I.

INTRODUCTION
1.1. Importance of RAWE
The RAWE is conducted in VII semester of fourth year. The main aim of the
programme is to acquaint the students with the villages and the farming situation so
that they can have practical knowledge about agriculture.
In India, Randhava Committee (1992) recommended the RAWE Programme
for imparting quality, practical and productive oriented education for the agriculture
degree programme. In fact it is the effective work experience training strategies
incorporating rural agricultural experiential learning approaches provide opportunities
for a student of the last year to engage in field work activity and to review and analyse
critically this work experience activity and to draw some useful conclusions,
decisions, from this analysis and apply the result in actual practical life and field
situation. (Monali 2021)

Cost of cultivation surveys are an important mechanism for data generation on

cost structure of crops. These are very intensive surveys where in data are collected
on the various inputs which are used for the cultivation of crop. The data collection
approach in these surveys is inquiry based which implies that the information on the
input use is obtained by inquiry from the farmer. Use of input is a continuous process
which goes on from beginning to end. In order that no information on input use is
missed, data collection under these surveys is generally carried out in multiple rounds.
Thus the farmer is visited repeatedly during the growth stage of the crop and during
the time of harvest so that the information on input use is correctly and properly
recorded. As a result a huge volume of data is generated these surveys.

1.2 Scope of the study

It includes instruction in soils, plant physiology, crop cultivation practices,
plant diseases, pest management, harvesting and marketing. But there are some
restrictions to this study. First of is seasonality of crops. Some crops are perennial
crops but some are available in particular time or season. Hence there is less
possibility to do the accurate study of that crop. Another is the area or geography

1
1.3 Importance of Agriculture Sector
Agriculture has been associated with the production of essential food crops.
At present, agriculture above and beyond farming includes forestry, dairy, fruit
cultivation, poultry, beekeeping, mushroom, arbitrary, etc. Today processing
marketing and distribution of crops and livestock’s products etc. are all
acknowledged as part of current agriculture? Thus, agriculture could be referred to
as the production, processing, promotion, and distribution of agricultural products.
Agriculture plays a critical role in the entire life of a given economy. Agriculture is
backbone of the economic system of developing countries. Agriculture Remains
Central to the World Economy, 60.00% of the Population Depends on Agriculture,
In addition to providing food and raw material, agriculture also provides
employment opportunities to a very large percentage of the population.

1.3.1 Maharashtra Agriculture Sector

Anonymous (2012),Agriculture is the mainstay of the state of Maharashtra.
Maharashtra’s economy is predominantly agrarian. It is the main occupation of the
people. Both food crops and cash crops are grown in the state. Principal crops
include rice, jowar ,bajra, wheat, pulses, turmeric, onions, cotton, sugarcane and
several oil seeds including groundnut, sunflower and soybean. The state has huge
areas, under fruit cultivation of which mangoes, bananas, grapes, and oranges are
the main ones. The total irrigated area which has been used for crop cultivation is
33,500 square kilometres. The agriculture in state is predominantly rain-fed. The
state has 24 per cent of drought—prone area of the country. However state has
potential for growth in agricultural sector in spite of challenges. The SWOT analysis
of agricultural situation of the state
Strength
The major strengths include-
Topography and agro-climatic conditions conducive for promoting
horticulture and facilitate diversification into high-value horticultural crops;
• Large population in urban areas (42 per cent) that has concentration of financial
and industrial activity – industrial sector supports agricultural sector through
forward and backward linkages as it provides a ready market for agricultural

2
commodities and manufactures and supplies of inputs like seeds, machinery etc to
agriculture;
• Large production of fruit and vegetable (onion, mangoes, grapes,
pomegranates, oranges etc.) present tremendous export potential;
• Investment in onion storage infrastructure/onion chawls for storing onions
and avoiding distress sales by farmers;
• Installed Vapor Heat Treatment Facility prevents fruitfly and helps
promote exports of mangoes;
• Agri Export Zones for grapes, grapevine, pomegranate, onions, mangoes
etc.;
• Close proximity to international and sea ports;

• Large number of agro-processing units;

• Infrastructure to support the growing floriculture industry;

• Major producer of milk (7.4 million tons), eggs and poultry meat;

• Long cost-line of 720 kms. facilitates fishing; and

• Strong road network of 2,37,668 kms road length that connects 97 per cent
villages.Weakness
The weaknesses include-
• Predominantly rain-fed agriculture (only 18 per cent of Gross Cropped
Area is irrigated); § Scattered rainfall across regions with one-third area
receiving scanty rainfall – State has 24 per cent of drought-prone area of
the country;
• Well-irrigation accounts for 65 per cent of State’s gross irrigated area;

• Despite heavy investments in surface irrigation, unsatisfactory irrigation

potential
created and delay in project-completions
Opportunities
The opportunities include-
• Rising demand for horticulture products as consumption pattern shifts in
favour of fruits and vegetables;

3
• Huge urban population can serve as a driver of State’s agricultural and
horticultural development by providing ready markets;
• Large-scale production of grape-verities with high demand at world-level
presents
export opportunities;
• Being largest …
• Largest producer of seedless Grapes (78.00%) banana (75.10%) Mandarin
oranges (75.01%) Onion (63.20%), Tomatoes (42.10%) of the total
production in India.Alphanso Mangoes accounts for
90.10% of India’s export in mangoes.
• The highest number of poly houses (1271) owned by small farmers for
cultivation of flowers
• Leads the sugar industry sector with 200 sanctioned and 150 productive
cooperative
sugar mills
• 40.01% turnover of the seed industry in the country
• More than 60.00% of the area under drip irrigation, thus stands first in the
country
• Implementation of Agriculture Export Zones
2 Agriculture Export Zone (AEZ) in Maharashtra
The state is implementing Agriculture Export Zones (AEZ). The State has
announced eight Agriculture Export Zone for impo…
: Residue Testing Labs – 2
• Bio- control lab - 10
• Fertiliser testing labs - 5
• Pesticide Testing Labs - 4
• Seed Testing Labs - 3
• Agro polyclinic - 2

1.3.2 Land Utilization Pattern:

4
 Sanjay (2018) studied the Geographical Analysis of Cropping Pattern
in Maharashtra State and Stated that, Out of all non-food crops, sugarcane and
soybean recorded higher growth rate in area under
cultivation.Croppingintensity was found very high in Jalgaon, Kolhapur,
Aurangabad, Jalna, Parbhani, Hingoli, Osmalabad, Latur, Buldhana, Akola,
Washim and Bhandara districts of Maharashtra.Whereas very low cropping
intensity.The very low cropping intensity was found in Thane and Ratnagiri
districts of the study region. The following data is shown in the table given
below:

Table1.1 Cropping Intensity of Maharashtra State for the Year 2010-2011

Sr. Name of District Net Double Gross Cropping

No Sown Cropping Crop Intensity
. Area Area Area
1 Mumbai City N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.
2 Mumbai Suburban N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.
3 Thane 2446 55 2501 102
4 Raigad 1886 270 2156 114
5 Ratnagiri 2444 115 2559 105
6 Sindhudurg 1403 187 1590 113
7 Nashik 8815 1123 9938 113
8 Dhule 4336 926 5262 121
9 Nandurbar 2964 637 3601 121
10 Jalgaon 8491 3761 12252 144
11 Ahmednagar 10987 3658 14645 133
12 Pune 9198 2481 11679 127
13 Satara 5448 1104 6552 120
14 Sangli 6035 1330 7365 122
15 Solapur 10233 1181 11414 112
16 Kolhapur 4316 2336 6652 154
17 Aurangabad 6902 3760 10662 154
18 Jalna 5704 2326 8030 141
19 Parbhani 4828 4105 8933 185
20 Hingoli 3300 2001 5301 161
21 Beed 7485 2634 10119 135
22 Nanded 7089 2399 9488 134
23 Osmanabad 4787 4217 9004 188
24 Latur 5181 2442 7623 147
25 Buldhana 6692 2750 9442 141
26 Akola 4342 1907 6249 144

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27 Washim 3778 1571 5349 142
28 Amaravati 7510 2332 9842 131
29 Yavatmal 8442 1418 9860 117
30 Wardha 3644 1065 4709 129
31 Nagpur 5493 1049 6542 119
32 Bhandara 1793 754 2547 142
33 Gondia 1831 562 2393 131
34 Chandrapur 4532 806 5338 118
35 Gadchiroli 1728 423 2151 124
(Source: http://krishi.maharashtra.gov.in)
*N.A: Not Announced.
As per above table 1.1 Ahmednagar district has 133.00% cropping
intensity.
1.3.3 Utilization of Agricultural Inputs And Outcomes in Indian Agriculture :
Ganesan and Pushpavalli (2017) presented a study on utilization of
agricultural inputs and outcomes in Indian agriculture and has discussed the
input use in agriculture sector at the national level. The major findings of the
present study are agriculture inputs such as certificate/quality seeds, farm
mechanization, electricity, fertilizer and pesticides consumption in Indian
agriculture has increased year by year due to improved use of modern
technology. Besides basic inputs of high productivity, land preparation,
irrigation, fertile land and pest control in agriculture, the sector also requires
adequate and quality inputs which include seeds, electricity, farm equipment,
fertilizer pesticides, agriculture finance support and highly professional
extension services. The study suggest that based on the findings, the timely
availability of agriculture inputs like adequate irrigation facilities, short period
and new variety of seeds, financial support, knowledge of mechanization,
enough electricity voltage and timely availability of relevant chemical fertilizer,
pesticides etc., will help in the development of input use in Indian agriculture
and thereby agriculture sector as a whole and the economy aswell.
They Also studied distribution of Distribution of Certified / Quality
Seeds and Its Growth of Total Seeds of India during 1990-91 to 2015-16 it is
as follow :

Table 1.2 Distributions of Certified /Quality Seeds and Its Growth of Total

6
 Seeds of India during 1990-91 to 2015-16

S.N Year Cereals Pulses Oilseeds Fibers Others Total Growth Rate of
o (lakh q) (lakh q) (lakh q) (lakh q) (lakh q) (lakh q) Total Seeds (%)
1 1990-91 34.7 3.41 8.59 2.16 8.24 57.1 ---
2 1991-92 35.35 3.29 9.66 2.03 7.17 57.5 0.70
3 1992-93 36.72 3.4 10.75 2.09 7.37 60.33 4.92
4 1993-94 38.74 3.62 11.38 2.01 6.45 62.2 3.10
5 1994-95 41.35 3.6 12.01 2.2 6.7 65.86 5.88
6 1995-96 44.03 3.58 12.64 2.58 7.09 69.92 6.16
7 1996-97 46.43 4.19 12.53 3.18 6.94 73.27 4.79
8 1997-98 51.78 3.89 12.87 2.21 7.04 78.79 7.53
9 1998-99 57.27 4.06 13.98 2.92 6.89 84.97 7.84
10 1999-00 61.14 3.87 12.98 2.93 7.06 87.98 3.54
11 2000-01 59.47 3.85 12.54 2.91 7.5 86.27 -1.94
12 2001-02 65.56 4.69 12.1 2.89 6.56 91.8 6.41
13 2002-03 66.97 6.6 13.36 2.74 7.37 97.04 5.71
14 2003-04 70.82 8.17 19.39 2.78 7.24 108.4 11.71
15 2004-05 81.41 7.4 23.42 2.76 5.27 120.26 10.94
16 2005-06 86.73 7.37 24.35 2.89 5.41 126.75 5.40
17 2006-07 109.87 9.63 27 3.05 5.46 155.01 22.30
18 2007-08 123.8 12.57 34.33 2.63 5.72 179.05 15.51
19 2008-09 147.43 14.48 39.92 2.58 11.4 215.81 20.53
20 2009-10 165.15 19.69 50.71 2.65 18.91 257.11 19.14
21 2010-11 182.62 20.83 50.61 2.64 20.63 277.34 7.87
22 2011-12 189.96 22.26 61.49 3.09 18.32 294.85 6.31
23 2012-13 204.37 24.51 58.41 2.95 23.2 313.44 6.30
24 2013-14 183.03 27.8 61.09 2.87 26.6 301.39 3.84
25 2014-15 203.03 24.77 43.03 3.86 28.26 303.12 0.57
26 2015-16 194.95 22.71 47.44 2.49 36.45 304.04 0.30
CAGR 7.15 7.88 7.07 0.57 6.13 6.92 ---
(Source: http://krishi.maharashtra.gov.in)

CAGR- Compound Annual Growth Rate *q: Quintals

1.4 Present Scenario of Agricultural Production:

Ensuring food security is a global challenge that can be mitigated by
improving agricultural production. From the last few decades, many
developed nations have introduced modern and sustainable agricultural system
to abate this challenge. Now, developing countries also demand the blessings
of sustainable agricultural system to face this globally burning issue.
Therefore, on the basis of present scenarios of agricultural productivity, some

7
suggestions have been proposed to combat the food security challenges. All
over the country, farmers are facing challenges of storage facilities, lack of
modern agricultural machineries, unfriendly market policy of agro-products,
less empathy of governments and natural disaster. Last few year 39;s potato
productions has been increasing noticeably because of soil fertility, due to
farmer’s well-mannered adaptation strategies to climate change, high yield
crop seed, using optimum fertilizer, farmer’s dearness etc. On the other hand,
Jute, the world second largest product also declining the production which
contributes 4.66% to economic growth. In this context, farmer friendly
agricultural policies, introducing modern technologies, as well as inventing
climate adaptive new crop species can be helpful to achieve food security.

1.4.1 Present Scenario of Agriculture Production in World:

Agricultural development is one of the most powerful tools to end

extreme poverty, boost shared prosperity and feed a projected 9.7 billion
people by 2050. Growth in the agriculture sector is two to four times more
effective in raising incomes among the poorest compared to other sectors.
Analyses in 2016 found that 65 per cent of poor working adults made a living
through agriculture.Agriculture is also crucial to economic growth: in 2018, it
accounted for 4 per cent of global gross domestic product (GDP) and in some
developing countries, it can account for more than 25.00% of GDP.But
agriculture-driven growth, poverty reduction, and food security are at risk:
Climate change could cut crop yields, especially in the world’s most food-
insecure regions. Agriculture, forestry and land use change are responsible for
about 25 per cent of greenhouse gas emissions. Mitigation in the agriculture
sector is part of the solution to climate change. The current food system also
threatens the health of people and the planet: agriculture accounts for 70 per
cent of water use and generates unsustainable levels of pollution and
waste. 1/3 of food produced globally is either lost or wasted. Addressing food
loss and waste is critical to improving food and nutrition security, as well as
helping to meet climate goals and reduce stress on the environment. Risks
associated with poor diets are also the leading cause of death worldwide.
Millions of people are either not eating enough or eating the wrong types of
food, resulting in a double burden of malnutrition that can lead to illnesses and

8
health crises. A 2020 report found that nearly 690 million people—or 8.9 per
cent of the global population—are hungry, up by nearly 60 million in five
years. Food insecurity can worsen diet quality and increase the risk of various
forms of malnutrition, potentially leading to undernutrition as well as people
being overweight and obese. The cost of healthy diets is unaffordable for more
than 3 billion people in the world.

1.4.2 Present Scenario of Agriculture Production in India :

India produced and consumed a little more than 1 kg food per person
per day. The production has gradually increased to 1.73 kg. in recentyears
whereas domestic absorption increased to 1.59 kg. This shows that food
surplus(domestic production less domestic absorption) has been continuously
increasing for the last35 years. This require a complete shift in food policy
from shortage management to surplusmanagement. This also indicate that
much of the under nutrition in India is not due toavailability of food but it is
due to low food intake by Indian consumers.

There is need toaddress the reasons underlying this. In any case, India
has to look for overseas market todispose rising food surplus.Agriculture
production in the Country is growing by about 2.90% per year.
Domesticdemand is projected to rise by about 2.30%. Therefore, surplus
available for export willfurther grow in the coming years and India will be
required to sell higher proportion ofdomestic production in overseas market.
This requires export competitiveness. India need to act inthree areas to achieve
this. One, prices in primary markets should be sufficiently lower
thaninternational prices. Two, price spread in various stages of marketing
should be reduced.Three, producers should be integrated with global value
chains. In any case, future growth ofagriculture will be significantly affected
by exports. At present minimum support prices of somecommodities
recommended by the government in the country are higher than the
internationalprices.

In such a situation, if MSP is implemented through the system of

procurement, it will keepdomestic prices much higher than international
prices, making the export impossible. Experience ofmany countries, of late

9
China, shows that paying higher than open market prices to farmersthrough
mechanism like procurement cannot be sustained. Fixing prices higher than
openmarket price, attract imports even for exportable and surplus
commodities. More focus onsupply than on demand is justified as long as
demand is ahead of supply. Once, demand fallsshort of supply the guiding
principle for price intervention should be open market price or demandside
factor.

On the other hand, MSPs are considered important to ensure

remunerative pricesfor the farmers. The best option to deal with such
situations is to pay to farmers thedifference between MSP and open market
price rather than causing distortions in open market pricethrough procurement.

1.4.3 Present Scenario of Agriculture Production in

Maharashtra:
The Gross Cropped Area in Maharashtra is 225.56 lakh ha and the Net
Cropped Area is 174.73 lakh ha. Cultivable waste, current fallow and other
fallow land is 11.00% of the geographical area of the State. Gross Irrigated
area is 44.19 lakh ha and 80.00% of the area is rain fed. Small and marginal
farmers holdings are 90 lakh which is 70.00% of the total holdings.

The state has a large area under alkaline soil and saline soil
which is 4.23 lakh ha and 1.84 lakh ha respectively. More than 50.00% soil is
deficient in zinc. Deficiency of iron and manganese is also apparent in many
districts. SRR has been achieved in major Kharif crops but VRR has not yet
been stressed. Productivity of rice, wheat, jowar, gram, arhar, soybeen, cotton,
sugarcane has been reported to be at the level of 1897 kg/ha, 1893 kg/ha, 965
kg/ha, 824 kg/ha, 928 kg/ha, 1493 kg/ha, 373 kg/ha and 81 kg/ha respectively
in 2007-08 which was a good monsoon year. More than 50.00% yield gap is
existent in all crops. 14.32 lakh ha area is under fruit cultivation, 4.55 lakh ha
area is under vegetable cultivation and 16740 ha area is under flower
cultivation. Except for Kagzi lime, productivity of all horticulture crops are
below the potential reported by SAUs. Fruit, vegetable and flower cultivation
area is increasing.18.00% fruit, 5.00% vegetable, 8.00% loose flower, 13.00%
cut flower, 2.80% plantation crop, 2.40% spices comes from the state. 21.40%

10
of banana, 21.50% of citrus fruit, 23.00% of mosambi, 55.20% of orange,
76.90% of grape, 12.70% of guava, 5.20% of mango, 69.50% of pomegranate,
23.80% of sapota, 5.00% of brinjal, 6.50% of cabbage, 5.70% of cauliflower
and 32.90% of onion production of the country is produced in the state.
Agriculture and allied sector contributes about 12.00% to the GSDP but the
State intervention in this sector is around 5.00%.

Maharashtra is one of the most industrialised and urbanised states In

India. Paradoxically, however, it also enjoys the dubious distinction of a state
having highest rural-urban disparity in standard of living of its population. The
share of agriculture in the net state domestic product of Maharashtra declined
steeply from 36.00% in 1961-62 to 18.70% in 1992-93. The comparable
shares for Indian agriculture were 47.00% and 27.00%. Yet, in terms of the
proportion of labour force engaged in agriculture which was 60.00% in 1991,
Maharashtra's economy continues to be predominantly agrarian. Indeed, the
share of State's rural labour force employed in agriculture (main workers only)
was as high as 83 per cent even in 1991, nearly half of the agricultural workers
being labourers.

Thus, the crucial dependence of its rural labour force on

agriculture is quite evident and is unlikely to diminish drastically in the near
future. It is against this scenario, that importance of accelerated growth in
Maharashtra's agriculture must be judged. Apart from the direct impact of
agricultural growth on generation of rural employment and incomes its
significant secondary linkages with the development of rural non-farm sectors
are more crucial. Trade in agriculture's outputs and inputs and services
required by it and processing of its products open up additional and more
significant avenues for labour absorption.
Maharashtra being an important producer of cotton, sugarcane,
groundnut and quiet a few horticultural crops, such secondary linkages of
agriculture assume added importance to its rural economy, more so now, in the
context of new liberalised trade environment for farm products. That is why,
careful assessment of agriculture's past performance and based on it, future
prospects of growth is needed. The present study undertakes this exercise,
focusing on the comparison between the early phase i.e., the years from 1967-

11
 68 to 1979-80, vis-a-vis the latter phase i.e., 1980-81 to 1992-93 of the post
green revolution period. More specifically,
Our objectives are:
(i) To examine trends in and sources of growth in production of major crops
and crop groups and changes in them over the two phases of the period under
study both at the state and the district level.
(ii) To investigate possible causes responsible for differential performance in
growth in the two phases and thereby identify the constraints on future growth.
(iii) To study the degree of and trends in instability in crop output, analyse the
sources of instability and identify the factors associated with changes in
degree of instability over the two phases of the study period.
(iv) Toanalyse the inter-district disparity in output growth and input
concentration and further to examine inter-relationship between the output and
input concentration for the two phases.
(v) To identify technology and non-technology variables having significant
association with productivity growth in agriculture in the two phases of the
entire period with the help of regression analysis and comparison of the
characteristics of selected districts with distinctly differential intertemporal
patterns of growth performance.
(vi) Finally, to comment on the prospects of growth and emerging constraints
on growth in Maharashtra's crop sector.
1.4.4 Present Scenario of Agriculture Production in Ahmednagar:

Due to increasing population and decreasing per capita availability of

land for agriculture, the pressure on land has increased for production of more
food grains, oilseeds, pulses fruits, vegetables and also for fodder and fuel. In
view of these limitations on horizontal expansion of land for agriculture, only
alternative left is the vertical expansion through combination various farm
enterprises required less space and time but giving high productivity and
ensuring periodic income for small and marginal farmers located in rain-fed
areas, dry lands, hilly and tribal areas.

Thus, the farming system development assumes greater importance for

sound management of farm resources to enhance farm productivity, reduce
degradation of environmental quality and maintain sustainability in production

12
and productivity. As noted earlier, the agricultural and allied sector’s
contribution to the economy was about 26 per cent while that of industrial and
tertiary sector was about 19 per cent and 55 per cent respectively (2015-16). In
contrast, 69.70 per cent of the workforce is dependent on the agricultural
sector as an economic activity.

This clearly speaks of low productivity in the agricultural sector.

Fostering more rapid rural development, particularly raising the productivity
and competitiveness of crops and accelerating the growth of the agricultural
sector is critical for inclusive growth. More rapid growth in the primary sector
will directly as well as indirectly contribute to generating greater opportunities
for employment and income growth. Increase in rural incomes will stimulate
growth in the secondary and tertiary sector as demand for industrial good and
services will increase.

However, for this to happen, appropriate policy measures have to be

formulated and public expenditure in the agricultural sector has to be directed
towards more productivity enhancing investments so as to stimulate growth
and further encourage private investment. Realising the importance of
agricultural growth, the RKVY was implemented so as to give a major boost
to the agricultural sector in the 13th Plan . The existing farming systems being
adopted by majority of farmers in rain-fed area of Ahmednagar district are
characterizes by existence of food grain crops including mostly Bajra, Jowar
as cereals and Mung, Udid, and Tur as pulse crops in combination with dairy
and animal husbandry as these combinations of enterprises are complementary
to each other in case of income generation, resources utilization and for
recycling of farm waste. Contribution of different crops or enterprises towards
annual income of farm family under each existing farming system studied.

13
1.5. General Information of Crop Cultivated by Host Farmer

1.5.1 Sugarcane

Botanical Name :-Saccharumofficinarum L.

Family :-Poaceae

Origin :-New Guinea

Introduction :-
Sugarcane is the world's largest crop by production quantity, with 1.8
billion tonnes[1] produced in 2017, with Brazil accounting for 40% of the
world total. In 2012, the Food and Agriculture Organization estimated it
was cultivated on about 26 million hectares (64 million acres), in more
than 90 countries.
Climate :-
Sugarcane cultivation requires a tropical or subtropical climate, with a
minimum of 60 cm (24 in) of annual moisture.

Planting :-
Ratooning method is mostly used in the planting of sugarcane .

Table 1.3 Area Production And Productivity of Sugarcane in

Maharashtra and Ahmednagar during 2010 -11 to 2020-21

Maharashtra Ahmednagar

14
 Year Area Production Productivit Area Production Productivity
(lakh (00’ Tons) y (Ha) (00’ Tons) M.Tons/Ha
Ha) M.Tons/ha
2010-11 9.65 856.91 89 1260 115164 91
2011-12 10.22 894.56 88 1295 118792 92
2012-13 9.38 753.35 80 1155 82357 71
2013-14 9.37 839.54 90 1108 96436 87
2014-15 10.30 915.38 89 1220 117610 96
2015-16 9.87 692.35 70 1124 66071 59
2016-17 6.33 542.37 86 609.72 41814 69
2017-18 9.02 831.38 92 1044.04 113089 108
2018-19 9.26 926.5 99 1344.86 127761.70 95.00
2019-20 8.22 693.12 84.28 709.31 51033.17 71.95
2020-21 11.42 1016.46 88.94 1099.77 104478 95
(Source: http://krishi.maharashtra.gov.in)
*Ha: Hectares *M.Tons: Metric Tons

Harvesting :-
The maturity of sugarcane is generally recognized by the lower leaves
gradually withering up and leaving progressively fewer green leaves at the
top.
Yield :-
The average yield of a 11 to 12 month-old plant crop under
commercial cultivation is 100 tonnes per hectare in case of suru, 170
tonnes per hectare for Adsali and 120 tonnes per hectare in case of pre
seasonal sugarcane

15
1.5.2 Soyabean:

Botanical Name:Glycine max

Family: Fabaceae

Origin: native of China

Introduction:
Soybean has an important place in world's oilseed, cultivation scenario,
due to its high productivity, profitability and vital contribution towards
maintaining soil fertility. The crop also has a prominent place as the
world's most important seed legume, which contributes 25.10% to the
global vegetable oil production, about two thirds of the world's protein
concentrate for livestock feeding and is a valuable ingredient in formulated
feeds for poultry and fish. About 85.01% of the world's soybeans are
processed annually into soybean meal and oil. Approximately 98.01% of
the soybean meal is crushed and further processed into animal feed with
the balance used to make soy flour and proteins. Of the oil fraction,
95.00% is consumed as edible oil; the rest is used for industrial products
such as fatty acids, soaps and biodiesel. The major soybean producing
nations are the United States, Brazil and Argentina. The three countries
dominate global production, accounting for 80.10% of the world's soybean
supply. Global production of Soybean has grown at a CAGR of 2.78%
from 215.69. million metric tons in 2004-05 to 283.79 million metric
tons in 2013-14.

16
Climate:

Short day but cultivars differ.

Late maturing - more sensitive to photo-period than early.

Light intensity decides the floral initiation o 1076 lux units for 2
consecutive days for 8 hr.

Temp- 5°C minimum, 30°C optimum, 40°C max

Planting:

Soybeans require a long growing season. Much like traditional

bush beans, soybeans grow between 1 to 3 feet tall and do not need
staking.The best way to plant soybeans is by directly sowing the
seeds into the garden bed. Plant soybean seeds approximately 11/2
inches deep in the soil about 6 inches apart in narrow rows and then
cover the seeds loosely with garden soil. Water in well. It is essential
that the soil moisture is adequate and that there is no risk of frost
when you plant .Soybeans capture nitrogen from the air and deposit
it into the soil through their roots. Soybean plants do not need soil
that is particularly high in nutrient content. Before planting, you can
amend your soil with well-decomposed compost, but your soybean
plot shouldn’t need much more than that. Soybeans grow well in any
soil type as long as the soil is well-draining

17
Table:1.4 Area Production And Productivity of Soybeen in Maharashtra and
Ahmednagar during 2010 -11 to 2020-21

Maharashtra Ahmednagar
Area Production Productivity Area Production Productivity
Year
(lakh (00’ Tons) Kg/ha (Ha) (00’Tons) Kg /Ha
Ha)
2010-11 27.29 43.16 1581 507 908 1791
2011-12 30.10 39.69 1319 586 1227 2094
2012-13 30.64 46.90 1531 568 281 494
2013-14 35.20 42.73 1214 659 745 1130
2014-15 36.40 18.21 500 582 359 616
2015-16 37.02 17.95 485 409 198 483
2016-17 38.41 45.87 1194 520 417 801
2017-18 36.94 38.05 1030 592.84 869 1466
2018-19 40.75 46.10 1131.5 606.27 382.54 630.98
2019-20 41.24 48.25 1170.1 709.51 405.05 570.88
2020-21 43.56 62.01 1423.4 1010 1552 1537
(Source: http://krishi.maharashtra.gov.in)
*Ha: Hectares *Kg: Kilograms

Harvesting:

Entire plant cut at 15-17% seed moisture

A moisture content of 13-14% is ideal for threshing

Storage moisture 8-10

Yield:
Under rainfed condition – 1600-2000 kg/ha and under Irrigated condition – 2000-
2500 kg/ha.

1.5.3 Maize

Botanical name:Zea mays L.

Family: Graminae

18
Common name: Maize, corn

Origin: Eastern Mexico

Varieties: Ganga -5, Deccan -115, Shweta,Prakash

Introduction:
India, maize is the third most important food crops after rice and
wheat. According to advance estimate its production is likely to be 22.23 M
Tonnes (2012-13) mainly during Kharif season which covers 80.00% area.
Maize in India, contributes nearly 9.10% in the national food basket. In
addition to staple food for human being and quality feed for animals, maize
serves as a basic raw material as an ingredient to thousands of industrial
products that includes starch, oil, protein, alcoholic beverages, food
sweeteners, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, film, textile, gum, package and
paper industries etc.
The maize is cultivated throughout the year in all states of the
country for various purposes including grain, fodder, green cobs, sweet
corn, baby corn, pop corn in peri-urban areas. The predominant maize
growing states that contributes more than 80.01% of the total maize
production are Andhra Pradesh (20.90%), Karnataka (16.50%), Rajasthan
(9.90%), Maharashtra (9.10%), Bihar (8.90%), Uttar Pradesh (6.10%),
Madhya Pradesh (5.70%), Himachal Pradesh (4.40%). Apart from these
states maize is also grown in Jammu and Kashmir and North-Eastern states.
Hence, the maize has emerged as important crop in the non-traditional
regions i.e. peninsular India as the state like Andhra Pradesh which ranks
5th in area (0.79m ha) has recorded the highest production (4.14 m t) and

19
 productivity (5.26tha-1) in the country although the productivity in some of
the districts of Andhra Pradesh is more or equal to the USA.

Climate:

It is a hot season crop. Night and day temperatures should be higher for its

deposition. The maize crop requires sufficient moisture in the soil since its
inception. Temperature of 18 to 23 degree Celsius for deposition and 28
degree Celsius temperature is considered good for growth and
development.

Sowing:

Maize is sown in rows, 60-75 cm apart, whereas the plants in the row
are spaced at 20 to 25 cm. A population of 60-75 thousand plants per
hectare at harvest is required for obtaining the optimum yield. Sowing in
rows is generally done with drill or by dropping the seed behind the
plough. In kharif season, crop is sown in month of May end to June
corresponding with the onset of monsoon. Spring crops are sown during
late February to end of march. Plantation of baby corn can be done all the
year round, except December and January. Kharif and rabi season are best
for sweet corn sowing.

20
 Table:1.5 Area Production And Productivity of Maiz in Maharashtra
And Ahmednagar during 2010 -11 to 2020-21

Maharashtra Ahmednagar
Area Production Productivity Area Production Productivity
Year
(lakh (100 Tons) Kg/ha (Ha) (Tons) Kg /Ha
Ha)
2010-11 8.90 26.02 2923 453 1395 3080

2011-12 8.77 24.57 2801 555 1480 2667

2012-13 8.22 18.26 2222 599 1169 1952

2013-14 9.47 31.24 3300 610 2969 4867

2014-15 10.76 22.01 2045 681 1761 2586

2015-16 10.67 16.60 1556 172 239 1392

2016-17 10.53 33.29 3160 220 687 3121

2017-18 10.64 31.25 2937 274 773 2826

2018-19 11.26 19.60 739.7 282.11 946.10 3353.61

2019-20 10.64 31.25 2937 357.08 122.52 343.11

2020-21 12.64 39.24 3102.7 703 2441 3470

(Source: http://krishi.maharashtra.gov.in)
*Ha: Hectares *Kg: Kilograms
Harvesting:
This cereal can be harvested by hand (harvesting ears) or
mechanically (harvesting ears or grains). When maize reaches
physiological maturity, the moisture content of the grains can be as high
37-38 per cent. For this reason, before proceeding to hand-harvest the

21
ears, maize is often pre-dried standing in the field.Maize can
be harvested when the process of nutrients uptake into the kernels
(physiological maturity) is complete. This cereal can be harvested by hand
(harvesting ears) or mechanically (harvesting ears or grains).

Yield:

India’s yield of maize is approximately 3 tonnes per acre which put

India at 91st place out of 168 maize growing countries. Countries like
USA, Argentina,Ukraine,China, Brazil and South Africa all have average
yield of more than 5 tonnes per hectare.

1.5.4 Onion :

Botanical name:Allium cepa

Family :Amaryllidaceae
Common name :Pyaz
Origin :Central Asia.
Varieties :Bhima Super, Pusa Red, PusaMadhavi, ArkaKalyan,
Panchganga.
Introduction:
India is the second largest onion growing country in the world.
Indian onions are famous for their pungency and are available round the
year. Indian onions have two crop cycles, first harvesting starts in
November to January and the second harvesting from January to May.
the Major Onion producing states area Maharashtra, Karnataka, Madhya
Pradesh, Gujarat, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Haryana and

22
 Telangana. Maharashtra ranks first in Onion production with a share of
28.32%.
Climate :

The onion is cool season crop, tolerant to frost in the young stage
but less sensitive to heat. It is well adapted to a temperature range of 13-
25 C. A temperature range of 15-21 C before bulbing is required for its
good vegetative growth. Onion thrives well in places, which receives an
average rainfall of 750-1000mm during monsoon.

Sowing :

Onions can be grown from seeds, seedlings and bulblets. For raising
nursery , raised bed of 10-15 cm height, 1.0-1.2 m width and length as
per convenience may be prepared. The best time of sowing of seeds for
getting quality bulbets is mid January to the beginning of February
depending upon the area.

Table 1.6: Area Production And Productivity of Onion in India for

the year 2018-19 to 2019-20.

Five year 2 2019-

Average (2014- 20
0
15 to 2018-19) (Exp
1
STATE/ 8 ected
Uts - )
1
9

%
Produ S Produ % Produ %
ction h ction Sh ction Share
ar ar
e e

MAHARASH 7105.2 32. 8047. 35. 11363. 42.53

TRA 3 78 00 26 00
MADHYA
3356.9 15. 3672. 16. 3987.0 14.92

23
PRADESH
3 49 00 09 0

KARNATAK 2903.4 13. 2558. 11. 2275.0 8.52

A 2 40 00 21 0

RAJASTHAN 1107.8 5.1 997.26 4. 1557.0 5.83

4 1 3 0
7

GUJARAT 1085.9 5.0 1111. 4.8 1243.0 4.65

6 1 09 7 0

BIHAR 1259.1 5.8 1311. 5.7 1498.0 5.61

3 1 45 5 0
ANDHRA
854.76 3. 980.66 4. 935.00 3.50
PRADESH
94 3
0

HARYANA 702.12 3. 780.15 3. 589.00 2.20

24 4
2

UTTAR 428.67 1. 440.38 1. 455.00 1.70

PRADESH 98 9
3

TAMIL 398.68 1. 301.00 1. 436.00 1.63

NADU 84 3
2

TELANGAN 376.95 1. 309.29 1. 168.00 0.63

A 74 3
6
TOTAL OF
19579. 90. 20508 89. 24506. 91.73
ABOVE
69 34 .29 87 00
STATES

OTHER 2093.9 9.6 2311. 10. 2209.0 8.27

STATES 1 6 14 13 0

All India 21673. 10 22819 1 26715. 100.0

60 0.0 .43 0 00 0
0 0.
0
0

24
(Source: State Directorate of Horticulture)

*UTs: Union Territories *M.Tons: Metric Tons *%: per cent

Harveting :

Onion is harvested depending upon the purpose for which the crop
is planted. Onion crop is readyfor harvesting in five months for dry
onion. Early harvest results in sprouting of the bulbs andlate harvest
results in formation of secondary roots during storage.

Yield :

Irrigated onion crop in rabi season gives an yield of 25-30 t/ha while
under rainfed conditions it yields only about 0.7-1.0 t/ha.

25
1.5.5 Pomegranate

Botanical Name: Punicagranatum

Family: Lythraceae
Origin: Persia
Varieties: Bhagwa ,PhuleJanaki, phuleprandar
Introduction:
· Pomegranate is one of the ancient and important table fruits in tropical
countries.
· It is grown on large scale in the Mediterranean countries such as Iran,
Spain, Morocco and Egypt etc.
· It is grown all over India and commercially in Maharashtra (more than
60 %) followed by Gujarat, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh,
Karnataka, Tamil Nadu etc.
· The tree is deciduous in temperate countries, while it is evergreen in
tropical and subtropical regions.
· The fruits are borne terminally on short spurs, arising from mature
shoots.
· Tree is hardy and bushy having a tendency of developing multi-stems.
Climate:
· The best quality fruits can be produced in areas of cool winters and hot
and dry summers where rainfall is low.
· It can be grown in tropical to warm temperate climates and from plains
to an elevation of about 1800 m.

26
 · The tree requires hot and dry climate during fruit development and
ripening.
· It cannot produce sweet fruits unless the temperature is high for
considerable period.
· The plant withstands considerable amount of drought but does well if
provided with irrigation.
Planting:
Pomegranate can be grown on variety of soils.
· It can be grown in limy, alkaline and saline soils and also thrives well
in shallow rocky gravel soils.
· However, the best yield and quality of fruits could be obtained in deep
heavy, loamy and well-drained soil with pH range of 5.5 – 7.5.
· Land is prepared thoroughly during onset of monsoon.
· Pits of 60-75cm3 at a spacing of 5x2m. Planting should be done
during monsoon season.
· Planting of 1–2-year-old rooted cuttings in center of pits and provide
support with staking
Harvesting:
· The tree starts bearing fruits from 3-4 th year and continues for about 25
to 30 years.
· Pomegranate fruits become ready for harvesting in 5-7 months after the
blossoming.
· Mature fruits become slightly yellowish and further pink to red.
· On tapping, the fruits give metallic sound and when pressed they give
a ―Crunch sound and flattened during maturity.
· Economic yield is generally obtained from 6th or 7th year onwards
Yield:

The fully grown-up tree of about 10 years old produces 80-120 fruits (16-
20 Kgs)

Table 1.7. Indian Production of Pomegranate for the year 2019-20.

27
 Sr
State Production Share(%)
No.

1 Maharashtra 1,789.46 62.91

2 Gujarat 461.75 16.23

3 Karnataka 268.23 9.43

4 Andhra Pradesh 139.02 4.89

5 Madhya Pradesh 114.27 4.02

6 Rajasthan 26.58 0.93

7 Telangana 19.87 0.70

8 Tamil Nadu 13.06 0.46

9 Chattisgarh 4.34 0.15

10 Kerala 3.33 0.12

11 Himachal Pradesh 3.15 0.11

12 Orissa 0.92 0.03

13 Nagaland 0.50 0.02

14 Jharkhand 0.04 0.00

Total 2,844.52 100

(Source: National Horticulture Board (NHB))

*M.Tons: Metric Tons *%: per cent

Objectives of study:

28
1. To study the socio-economic survey of the host farmer.

2. To study the input use in major cereals and horticultural crops by host
farmer.

3. To study the detail components of cost of cultivation of cereals and

horticultural crops

4. To study investment, income and expenditure pattern of selected farmer.

5. To study marketing management of cereals and horticultural crops.

6 .To study SWOC / SWOT analysis

29
 II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Review of literature related to the research topic is a necessary
step in the conduct of any specific research. This chapter is devoted to the
review of relevant research work carried out by other investigators. It helps in
formulating the frame work of the study, deciding the objectives and methods
of approach to the problem and analyzing the data collected it also helps to
compare the results of such other studies and the reasons for variation, if any.
The knowledge of similar research work previously carried out relating to the
problem under study is useful and provides guidance to the researcher in
approaching the research problem and carrying out the research problem in
proper direction. The published literature related to the present problem is
reviewed in this chapter in to the following subsections.

1. Socio economic conditions of farmers

2.2 Input use pattern

2.3 Cost of cultivation

2.4 Invest income and expenditure pattern

2.5 Marketing management

2.6 SWOC /SWOT analysis

2.1Socio economic conditions of farmers

Adesopeet.al (2014) studied in Rivers State in Niger Delta, Nigeria.

The sampling frame consisted of a list of farmers obtained from the Rivers
State Agricultural Development Programme, the sole agency of Agricultural
Extension activities in the State. A structured questionnaire was administered
to 90 randomly selected farmers from the study area. The study concludes that
adoption of organic farming practices was low as farmers adopted only 5 of
the 14 practices identified. These include crop rotation, mixed cropping,
hoeing and hand weeding, slash and burn and intercropping. It was found that
respondents perceived that organic farming practices increased soil organic
matter content, reduce input cost of farming, involved low risk in crop failure.
Also, it was found that organic farming practices have high social

30
vageneralacceptability, are compatible with their own cultural systems, are
inexpensive, are natural form of farming, and are environmentally friendly.

Viswanathet.al (2017) studied the socio-economic conditions of

livestock farmers is a precondition for the appropriate design and successful
implementation of Governments’ developmental programmes. The study was
conducted in North Goa district of Goa during 2015-16 to investigate the
socioeconomic profiles of livestock farmers. For this, primary data was
collected through structured questionnaire using a sample size of fifty
respondents from Pernem block of North Goa district. The socio-economic
characteristics of the farmers are important for better policymaking decisions.
Livestock farming is the major source of income for the Ibrahmpur villagers
and also provided a good source of the dietary needs of the family. We can
clearly observe that more than half of the population are cattle in total
livestock population and which is followed by buffalos. Most of the farmers
involved in livestock farming belonged to middle age group. The reason might
be due to the ancestral forwarded rituals of farming which were related to
ethnics of the society. Majority of the farmers have secondary and
intermediate school level of education, but highly educated people are also not
interested in agriculture because low profitability in respect to off-farm wage
and they are unaware of the various government schemes. Regarding
consumption pattern, food items were the major share of expenditures which
accounts for nearly 50% of the total family expenditure per annum. Role of
farm women in farm and homestead economy is negligible in south west coast
region.

Chandranet.al (2019) studied in Farming systems and socio-economic

status of farmers rearing Diara buffaloes were studied by visiting 183 farmers’
herds belonging to Diara breeding tract in Patna district of Bihar, India.
Results indicated that the estimated population of Diara buffaloes in the
breeding tract was 0.60 million out of 3.91 million in Bihar state. Reduction in
forest area, cultivable waste land, permanent pastures and grazing land, and
fallow land to the tune of 36.00%, 60.60%, 55.10% and 44.40% poses a major
challenge to the simple existence of Diara population. A total of 63.40% of the
farmers in the breeding tract provided their buffaloes housing in terms of

31
 temporary sheds The study could not reveal any authentic origin of Diara
buffaloes. However, it disclosed that these buffaloes were mostly concentrated
in the marshy areas of Gangetic riverine basin. The distribution pattern of
these buffaloes suggest that these population might be evolved due to
continuous inter-se breeding within population over a long period of time.
Alternatively, the established breed like Murrah might also have been used to
breed local germplasm since long, and inter-breed mating followed by inter-se
mating might have resulted in the new germplasm. This hypothesis is
supported by the observation on milk yielding capability of Diara buffaloes,
which is promising if not despairing. Earlier reports on habitat and the socio-
economics of farmers rearing Diara buffaloes are scanty.

2.2 Input Use Pattern :

Islam et.al (2012) studied in three mungbean growing districts namely

Barisal, Patuakhali and Noakhali of Bangladesh during the period of 2010-11
to assess the extent of technology adoption, profitability, farmers’ attitude, and
constraints to mungbean. The study focuses the level of technology adoption
for both input use and agronomic practices follow by most of the farmers were
close to the recommendation which was very encouraging. All the farmers
adopted improved mungben varieties and they were mostly influenced by
DAE personnel and neighboring farmers. The yield of improved mungbean
was found 824 kg/ha, which was more or less same with the national average
of 820 kg/ha. The cultivation of improved mungbean was profitable since the
net profit and BCR were Tk.38850 and 1.62 respectively. And concluded that
the input use pattern and profitability of improved mungbean varieties at farm
level. The adopters are mostly influenced by family member, neighboring
farmers, sub-assistant agriculture officer, and BARI scientist to adopt
improved mungbean. The average yield of mungbean is much lower than its
potential yields. The improved mungbean cultivation at farm level is
profitable.

Jawad (2012) investigated the effect of this type of business on input

patterns. Olive production farming was selected to accomplish the
objective of this paper as this agricultural activity is highly practiced through

32
 agricultural families business in different areas in Jordan. A questionnaire was
designed for this purpose. The questionnaire included four parts. The first part
was asking about the socio-economical characteristics of olive farmers, while
the second part was devoted for the assets of olive production. the objective of
this paper as this agricultural activity is highly practiced through agricultural
families business in different areas in Jordan. A questionnaire was designed
for this purpose. The questionnaire included four parts. The first part was
asking about the socio-economical characteristics of olive farmers, while the
second part was devoted for the assets of olive production.

Subashet.al (2020) studied the policies in three major input sectors; seeds,
pesticides and fertilisers. There are many new policies (regulations and acts)
which are recently implemented, few recommended and few others yet to be
implemented. The new policies and regulations are tailored for the changing
dynamics in the input sector and are intended to have greater implications on
restructuring the sector. The input sectors are governed by different actors and
roles. The current challenges in the agri-input markets are lack of quality seeds
and emerging technology policy conundrums in seed sector, lower innovation
and research and development in pesticide sector, and subsidy governance in
fertilizer sector. onclusion The study shows that each input (seeds, pesticides
and fertilizers) are characterized by unique market structure. In case of seed
and fertilizers, the industry is characterized by both public and private firms
handling different niche portfolios. While, pesticide sector is completely
owned by private sector the existing policies are protective in seed sector,
subsidy based in fertilizer and regulatory in case of pesticides. Quality and
availability of the inputs is a core issue in all the three sector. The recent
policy reforms had considered these issues to some extent. The sector is facing
severe delay in coming up with newer policies. Considering the dynamic
nature of the sector the policies need to be realigned and reformed in a faster
pace. There is a need to strengthen policies to build partnership; public-private
partnership for R and D in case of seed.

2.3 Cost of Cultivation :

33
Vinayet.al (2015) conducted a study on 108 farmers of Talod and
Himatnagartalukas of Sabarkantha district of Gujarat state for estimating the
cost of groundnut production. Multistage stratified random sampling technique
was adopted to select the farmers. The requisite data were collected through
personal interviews with the farmers with the help of pre-tested
comprehensive schedules related toKharif groundnut crop for the year 2012-
13. Net income over cost-C2 was the highest for large farmers followed by
medium farmers and small farmers. The total cost and gross return over cost-
A, cost-B, cost-C1 and cost-C2 of small farmers was highest and decreased
with increase in the size of holding. It was observed that small, medium and
large farmers earned net income Rs. 25699, Rs. 25952 and Rs. 25998 per
hectare, respectively over cost-C2. Thus, it was clear that large size of
holdings got more profit, than small and medium size of holdings.

Richard and Radha (2017) studied the determinants of rice production in the
district of Madurai in Tamil Nadu used primary data. The present study aims
to analyse the paddy cultivation in different size-level farms and the constraint
analysis applied. The constraint anlaysis is applied to find out the problems of
the farmers in paddy cultivation. analysis has been classified in two parts that
is production fuction and constraint faced by the farmers in Madurai District.
The present analysis reveals the inappropriateness of the production functions
for the analysis of input variables use behavior of cultivators. The irrationality
of inputs use behavior of cultivators may be influenced by the factors such as
complementarily of input use, risk-preferences of cultivators, expectations
regarding profits, asset position of cultivators, availability of information,
availability of finance etc. Hence, by providing financial assistance and
establishing agricultural information centres for proper utilization of input
variables by farmers may increase the paddy production.

Rajuet.al (2017) studied that total cost of cultivation of Aloe vera

at farmers’ field was estimated at Rs. 39753.71 per hectare. The
establishment cost and maintenance cost accounted for Rs. 29671.16
andRs. 10082.55 per hectare, respectively. Planting material cost accounted
the major share in total costs on the farmer’s field. Harvesting, interest
on working capital, weeding and hoeing, planting cost, interest on fixed

34
 capital, transportation, farm yard manure and irrigation charges were the
other major components of cost of cultivation of Aloe vera crop. The
total cost of cultivation of Aloe vera was found Rs. 54038.84 per hectare at
college farm excluding salary permanent employees. Of this, Rs. 42918.32
per hectare was establishment cost and Rs. 11120.52 per hectare as
maintenance cost. In total cost without salary, planting material, interest
on working capital, planting cost, weeding and hoeing, harvesting,
transportation, interest on fixed capital and depreciation were the major
components of cost at college farm. The total cost of cultivation of Aloe
vera at college farm was found Rs. 1, 24,378.88 per hectare, while the
salary of permanent employees was taken into account. Out of this, Rs.
96123.15 per hectare was establishment cost and Rs. 28255.73 per hectare as
maintenance cost. In total cost with salary, the salary of the permanent
employees was the single largest cost item at college farm. The net
present worth was found Rs. 33761.1 per hectare and Rs. 30043.12 per
hectare at farmer’s field and college farm (excluding salary), respectively.

2.4 Investment, Income and Expenditure pattern :

Kidanemariam (2013) Both propensity score matching techniques and

efficiency calculations show that the extension program in Tigray has had a
positive contribution to household income and investment. Effects on income
diversification were small. Program participants experienced an average of 10
per cent higher income and 20 to 30 per cent more livestock investment than
non-participants. The efficiency calculations show an overall technical
efficiency level of 49 per cent. This implies that output level could have been
maintained while reducing over all input use by an average of 51 per cent for
the average farmer in the sample and 100 per cent for the most technically
inefficient farmer. Based on the stochastic frontier estimates the difference in
efficiency was explained by variables such as gender, the number of crops
grown and the number of dependents.

Osonduet.al (2015) conducted study in Umuahia Capital Territory

of Abia state, Nigeria. A multi-stage random sampling technique was

35
used to select 120 small holder arable crop farmers. Primary data was
collected with the use of semi structured questionnaire. Data was
analyzed with the aid of descriptive statistics and multiple regression
model. Findings showed that farmers who participated in crop production
and self-employed activities received the largest total farm (N41157.26)
and total off farm (N5487.39) monthly income respectively. And
concluded that farmers participating in crop production and self-employed
activities receive the largest total farm and total off farm monthly income. The
most preferred savings outlets of small holder farmers in the study area were
the informal savings outlets mainly the mutual help groups with an annual
average savings of about N85660.89. Meanwhile, a good proportion of the
farmers had a disposable income level of between N40, 000 and N 59, 000 and
had savings volume of less than N20, 000. It was evident from the research
that respondents invested more fund in arable crop production and invested an
average amount of N654, 345.09. There is the propensity to save and invest
among farmers in Umuahia capital territory of Abia State, Nigeria, in spite of
low income.

Murlidhar (2015) Capital formation process involves earning, saving and

investment. During 2005-11 the percentage of total household savings in India
was 33.70% of GDP (RBI, Working Group ReportTrends in Gross Domestic
Savings, 2011). Bank deposits continued to account a dominant share
(49.90%) followed by Life Insurance Policies (19.90%), Provident and
Pension funds (10.30%) and share and debentures just 3.50%. This indicates
the trend of individual savings in India. Investments generate income and
assets. People invest their money in hope of getting good returns, enough
liquidity and safety. Indians have habits of savings but majority of them are
averse to invest their funds and hold hard cash with them. In view of some
earners, holding cash is a status symbol. Consumer behavior is a dynamic
process which includes acquiring products and services as per requirements
with proper selection and their consumption in hope of getting maximum
satisfaction and value for money. It involves decision making by a consumer
or a group of consumers regarding purchasing, using and disposing off the
products and spending money for getting maximum value for it.

36
2.5 Marketing Management :

Abdul et.al (2017) effective and efficient marketing system is required

in order to ensure fair returns to stakeholders but unfortunately little attention
was paid to this sector in Pakistan. This resulted in welfare risk to stakeholders
as price variation and value are common phenomena in the country. Public
and private sectors jointly run agricultural marketing system in the country, as
public sector is responsible for framing and implementing rules and regulation
whereas private sector operates the system. Agricultural markets are governed
under the Agricultural Produce Markets Ordinance 1978 which needs to be
updated. Due to poor post-harvest management practices, almost 25-40%
produce is wasted which caused considerable value losses. In this chapter, an
effort has been made to describe theoretical foundation of agricultural
marketing along with highlighting the marketing system of major and minor
agricultural commodities in Pakistan and the role of various institutions and
regulations. Marketing efficiency is often understood in terms of marketing
margins, physical losses and state of market competition. These indicators are
also discussed in this chapter. Further, a section is devoted to identify major
agricultural marketing problems with their possible solutions.

Haimanotet.al (2018) examined empirical findings on the arena of

consumers’ behavior and attitude towards intake of street-foods (SFs) and
fast foods (FFs) status as well as associated risks of consumption in
China. Presently, consuming SFs and FFs have become a popular trend
and is counted as the manifestation of modernity in most fast growing
countries, for instance, China. The SFs and FFs are believed to be a
panacea to the major socio-economic problems for countries having a
large population. Over one-quarter of the century FFs and SFs become
rapidly expanded in China through the quick service provision of already
prepared foods with reasonable prices and source of employment for
swarming open country and city inhabitants end to end to its supply.
FFs and SFs are the most preferred by consumers because of safety
issue, reasonable price, ready-made nature, easily accessible, portability,

37
 and so on. Concurrently, the nutritional and health concerns in China
revealed that the government is very committed to quarantine and
certifies FFs and SFs of food safety and public health, particularly after
melamine was detected in milk in the year 2008. This later stimulated
the Chinese regime to put into practice food safety law (FSL) in 2009
next to food hygiene law (FHL). FFs and SFs consumers in China are
very conscious of food quality and give credit for safety than purchasing
prices. Broadly speaking, most examined the papers indulged that FF
and SF choice rely on ‘safety first’ by consumers in China. To sustain
vendors stock and satisfy consumers’ demand for SF and FF, avoiding
health risks, change in the existing perception and trust building is a
priority issue.

Jaiprakash and Ranjit (2018) reviewed developments in Indian

agricultural marketing and emphasizes on addressing the challenges in
implementation of e-NAM to achieve the goal of doubling farmer’s income;
hence the challenge of poverty reduction as envisaged in SDGs. The study
captures various challenges in the implementation of e-NAM in terms of 3 I’s
(Infrastructure, Institution and Information) and advocates for strengthening
the back-end of the supply chain with public-private interventions; amendment
in state APMC Acts to accommodate for e-tendering operations and wide
publicity of benefits of e-NAM among farmers.

2.6 SWOC /SWOT Analysis :

Sajeeb (2012) studied in aims to analyze the SWOT analysis of leather
shoes markets in Nepal. Itis used a convenient sample of 12 including
proprietors, chairman, directors and otherofficers of different Nepalese leather
shoes companies who have participated on
workshop program organized by MOI (Ministry of Industry) and LFGMN (Le
ather Footwear andGoods Manufacturer' Association of Nepal) on Nagarkot,
Kavre. Reliability analysis,descriptive statistics and ranking were used to
check the reliability, summarize and rank thedata. It is found that leather shoes
markets are affecting from threats, weakness, strength,opportunities and are
ranked first, second, third, and last respectively. It means there aremore threats
in the leather shoes markets but there are also strengths and

38
opportunitiesto pursue the opportunities. Internal environmental factors are do
minantly affects on performance of leather shoes companies than external envi
ronmental factors. It is clearlyadvised that competitive strategy should be
formulated to capture the opportunities, increasethe strengths, and to reduce
the weakness and lessen the threats .

Seemaprakalpa (2012) conducted a study to identify strengths;

weaknesses; opportunities and threats (SWOT) of an enterprise set-up by
100 women entrepreneurs in Agra Rural. Agra rural consists 15 blocks.
Out of 15 blocks, Bichpuri block was selected randomly. Out of villages
of Bichpuri block, village Baipur and Laramda were selected randomly.
Fifty women entrepreneurs running dairy enterprise were selected from
each village. Thus, 100 women entrepreneurs were selected randomly for
the present study. Primary data were collected through interview schedule
during year 2005. Percentage was used as statistical measure. The study
showed entrepreneur had been advised by their husband to start this
particular enterprise. The opportunities of the potential idea evaluated by
entrepreneurs were family business, less mobility required, socially
accepted, large market and once the brand is established, selling is
easy. Threats regarding potential idea evaluated by entrepreneurs are high
demand. Factors assessed are infrastructure needed, investment needed,
availability of agricultural product, market for proposed product and
availability of skilled labour. Entrepreneurs identified the product demand
through discussion with consumers, and started their enterprise with
investment of Rs. 20,001 and above reinvested an amount of Rs. 10,001
toRs. 20,000 at later stage. Entrepreneurs obtained funds from their
husband. On the basis above findings, the obstacles should be identified
through which these kind of entrepreneurs are working at small level,
they should work at least at medium level, so that India can be
renamed/ identified as agriculture based country and migration could be
stopped and population density per employment opportunity could be
minimized and entrepreneurship could be maximized. Therefore, every
individual could lead a happy life.

39
 Prasad and Yun-Hae (2014) promoted agricultural modernization.
However, agricultural industry cluster in China has no real use of modern
information technology. It does not form a rational application system and
perfect frame structure, and also it has not reached in the true sense of
"industrial clusters", further it influences the competitiveness of agricultural
regional economy and the individual as a whole. We mainly study the model
of agricultural industrial cluster information, combined with the realistic
version of the "happy farm", by reference to the network of food pattern, to
establish urban modern agriculture Demonstration Park. By SWOT analysis of
the construction of the information platform model, we find out that
information of agriculture ecological park to solve the main problems, the
overall framework of information technology services of public building
agricultural cluster model, focus on building the application function module
of the realistic version of the "happy farm".

40
 III. Methodology
This chapter deals with the methodology followed in the presented
study which includes nature and source of data ,method of data collection
analytical techniques employed and statistical producer followed. Detail are
presented under following heading.
3.1.Description of study area.
3.2.Sample Procedure
3.3.Nature and Sources of data.
3.4.Analytical tools and Techniques.

General Information Of The Village

1)Name ofGram panchayat: Lonikh.
2)Year ofEstablishment:1952.
3)Total Number of Members of VillageCouncil: 17.

Table3.1: Members of Village Council.

Sr Name of the Member Designation
.
No
.
1 Janardhan Chandrabhan Ghogare Sarpanch
2 Archna Anil Aher Dept. Sarpanch
3 SharadBabasahebAher Member
4 SangitaEknathTupe Member
5 SunitaSomnathKorde Member
6 AlkaKaluRaut Member
7 PradipSugandhraoBramhne Member
8 AashaDilipAher Member
9 MickelBaburaoBhramhne Member
10 Vilas NamdevGhogare Member
11 LalitaJayvantAher Member
12 KiranBabanAher Member

41
 13 JyotiChandrkantAher Member
14 RupaliSuhasGhogare Member
15 RohidasRavjiBorse Member
16 MangalMadhukarBarse Member
17
(Source: Records of Gram Panchayat, LoniKh.)
For RAWE Programme I have allotted Lonikh. Village of Rahatatahshil in
Ahmednagardistrict.TheLonikh.grampanchayat in establist in 1952 and having the 17
members of Village council, in table 1.1 details of the members are given
MrJanardhan Chandrabhan Ghogare is sarpanch of Village Council and Mr. Archna
Anil Aher deputy sarpanch of Village Council.

3.1 General Information of village.

Table3.2Population of Village:

Sr. No. Gender Total Population

1. Male 11644
2. Female 11084
Total Population 22728

(Source: Records of Gram Panchayat, LoniKh.)

Table 3.2 shows the population of Village Lonikh. from table it has been that
the total accounted Village population is 22728 among that male population 11644
and female population is 11084
Table3.3: Demography of the Village
Sr. Family T
No. category o
t
a
l

N
o
.
1 APL Families 4363

2 BPL Families 277

Total No. of Families 4640

(Source: Records of Gram Panchayat, LoniKh.)

42
 From table 3.3 it has been that in Lonikh. Village there are 4640
families in that 4363 families are above poverty line and 277 are below
poverty line.

Table3.4: Total house in the village

S Parti Num
r cular bers
.
N
o
.
1 No. of Houses 4649

2 Kutcha Houses 3222

3 Pakka Houses 1418

4 No. of Wadi / Vasti 09

Total No. of Houses 4649

(Source: Records of Gram Panchayat, LoniKh.)

Table 3.4 reveals that in Village Lonikh. there are about 4649 houses in that
1418 are pakka houses which are constructed in tin shed or RCC and 3222 houses are
kutcha houses there are also 09 vasti in Lonikh. Village.
Table3.5: Geography of the village
S Part H
r. icul
N ars
o.
1 Total Area of Village 2543.93 Ha
2 Agriculture Area 2204.55 Ha
a) Irrigated Area -
b) Un irrigated Area 8.46
3 Gavthan Area 2
4 Barren Land -
5 Forest Area -
(Source: Records of Gram Panchayat, LoniKh.)
Table 3.5 shows the geography of the Village from table it has been seen that
total area of Village in 2543.93 Ha. Among that 2204.55Ha of area is cultivated for
Agriculture. 2Ha area are reserve for Gavathan area and un irrigated area.is 8.46.

Table3.6: Community Building

43
 Sr. No. Particulars Numbers
1 Village Panchayat 1
2 Anganwadi 25
3 Z. P. Primary School 5
4 Govt. Hospital 1
5 Private Human Clinics 8
6 Veterinary clinic 1
7 Secondary Schools and Colleges 9
8 Other if any (Specify) 3
(Source: Records of Gram Panchayat, LoniKh.)
There are so many community building also available in the Village that
include grampanchayat 1,Anganwadi-25, Z.P.Primary 5 ,Government hospital-
1,Private humam clinics -8, Veterinary clinics -1,secondary school and college-9 and
other 3.
Table3.7: Major Crops Grown in the Village
Sr Types of Name
. Crop of
N Crop
o.
1 Cereals Wheat, Maize, Bajra
2 Pulses Chickpea
3 Oil seeds Soyabean, Groundnut
4 Flowers -
5 Vegetables Brinjal, Chilli ,Onion, Tomato
6 Fruits Pomogranate, Guava,Mango
7 Spices -
8 Cash Crops Sugarcane
9 Fodder Crops Berseem, Naiper Grass
(Source: Records of Gram Panchayat, LoniKh.)
Table 3.7 Shows the different crop grown in the Village Lonikh. the farmer
grown the cereals crop like Wheat, Bajra,Maize, ,Pulse crop like chickpea, and oil
seed viz. soyabean ,Groundnut in this Village farmer also cultivated the vegetable like
Tomato, onion, chilli, Brinjal,, etc, .and fruit like pomogranate, Mango, Papaya,
Sapota, Guava farmer also raise sugarcane Cash crop and Maize, Lucern grass , gunny
grass, sorghum as a fodder crop.

Table3.8: Infrastructure of the Village

44
 S Parti N
r. cular
N s
o
.
1 No. of Roads 34
Kutcha 20
Pakka 14
2 Markets 1
3 Financial 06
Institutes
4 Temples 18
5 Post Office 02
6 Biogas Plant -
7 Cooperative 1
Society
8 Others if any
(Source: Records of Gram Panchayat, LoniKh.)
In Lonikh. Village different road to enter the different vadi and vasti for galli
which include pakka-14,kutcha -20 road in the Village Lonikh. every Thursday they
organized weekly bazar decide in that Village there are 6 financial institute,18
Temple, 2 post office, and 1 cooperative society
Table3.9: Schemes and program implemented by village
Sr. Name of Scheme/ Program
No.
1 PMAY
2 PoshanAahar
3 14 FinanaceCommision
4 UjwalaYojana
(Source: Records of Gram Panchayat, LoniKh.)
There are different scheme and program which are implemented by the
Lonikh. Grampanchayat. PMAY, Poshan Aahar,14 Finance
Commision,UjwalaYojana.

3.2 Sample Procedure.

3.2.1 Selection of area for study:

45
 In Ahemadnagar district most of the farmer are directly depends on the
farming. The agriculture production was at increases day by day. In this area
most farmers are medium to large farmer and using different cropping pattern
for farming. Therefore, Ahemadnagar district was purposively selected for the
present study.

3.2.2 Selection of Tehsil

Information of the different crops cultivated in Ahemdnagar district is

collected from Rahata tehsil. The maximum number of crops sown in this
area. There are so many progressive farmers. Due to this selected the Loni
village for present study.

3.2.3 Selection of Village

From Rahata tehsil Loni village selected to carry out RAWE

Programme. In this village large area is under good irrigation facilities. Fruit
crops cultivated with drip irrigation. Also, another factors like climate, soil
and PH range is mostly good in this area.

3.3.4 Survey and Selection of Farmer :

Sr. Name of Farmer Area Crops Cultivated by Farmer

No

BabasahebRamraoAher 7.2 Ha Pomegranate, Soyabean,

Sugarcane, maize, onion,

RadhakrushnaHariMhaske 3 Ha Sugarcane Onion,

pomegranate ,graoundnut.
TukaramAppaVikhe 2.2 Ha Sugarcane, Maize, Soybeen
MadhukarLkshmanMhaske 2.5 Ha Soybeen, Maize, Sugarcane
Ganesh MadhukarVikhe 2.2 Ha Soybeen, Maize, Onion

As per the criteria I Selected Mr.Babasaheb Ramrao Aher as a Host Farmer

because he had cereal, Pulse, Horticultural as well as Cash crop. Also he is well

46
educated and gave appropriate information about various operational practices
performed on the field.

3.4 Nature and Source of data

There are two types of data – Primary data and Secondary data

3.4.1Primary Data

The information was collected about assets, irrigation sources,

cropping patterns, input utilization and cultivation practices of host farmer.
Also information about the vegetable cultivator farmers and market
intermediaries were collected through observation and interview method.

3.4.2 Secondary Data

The secondary data means data that which is already available. The
data which have been already collected, analyzed. It was collected from the
old maintained records of the industry’s accountant department, their own
survey reports and also from internet.

3.5 Analytical Tools and Technique

The collected data were analyzed by keeping in view the objectives of

the study. The data were arranged in suitable tables and cross tables.

3.5.1 Estimation of per hectare cost of cultivation

 The total working capital of crop included cost of human labour both
family and hired labour, interest on working and fixed capital and
rental value of land.

 For hired labour, actual wages paid were considered. For purchased
manures, actual purchase prices were taken, whereas for home
produced manures, market values were taken. In case of chemical
fertilizer and plant protection chemicals, actual purchase prices were
considered.

 The interest on working capital was out at the rate of 6 per cent and on
fixed capital 10 per cent per annum.

47
  Depreciation on machinery and implements was calculated by straight
line method.

 Rental value of land was estimated at 1/6th of gross value of produce.

 The estimate of the total cost cultivation was obtained by adding

together the costs of all components mentioned above as per standard
cost concepts.

1. Cost A1 = Total working capital + Interest on working capital +

Miscellaneous expenses + Land revenue and other cesses + Depreciation
on implements, machinery and building

2. Cost A2 = Cost A1 + Rent paid for leased land

3. Cost B1 = Cost A1 + Interest on fixed capital excluding land +

Amortization value

4. Cost B2 = Rent paid for leased in land + Cost B1 + Rental value of land

5. Cost C1 = Cost B1 + Imputed value of family labour

6. Cost C2 = Cost B2 + Imputed value of family labour

7. Cost C3 = Cost C2 + Managerial allowances

(1+ r)n
3.5.2 Amortization Cost = p × r ×
(1+r )n−1
Where,
A= Annual Amortized Cost
P= Establishment Cost
n= Economic life of crop (in yrs)
r= Interest Rate@ 12%

48
 IV. Results and Discussions.

4.1. SOCIO ECONOMIC SURVEY OF FARMER

1. Name of the host farmer: Babasaheb Ramrao Aher.

a) Sex - Male / Female : Male

b) Age - (years) : 47 yr
c) Education : M.A. Hindi
d) Category of the host : Small: below 2 Ha.
farmer Medium: 2.01 to 4 Ha.
Large: 4.01 Ha. and above
e) Address : Village-Loni.khrd Post-Loni.kurd
: Tahsil-Rahata District-Ahmedanagar
: Phone No-7588169583
For the RAWE programme I had selected Mr.BabasahebRamraoAher as a host
of farmer for study. his age is 47 years old, there are completed is education in
MA.Hindi they have 7.3 ha of land cultivated by them.

2. Information of the family members including attachedlabourers:

Sr. Relation
No. Name Gender Age Educatio Occupat Remarks
with head
n ion
of family
1 ShailaBabasahebA Female Wife 38yr B.com - -
her.
2 YudhistirBabasahe Male Son 15yr 9th - -
bAher
3 DhanvantariBabasa Female Daughter 7yr 3rd - -
hebAher

3.Assets: I) Land:
Sr. Plot / Soil Land
Area (ha.)
No. Survey No. Type

49
 Irrigated Un-irrigated Revenue
Present
and other
Value
taxes
(Rs.)
(Rs.)
1 668 7.2 Ha - Black 1800000
0
2

II) Source of Irrigation and Area Irrigated:

S Area Irrigated (ha.)
r. Source Numbe
4 months 8 months Perennia
r
N l
o.
1 Wells 2 4 Ha

2 Lift Irrigation -

3 Tanks/ Farm Ponds -

4 Canal 1 1.2 Ha
5 Bore wells 1 2Ha
6 Other -

Buildings:
Sr Type of Year of Useful Construction
No Category Constructio constructi Depreciatio
Life value (Rs.) n
. n on
1 Residential RCC 2014 50 35,00000 68600
House
2 Farm House - - - - -
3 Cattle Byre Steel 2018 50 80,000 1568
4 Store Steel 2019 50 2,50,000 4900
5 Other - - - - -

Total - - - - 75068

50