ANATOMY OF THE PHYSIOLOGY OF KOLETAL MUSKOLOS

COMPILED BY:
Abtsina Laelaem
Abiud Warbanaran
Ahmad Rahangiar
Ardo Gustap Caspiang
Aryan Tiara T
Cici Djabumir
Erin Maollo
Imelda kensi Katimu
Inosensius Edi Fayan
Julliette Rossalia Cassandra Djonler
Lea Tabitha Huninhatu
Mada Pormes
Maris Florentina Padut
Martina Rose
 ANATOMY PAPER PHYSIOLOGY OF MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEMS
BAB I
INTRODUCTION

A. Background
To know the changes that occur in the body of the sick we must first know the
structure and function of each tool of the healthy arrangement of the human body in
everyday life. Knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of the human body is an
important basis in carrying out nursing care. By knowing the structure and function of
the human body, a professional care can be more clear manafsirkan changes contained
in the body's tools.
The anatomy of the human body is interconnected with one part of each other.
Regional structures study the geographical location of body parts and each region or
region such as arms, legs, heads, and so on.

B.Tujuan
1.General Purpose
To acquire knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of the muloskeletas system
and become a reference in the nursing care process
2.Special Purpose
a.Memahami anatomi system muskuloskeletas
b. Know the physiology of the musculoskeletas system
c. Can make a reference in nursing
 BAB II
REVIEW OF THEORY

Anatomy comes from the Latin name, Ana: Part, Separating.Tomi (tomie) =
Tomneinei: iris / cut. Physiology comes from the word Fisis (physis): Nature or the way it
works. Logos: Science. From the above words can be in simplxn that the notion of anatomy
and physiology is the science that studies about the arrangement or body parts and how the
body tools work. Anatomy is the study of the shape and arrangement of the body with both
the overall and the parts and relationships of the body tools with each other. Physiology is
the science that studies the faal or work of each body tissue or part of the body's tools and
so on.
The musculoskeletal system is a support for body shape and measures movement.
Human bones are interconnected with each other in various forms to obtain optimal
musculoskeletal system function. The activity of human motion depends on the effective
interaction between the normal joints of the neuromuscular units that drive them. These
elements also interact to distribute mechanical stress to the tissues around the joints.
Muscles, ligaments, cartilage joints and bones work together under the control of the
nervous system so that the function can take place perfectly.
Studying Skeletal Systems & Skeletal Muscles. Osteology: a branch of anatomy that
studies bones. Bones or skeletons are the buttresses of the human body. Without bones,
our bodies can't stand up. Bones begin to form from the baby in the womb, lasting until the
second decade in an orderly arrangement.
Why can we move? Humans can move because there are skeletons and muscles. The
skeleton cannot move on its own, but is aided by muscles. With the cooperation between
the skeleton and muscles, humans can jump, walk, sway, run, and so on.
The musculoskeletal system is a system formed by bones, joints and muscles.
Bone (system skelet)
There are 206 bones in the human body, divided into 4 categories:
1. Long bones
This bone is somewhat curved in order to strongly withstand weight and pressure.
Examples are humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, and fibula.
Long bone section
 a. Diaphysis: The middle part of the cylindrical bone of the cortical bone that has great
strength
b. Mataphysis: The part of the bone that dilates near the end end of the trunk. This
area is mainly composed by trabecular bone or spongiose bone containing
red marrow. Red marrow is also found in the epiphysis and bone diaphysis.
In children the red marrow fills most of the inside of the long bone but is
then replaced by yellow marrow after adulthood.
c. Epiphysis: The epiphyseal plate is the longitudinal growth area in children. This part
will disappear in the adult bone. The epiphysis part located near the long
bone joint is united with the metaphysics so that the elongated growth of
the bone stops.

2. Short Bones
The thick and long parbanding is almost the same, found on the wrists and feet, shaped
like a cube.
3. Flat bones consist of ribs, skull, pelvis and scapula. Its flat shape works for protection.
4. Irregular bones, bones on the face and vertebrae.
Bones covered on the outside by a dense fibrus membrane called periosteum that
nourishes the bone and allows it to grow, in addition to being a place of attachment of
tendons and ligaments.

Periosteum contains nerves, blood vessels and lymphatics. The layer closest to the bone
contains osteoblasts which are bone-forming cells.
Bones are composed of cells, protein matrices and mineral deposits. Bone cells consist of:
a. Osteoblasts are those that function in bone formation by secreting the bone matrix.
Matrix composed of 98% collagen and 2% basic substances
(glucosamineglycan/polysaccharide acid and proteoglycans)
b. Osteocytes are adult cells involved in the maintenance of bone function located within
osteons (bone matrix units).
c. Osteoclasts are multinuclear yng plays a role in the destruction, resorption and
remodeling of bones.
d. Bone tissue has excellent vascularization. The canselus bones receive a very large intake
of blood through metaphysical and epiphysical vessels. The periosteum vessels of the
mangangkut blood to the compact bone through the Volkmann canal are very small. In
addition, there are nutrient arteries that penetrate the periosteum and enter the medary
cavity through the foramina. Arterial nutrients supply blood to the marrow and bones.
e. Bone formation
f. Ossification is the process by which the bone matrix is formed and hardening of minerals
is stockpiled in collagen fibers in an electronegative environment, the two basic models
ofossification are:
1. Intramembrane: bone grows in the membrane, occurs in the bones of the face and
skull.
2. Endokondal: cartilage formation first then resortion and replaced by bone.

Most bones are formed and healed through endocondal ossification.

Bonemaintenance. Faktor that regulates bone formation and resorption:
a) Stress on the bones
b) Vitamin D, increases the amount of calcium by increasing the absorption of calcium from
the digestive tract.
c) Parathyroid hormone andcalcitonin. Parathyroid hormone regulates the concentration of
calcium in the blood. Calcitonin increases the accumulation of calcium in the bones.
d) Blood supply
e) Bone healing
f) Inflammatory
g) When fractured, bleeding occurs in the injured tissue and hematoma formation occurs.
The end of the bone fragment is devialized. The site of the injury will be invaded
macrophages, inflammation, swelling and pain.
h) Cell proliferation
i) Fibril threads are formed, tissues for revascularization and invasion of fibroblasts and
osteoblasts. Fibroblasts and osteoblasts will produce collagen and proteoglycans as
collagen matrix in bone fractures. Connective tissue of fibrus and osteoids.
j) Callus formation
k) Tissue growth continues and the cartilage circle grows to reach the other side until the
gap is connected. The fracture fragments are combined with fibrus tissue, cartilage of 7
imatur fiber bones. It takes 3-4 weeks for bone fragments to be incorporated in aan bone
or fibrus tissue.
l) Ossification,is the process of the formation of callus begins to experience looping within 2-
3 weeks of fracture through the process of endokondral looping. Minerals are
continuously stockpiled until the bones have actually come together.
m) Remodeling is the final stage of fracture repair including the retrieval of dead tissue and
reorganization of new bone to the previous structural arrangement, the function of the
skelet system.
• Supporting and giving body tissues shape
• Protects certain body parts such as the liver, kidneys, brain and lungs
• The place of attachment of muscles and tendons
• Mineral sources such as salts and phosphates
• Red blood cell production site

JOINT SYSTEM
Bones in the body are connected to each other by joints or articulations that allow
a wide variety of movements.
There are three types of joints:
1. Sinartrosis joints are joints that cannot be moved for example in the splicing of the skull
bones.
2. Amphiartrosis joints, such as joints in the vertebrae and pubic symphysis that allow
limited movement.
3. Diartrosis joints are joints that can be moved freely.

In the movable joint, the end of the bone joint is covered by fine hyaline cartilage.
These bone joints are surrounded by a strong fibrus sheath of joint capsules. The capsule is
coated by a membrane, synovium, which secretes lubricating fluid and vibration dampers
into the joint capsule.
Ligaments, binding to bones in the joints. Ligaments and muscle tendons that cross
the joint, maintaining joint stability. Bursa is a sac containing synovial fluid, usually a cushion
for the movement of tendons, ligaments and bones in the elbows, knees and some other
joints.

SKELET MUSCULAR SYSTEM

1. Approximately 40% of the body is skeletal muscle and the other 5-10% is smooth muscle
or heart muscle.
2. Muscles are connected by tau aponeurosis tendons to bone, connective tissue or skin
3. Muscles vary in size and fall depending on the activity required.
4. The muscles of the body are composed of parallel groups of muscle cells (unsicidal)
encased in fibrus tissue called epimisium or fascia.
5. Muscles contain mostly myoglobulins that contract more slowly and more strongly.
6. Each muscle cell (muscle fibers) contains myofibril. It consists of a group of sarcomer
(actin and myosin) which are contractile units of the skelet muscle.
7. Muscles function as:
• Movement
• Forming posture
• Heat production due to contraction and relaxation

Name of muscle
a. Depending on the structural or functional characteristics of the muscle
b. The location of the muscle indicates the bone or part of the body concerned (M.
temporalis, M. intercostal)
c. The shape of the M. deltoid muscle is triangular.
d. Relative sizes of ototmaksimus, minimus, longus and brevis. M. gluteus maksimus
e. Direction of serat ototrectus, transverse, oblique. For example M. rectusfemoris and M.
transversus abdominis
f. Number of origobiseps, triseps or quadriceps. Example of M. biceps branchii
g. Location of origo or muscle insertio e.g. M. sternokleidomastoideus
h. Action of the muscle, extensor, adductor or abductor. Examples M. adduktor longus, M.
supinator, M. extensor
MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY
Muscles are stimulated (exitabel) sensitive tissues that can be stimulated chemically,
electrically and mechanically to cause a potential action. There are three types of muscle:
skeletal muscle, heart muscle and smooth muscle.

Skeletal muscles Heart muscle Smooth muscle

It has a stria, is cylindrical, It has stria, multinukleus, It has no heart, has only
and has many nuclei and cylindrical, and branching one core and is also not
is under the control of and contracting not under under the influence of
consciousness. the influence of consciousness.
Tight junction RS is consciousness.
growing very rapidly Gap junction RS Gap junction RS
underdeveloped underdeveloped

SKELETAL MUSCLE
✓ Sarkolema
✓ Myofibril
✓ T tubulus
✓ Reticulum sarkoplasma
✓ Terminal cisterna (junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum)
✓ Mechanism of muscle contraction
✓ Potential action on motor neurons
✓ Potential action on the muscles
✓ Release of calsium ions from rs
✓ Activate the ca channel on the tubule t
✓ Ca ions bind to troponin c
✓ Change the complex actin-tropomiosin-troponin configuration
✓ The active site of actin will open so that it can be bound to myosin
✓ This bond is what results in muscle contact due to the interest of actin towards myosin by
the cross-bridge structure that comes out of myosin.
✓ Relaxation
✓ Calsium ions will be returned to the hospital by transport actively affecting the structure
of actin-troponin-tropomiosin so that active actin sites are again covered by tropomiosin.
✓ The release of this bond between actin and myosin leads to muscle relaxation.
✓ Troponin is losing Ca ions and the bond between actin and myosin does not occur again.
✓ Types of contractions
✓ Kontraksi isotonic
✓ Kontraksi isometric
✓ Isoinetic contractions
✓ A source of energy for muscle contractions
✓ Fosfokreatin
✓ Glikolisis anaerobic
✓ Aerobic glycolysis (oxidative metabolism)

SMOOTH MUSCLE
Smooth muscle has a smaller structure than skeletal muscle and no striata image. Rs also do
not develop as well as in skeletal muscles. There is also actin, myosin, and tropomiosin, but
no troponin. Smooth muscle also contains a small amount of mitochondria, and this
depends on its metabolic activity.
1. Double unit smooth muscle (multi unit)
2. Single unit smooth muscle (single unit)
 CHAPTER III
DISCUSSION
A.Tulang
Bones are vital organs that function for passive movement tools, protection of tools
in the body, forming the body of calcium metabolism, minerals and hemopoetic organs. The
main components of bone tissue are minerals and organic tissues (collagen and
proteoglycans). Calcium and phosphate form a salt crystal (hydroxyapatite), which is buried
in the collagen and proteoglycan matrix. The organic matrix of bone is also referred to as
osteoid. About 70% of osteoids are type I collagen that is rigid and gives high strain to the
bones. Other organic matter that also makes up bones in the form of proteoglycans such as
hyaluronic acid.
1) The parts of the long bones are:
a. Diaphysis (trunk) is the middle part of the bone that is shaped
b. Cylindrical, this part is composed of cortical bones that have great strength.
a. Metaphysics is the part of bone that dilates near the end of the trunk. This region is
mainly composed by the bone-containing trabekula or spongiose, red
marrow.metaphysis also supports the joints and provides a large enough area for
tendon attachment to the epiphysis.
b. Epiphyseal plate epiphyses are longitudinal growths in children. This part will
disappear in the adult bone. The epiphyseal part that is located close to the long bone
joints is united with metaphysics so that the elongated growth of the bone stops. The
entire bone is covered by a fibrous layer called periosteum, which contains cells that
proliferate and play a role in the transverse growth process of long bones. The
epiphytic bone consists of 4 zones, namely:
✓ Resting cell area
The uppermost layer of cells located close to the epiphysis · Zoningproliferation. In
this zone there is cell division, and this is where long bone growth occurs. These
active cells are pushed toward the bone stem, into the hypertrophy area.
✓ Hypertrophyarea, in this area, the cells swell, become weak and metabolically
become inactive.
✓ The provisional calcificationarea, the cells begin to become hard and resemble
normal bone. If the proliferation area is damaged, then growth can be stopped by
 retardation of longitudinal growth of the limbs or progressive deformity if only part
of the bone plate is severely damaged. Like other connective tissues, bones are
made up of matrix and cell components. The bone matrix consists of collagen fibers
and non-collagen proteins. Bone cells consist of:
✓ Osteoblasts, bone cells that are responsible for the process of bone formation, that
is; function in the synthesis of bone matrix called osteoid, a protein component in
bone tissue. In addition, osteoblasts also play a role in starting the process of bone
resorption by cleaning the surface of the osteoid that will be resorped through
various neutral proteins produced. On the surface of osteoblasts, there are various
surface receptors for various bone metabolic mediators, including bone resorption,
so osteoblasts are a very important cell in bone turnoven.
✓ Osteocytes, bone cells that are immersed in the bone matrix. These cells are derived
from osteoblasts, which have cytoplasmic juluran that connects one osteocyte with
another and also with bone lining cells on the surface of the bone. The function of
osteocytes is not yet fully known, but it is thought to play a role in the transmission
of signals and stimuli from one cell to another. Both osteoblasts and osteocytes are
derived from mesenchymal cells found in the bone marrow, periosteum and possibly
endothelial blood vessels. Once an osteoblast synthesizes an osteosid, it turns into
an osteocyte and is immersed in the osteoid it synthesizes.
✓ Osteoclasts, the bone cells responsible for the process of bone resorption. In
trabecular bone osteoclasts will form a basin on the active bone surface called:
lacuna howship. While in cortical bones, osteoclasts will form cones while the results
of resorption are called: cutting cone, and osteoclasts are in the apex cone.
Osteoclasts are giant cells that are many, but are derived from mononuclear
hemopoetic cells.

The human body has the following main functions:

1. Give body shape. The skeleton provides a framework for the body so as to support and
maintain the shape of the body.
2. Where the muscles stick. The bones that make up the skeleton of the human body
become a place of muscle attachment. These bones and muscles together allow
movement in humans.
3. Movement. Movement in the spine depends on the skeletal muscle, which is attached to
the bone skeleton.
4. Immune system. The bone marrow produces several immune cells. An example is the B
lymphocytes that make up antibodies.
5. Protection. The body protects several vital organs:
• The skull bones protect the brain, eyes, middle and inner ear.
• The spine protects the spinal cord.
• The ribs, spine, and breastbone protect the lungs and heart.
• The shoulder blades and collarbone protect the shoulders.
• The intestinal and spinal bones protect the excretory system, digestive system, and
hips.
• The kneecap bone and cubit bone protect the knees and elbows.
• The bones of the wrist and ankle protect the wrist and ankle.
6. Production of blood cells. Rbody numbers are the place where haematopoiesis occurs,
which is the place of blood cell formation. The bone marrow is the site of the
formation of blood cells. Especially in flat bones examples: breastbone / in corpus sterni
7.Storage. The bone matrix can store calcium and is involved in calcium metabolism. Bone
marrow is able to store iron in the form of ferritin and is involved in iron metabolism.

The human skeleton can be grouped into two parts, namely the axis part of the body (axial)
and the part of the instrument of motion (appendicular). The axial part consists of 80 bones
in general adult humans. While the appendicular part consists of 126 bones in adult humans
generally.
The axial skeleton
consists of a group of bones that make up the shaft of the body and provide support and
protection to the organs in the head, neck and axial body consisting of:
1. Skull Bones
2. Breastbone
3. Rib
4. spinal cord segments
Skull bones are the bones that make up the skeleton of the head. The skull bones are
composed of 8 bones that make up the head and fourteen bones that make up part of the
face. The skull bone of the head is the protective frame of the brain. The typesof skull bones
are:
1. The skull bones of the head consist of:
• parietal part --> the forehead bone
• temporal part - > the right left side bone of the head near the ear
• occipity section --> the back area of the screwdriver
• spenoid part - > adjacent to the bone of the eye socket, such as wedge bone
• ethmoid part --> bone that nourishes the cavity of the hydrideg
• The joints contained between the bones of the corned tengare dead joints called
suturas.
3. The skull bones of the face consist of:
• lower jaw - > attached to the temporal skull bone. This is the only relationship
between bones and freer movement.
• The lower jaw - > make up part of the nose, and the palate
• palatinum (sky bone) - > make up part of the nasal cavity and the upper part of the
roof of the oral cavity
• zigomatics --> cheekbones
• nasal bones
• Lakrimal bones --> block nasal bones

Breastbone
The breastbone includes a flat bone, located in the middle of the chest. On the left and right
sides of the breastbone there is a sticky place from the ribs. Together with the ribs, the
breastbone provides protection to the heart, lungs and large blood vesselsfrom damageThe
breastbone is composed of 3 bones, namely:
• upstream bone/manubrium. located at the top of the breastbone, where the first and
second ribs are attached
• The body bone / gladiolus, located in the middle, where the third to seventh ribs are
attached, the combined ribs are eight to ten.
• The bone of the sword/xiphoid process, located at the bottom of the breastbone. These
bones are formed from cartilage.
Rib
The ribs are thin, flattened and curved. Together with the breastbone forms a chest cavity
to protect the heart and lungs. Ribs are divided over three parts:
• True ribs total seven pairs. These rib bones on the back are related to the vertebrae
while the front end is related to the breastbone through cartilage.
• Fake ribs amount to 3 pairs. This rib has a shorter size than a true rib. At the back is
related to the vertebrae while the three ends of the front bone are held together by
cartilage attached to one point in the breastbone.
• Floating ribs amount to 2 pairs. This rib at the back end is related to the vertebrae, while
the front end is free.

Ribs haveseveral functions including

1). Protects the heart and lungs from shock.
2). Protect the stomach, spleen and kidneys.
3). Helps with breathing.

The vertebrae are also called the spine arranged by 33 bones with irregular shapes. The 33
bones are various in five parts, namely:
✓ The first seven segments are called the neck bone. The first part of the neck bone is
called the atlas bone, and the second part is the player bone or shaft. The shape of the
atlas bone allows the head to perform a "yes" or "no" wobble.
✓ The next twelve segments form the backbone. The vertebrae on the left and right side
are where the ribs are attached.
✓ The next five segments are the waistbone. The size of the waistbone is larger than the
backbone. The waistbones hold most of the body weight and many muscles attached.
✓ Five segments of the bone of kelgan (sacrum), which is fused, triangular shaped located
under the waistbone segments.
✓ The lower part of the spinal cord is called the tailbone (coccyx), composed of 3 to 5
fused vertebrae.
✓ The vertebrae work to uphold the body and maintain balance. support the head and
hands, and the attached place of muscles, ribs and some organs

B. Skeleton apendikular
It is composed of bone bones that are in addition to the axial skeleton. The axial
skeleton consists of:
✓ Upper limbs
✓ lower limbs
✓ stage bracelet
✓ the final part of the spinal cord such as the sacrum and coccyx bone
✓ Upper limb bones (superiorextremitas). The bones of the upper limbs are composed
of:
1. Humerus/upper armbone. Including the group of long bones / pipes, the upper end
is large, smooth, and surrounded by shoulder blades. at the bottom has two
indentions are where the radius bone attaches and ulna
2. Radius and ulna/feeder andcubit. Ulna bones are larger than radius, and are firmly
attached to the humerus. Radius bones have a greater contribution to forearm
movement compared to ulna.
3. carpal / wrist. composed of 8 pieces of bones that are connected by ligaments
4. metacarpals/palms. It consists of five hands. At the top it is related to the wrist bone,
while the bottom is related to the bones of the fingers (palanges).
5. Palanges (bones of the fingers). . composed of 14 bones. Each finger is composed of
three bones, except the thumb which is only composed of 2 bones.

Upper limb bone (inferior extremity)

The bones of the lower limbs are composed by bones:
1. Femur/femur. Includes groups of long bones, located ranging from the pelvic bracelet to
the knee.
2. Tibia and fibula/shin and calf bone. The base is related to the knee of the tip related to
the ankle. The size of the shin is larger than the calf bone because it serves to withstand
the weight or weight of the body. The calf bone is where some muscles are attached.
3. Patellar/kneecap. located between the femur and the tibia, a triangular shape. patellar
serves to protect the knee joint, and provides strength to the tendons that make up the
knee.
4. Tarsal/ Anklebone. Includes short bones, and is composed of 8 bones with one of them
being the heel bone.
5. Metatarsal / Bone soles of thefeet. Composed of 5 pieces of bones that are flattened
horizontally.
6. Palanges/bones of the fingers of the hand. Arranged each finger is composed of 3 bones
except the upper thumb bone 14 pours.

Shoulder bracelet bones (clavicle and scapula/pickaxe and collarbone)

Shoulder bracelet bone is also called shoulder pectoral bone composed of 4 bones, namely
2 shoulder blades (scapula) and 2 collarbones (clavicles). The collarbone is shaped like the
letter "S", associated with the upper arm bone (humerus) to form joints that produce freer
movement, one end is related to the breastbone while the other end is related tothe
shoulder blade. The shoulder blade (scapula) is large, triangular and flat in shape, located on
the back of the rib cage. The main function of the shoulder bracelet is the place of
attachment of a number of muscles that allow movement in the joints.

Pelvic Bracelet
The pelvic bracelet bone consists of two bones. In children this hip bone is separated
consisting of three bones, namely illium (upper), ischiun bone (bottom) and pubis bone (in
the tengah). On the back of the pelvic bracelet there is a sacrum bone that is part of the
spinal cord. On the front there is a symphysis pubis is a connective tissue that connects the
two pubic bones. The function of the stage bracelet is mainly to support weight together
with the spinal cord. protect and support the lower organs, such as the bladder,
reproductive organs, and as a place of growth and development of the fetus

BONE TYPE
The types of bones that make up the human body are generally distinguished from four
groups:
• Long bone: found in t. upper arm (humerus), t. radius / feeder, t. ulna / cubit, t.
metacarpal / palm
• Short bones: found in the bones of the wrist and ankle
• Flat bones: found in ribs, t. chest, t. skull, and shoulder bracelets
• Irregular bones: found in some skull bones, and spinal cords.

BONE STRUCTURE
Hard bones have two types of shapes, namely compact bones that are dense and hard and
spongy bones that are hollow and fragile. Compact bones are solid, hard and form outer
protection for other bone tissues. Spongy bones are located on the inside of the bones are
compact, fragile and have many pores or cavities. Sponge bones are found at the ends of
the compact bone. Bone tissue is arranged by several forms of bone cells, which are
contained in extracellular fluid (matrix) in the form of inorganic salts (mostly calcium and
phosphorus). These organic salts are what give strength to the bones and collagen fibers
that givethe elastic properties to the bones.

BONE CELLS
There are five types of bone cells in bone tissue, namely:
✓ Osteogenic cells: which respond to trauma, such as fractures (fractures). These cells
provide a twisting of the bone and form new cells, in lieu of damaged cells.
✓ Osteoblast cells are bone cell-forming cells. This cell performs the synthesis and secretion
of minerals throughout the basic subtansi and subtansi in areas that have a high
metabolic rate.
✓ Osteocycocyte cells are adult bone cells formed from osteoblast cells. These bone cells
form the surrounding bone tissue. Osteocycocyte cells maintain bone health, produce
enzymes and control the mineral content in the bones, as well as control the release of
calcium from the bones to the blood.
✓ Osteoclass cells: are large bone cells, serving to destroy bone tissue. Osteoclasts cells play
an important role in bone growth, healing, and re-regulation of bone shape.
✓ Bone upholstery cells: formed by osteoblasts along the surface of an adult's bone. These
bone cells regulate the movement of calciun and phosphate from and into the bone.

OSIFIKASI
Ossification is the process of forming hard bones from cartilage (cartilage). There are
two types of ossification: intramembrane ossification and endondral ossification. Hard
bones can be formed either through the process of intamembran ossification,ondral
endocym ossification or a combination of both.
Intra-membrane ossification comes from mesenchyma whichis the forerunner of the
bone. In the process of vertebrate animal development there are three layers of institutions,
namely ectoderm, medoderm, and endoderm. mesenchym is part of the mesoderm layer,
which then develops into connective tissue and blood. Skull bones come directly from
mesenchyma cells through the process of intramembrane ossification. Endocondral
ossification is the turn of cartilage into hard bone during the growth process. This
ossification process is responsible for the formation of most human bones. In this process,
bone cells (osteoblasts) actively divide and appear in the middle of the cartilage called
center ossification. Osteoblasts subsequently turn into osteocytes, today's bone cells are
firmly embedded in the bone matrix. Most bones can also be formed from a combination of
intramembrane ossification and endocorl ossification. In this process the mesenchym cells
develop into a condroblast that actively divides. Large chondroblast cells secrete a matrix in
the form of condrins. The chondroblasts turn into osteoblasts which produce osteocytes and
produce minerals to form the bone matrix.
Adult hard bones are living tissues composed of organic components and mineral
components. The organic component consists of proteins in the form of collagen fibers,
extracellular matrix and fibroblasts, with living cells that producecollagen and matrix.
Mineral components are composed of calcium carbonate which gives strength and
stiffness to the bones. During an individual's life, osteoblasts continue to secrete minerals,
while osteoclasts continue to absorb minerals. Inpatients and astronauts, their bones are
fragile due to the reabsorbtion process by osteoclasts faster than the secretion process by
osteoblasts. The bones of people who have aged fragile because the mineral components in
the bone begin to decrease their production.
B. Muskuler/Muscle
1.1 Muscle
All muscle cells have the specificity of contracting. There are more than 600 muscles
in the human body. Most of these muscles are attached to the skeletal bones of the body by
tendons, and a small portion is attached under the surface of the skin. Functions of the
musculer/muscle system:
✓ Movement. Muscles produce movement in the bones where they are attached and
move in parts of the body's internal organs.
✓ Support the body and maintain posture. Muscles support the skeleton and maintain
the body when in a standing position or when sitting against the force of gravity.
✓ Heat production. Contraction of the muscles metabolically generates heat to
maintain normal body temperature.

Characteristics of the musculer/muscle system:

✓ Contractility. Muscle fibers contract and stiffen, which can or does not involve
shortening of the muscle.
✓ Exitability. Muscle fibers will respond strongly if stimulated by nerve impulses.
✓ Extensibility. Muscle fibers have the ability to stiffen beyond muscle length when
relaxed.
✓ Elasticity. Muscle fibers can return to their original size after contracting or stretching.
Types of muscles

Skeletal muscle, is a striated muscle, volunter, and attached to the skeleton. Muscle fibers
are very long, up to 30 cm, cylindrical in shape with widths ranging from 10 microns to 100
microns. Each fiber has many nuclei arranged in the peripheral part. The contractions are
very fast and strong. The microscopic structure of the skelet muscle is arranged by parallel
bundles consisting of long cylindrical fibers, called myofibers. Fungsi Skeletal System is
protectingthe internal organs from mechanical trauma, forming a skeleton that serves to
support the body andmuscles attached to the bones, contains and protects the red bone marrow
which is one of the blood-forming tissues, is a storage place for minerals such as calcium from
the blood.
Hemopoesis
✓ Each muscle fiber is actually a cell that has many nuclei in it.
✓ The cytoplasma of muscle cells called sarcoplasma is full of various organelles, mostly
cylindrically long called myofibril.
✓ Myofibril is composed by myofilament-myofilament of different sizes: the rough consists
of a fine myosin protein composed of actin protein.

Smooth muscle is an unsaltered and involuntary muscle. This type of muscle can be found
on hollow walls such as the bladder and uterus, as well as on the tubal wall, such as in the
respiratory, digestive, reproductive, urinary, and circulatory systems. Spindle-shaped muscle
fibers with a central nucleus. These fibers are small, ranging from 20 microns (lining blood
vessels) to 0.5 mm in the uterus of pregnant women. The contractions are strong
andsluggish. The microscopic structure of smooth muscle is its sarcoplasma consisting of
myofibrils composed by myofilamen-myofilamen. There are two categories of smooth
muscle based on the way muscle fibers are stimulated to contract.
1. Double unit smooth muscle is found on the walls of large blood vessels, on the large
airways of the respiratory trachtus, on the eye muscles that focus the lens and adjust the
size of the pupil and on the hair pili directive muscles.
2. Single unit smooth muscle (visceral) is found arranged in the wall layer of a hollow organ
or visera. All fibers in the layer are able to contract as a single unit. These muscles can
self-digitize or myogenic and do not require external nerve stimulation to result from
spontaneous electrical activity.

Heart Muscle
It's a striated muscle. Also called the involuntary latitude seran muscle
✓ This muscle is only in the heart.
✓ Work continuously at all times without stopping, but the heart muscle also has a period
of rest, which is whenever it beats.

C.Tendon
Tendons are strong, flexible ropes or veins of flesh,made of fibrous proteins (collagen). Tendons
function to attach the bone with muscle or muscle with muscle.
 D.Ligamen
Ligaments are very strong sheaths, which are a connecting elastic tissue composed of
collagen. Ligaments wrap the bone with bones bound by joints. Some types of thin
ligaments ligaments wrapped bones and cartilage. It is a collateral ligament in the
elbow and knee. These ligaments allow movement. Yellow elastic tissue ligaments. It is
a ligament that is strengthened by tissue that wraps and strengthens the joint, as in the
shoulder bone with the upper arm bone.

Bone Structure

Bones are made up of living cells scattered among nonliving materials (matrices).

The matrix is composed of osteoblasts (bone-forming cells).

Osteoblasts make and secrete collagen proteins and mineral salts.

If new bone formation is needed, a new osteoblast will be formed.
If the bone has been formed, the osteoblast will turn into osteocytes (bone cells).
Bone cells that have died will be damaged by osteoclasts (bone destruction cells). Bone
tissue consists of:

a.Kompak (Harvesian system

matric and lacuna, lamella intersisialis)b.

Spongiosa (a trabecula containing bone marrow and vessels)

Classification of bones based on their constituents
1. Compact Bones
a. Solid, smooth and homogeneous
In the middle there is a medullary cavity containing 'yellow bone marrow'
c. Composed of units: Osteon Haversian System
d. At the center of osteon contains channels (Haversian Canals) where blood and nerves are
surrounded by concentric layers (lamellae). Compact bones and spongiose are surrounded
by a thin membrane called theperiosteur, this membrane contains:
The outer branching of blood vessels that go into the tulanng
Osteoblasts2. Spongiosa Bones
a.Composed of "honeycomb" networks called trabekula
b. These structures cause the bones to withstand pressure.
c. The cavity between the trebakula is filled with "red bone marrow" containing
blood vessels that nourish the bones. Examples, pelvic bones, ribs, spine, skull and at the
end of the arms and thighs.
Classification of Bones by Shape
Long bones, examples: humerus, femur, radius, ulna2.
Short bones, examples: wrist and ankle bones3.
Flat bones, examples: skull bones of the head, ribs and sternum4.
Irregular bones: examples: vertebrae, facial bones, pelvis
2. Division of Skeletal System
Axial/ axial frame, consisting of:
skull/cranium and facial bones
vertebral columna / spinal trunk
costae / ribs
sternum / breastbone2.

Appendicular/additional frame, consisting of:

a.tulang extremitas superiora.
Pectoralis corset, consisting of a scapula (triangular-shaped bone) and a clavicula (curved
bone).
b. upper arms, ranging from the shoulders to the elbows.
c. forearms, ranging from elbows to wrists.
d.tangan
inferior extremity bones: pelvic girdle, thigh, lower limb, leg.

E. Sandy
Joints are the relationship between two bones in such a way, so that it is intended to
facilitate movement.
Synarthrosis (suture) The relationship between two bones that cannot be moved, the
structure consists of fibrous. Example: The relationship between bones in the skull.
Amphiarthrosis The relationship between two slightly movable bones, the structure of
which is a cartilage. Example: Spine
Diarthrosis The connection between two bones that allows movement, consisting of
synovial structures. Examples: bullet joints (hands with shoulders), hinge joints (elbows),
rotary joints (head and neck), and saddle joints (thumb/ thumb).
B. Punggung
1. Structure
The backbone segments are grouped into:
1.Cervical/neck 7 sections
2.Thoracalis/punggung 12 streets
3.Lumbar/waist 5 sections
4.Sakralis/kelangkang 5 streets
5.Koxigeus/tail 4 segments

2. Function

The back area serves to uphold / support the posture of the human rear-bone
structure. Upright posture also increases the mechanical force of the lumbrosakral rear-
bone structure.

Between the vertebrae are bound by the intervertebls, as well as by ligaments and
muscles. The soft bond between bones makes the backbone flexible. Aunit of function of two
adjacent bone shapes is shown from the imagebelow.
3.Back components
The back muscles are supported by the back, abdomen, waist and legs are strong and
flexible. All of these muscles serve to hold the spine and back in a normal position.
Diskus Is a prone tulan pad that serves as a shock hold. There are vertebrae that allow the
joints to move smoothly. Each disc contains fluid that flows into and out of thedisk. This fluid
serves as a lubricant thatallows the back to movefreely. The disc is elastic, easily returned to its
original shape if pressed between the two vertebrae.
a. Back muscles
The spina erector consists of a mass of muscle fibers, coming from behind the sacrum and
borders of the inominate bone and attached to the back of the upper coumnavertebra, with
fibers subsequently arising from the vertebrae and up to the occipital bone of the skull. The
muscle maintains the firm position of the body and makes it easier for the body to reach its
position again when in a state of flexion.
Lastimus dorsi is a flat muscle that extends behind the back. The main action of the muscle
is to pull the arm down against the defensive position, the rotational movement of the arm
inwards, and pull the body away from the arm during climbing. In strong breathing presses
on the posterior part of the abdomen.
b.Leg muscles
Gluteus maximimus, gluteus medius, and gluteus minimus are the muscles of the buttocks.
These muscles all arise from the outer surface of the ilium, part of the gluteus maksimus
arises from the back of the sacrum. The main action of the muscles is to maintain the
position of movement, lengthen the pelvic movement during running, climbing, and when
climbing stairs, in lifting thebody from a sitting or bending position, abrasion movement andlateral
rotation of thethighs.
D.Intervertebral Disc
In vertebrate living things (having a spinal cord) there is a structure formed by a number of
bones called vertebralbody. In each of the two vertebrae there is adisc-shaped cartilage pad
called the Intervertebral Disc.

There are 24 Intervertebral discs.

. This cartilage serves as a buffer for the vertebrae to remain in position and also gives
flexibility to the backal when there is movement or change in position in the body. Figure 7
This cartilage circumcision is divided into 3 parts:
Nucleus pulposus,
It has a content consisting of 14%
Proteoglycan,77% Air, dan 4%
Collagen.Annulus fibrosus,mengandung 5%Proteoglycan, 70% Air, dan 15%Collagen
 Cartilage endplate, terdiri dari 8%Proteoglycan, 55% Air, dan 25%Collagen

E. Neck

Neck Bone Collarbone

It consists of seven segments, has a small body and a large hole. In the taju wings there is a
hole where the rate of nerves called transvertalisory. The first segment of the serphykalis
vertebra is called an atlas that allows thehead to nod. The second segment is called the odontois
processus (axial) which allows the head to rotate to the left and right. The seventh section has ataju called
the prominan processus. The road is a bit long.
Bones in the neck:
a.Os. The hyoideum is a U-shaped money bone and is located on top of a thyroidea as tall as
the cervical iii vertebrae.
b.Cartygo thyroidea
Prominentia laryngea, formed by cartylago thyroidea sheets that meet in the median field.
Prominentia laryngea can be tried and often seen.
d.Cornu superius, is cartilage that can be gropped when the horn on the other side is fixed.
e.Cartilagocricoidea, another larynx cartilage, can be touched under theprominentia
laryngea
f.Cartilagines tracheales, palpable in the inferior part of the neck.
The rings of cartilage between the four to the fourth are not palpable because they are
covered by the isthmus that connects the dexter lobe and the sinister lobe of
glandulaethyroideae.
h.Cartilage trachealis I, located exactly superior to isthmus.
Neck Muscles
The muscles of the neck are divided into three parts:
a.Muskulus platysma
It's under the skin and face. This muscle goes to the collarbone and the second rib. Its
function is to pull the corners of the mouth down and widen the mouth as when expressing
feelings of sadness and fear, also to pull the skin of the neck upwards.
 b.Muskulus sternokleidomastoideus
it is found on the surface of lateralproc.mastoidebus ossis temporalis and half lateral linea
nuchalis superior. Its function is to tilt the head to one side, for example to the lateral (side),
flexionand rotation of the neck, so that the face faces upwards on the other side; contractionof both sides
causes neckflexion. This muscle works when the head will be pulled sideways. However, if
the muskulus muscles platisma and sternokleidomastoideus together work together then
the reaction is that the face will look up.
Muskulus longisimus kapitis, consisting of splenius and semispinalis kapitis. Its function is
laterofleksi and exorosity of the head and neck to the same side. The three muscles are
located at the back of the neck that extends from the back of the head to the choactoid
spinal processus. Its function is to pull the back head and shake the head.
F. Day
The elbow is a very complex point where there are three bones, namely thehumerus, radius
and ulna. The three bones work together in a flexi, extension and rotational movement.
G. Shoulder Bone
The bones in the shoulder consist of:
· Collarbone
(collarbone), is a curved bone that connects the upper arm with the torso. The medial end
(to the middle) of the clavicula articulates with the breastbone connected by the
sternoclavicular joint, while its lateral end (sideways) articulates with the scapula connected
by the acromioclavicular joint. The sternoclavicular joint is the only link between the upper
bones and the body.
· Scapula
(shoulder blade), is a bone that is triangular. This bone articulates with clavicula and upper
arm bone. Towards the lateralscapula it continues itself as an acromioclavicular that connects
thescapula with the clavicula.
· Sendi glenohumeral,
It is the link between the bones of the upper arm and the scapula.

2.Shoulder Muscles
The shoulder muscle covers only a joint and wraps around the groin bone and scapula.
Muskulus deltoid
(triangle muscle), this muscle forms the curve of the shoulder and is supported in the lateral
part of the clavicula (end of the shoulder), scapula, and bones
the base of the arm. The function of this muscle is to lift the arm until it is flat.
Muskulus subkapularis
(Front muscle scapula). This muscle starts from the scapula, towards the base bone of the
arm. The function of this muscle is to present and rotate the humerus (upper arm bone) in.
Muskulus supraspinatus
(upper muscle scapula). This muscle is based in the upper curve leading to the base bone of
the arm. The function of this muscle is to lift the arm.
Muskulus infraspinatus
(muscles under the scapula). This muscle is based in the lower curve of the scapula and leads to
the base bone of the arm. Its function isto rotate thearm out.
Muskulus teres mayor
(Large round arm muscles). This muscle is based at the elbow under the scapula and
towards the base bone of the arm. Its function can rotate in.
Muskulus teres minor (small round arm muscle). This muscle is based on the outer elbow
of the scapula and towards the base bone of the arm. Its function rotates outwards.
 CHAPTER IV
COVER
A. Conclusion
Anatomy is the study of the shape and arrangement of the body with both the
overall and the parts and relationships of the body tools with each other. Physiology is
the science that studies the faal or work of each body tissue or part of the body's tools
and so on.
Bones begin to form from the baby in the womb, lasting until the second decade
in an orderly arrangement. The musculoskeletal system is a system formed by bones,
joints and muscles. Bones (system skelet) there are 206 bones in the human body,
divided into 4 categories:
1. Long bones
2. Short bones
3. Flat bones
4. Irregular bones, bones on the face and vertebrae.

B. Suggestion
After reading this paper, hopefully the reader can know / understand about the
parts of the Musculoskeletal System and also their respective functions properly.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Budiyono Setiadi, (2011). Anatomy of the Human Body. Bekasi: Laskar AKSARA.
Setiadi,. (2007). Anatomy & Physiology of Man. Yogyakarta : GRAHA ILMU