the students
will be able to enrich their knowledge of Topology and be able to apply for various areas of
mathematics.

Unit I: Types of Topological Spaces and Examples – Basics for a topology – The order
topology – The product Topology on XY – The subspace topology – Closed sets and limits
points – Continuous functions. (Sections 12-18 of Chapter 2)

Unit II: The Product Topology – The metric topology – Connected Spaces – Connected
subspaces of the real line – Components.(Sections 19-21 of Chapter-2 and sections 23-26 of
chapter 3)

Unit III: Compact spaces – Compact subspaces of the real line – Limit Point
Compactness.(Sections 27-28 of chapter 3)

Unit IV:Countability axioms – The separation axioms – Normal spaces – The Uryshon’s
lemma (Sections 30-33 of chapter-4)

Unit V: The Uryshonmetrization Theorem – Tietz Extension Theorem – The Tychonoff

theorem.(Sections 34-35 of chapter-4 and sections 37 of chapter-5)

Text Book:
James R.Munkers; Topology (Second Edition), Prentice – Hall of India, Private Ltd, New
Delhi, 2006.

References:
1. G.F.Simmons; Introduction to Topology and Modern Analysis, Tata McGraw –
Hill Edition, New Delhi (2004).
2. S.T.Hu; Introduction to Topology, Tata McGraw – Hill, New Delhi 1979.
 CORE SUBJECT-10
MEASURE THEORY- (5 Credits)/90Hrs
Subject objective: To give the comprehensive idea about the underlying principles of
Lebesgue measure and its property.

Outcome of the subject: Students will be enriched with Lebesgue outer measure, signed
measure and its different types of decompositions.

UNIT I :Lebesgue Outer Measure, Measurable Sets, Regularity, Measurable Functions ,

Borel and Lebesgue Measurability. (Sections 2.1-2.5 of chapter-2)

UNIT II: Integration of Non-negative functions, The General Integral, Integration of Series,
Riemann and LebesgueIntegrals .(Sections 3.1-3.4 of chapter-3)

UNIT III : Abstract Measure Spaces,Measures and Outer Measures,Extension of a Measure,

Uniqueness of Extension, Completion of a Measure . (Sections 5.1-5.4 of chapter-5)

UNIT IV :Measure Spaces, Integration with respect to a measure, the LP spaces , The
inequalities of Holder and Minkowski, Completeness of LP .(Sections 5.5-5.6 of chapter-5 and
sections 6.1, 6.4-6.5 of chapter-6)

UNIT V :Signed Measures, Hahn decomposition, The Jordan decomposition ,Measurability

in a product space, The product measure and Fubini’s theorem (Sections 8.1-8.2 of chapter-8
and sections 10.1-10.2 of chapter-10)

Text book :
G. de Barra, Measure Theory and Integration, New Age International Publishers, 1981

Reference :
1. Inder K. Rana, An Introduction to Measure and integration, Narosa, 2007 .
2. H. L. Royden, P. M. Fitzpatrick, Real Analysis – Fourth edition, PHI, 2011.

CORE SUBJECT- 11
GRAPH THEORY_(5 CREDITS) /90Hrs
SUBJECT OBJECT: To study the graph theoretical concepts and algorithms that help to
model real life situations.

OUTCOME OF THE SUBJECT:students will gather the graph theoretical knowledge

and its application through algorithm.

Unit I: Graphs and simple graphs, Graph isomorphism- The incidence and adjacency
matrices, Sub graphs, Vertex degrees, Paths and connection cycles - The shortest problem,
Sperner’s lemma. (Sections 1.1-1.9 of chapter-1)

Unit II: Trees, cut edges and Bonds, Cut vertices, Cayley’s formula -The connector
Problem, Connectivity, Blocks, Construction of Reliable Communication Networks.
(Sections 2.1-2.5 of chapter-2 and sections 3.1-3.3 of chapter-3)
Unit III: Euler tours, Hamiltonian cycles- The Chinese postman problem, The travelling
salesman problem.(Sections 4.1-4.4 of chapter-4)

Unit IV:Matchings, Matchings and coverings in Bipartite graphs, Perfect matching- The
Personnel assignment problem, The optimal assignment problem. (Sections 5.1-5.5 of
chapter-5)

Unit V: Chromatic number, Brook’s theorem ,Hajo’s conjecture, chromatic polynomials,

girth and chromatic number, Astorage problem. (Sections 8.1-8.6 of chapter-6)

Text Book:
J.A Bondy and U.S.R Murthy, Graph theory with applications, North Holland, 1976.

References:
1. John Clark and D. Allan Holton; Graph theory World Scientific Publishing Co.
Pvt.Ltd, 1991.
2. NarsinghDeo; Graph Theory with Applications to Engineering and Computer
Science, Prentice Hall, 1974.

CORE SUBJECT-12
PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS-(5 Credits /90 Hrs)
Subject objective :To develop the skills of the students to understand more concepts in
probability and statistics .

Outcome of the subject : Students can improve their problem solving skills by using
probability and statistics

Unit I :Probability Set function – Conditional Probability and Independence - Random

variables of Discrete type and continuous type – distribution function - its properties-
Expectation of a random variable – moment generating function - Chebeshev ‘s inequality
(Sections 3-10 of chapter-1)

Unit II :Two random variables – joint density - marginal probability density – conditional
distribution , expectation and variance, Independence of two random variables mutual
independence and pairwise independence . (Chapter-2)

Unit III :Discrete distribution Bernoulli, Binomial and related distribution Poisson
distribution continuous distributions experimental, gamma and chi square normal bivariate
normal distributions .(Chapter-3)

Unit IV :Sample statistic and parameter concepts Transformation of valuables of discrete

and continuous types- methods of distribution function, change of variable (its
extension)(Chapter-4)

Unit V:Order statistics-distribution of order statistics-distributions of X and S2- expectation

of function of random variables limiting distributions-convergence in Probability and in
distribution-limiting MGF central limit theorem important results on limiting distribution
(Chapter-5)
Text Book:
Robert V. Hogg and Allen T. Craig: Introduction to Mathematics Statistics, 7th edition,
Pearson Education, 2002.

References:
1. I. Miller and M.Miller; Mathematics Statistics with Applications, Seventh Edition,
Pearson Education, 2004.
2.Jun Shao; Mathematics Statistics- Second Edition, Springer-2003.
3.Vijay K. Rohatgi, A.K. Md. EhsanesSaleh; An introduction to probability and
Statistics-Second edition, Wiley,2008.

SECOND YEAR/SEMESTER IV
CORE SUBJECT-13
FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS-(5 Credits)/ 90Hrs
Subject objective:To study about the Banach space and Hilbert space with its properties.

Outcome of the subject: Students will obtain more skills analyzing the basic structure of
normed spaces and get knowledge in using classes of functions rather than individual
functions.

Unit I: Normed spaces-continuity of linear maps-Hahn Banach theorems (sections 5-7 of

chapter-2)

Unit II:Banach spaces-Uniform boundedness principle-closed graph theorem –open

mapping theorem.( Sections 8 of chapter-2 and Sections 9-10 of chapter-3)

Unit III:Bounded inverse theorem-Spectrum of a bounded operator-duals and transposes-

duals of Lp (a,b) and C[a,b]. (Sections 11-12 of chapter-3 and sections 13-14 of chapter-4)

Unit IV: Weak and weak convergence- reflexivity-Compact linear maps-Spectrum of

compact operator. (Sections 15-16 of chapter -4 and sections 17-18 of chapter-5)

Unit V:Inner product spaces-orthogonal sets-Bounded operators and Adjoints –normal,

unitary and self-adjoint operators. (Sections 21-22 of chapter-6 and sections 25-26 of
chapter-7)

Text Book:
B.V.Limaye; Functional Analysis, New age International Limited publishers, New Delhi, (3rd
edition)2017.

Reference Books:
1. J.B. Conway;A Course in Functional Analysis, 2nd edition, Springer, Berlin, 1990.
2. C.Goffman and G. Pedrick; A First course in Functional Analysis, Perentice-Hall
1974.
3. E.Kreyzig; Introduction to Functional Analysis with Applications, John Wiley &
Sons, New York, 1978.
 CORE SUBJECT-14
NUMBER THEORY AND CRYPTOGAPHY -(5 Credits) / 90 Hrs
Subject objective: To provide an introduction to analytic number theory and recent topics
of Cryptography with applications.

Outcome of the subject :The outgoing students will know more about numbers and enrich
their knowledge for doing research in number theory.

Unit I :Introduction – Well Ordering – Induction- Binomial Coefficients- Greatest integer

functions- Divisibility- Greatest Common Divisor (GCD) – Euclid ‘s algorithm –GCD via
Euclid ‘s algorithm- Least Common Multiple (LCM)- representation of integers. (Sections
1.1-1.6 of chapter-1 and sections 2.2-2.4 of chapter-2)

Unit II:Introduction –primes counting function - prime number theorem- test of primality -
canonical factorization _ fundamental theorem of arithmetic _ Seive of Eratosthenes _
Determining factorization- fundamental theorem of arithmetic- Seive of Eratosthenes-
determining canonical factorization of a natural number. (Sections 3.1-3.3 of chapter-3)

Unit III :Congruence- equivalence relations-linear congruences -linear Diophantine

equations-Chinese remainder theorem- polynomial congruences – modular arithmetic-
Fermat’s theorem –Wilson’s theorem- Fermat number. (Sections 4.2-4.7 of chapter-4 )

Unit IV:Arithmetic functions- tau functions- Dirichlet product – quadratic residues-

Legendre symbols- Gauss lemma- Law of reciprocity.(Sections 5.1-5.2 of chapter-5 and
sections 7.2-7.3 of chapter-7 )

Unit V: Cryptography: Introduction- Some simple crypto systems-Enciphering Matrices-

The idea of Public key Cryptography – RSA - Discrete log- Knapsack (Chapter 3 Sections 1-
2, Chapter 4 Sections 1-4, Text book -2)

Text Book:
1. Neville Robbins; Beginning Number Theory, second Edition, Narosa, 2006.
2. Neal Koblitz: A Course in Number Theory and Cryptography, Second edition,
Springer-Verlag Newyork-1994.

Reference Books:
1. Tom. M. Apostol; Introduction to analytic Number theory, Narosa Publishing
House,1998.
2. Ivan Nivan, H.S.Zuckerman and H.L.Montgomery; An introduction to the theory of
Number, 5th Ed paperback- International Edition, 1991.
 CORE SUBJECT – 15
COMPLEX ANALYSIS –(5 Credits) / 90 Hrs
Subject objective: To provide the knowledge of Analytic functions, conformal
Mapping and related formulas.

Outcome of the subject: Students will get more ideas about analytic functions, complex
integration and Riemann mapping theorem.

Unit I :Analytic functions as mappings – Conformality – Linear Transformation –

Elementary Conformal mappings – Line integrals – Rectifiable arcs – Line integrals as
functions of arcs - Cauchy’s theorem for a rectangle – Cauchy’s theorem in a circular
disc(Chapter 3 sections 2, 3, 4, Chapter 4 section 1)

Unit II : Cauchy’s integral formula – Local Properties of Analytic functions – The general
form of Cauchy’s theorem –The calculus of Residues – Harmonic functions (Chapter 4,
Sections 2,3,4,5,6)

Unit III :Power series expansions – Weierstrass’s theorem – Taylor’s series – Laurent’s
series – Partial fractions and factorization (Chapter 5 Sections 1,2)

Unit IV :Entire functions – Normal families – Riemann mapping theorem (Chapter 5,

sections 3, 4)

Unit V:Conformal mappings of polygons – Functions with mean value properties –

Harnack’s Principle – Sub harmonic functions – Dirichlet’s Problem (Chapter 6, Sections
2,3,4)

Text Book:
Lars V. Ahlfors; Complex Analysis, McGraw Hill International, Third Edition, 1979.

References:
1. Conway J. B.; Functions of one Complex variables, Springer International Student
Edition, Second Edition, 2000.
2.Matthias Beck, Gerald Marchesi, Dennis Pixton, Lucas Sabalka, A First course in
Complex Analysis, Orthogonal Publishing House, 2015.
3.Jerrold E. Marsden, Michael J. Hoffman, Basic complex analysis, 3rd Edition,
W.H.Freeman, New York (1999), 5th reprint.

CORE SUBJECT – 16
OPERATION RESEARCH-(5 Credits) / 90 Hrs
Subject objectives: To study about the networking models and the game theory with its
solving methods.

Outcome of the subject:Students will be familiar with linear and non-linear programming
concepts.

Unit I:Network models- Minimal spanningtree algorithm- shortest route algorithms-

maximal flow problems- critical path calculation- tree and total floats.(Chapter-6)
Unit II:Advanced Linear Programming, simplex method using the restricted basis- banded
variables algorithm- revised simplex method.(Chapter-7)
1776
Unit III:Game theory- Optimal solution of two-person zero sum games- solution of mixed
strategy games- linear programming solution of games.(Chapter-13)

Unit IV:classical optimization theory- Jacobian method-Lagrangian method- The Newton

Raphson- Kahn Tucker conditions.(Chapter-18 )

Unit V:Nonlinear Programming Algorithms- separable programming-quadratic

programming- geometric programming. (Chapter-19)

Text Book:
H.A. Taha, Operations Research 8th edition, Prentice Hall, New Delhi, 1998.

References:
1. F.S.Hiller and G.J. Lieberman; An introduction to operations research, Holden-
Day, Inc.SanFransisco, 1973.
2. L. Cooper and D. Steiberg, Introduction to methods of optimization, W.B. Saunders
company, Philedelphia, 1970.

Major Elective List I

AUTOMATA THEORY (4 Credits) / 90 Hrs
Subject objective: To understand the notion of effective computability by studying Finite
Automata, Grammars, Push Down Automata and Languages of PDA

Outcome of the subject:Students will be familiar with various applications of mathematics

in practical situation.

Unit I:Why study Automata theory ? Introduction to formal proof, Additional forms of
proof , Inductive proofs, The concepts of Automata theory.

Unit II: An informal picture of finite automata, Deterministic finite automata, Non-
deterministic finite automata, An application: text search , Finite automata with epsilon
transitions.

Unit III: Regular expression, Finite automata and regular expression, Application of regular
expressions, Algebraic laws of regular expressions.

Unit IV: Proving languages are not regular, Closure properties of regular languages,
Decision properties of regular languages, Equivalence and Minimization of automata.

Unit V:Context-free grammars, Parse trees, Application of context-free grammar,

Ambiguity in grammars and languages, Definitions of Push Down Automata, Languages of
PDA , Equivalence of PDA’s and CFG’s, Deterministic PDA.
Text Book:
J.E.Hopcroft, R.Motwani and J.D. Ullman; Introduction to Automata theory, Cambridge
University press, 2007.

Reference Book:
1.P.K. Srimani and S.F.B. Nasir; A text book on Automata theory, Cambridge University
press, 2007.
2. J.P. Tremblay and R. Manohar ; Discrete Mathematical Structures with Applications to
Computer Science, McGraw Hill Education (India) Pvt Ltd,2017.

DISCRETE MATHEMATICS – (4 Credits) / 90 Hrs

Subject objective:To understand the basic foundation about permutation, relations and
groups and dominating sets in graph theory.

Outcome of the subject: Students will gather the enumerators for permutation aspects in
combinatorial theory, graph theoretical knowledge and its applications.

Unit I:The rules of sum and product – permutations – combinations – distributions of

distinct objects – distributions of non-distinct objects – Stirling’s formula.

Unit II:Generating functions of combinations – Enumerators for permutations –

distributions of distinct objects into non-distinct cells – partitions of integers.

Unit III: Linear recurrence relations with constant coefficients – solution by the technique
of generating functions – a special class of non-linear difference equations – recurrence
relations with two indices.

Unit IV:Sets – relations and groups – equivalence classes of functions – weight and
inventories of functions – Polya’s fundamentals theorem.

Unit V: The principle of inclusion and exclusion - the general formula – de arrangements
– permutations with’ restrictions on relative positions.

Text Book:
C.L. Liu, Introduction to Combinatorial Mathematics, McGraw hill, 1968.

References:
1.RalphP.Grimaldi,Discrete and Combinatorial Mathematics,Pearson Education 2011
2. S. Lipschutz and M.L. Lipson; Discrete Mathematics, McGraw hill Education
(India) Private limited, revised third edition 2016.
 CALCULUS OF VARIATIONS – (4 Credits) / 90 Hrs

Subject objective: To Acquire knowledge about Euler educations, functional dependent on

higher order derivatives and variational problems in parametric form.

Outcome of the subject: Students will get more ideas about moving boundary value
problem and their properties.

Unit I: Variations and its properties , Euler’s Equations and functional of the form
𝐹( 𝑥, 𝑦 , 𝑦 , … … 𝑦 , 𝑦 ′ ,y2’,……yn’)dx

Unit II: Functional dependent on higher-order derivatives and functions of several

independent variables, variational problems in parametric form.

Unit III: Elementary problem with moving boundaries,Moving boundary problem for a
functional of the form 𝐹( 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑦 ′ , 𝑧 ′ )dx, extremals with corners, one-sided variations

Unit IV:Field of extremals, the function E(x,y,p,y’), transforming the Euler equations to the
canonical form.

Unit V: Constraints of the forms ∅ (x,y1,.....yn) = 0 and ∅(x,y1,.....yn,y1,,…..yn’) = 0,

isoperimetric problems.

Text Book:
Lev Elsgolts; Differential equations of the calculus of variations, University Press of the
Pacific, 2003.

Reference:
1. Robert Weinstock; Calculus of variations with applications toPhysics and Engineering,
Dover Books on Mathematics, 1975.
2. Izrail M. Geifand, S.V. Fomin ; Calculus of variations, Dover Books on Mathematics,
2003

Major Elective List II

GALOIS THEORY – (4 Credits ) / 90 Hrs
Subject objective:To introduce the idea connected to Galois theory and its application .

Outcome of the subject: Students will get more ideas about field theory and extension
fields.

Unit I:Extension fields and transcendence of e (Text book 1Section 5.1 & 5.2)

Unit II:Roots of polynomials, more about roots, solvable roots and Nilpotent roots.(Text
book 1, Sections 5.3 & 5.5)

Unit III:Separable and inseparable extensions- Cyclotomic polynomials and

extensions(Text book 2, Chapter 13, sections 13.5 & 13.6)
Unit IV:Galois Theory, (Sections 5.6, 5.7 -Text book 1)

Unit V:Galois Fields over the rationals (Section 5.8- Text book 1and Section 14.9 -Text
book 2).

Text Book:
1. I.N.Herstein: Topics in Algebra-second edition, John Wiley & Sons,
New York,1999
2.David S Dummit,Richard M Foote; Abstract Algebra - Third edition Wiley,2011

References:
1. John B.Fraleigh; A Fist Course in Abstract Algebra – Seventh edition, Pearson Education;
2014
2. J.J.Gallian; Contemporary Abstract Algebra, Eighth edition, Cengage; 2013

INTEGRAL TRANFORMS – (4 Credits) / 90 Hrs

Subject objective:To provide the students an understanding of the basic properties of
Laplace and Fourier Transforms.

Outcome of the subject:Students will get different technique to solve difficult integral
problems using various transformation.

Unit I: Calculation of the Laplace transforms of some elementary functions – Rules of

manipulation of the Laplace transform – Laplace transforms of derivatives – Periodic
functions – The convolution of two functions.

Unit II: The diffusion equation in a semi-infinite line – The wave equation in the semi-
infinite strip.

Unit III: Fourier transforms – Fourier cosine transforms – Fourier sine transforms of
derivatives

Unit IV: The calculation of the Fourier transforms of some simple functions (Lemma1 and
Lemma 2 are excluded ) – The Fourier transforms of rational functions – The Convolution
integral – Parseval’s theorem for cosine and sine transforms.

Unit V: Laplace’s equation in a half plane – Laplace’s equation in an infinite strip – The
linear diffusion equation on a semi-infinite line

Text Book:
Ian Sneddon; The uses of integral transforms,McGraw Hill, Delhi ,1972

References:
1. D. Zwillinger; Handbook of Differential Equations, Academic Press, Boston, 1997 (3rd
edition)
2. LokenathDebnath and DambaruBhatta; Integral Transforms and their Application,
Chapman and Hall/ CRC Chapman and Hall/CRC, Second Edition.
 NUMERICAL METHODS – (4 Credits) / 90 Hrs
Subject objective:To develop the skills of solving algebraic, transcendental, differential
and integral equations numerically.

Outcome of the subject: The outgoing students will know more about Eigen values and
Eigen vectors, Lagrange and Newton Interpolation formula.

Unit I: Introduction – Bisection method – iteration methods based on first degree equation –
iteration methods based on second degree equation – methods for complex roots –
polynomial equations.

Unit II: Introduction – Direct methods – Error analysis for direct methods – iteration
methods – Eigen values and Eigen vectors – Bounds on Eigen Values.
Unit III:Introduction – Lagrange and Newton Interpolations – Finite difference operators –
Interpolating polynomials using finite differences – Hermite interpolations – piecewise and
spline interpolation.

Unit IV:Introduction - Numerical Differentiation – Extrapolation methods – partial

differentiation – Numerical integration – methods based on interpolation – composite
integration methods – Romberg method.

Unit V: Introduction – Difference equation – Numerical methods – Single step methods.

Text Book:
M.K.Jain ,S.R.K.Iyengar and R.K.Jain; Numerical Methods for Scientific and Engineering
Computation,New Age International Publishers, Fourth Edition,2013.

Reference :
C.F.Gerald and P.O.Wheatly ; Applied Numerical Analysis, Addison Wesley,
Fifth Edition,1998.

Non- Major Elective Subject List III

Statistical Methods (5 Credits) / 90 Hrs

Subject Objective:To enable the students to learn statistical techniques and to apply
statistical techniques to the data collected, analyze and interpret them.

Outcome of the subject: Students will be able to understand important and various
concept in applied statistics. They will also be able to assess articulate what type of statistical
techniques appropriate for a given data and compose the finding from the methods applied for
the data.

Unit I: Definition – Importance – Application – Collection of data – Primary and Secondary

Data – Sampling design – Types of samples – Statistical errors – Classification of data –
Tabulation – Presentation of data – Diagrams (15 hrs)
Unit II: Measures of Central tendency – Mean – Median – Mode – Geometric Mean –
Harmonic Mean – Measures of dispersion – Range – Quartile deviation – Mean deviation –
Standard deviation.

Unit III:Correlation – Meaning – Types – Scatter diagram – Karl Pearson’s coefficient of

correlation – Rank correlation – Concurrent deviation method - Bi-variate frequency
distribution. Regression analysis – Uses – Methods of studying regression – Regression lines.

Unit IV:Index numbers – Meaning – Construction of index number – Problems – Methods

of construction – Test of consistency – Fixed base – Chain base – Base conversion and
shifting – Consumer price index – Formula.

Unit V:Time series – Components – Moving average – Methods of least squares –

Measurement of seasonal variations – Simple average, Ratio-to-trend method, Ratio-to-
moving average method – Link relative method.

Text Book:
R.S.N. Pillai and Bagavathi; Statistics, Theory and Practice, published by S.Chand and
Company New Delhi, 2010.

References:
1. Dr. S. P. Gupta; Statistical methods, published by S. Chand & sons, New Delhi, 2014.
2. G.C. Beri; Business Statistics, Tata McGraw Hill Edition, 1978.

Quantitative Aptitude (5 Credits) / 90 Hrs

Subject Objective:To enable the students to learn basic mathematical concepts required for
quantitative aptitude and to solve a question in a fraction of minute by using short-cut
methods.

Outcome of the Subject: Students will be able to solve questions asked in quantitative
aptitude in a fraction of minute.

Unit I: HCF and LCM of numbers.

Unit II:Problems on numbers

Unit III: Problems on Ages

Unit IV:Percentage

Unit V: Profit and Loss

Text Book:
Dr. R.S.Aggarwal Quantitative Aptitude S.Chand& Company Pvt. Ltd, 2015

References:
1. U. Mohan Rao, Quantitative Aptitude Scitech Publication (India) Pvt Ltd, 2016
2. Arun Sharma; How to prepare for Quantitative Aptitude for the CAT,
McGraw Hill Education, 2014.
 Competitive Mathematics (5 Credits) / 90 Hrs
Subject objective: To enable the students to learn basic mathematical concepts required for
quantitative aptitude and to solve a question easily by using short-cut methods.

Outcome of the Subject: Students will be able to solve questions asked in quantitative
aptitude in a fraction of minute and their Intelligent Quotient(IQ) of the students will be
increased.

Unit 1: Time and distance

Unit 2: Problems on trains

Unit 3: Simple interest and compound interest

Unit 4: Area

Unit 5:Permutations and combinations

Text Book:
Dr. R. S.Aggarwal Quantitative Aptitude S.Chand& Company Pvt.Ltd, 2015

Reference Book:
1. U.MohanRao, Quantitative Aptitude Scitech Publication (India) Pvt Ltd, 2016
2. Arun Sharma; How to prepare for Quantitative Aptitude for the CAT,
McGraw Hill Education , 2014

Major Elective List IV

Fluid Dynamics(4 Credits) / 90 Hrs
Subject objective:To develop an appreciation for the properties of Newtonian fluids and to
study analytical solution for variety of simplified problems

Outcome of the Subject:Students will get the knowledge of basic principles of fluid
mechanics and they get the ability to analyze the fluid flow problems with the application of
Bernoulli’s theorem.

Unit I:Real fluids and Ideal fluids – Velocity of a fluid at a point – streamlines pathlines –
Velocity potential –VorticityVector – Equation of continuity – acceleration of a fluid.

Unit II: Equation of motion of a fluid: Pressure at a point in a fluid at rest – pressure at a
point in a moving fluid – Euler’s equations of motion – Bernoulli’s Equation, Bernoulli’s
theorem.

Unit III:Some two – dimensional flows: meaning of two – dimensionalflow – stream

function - two – dimensional image systems – Milne-Thomson circle theorem - Theorem of
Blasius.

Unit IV: Elements of Thermodynamics: the equation of state of a substance – the first law
of thermodynamics – internal energy of a gas – specific heats of a gas – function of state;
Entropy – Maxwell’s thermodynamics relation.
Unit V:Shoc waves: formation of shock waves – elementary analysis of normal shoc waves
– elementary analysis of oblique shock waves – the method of characteristics for two –
dimensional, homentropic, irrational flow.

Text Book:
F. Chorlton; Text book of Fluid Dynamics, CBS publishers and Distributors Pvt. Limited,
2004.

References
1. M.D. Raisinghania; Fluid Dynamics, published by S. Chand, 2003.
2. Michel Rieutord; Fluid Dynamics, Springer International Publishing, 2015.

FUZZY SETS AND FUZZY LOGIC APPLICATIONS(4 credits)

Subject objective: To introduce the concept of uncertainty and fuzziness in logic and to
Study fuzzy arithmetic, fuzzy relations and construction of fuzzy sets.

Outcome of the subject: Students will acquire the knowledge of basic ideas of fuzzy sets
and fuzzy logic.

Unit I: Crisp sets and fuzzy sets: Overview of classical sets, Membership Function,
Height of a fuzzy set – Norma and sub normal fuzzy sets – Support – Level sets, Fuzzy
points, 𝛼-cuts – Decomposition Theorems, Extension Principle. (Chapter1 and Chapter-2)

Unit II: Operation on fuzzy sets: Standard fuzzy operations – Union, intersection and
complement – properties De. Morgan’s laws - 𝛼 - Cuts of fuzzy operations. (Chapter-3)

Unit III: Fuzzy relations: Cartesian product, Crisp relations – cardinality – operations and
properties of Crisp and Fuzzy relations. Image and inverse image of fuzzy sets – Various
definitions of fuzzy operations – Generalizations – Non interacting fuzzy sets, Tolerance and
equivalence relations. (Chapter-5)

Unit IV: Decision making in fuzzy environments: General Discussion – Individual

Decision making – multi person decision making – multi criteria decision making – multi
stage decision making – fuzzy ranking methods - fuzzy linear programming . (chapter-15)

Unit V: Applications:Medicine – Economics – Fuzzy Systems and Genetic Algorithms –

Fuzzy Regression – Interpersonal Communication – Other Applications.(Chapter-17)

Text Book:
George J. Klir and Bo Yuan, Fuzzy sets and Fuzzy Logic Theory and Applications, PHI
LeaningPriate Limited, New delhi, 2015.

Reference books:
1. A.K. Bhargava; Fuzzy Set Theory, Fuzzy Logic and their Applications,
published by S. Chand Pvt.
2. S. Rajasekaran& Y.A. VijayalakshmiPai, Neural Networks, Fuzzy logic and
Genetic Algorithms, Prentice Hall of India.
 FINANCIAL MATHEMATICS – (4 credits)
Subject objective: To impart the knowledge of active and practical use of mathematics
which includes stochasticalintegrals, binomial model, Black-Scholes models and the muti-
dimensional Black Scholes models.

Outcome of the subjects: Students will get more examples of asset pricing both from
complete and incomplete models.

Unit I: Brownian motion, stochastic integrals, Ito process, Ito formula, Girsanov
transformation and martingale representation theorem.

Unit II: Financial markets, derivatives, Binomial model, pricing European and American
Contingent claim.

Unit III:Definition of the finite market model, first and second fundamental theorems of
asset pricing, pricing European contingent claims, incomplete markets, separating hyper
plane theorem

Unit IV: Black-Scholes model, equivalent martingale measure, European contingent claims,
European contingent claims, pricing European contingent claims, Europeans call options –
Black-Scholes formula, American contingent claims and American call and put options.

Unit V: Multi-dimensional Black- Scholes model, first and second fundamental theorem of
asset pricing, from of equivalent local martingale measures, pricing European contingent
claims and incomplete markets.

Text Book:
R.J. Williams, Introduction to the mathematics of Finance, American Mathematical society,
2006.

References:
1. Stephen Garrett, An Introduction to the mathematics of Finance: A Deterministic
Approach, Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd; 2 Revised edition, 2013.
2. S.M. Ross, An Elementary Introduction to Mathematical Finance, Cambridge
University Press; 3 edition, 2011.
3. MarekCapinski, Tomasz Zastawniak, Mathematics for Finance: An Introduction to
Financial Engineering Springer; 2 edition 2011.s
 MODEL QUESTION PAPER
M.Sc. Mathematics
TOPOLOGY
Time: 3 hours MaximumMark:75
SECTION - A
Answer all Questions
1. Name the topology generated by 𝐵 = {𝑥: 𝑎 < 𝑥 < 𝑏}.
(A) Usual topology
(B) Upper limit topology
(C) Lower limit topology
(D) Digital topology
2. Which of the following subset is connected ?
(A) 𝐴 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): |𝑥 − 𝑦 | ≥ 4}𝑜𝑓𝑅
(B) 𝐴 = (𝑎, 𝑑, 𝑒} subset of a topological space (X,𝜏)
(C) Real line R With Usual topology
(D) 𝐴 = {𝑥 ∈ 𝑅: |𝑥| > 2}as a subset of the real line with usual topology.
3. If A is open set and B is closed set
(A) A-B is open set
(B) A-B is closed set
(C) B-A is open set
(D) B-A is not closed set
4. If Y is a subset of a topological space ( X ,  ) , the collection  y  {Y  U / U  } is
called the
(A) Subspace topology (C) order topology
(B) Product topology (D) discrete topology
5. The lower limit topology T’ on real line R is
(A) Strictly finer than standard topology
(B) Inferior than the standard topology
(C) Finer than the standard topology
(D) Same as standard topology
6. If X is a topological space and 𝑓, 𝑔: 𝑋 → 𝑅 are continuous functions. Then,
(A) 𝑓 + 𝑔 is continuous
(B) 𝑓 − 𝑔is continuous
(C) 𝑓. 𝑔 continuous
(D) is continuous provided 𝑔(𝑥) ≠ 0, ∀𝑥.
7. If Y is a subspace of X, A is closed in Y and Y is closed in X then,
(A) A is semi-closed in X
(B) A is not closed in X
(C) A is not open in X
(D) None of the above
8. Let X={1,2,3,4,5}, 𝜏 = ∅, 𝑋, {2}, {3,4}, {1,3,4}, {2,3,4}, {1,2,3,4} then Fr{3} is
(A) {2,3,4,5} (C) {1,3,4,5}
(B) {1,2,3,4} (D) {1,2,4,5}
9. Let A subset of a topological space X and A’ be set of all limits. The closure of A
(A) 𝐴̅ = 𝐴 ∪ 𝐴′ (C) 𝐴̅ = 𝐴 − 𝐴′
(B) 𝐴̅ = 𝐴 ∩ 𝐴′(D) 𝐴̅ = 𝐴′
10.Let A be a connected subset of a topological space X. If A  B  A , then is
(A) Connected (C) Separable
(B) Disconnected (D) Dense
SECTION : B
Answer all questions (5x7=35 Marks)
11.(a). Prove that 𝐴̅ = 𝐴 ∪ 𝐴′
(or)
(b). Let X be a topological space and let B be basis for a topology on X. Prove that 𝜏
equals the collection of all union of elements of B.
12.(a) State and prove Uniform limit theorem.
(or)
(b) State and prove Pasting lemma
13. (a) Prove that a topological space X is locally connected iff each component of each open
subset of X is open.
(or)
(b) Prove that the union of a collection of connected subspaces of X have a point in
common is connected.
14. (a) A subset of R is compact iffit is bounded and closed-prove.
(or)
(b) Prove that every metric space having the Balzano-Weiestrass property is sequentially
compact.
15. (a) Prove that a closed subspace of a Lindeloff space is Lindeloff.
(or)
(b) Prove that the property of being regular is a hereditary property.
SECTION C
Answer any three questions
16. Let X and Y be topological spaces, let 𝑓: 𝑋 → 𝑌. Prove that the following are equivalent:
(a) f is continuous
(b) For every subset A of X then f A  f  A
(c) Inverse image of closed set is closed.
17. Prove that R is connected
18. Show that every regular space with countable basis is normal.
19. (a) Prove that continuous image of a compact space is compact.
(b) Prove that every compact subspace of Hausdorff space is closed.
20. State and prove Urysohn lemma.