SHS

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
Module 1, Quarter 1, Week 3
Practical Research 2
Grade 11/12 Module 1 Quarter 1, Week 3
First Edition, 2020

Copyright © 2020
La Union Schools Division
Region I

All rights reserved. No part of this module may be reproduced in any form without
written permission from the copyright owners.

Development Team of the Module

Author: WILHELM FRANCIS C. SALDO, MT-II

Editor: SDO La Union, Learning Resource Quality Assurance Team

Illustrator: Ernesto F. Ramos Jr., P II

Management Team:

ATTY. Donato D. Balderas, Jr.

Schools Division Superintendent

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Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
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Rominel S. Sobremonte, EdD, EPS in Charge of Science
Michael Jason D. Morales, PDO II
Claire P. Toluyen, Librarian II
 Practical Research 2
Module 1: Quarter 1 – Week 3
 Target

Quantitative Research is the systematic investigation of phenomena by gathering

quantifiable data and performing statistical, mathematical, or computational
techniques. It has been very vital in different scientific researches and in all fields of
inquiry.

This module will provide you with activities and information that will help you
understand the salient features of Qualitative Research.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

• Describes characteristics, strengths, weaknesses, and kinds of

quantitative research (CS_RS12-la-c-1)

Before proceeding further, check how much you know about

Quantitative Research. Answer the pre-test in a separate sheet.

Pre-test. Direction: Choose the letter of the answer of your choice. Use a separate
sheet of paper.

4
____1. Which of the following refers to a systematic empirical investigation of
occurrences that is observable using statistical, mathematical or computational
techniques?

a. Quantitative Research c. Qualitative Research

b. Research Design d. Variable
____2. Which of the following is NOT TRUE about quantitative research?

a. Quantitative research makes use of numerals in the interpretation of results.

b. The objective of quantitative research is to employ theories to test a
phenomenon
c. Quantitative research directs you to focus on thing through statistics
d. None of these
____3. Which of the following refers to the framework of research?
a. Quantitative Research c. Qualitative Research
b. Research Design d. Variable
____4. Which of the following research designs allows the researcher to examine the
phenomenon with reference to time?
a. Descriptive c. Correlational
b. Developmental d. Epidemiological

____5. Which of the following research designs is used in observing, documenting and
describing a phenomenon occurring in natural setting without any manipulation or
control?

a. Descriptive c. Correlational
b. Developmental d. Epidemiological
Read and analyze the statement below. Write T if the statement is TRUE and F if the
statement is False.
____6. The money that could be spent is a significant barrier to consider in conducting
quantitative research.

____7. Quantitative approach does not require direct observation

____8. Quantitative research is conducted on significant sample size that represents the
population to assure the reliability of results.

____9. Researchers can use quantitative approach to focus on a specific fact that they
want to study in a given population.
____10. Quantitative approach doesn’t look for the reason why variables exist in specific
environments.

5
 Lesson 1 Nature of Inquiry and Research

Jump Start

For you to understand the lesson well, do the following activities.

Have fun learning and good luck!

Activity 1: Vocabulary Improvement

Direction: Based on your knowledge, write terms related to the word at the center.

______ ______

______ Research ______ ______ Quantitative ______

______ ______

Activity 2: Characteristics of Quantitative Research

6
Direction: Draw a graphic organizer that gives the salient features/ characteristics of
Quantitative Research.

7
 Discover

What is Quantitative Research?

Quantitative Research is a systematic empirical investigation of occurrences
that is observable using statistical, mathematical or computational techniques. The
objective of this kind of research is to employ theories, models and hypothesis to test
the phenomena. Quantitative research is numerical in nature. Meanings and results are
expressed using numerals that shows the specificity of something.
Quantitative research directs you to focus on things through statistics which
denotes the collection and interpretation of numerical data gathered through examining
facts and information about person, thing, place or events.

What are the Characteristics of Quantitative Research?

a. Structured Research Instrument: Data used in Quantitative Research are

gathered using structured research instruments. This helps in collecting in-depth
and actionable data based on results.

b. Sample Size: Quantitative research is conducted on significant sample size

that represents the population to assure the reliability of results. Appropriate
sampling methods are used as well to fortify the objective.

c. Replicable: The study could be repeated that gives a high reliability of results.

d. Clearly Defined Questions: The researcher has clearly defined research

questions to which objective answers are sought.

e. Numerical: Data are in the form of numbers and statistics that are arranged
in tables, charts and figures or in other textual forms. This makes it easy to
understand and proves the validity of the research.

f. Objective: Quantitative research seeks accurate measurement and analysis

of target concepts.

g. Generalization of Results: Results of this research method can be generalized

to take appropriate actions for improvement.

8
What are the strengths and weaknesses of Quantitative Research?

A. Strengths of Quantitative Research

1. Quantitative Research allows you to reach a higher sample size. This leads
to an easier way to reach an accurate generalized conclusion. The additional data
gives you greater creditability because it has more depth to review.
2. You can collect more information quickly when using quantitative research.
Experiments, surveys and interviews provide immediate answers that become
useful from a data-centered approach.
3. Quantitative Research uses randomized samples in collecting information.
This excludes bias from appearing in most situations. It provides an advantage
in the fact that the data can then get the rest of the demographic being studied.
4. Results duplication is possible. Quantitative research only focuses on the
actual data. The work validates itself because the results always points towards
the same data even though randomized conditions exist.
5. Quantitative research can focus on facts or a series of information.
Researchers can use quantitative approach to focus on a specific fact that they
want to study in a given population.
6. Quantitative approach does not require direct observation. Study can be
done without the need of someone. This advantage creates a better response rate
because people have more time and less pressure to complete the work.

B. Weakness of Quantitative Research

1. This method does not consider the meaning behind social phenomenon.
It does not care about the motives that people have when sharing an opinion or
making decisions.
2. Quantitative research studies can be very expensive. The money that could
be spent is a significant barrier to consider in conducting quantitative research.

3. There is no access to specific feedback in quantitative research. The

statistics that researchers gather are useful for generalization but could not
produce specific feedback incidents that allows positive refinement.

4. Some efforts at randomization will not create usable information.

Quantitative approach doesn’t look for the reason why variables exist in specific
environments.

5. Quantitative research requires a large sample that makes it difficult to

gather data and makes this kind of research costly.

9
What are the kinds of quantitative research designs?

Research design is considered as the framework of research. It is termed as the

“GLUE” that holds each of the elements of research as one. In other words, it is the plan
of the proposed research work. It is the overall strategy that is being integrated in the
different components of the study in a coherent and logical way.

The function of the research design is to assure that evidence obtained enables
the researcher to effectively address the problem as unambiguously as possible. The
problem that will be answered in the research determines the kind of research that
should be used in the study.

Quantitative Research

Experimental Non-Experimental

Pre-Experimental Descriptive

True Experimental Correlational

Quasi- Experimental Developmental

Epidemiological

What is Experimental Research?

Experimental Research is a quantitative research dealing with the object or

subject of a research in an exact manner and look into the extent of the effects or
influence of the treatment on the subject, then discovers the cause of such effect. There
are two groups involved in any experimental research; the experimental group, the one
in which the treatment is applied and the control group, which does not receive any
treatment.

a. Pre-Experimental Research Design: A group or various groups are kept under

observation after implementing factors of cause and effect. This research is done to
understand whether further investigations are necessary for particular groups.

10
b. True Experimental Research Design: This type of research design relies on
statistical analysis to prove or disprove a hypothesis, making it the most accurate type
of research. This type of research can establish a cause-effect relationship with-in a
group. In a true experiment, there are factors need to be considered:

1. There is a control group which won’t be subjected to changes and an

experimental group which will experience the changed variables

2. A variable that could be manipulated by the researcher

3. Random Distribution
c. Quasi- Experimental Research Design: The word “quasi” indicates similarity. In this
research, an independent variable is manipulated but the participants of the group are
not randomly assigned. Quasi-research is used in field settings where random
assignment is either irrelevant or not required.
What is Non-Experimental Research Design?

Non-Experimental research design is one of the broad categories of research

designs in which the researcher observes the phenomena as they occur naturally and
no external variables are introduced.
It is a research design in which variables are not deliberately manipulated nor is
the setting is controlled. Data is collected without introducing changes and making
treatments.

a. Descriptive Research Design

The purpose of descriptive studies is to observe, describe and document aspects
of a situation as it naturally occurs and sometimes to serve as a starting point for
hypothesis generation or theory development.
It is used in observing, documenting and describing a phenomenon occurring in
natural setting without any manipulation or control. It is designed to gain more
information about characteristics within a particular field in real world.
Types of Descriptive Research Design

1. Univarient descriptive design- This design is used to describe the

frequency of occurrence of phenomenon. It does not necessarily focus on
the on a single variable; there maybe one or more variables involved in the
study.

2. Exploratory Design- This design is used to identify, explore and describe

the existing phenomenon and its related factors. It is not simply a
description or the frequency of phenomenon but its in depth exploration
of its related factors to improve further understanding of a phenomenon.

3. Comparative Design- This design involves comparing and contrasting

two or more samples of study subjects on one or more variables. It is used

11
 to compare two distinct groups in terms of knowledge, perceptions,
attitudes and physical of psychological symptoms.
b. Correlational Design

In a correlational design, the researcher examines the relationship between two

or more variables in a natural setting without manipulation of the control. In other
words, it is a study conducted to determine the relationship of two or more variables
without any intervention.

Types of Correlational Research Design

1. Prospective Research Design- A design that lets the researcher connect
the present to the future. It starts with the cause and arrive with a
presumed effects.
2. Retrospective Research Design- A design where the researcher studies
the current situation by seeking facts and figures from the past.

c. Developmental Research Design

In a developmental research design, the researcher examines the phenomenon
with reference to time. It is generally used as aide research design with other designs.

Types of Developmental Research Design

1. Cross-sectional Design- In this research design, the researcher collects
data at a particular point of time (one period data collection).

2. Longitudinal Design- Designed to collect data over an extended period

(long-term study). Its value is in its ability to demonstrate change over a
period of time.

d. Epidemiological Research Design

A study done to investigate the distribution and causes of the disease in a
population. Generally, it is conducted to investigate causes of different diseases in either
prospective approach or retrospective design.
Types of Epidemiological Research Design

1. Cohort Studies- In this design, a longitudinal approach is used to

investigate the occurrence of a disease in existing presumed causes.
2. Case-control Studies- In this design, the cause of the disease is
investigated after the occurrence of the disease.

12
 Explore

Enrichment Activity 1: Through a graphic organizer, list down the characteristics

of quantitative research.

______

______ ______
Quantitiave
Research

______ ______

Enrichment Activity 2: From the words listed in the previous activity, explain in
your own words each of the characteristics of quantitative research. Make your
answers brief yet substantial.

1.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________

13
2.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________

4.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
5.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Enrichment Activity 3: Read and analyze the statements below and determine
whether it is a strength or weakness of quantitative research. Write S for strength
and W for weakness.
____1. Quantitative research requires higher sample size to assure the reliability of
results.

____2. Data could be easily collected in a quantitative research that allows you to save
time and effort.
____3. Results could be verified in a quantitative research study.

____4. A quantitative research study requires you to spend more money in the
replication of survey forms and in procuring necessary tools and equipment needed for
the study.

____5. Results of this research method can be generalized to take appropriate actions
for improvement

Enrichment Activity 4: Select and explain briefly at least 5 of the different

research designs you have learned.

1.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________

14
2.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________

4.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
5.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________

15
 Deepen

Direction: Knowing the characteristics, strengths, weaknesses and kinds of

quantitative research, think of at least 5 research topics/problems in your own
field of specialization and determine the correct research design to be used. Follow
the table shown below:

Research Problem Research Design

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

16
 Gauge

____1. Which of the following refers to a systematic empirical investigation of

occurrences that is observable using statistical, mathematical or computational
techniques?

a. Quantitative Research c. Qualitative Research

b. Research Design d. Variable

____2. Which of the following is NOT TRUE about quantitative research?

a. Quantitative research makes use of numerals in the interpretation of results.
b. The objective of quantitative research is to employ theories to test a
phenomenon
c. Quantitative research directs you to focus on thing through statistics
d. None of these

____3. Which of the following refers to the framework of research?

a. Quantitative Research c. Qualitative Research

b. Research Design d. Variable

____4. Which of the following research designs allows the researcher to examine the
phenomenon with reference to time?
a. Descriptive c. Correlational
b. Developmental d. Epidemiological

____5. Which of the following research designs is used in observing, documenting and
describing a phenomenon occurring in natural setting without any manipulation or
control?
a. Descriptive c. Correlational
b. Developmental d. Epidemiological

____6. The design that design that lets the researcher connect the present to the future
and starts with the cause and arrive with a presumed effects is __________.
a. Prospective Research Design c. Retrospective Research Design
b. Cross-sectional design d. Cohort Design

____7. A design where the researcher studies the current situation by seeking facts and
figures from the past is ________.
a. Prospective Research Design c. Retrospective Research Design
b. Cross-sectional design d. Cohort Design

17
____8. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of quantitative research?

a. It makes use of structured research instruments.

b. It is conducted on significant sample size that represents the population to
assure the reliability of results.
c. Quantitative studies could be repeated that gives a high reliability of results.
d. It makes use of words in interpreting results.
____9. Which of the following is NOT a strength of quantitative research?
a. This method does not consider the meaning behind social phenomenon
b. You can collect more information quickly
c. Quantitative Research uses randomized samples
d. Results duplication is possible
____10. Which of the following is NOT a weakness of Quantitative Research?
a. This method does not consider the meaning behind social phenomenon.
b. Quantitative research studies can be very expensive.
c. There is no access to specific feedback in quantitative research.
d. All of these

18
Module 1 Key Answers

Pre-test. Direction: Choose the letter of the answer of your choice. Place it in the
blank provided before each number.

A1. Which of the following refers to a systematic empirical investigation of occurrences

that is observable using statistical, mathematical or computational techniques?
a. Quantitative Research c. Qualitative Research
b. Research Design d. Variable

D2. Which of the following is NOT TRUE about quantitative research?

a. Quantitative research makes use of numerals in the interpretation of results.
b. The objective of quantitative research is to employ theories to test a
phenomenon
c. Quantitative research directs you to focus on thing through statistics
d. None of these

B3. Which of the following refers to the framework of research?

a. Quantitative Research c. Qualitative Research
b. Research Design d. Variable

____B4. Which of the following research designs allows the researcher to examine the
phenomenon with reference to time?

a. Descriptive c. Correlational
b. Developmental d. Epidemiological
____A5. Which of the following research designs is used in observing, documenting and
describing a phenomenon occurring in natural setting without any manipulation or
control?
a. Descriptive c. Correlational
b. Developmental d. Epidemiological
Read and analyze the statement below. Write T if the statement is TRUE and F if the
statement is False.

T 6. The money that could be spent is a significant barrier to consider in conducting

quantitative research.
T 7. Quantitative approach does not require direct observation

T 8. Quantitative research is conducted on significant sample size that represents the

population to assure the reliability of results.
T 9. Researchers can use quantitative approach to focus on a specific fact that they
want to study in a given population.

T 10. Quantitative approach doesn’t look for the reason why variables exist in specific
environments.

19
Jump Start

Activity 1 (sample answers)

investigatipn countable

exploration Research experimentation measurable Quantitative numerical

testing quantifiable

Activity 2: Characteristics of Quantitative Research

Direction: Draw a graphic organizer that gives the salient features/ characteristics of
Quantitative Research.

Sample Answers (Note: Responses may vary).

Replicable

Quantitaive
Objective Numerical
Research

Use
structured
research
instruments

20
 Enrichment Activity 1: Through a graphic organizer, list down the characteristics
of quantitative research. (Answers may vary)

Use
Structured
Research
Design

Objective Replicable

Quantitiav
e Research

Have
clearly
Numerical
defined
objectives

Enrichment Activity 2: From the words listed in the previous activity, explain in
your own words each of the characteristics of quantitative research. Make your
answers brief yet substantial.

Use the rubrics below in rating students’ responses.

3 2 1 0
Exceeded Satisfactorily Met Came close to Did not meet the
expectations all expectations meeting the expectations
expectations
DETAILS/ Provides a VERY Provides a Came close to Did not meet the
CONTENT OF thorough and clear thorough and clear meeting the expectations and
ESSAY and concise and concise expectations but was missing
content content was missing one or crucial elements.
two minor Provides an
elements or unclear and
details. Provides a unintelligible
somewhat details
muddled and
rambling details
REFLECT Shows great depth Relates learning, Little reflection of Shows No evidence
PERSONAL of knowledge and reveals feelings learning, of learning or
THOUGHTS/ learning , reveals and abstract ideas generalizations reflection. No or
KNOWLEDG/ feelings and reflected through and limited few details to
LEARNING abstract ideas the use of specific insight, uses some support reflection
reflected through details detail
the use of specific Limited
details explanation
MECHANICS/ Consistently Contains accurate Contains Consistently
GRAMMAR contains accurate and proper numerous errors contains
and proper grammatical in grammatical inaccurate and
grammatical conventions, conventions, incorrect
conventions, spelling, and spelling, and grammatical
spelling, and punctuations punctuations conventions,
punctuations spelling, and
punctuations

21
Enrichment Activity 3: Read and analyze the statements below and determine
whether it is a strength or weakness of quantitative research. Write S for strength
and W for weakness.

S 1. Quantitative research requires higher sample size to assure the reliability of results.

S 2. Data could be easily collected in a quantitative research that allows you to save
time and effort.

S 3. Results could be verified in a quantitative research study.

W 4. A quantitative research study requires you to spend more money in the replication
of survey forms and in procuring necessary tools and equipment needed for the study.

S 5. Results of this research method can be generalized to take appropriate actions for
improvement
Enrichment Activity 4: Select and explain briefly at least 5 of the different
research designs you have learned.
(Please refer to the previous rubric in rating students’ responses).
Deepen (Answers may vary depending on student’s specialization.

Direction: Knowing the characteristics, strengths, weaknesses and kinds of

quantitative research, think of at least 5 research topics/problems in your own
field of specialization and determine the correct research design to be used. Follow
the table shown below:

Research Problem Research Design

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

22
____A 1. Which of the following refers to a systematic empirical investigation of
occurrences that is observable using statistical, mathematical or computational
techniques?

a. Quantitative Research c. Qualitative Research

b. Research Design d. Variable
____D 2. Which of the following is NOT TRUE about quantitative research?

a. Quantitative research makes use of numerals in the interpretation of results.

b. The objective of quantitative research is to employ theories to test a
phenomenon
c. Quantitative research directs you to focus on thing through statistics
d. None of these
____B 3. Which of the following refers to the framework of research?
a. Quantitative Research c. Qualitative Research
b. Research Design d. Variable
____B 4. Which of the following research designs allows the researcher to examine the
phenomenon with reference to time?
a. Descriptive c. Correlational
b. Developmental d. Epidemiological

____A 5. Which of the following research designs is used in observing, documenting and
describing a phenomenon occurring in natural setting without any manipulation or
control?

a. Descriptive c. Correlational
b. Developmental d. Epidemiological
____A 6. The design that design that lets the researcher connect the present to the future
and starts with the cause and arrive with a presumed effects is __________.
a. Prospective Research Design c. Retrospective Research Design
b. Cross-sectional design d. Cohort Design

____C 7. A design where the researcher studies the current situation by seeking facts
and figures from the past is ________.
a. Prospective Research Design c. Retrospective Research Design
b. Cross-sectional design d. Cohort Design

____D 8. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of quantitative research?

a. It makes use of structured research instruments.
b. It is conducted on significant sample size that represents the population to
assure the reliability of results.
c. Quantitative studies could be repeated that gives a high reliability of results.

23
 d. It makes use of words in interpreting results.
____A 9. Which of the following is NOT a strength of quantitative research?
a. This method does not consider the meaning behind social phenomenon
b. You can collect more information quickly
c. Quantitative Research uses randomized samples
d. Results duplication is possible

____D 10. Which of the following is a weakness of Quantitative Research?

a. This method does not consider the meaning behind social phenomenon.
b. Quantitative research studies can be very expensive.
c. There is no access to specific feedback in quantitative research.
d. All of these

24
 Target

Research has been very vital across all fields. It uncover differences that are
hidden within categories. It results to the improvement of our way of life and gives
comfort to people in all aspects. It’s importance ranges from technological inventions to
medical research. It solves complicated problems and makes the world a better place to
live and improves our living condition.

Overall, research is an ongoing process in the development of new drugs,

technology, anthropology as well as in other fields. This together will then turn and
create better solutions and debunk any research claims that have flaws.

In the previous module, you have learned about the characteristics, strengths
and weaknesses and the different kinds of quantitative research. You were able to grasp
that quantitative research makes use of numerals in interpreting results and a lot more.

For the next module, it will help you understand the importance of Quantitative
Research in different fields.
After going through this module, you are expected to:

a. Illustrates the importance of quantitative research across fields CS_RS12-Ia-

c-2

Before proceeding further, check how much you know

about
Quantitative Research. Answer the pre-test in a separate
sheet.

25
Pre-Test

Direction: Read and analyze the statements below and determine if it TRUE of
FALSE. Write T if it is TRUE and F if it is FALSE.

____1. Quantitative techniques could not reduce the numerous uncertainties by

providing a reliable interpretation of reality enabling us to arrive with solutions to such
existing problems

____2. Research inculcates Scientific Thinking and promotes the development of our
way of life
____3. Anthropology is a research method of combing qualitative and quantitative
research data

____4. Anthropology is concerned about understanding various kinds of symbolic order

in a given situation, society, community and group.
____5. In the field of education, quantitative research could be done to improve
educational practices that may lead to more quality learning of the students.
____6. In the area of Accounting Business and Management, researches can’t help
design a new product service figuring out what is needed to ensure that the development
of a product is highly targeted towards demands
____7. Researches in the field of social sciences deal more on societal behaviors and
social issues.

____8. STEM researches lead to the understanding of social interactions that may lead
to the formulation of new theories and practices that contribute to societal development
and welfare

____9. Researches in the Social Sciences help in determining the effectiveness and even
side effects of drugs and therapies in different population.

____10. The primary function of research in ABM is to correctly determine its customers
and their preferences, establish an enterprise in its most feasible location.

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 Lesson II Nature of Inquiry and Research

Jumpstart

For you to understand the lesson well, do the

activity that follows

Direction: Analyze and arrange the jumbled letters found below. Write your answer in
the blank provided.
1. N A I E U D C O T

Y G O H L O O P R N A T
2.

H T I U E I M N A S
3.

E I N G E R N E I G N
4.

O U C Y C C N N A T A
5.

6. E D C M I I E N

S E S N S I B U
7.

A T I S H E T M A C M
8.

9. E C E N I C S

10. Y G O N O L E C T H

27
Direction: Explain the importance of quantitative research based from the words
formed in the previous activity. Make your answers brief but substantial.

1. _________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2. _________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3. _________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
4. _________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
5. _________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
6. _________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
7. _________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
8. _________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
9. _________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
10. _________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________

28
 Discover

The Importance of Quantitative Research Across all Fields

With our world facing increasing complex issues in different fields, quantitative
techniques reduce the numerous uncertainties by providing a reliable interpretation of
reality enabling us to arrive with solutions to such existing problems.
Research inculcates Scientific Thinking and promotes the development of our
way of life. It covers a wide range of field and is of great importance in marketing,
education, anthropology, business, policy making, and other fields related.
A. Quantitative Research in Anthropology

Anthropology is a research method of combing qualitative and quantitative

research data. It is concerned with exploring connections simultaneously, amidst
cultural Differences, Alternatives and Identity. Therefore, anthropology is concerned
about understanding various kinds of symbolic order in a given situation, society,
community and group.
In anthropology, quantitative research can be used to establish methods that will
help find the bigger picture, create demographic characterization that will be helpful in
understanding how a society is organized (Moreno 2020).
Many discoveries in this filed like human behavior in the society, racial conflicts,
and human evolution have given enormous contribution to the improvement of human
life

B. Quantitative Research in Education

In the field of education, quantitative research could be done to improve
educational practices that may lead to more quality learning of the students. Teachers
could do action researches to identify problems in education and suggest possible
solutions. Doing this could improve the quality of education and cater the needs of all
students taking into consideration their background and differences. Innovative
teaching strategies are products of researches. Researches also validates, test and
challenge existing educational practices that may lead to reforms which more
contextualized, localized and responsive to the needs of the learners.
C. Quantitative Research in Accounting Business and Management

In the area of Accounting Business and Management, researches can help design
a new product service figuring out what is needed to ensure that the development of a

29
product is highly targeted towards demands. Businessman can also utilize research
results to guarantee sufficient distribution of products and decide where they need to
increase their product distribution. It may also help a small business decide of the
procedure or strategy should be changed to meet the requirement of the customers.
Research is important for any organization to remain competitive in the market. The
primary function of research in ABM is to correctly determine its customers and their
preferences, establish an enterprise in its most feasible location, deliver quality goods,
and services, analyze what the competitors are doing and find ways on how to
continuously satisfy the growing and varied client’s needs.

D. Quantitative Research in Science, technology, Engineering and Mathematics

In the field of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, medical

practitioners conduct researches to obtain significant information about disease trends
and risks factors, results of various health interventions, patterns of care and health
care cost and use. The different approaches to research provide complimentary insights.
Researches help in determining the effectiveness and even side effects of drugs and
therapies in different population and is necessary in evaluating experiences in clinical
practice in order to provide mechanisms for best practices to ensure high quality patient
care.

As for engineers, architects and other builders, research helps in providing

designs that are creatively beautiful and at the same time give more convenience and
efficiency as they utilize modern technology to adopt to the ever-changing society. New
materials and procedures may be developed to further strengthen the structural
materials that can withstand various calamities and disasters.

E. Quantitative Research in Humanities and Social Sciences

In the discipline of Humanities and Social Sciences, research aims to provide

solutions to the social problems felt by people. Researches in the field deal more on
societal behaviors and social issues such as stress, worker ethics, organizational
commitment, leadership style, child labor, teenage pregnancy, human trafficking, to
drug addiction and other forms or criminality. Social Science researches lead to the
understanding of social interactions that may lead to the formulation of new theories
and practices that contribute to societal development and welfare.

30
 Explore

Enrichment Activity 1: Using the graphic organizer found below, list down the
importance of Quantitative Research across the different fields.

Education

______ ______ ______

Accountancy
Business and
Administartion

______ ______ ______

31
 Science,
Technology,
Engineering and
mathematic

______ ______ ______

Humanities
and Social
Science

______ ______ ______

Anthropology

______ ______ ______

32
 Deepen

Direction: Using the graphic organizer found below, list down the
impact/application/importance of quantitative research in your own field of
specialization.

_________

_________ _________

Quantitaive
Research

_________ _________

Direction: In not more than 100 words, write a reflective essay showing the importance
of quantitative research in your future career based on your field of specialization.

_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________

33
 Gauge

Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answers in the blank
provided before each number.

1. Which of the following is NOT true about anthropology?

a. Anthropology is a research method of combing qualitative and quantitative

research data.
b. It is concerned with exploring connections simultaneously, amidst cultural
Differences, Alternatives and Identity
c. It does not establish methods that will help find the bigger picture, create
demographic characterization that will be helpful in understanding how a society
is organized.
d. Many discoveries in this filed like human behavior in the society, racial
conflicts, and human evolution have given enormous contribution to the
improvement of human life
2. Which of the following does not show the importance of quantitative research in the
field of education?

a. Improvement educational practices that may lead to more quality learning of

the students
b. validates, test and challenge existing educational practices that may lead to
reforms
c. Helps to identify problems and suggest possible solutions.
d. None of these

3. Which of these correctly describes the importance of quantitative research in

Accountancy Business and Administration?

a. Researches can help design a new product service figuring out what is not
needed by the community
b. Research results could never guarantee sufficient distribution of products and
decide where they need to increase their product distribution
c. Correctly determine its customers and their preferences, establish an
enterprise in its most feasible location, deliver quality goods, and services.
d. None of these

34
4. Which of these correctly describes the importance of quantitative research in Science
Technology, Engineering and Mathematics?
a. Researches are done to obtain significant information about disease trends
and risks factors.
b. Research does not determine the effectiveness and even side effects of drugs
and therapies in different population
c. providing designs that are not creatively beautiful and at the same time give
more convenience and efficiency
d. None of these

5. Which of these correctly describes the importance of quantitative research in the field
of Humanities and Social Sciences?
a. Research helps in providing solutions to the social problems felt by people
b. Researches lead to the misunderstanding of social interactions
c. Research lead to the formulation of new theories and practices that contribute
to societal chaos.
d. None of these

Direction: Determine the area of discipline where the following statements fall.
Choose the letter of your choice inside the box.

a. Anthropology b. ABM c. HUMSS d. STEM e. Education

____6. Understanding various kinds of symbolic order in a given situation, society,

community and group.

____7. Human behavior in the society, racial conflicts, and human evolution.
____8. Improvement of educational practices that may lead to more quality learning of
the students.

____9. Validates, test and challenge existing educational practices that may lead to
reforms which more contextualized, localized and responsive to the needs of the learners
____10. Design a new product service figuring out what is needed to ensure that the
development of a product is highly targeted towards demands.
____11. Correctly determine its customers and their preferences, establish an enterprise
in its most feasible location, deliver quality goods, and services, analyze what the
competitors are doing.
____12. Obtain significant information about disease trends and risks factors, results of
various health interventions, patterns of care and health care cost and use.

____13. Provide designs that are creatively beautiful and at the same time give more
convenience and efficiency as they utilize modern technology to adopt to the ever-
changing society.

35
____14. Provide solutions to the social problems felt by people.

____15. Understanding of social interactions that may lead to the formulation of new
theories and practices that contribute to societal development and welfare

Module 2 Key Answers

Pre-Test
Direction: Read and analyze the statements below and determine if it TRUE of
FALSE. Write T if it is TRUE and F if it is FALSE.

____F 1. Quantitative techniques could not reduce the numerous uncertainties by

providing a reliable interpretation of reality enabling us to arrive with solutions to such
existing problems

____T 2. Research inculcates Scientific Thinking and promotes the development of our
way of life

____T 3. Anthropology is a research method of combing qualitative and quantitative

research data
____T 4. Anthropology is concerned about understanding various kinds of symbolic
order in a given situation, society, community and group.

____T 5. In the field of education, quantitative research could be done to improve

educational practices that may lead to more quality learning of the students.

____F 6. In the area of Accounting Business and Management, researches can’t help
design a new product service figuring out what is needed to ensure that the development
of a product is highly targeted towards demands

____T 7. Researches in the field of social sciences deal more on societal behaviors and
social issues.
____F 8. STEM researches lead to the understanding of social interactions that may lead
to the formulation of new theories and practices that contribute to societal development
and welfare
____T 9. Researches in the Social Sciences help in determining the effectiveness and
even side effects of drugs and therapies in different population.

____T 10. The primary function of research in ABM is to correctly determine its
customers and their preferences, establish an enterprise in its most feasible location.

36
Jump Start

Direction: Analyze and arrange the jumbled letters found below. Write your answer in
the blank provided.

1. N A I E U D C O T Education

Y G O H L O O P R N A T
2. Anthropology

H T I U E I M N A S
3. Humanities

E I N G E R N E I G N
4. Engineering

O U C Y C C N N A T A
5. Accountancy

6. E D C M I I E N Medicine

S E S N S I B U
7. Business

A T I S H E T M A C M
8. Mathematics

9. E C E N I C S Science

10. Y G O N O L E C T H Technology

Jumpstart Activity II

Direction: Explain the importance of quantitative research based from the words
formed in the previous activity. Make your answers brief but substantial.

Refer to the rubrics used in the previous modules.

Enrichment Activity 1: Using the graphic organizer found below, list down the
importance of Quantitative Research across the different fields.

Note: Student’s response may vary.

37
Deepen

Direction: Using the graphic organizer found below, list down the
impact/application/importance of quantitative research in your own field of
specialization.

Note: Student’s answer may vary.

Direction: In not more than 100 words, write a reflective essay showing the importance
of quantitative research in your future career based on your field of specialization.
Note: Use the rubric in the previous module in assessing student’s responses.

Guage

Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answers in the blank
provided before each number.

C 1. Which of the following is NOT true about anthropology?

a. Anthropology is a research method of combing qualitative and quantitative
research data.
b. It is concerned with exploring connections simultaneously, amidst cultural
Differences, Alternatives and Identity
c. It does not establish methods that will help find the bigger picture, create
demographic characterization that will be helpful in understanding how a society
is organized.
d. Many discoveries in this filed like human behavior in the society, racial
conflicts, and human evolution have given enormous contribution to the
improvement of human life
D 2. Which of the following does not show the importance of quantitative research in
the field of education?
a. Improvement educational practices that may lead to more quality learning of
the students
b. validates, test and challenge existing educational practices that may lead to
reforms
c. Helps to identify problems and suggest possible solutions.
d. None of these

D 3. Which of these correctly describes the importance of quantitative research in

Accountancy Business and Administration?

a. Researches can help design a new product service figuring out what is not
needed by the community
b. Research results could never guarantee sufficient distribution of products and
decide where they need to increase their product distribution
c. Correctly determine its customers and their preferences, establish an

38
 enterprise in its most feasible location, deliver quality goods, and services.
d. None of these
D 4. Which of these correctly describes the importance of quantitative research in
Science Technology, Engineering and Mathematics?

a. Researches are done to obtain significant information about disease trends

and risks factors.
b. Research does not determine the effectiveness and even side effects of drugs
and therapies in different population
c. Providing designs that are not creatively beautiful and at the same time give
more convenience and efficiency
d. None of these
A 5. Which of these correctly describes the importance of quantitative research in the
field of Humanities and Social Sciences?

a. Research helps in providing solutions to the social problems felt by people

b. Researches lead to the misunderstanding of social interactions
c. Research lead to the formulation of new theories and practices that contribute
to societal chaos.
d. None of these

Direction: Determine the area of discipline where the following statements fall.
Choose the letter of your choice inside the box.

a. Anthropology b. ABM c. HUMSS d. STEM e. Education

A 6. Understanding various kinds of symbolic order in a given situation, society,

community and group.

A 7. Human behavior in the society, racial conflicts, and human evolution.

E 8. Improvement of educational practices that may lead to more quality learning of the
students.
E 9. Validates, test and challenge existing educational practices that may lead to reforms
which more contextualized, localized and responsive to the needs of the learners
B 10. Design a new product service figuring out what is needed to ensure that the
development of a product is highly targeted towards demands.

B 11. Correctly determine its customers and their preferences, establish an enterprise
in its most feasible location, deliver quality goods, and services, analyze what the
competitors are doing.

D 12. Obtain significant information about disease trends and risks factors, results of
various health interventions, patterns of care and health care cost and use.

39
D 13. Provide designs that are creatively beautiful and at the same time give more
convenience and efficiency as they utilize modern technology to adopt to the ever-
changing society.

C14. Provide solutions to the social problems felt by people.

C15. Understanding of social interactions that may lead to the formulation of new
theories and practices that contribute to societal development and welfare

Target

Variables are “changing qualities of characteristics” of persons or things like age,

gender, intelligence, ideas, achievements and confidence that are involved in a research
study.
In the previous module, you have learned about the application of Quantitative
Research in different fields like in anthropology, engineering, mathematics, humanities
and in education.
For the next module, it will help you understand the different kinds of variables
being used in doing quantitative research.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

a. Differentiates kinds of variables and their uses CS_RS12-Ia-c-3

Before proceeding further, check how much you know

about
Quantitative Research. Answer the pre-test in a separate
sheet.

40
Pre-Test

Direction: Match Column A to Column B. Write your answers in the blank provided
before each number.

Column A Column B
___.1 Elements or entities, or factors that can change. a. Interval Variables

___.2 Values that lie along an evenly dispersed range of b. Ratio Variables
numbers
___.3 Have values that lie along an evenly dispersed range c. Dependent Variable
of numbers when there is an absolute zero
___.4 Have values that lie along an evenly dispersed range d. Independent Variable
of numbers when there is an absolute zero
___.5 It is the factor that is observed and measured to e. Control Variables
determine the effect of the independent variable
___.6 Factors controlled by the experimenter to cancel out f. Confounding Variables
or neutralize any effect on the observed phenomenon
___.7 Those that are not actually measured or observed in g. Nominal Variables
the study. They exist but their influence cannot be directly
detected in the study
___.8 Factor that theoretically effects observed h. Variables
phenomenon but can not be seen, measured or
manipulated
___.9 Represents categories that cannot be ordered in any i. Ordinal Variables
particular way.
___.10 Represents categories that could be ordered from j. Intervening Variables
smallest to greatest.

41
 Lesson III Nature of Inquiry and Research

Jump Start

For you to understand the lesson well, do the

activity that follows

Vocabulary Enrichment Direction: Complete the graphic organizer below by listing

word/s associated with the term “Variable.”

___

___ Variable ___

___

42
 Discover

What are variables?

Each person/thing we collect data on is called an observation. Such observation
posses a variety of characteristics, it could be the same for every member of the group
and called constant. But if the characteristic of a particular observation differs for group
members, it is called a variable.

The root of the word variable is related to the “vary” which should help us
understand what variables might be. Variables are elements or entities, or factors that
can change; for example, temperature, the cost of gasoline and your weight are all
examples of variables. A variable is not only something that we could measure, but also
something that we can manipulate and something we can control.
Types of Variables

A. Continuous Variable

1. Interval Variables: Values that lie along an evenly dispersed range of

numbers. It is a variable whose data values are ranged in real interval and can
be as large as from negative infinity to positive infinity.

2. Ratio Variables: Have values that lie along an evenly dispersed range of
numbers when there is an absolute zero.

B. Discrete Variables

1. Nominal Variables: Represents categories that cannot be ordered in any

particular way. These are variables whose data is non-numeric labels that do not
reflect quantitative information.
2. Ordinal Variables: Represents categories that could be ordered from smallest
to greatest. It refers to variables where there is meaningful order or categories
but there is no measurable distance between categories.

Types of Variables
Independent Variables: Variables which are manipulated or controlled or
changed. It is what the researcher studies to see its relationship or effects
(presumed possible cause). In other words, independent variables are those that
cause changes in the subject.
Example: In a salt tolerance experiment, the amount of salt added to each plant’s
water is an independent variable.

43
Dependent Variable: The dependent variable is a response variable or output. It
is the factor that is observed and measured to determine the effect of the
independent variable; it is the factor that appears, disappears and varies as the
researcher introduces, removes or varies the independent variable.

Example: Any measurement of plant health and growth as a result of the

independent variable.

Control Variable: Control variables are factors controlled by the experimenter to

cancel out or neutralize any effect on the observed phenomenon. A single study
cannot examine all of the variables in a situation or in a person; some must be
neutralized to guarantee they will not exert different or moderating effects on the
relationship between the dependent and independent variable.
Example: The temperature and light in the room the plants are kept constant,
and the volume of water given.

Intervening Variable: It is the factor that theoretically effects observed

phenomenon but can not be seen, measured or manipulated; its effects must be
inferred from the effects of the independent and moderate variable in the observed
phenomenon.
Confounding Variable: Those that are not actually measured or observed in the
study. They exist but their influence cannot be directly detected in the study.

Example: (Salt tolerance experiment) Pot size and soil type might affect plant
survival as much as more than salt additions. In an experiment you would control
these potentials by holding them constant.

44
 Explore

Here are some enrichment activities for you to work on to master and
strengthen the basic concepts you have learned from this lesson.

Enrichment Activity 1: Knowing the definition of variables, check all words in the list
that can operate as a variable in r research.

___1. Water ___7. Reading comprehension ___13. Economic Status

___2. Skills ___8. Voice ___14. Gender
___3. Ghost ___9. Handwriting ___15. Temperature

___4. Experience ___10. Guardian Angel

___5. World ___11. Class size

___6. Dreams ___12. Academic Grades

Enrichment Activity 2: Read carefully the statements below and try to identify the
dependent and independent variable. Write your answers in the blank provided.

Dependent Variable: Variables that represents the outcome of the experiment.

Independent Variable: Variables you manipulate in order to affect the outcome of an

experiment.

a. A student studies 3 types of bread. He measured the time it takes to grow molds.
DV: ____________________________________________________________________________
IV: _____________________________________________________________________________

b. The masses of rats were measure after they were fed with different types of cheese

DV: _____________________________________________________________________________
IV: ______________________________________________________________________________

c. A student changes the number of hours he studies for a test to see how it affects his
test scored.
DV: _____________________________________________________________________________

45
IV: ______________________________________________________________________________

d. Eating breakfast in the morning can increase test scores in math.

DV: _____________________________________________________________________________

IV: ______________________________________________________________________________

Deepen

Using your phone and internet connection, search for at least 5 titles related to your
own filed of specialization (HUMSS, STEM, TVL, GAS, ABM) and try to identify the
dependent and independent variable. Use the template found below:

Research Title Dependent Variable Independent Variable

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

46
 Gauge

Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answers in the blank
provided before each number.

____1. Variables that have values that lie along an evenly dispersed range of numbers
when there is an absolute zero are called __________.
a. Interval Variables c. Ordinal Variable
b. Nominal Variable d. Ratio Variable
____2. Variable whose data values are ranged in real interval and can be as large as from
negative infinity to positive infinity are ________.

a. Interval Variables c. Ordinal Variable

b. Nominal Variable d. Ratio Variable
____3. Categories that cannot be ordered in any particular way are called ___________.

a. Interval Variables c. Ordinal Variable

b. Nominal Variable d. Ratio Variable
____4. The factor that is observed and measured to determine the effect of the
independent variable in an experiment is __________.

a. Dependent Variables c. Independent Variable

b. Control Variable d. Intervening Variable
____5. Factors controlled by the experimenter to cancel out or neutralize any effect on
the observed phenomenon are __________.
a. Dependent Variables c. Independent Variable
b. Control Variable d. Intervening Variable

____6. Factors that theoretically effects observed phenomenon but cannot be seen,
measured or manipulated are __________.

a. Dependent Variables c. Independent Variable

b. Control Variable d. Intervening Variable
____7. Variables that are not actually measured or observed in the study are ________.

a. Dependent Variables c. Independent Variable

b. Confounding Variable d. Intervening Variable

47
____8. Number of students taking a statistics course is an example of what type of
variable?
a. Discrete Variable c. Independent Variable
b. Continuous Variable d. Intervening Variable

____9. Number of cars is an example of what type of variable?

a. Discrete Variable c. Independent Variable
b. Continuous Variable d. Intervening Variable

____10. Variables that are held constant are called _______.

a. Dependent Variables c. Independent Variable
b. Control Variable d. Intervening Variable

____11. In the statement; “Higher Education typically leads to higher income,” what is
the independent variable?

a. Higher Education c. Higher income

b. Better occupation d. None of these
____12. In the statement; “Higher Education typically leads to higher income,” what is
the dependent variable?

a. Higher Education c. Higher income

b. Better occupation d. None of these

____13. In the statement; “Higher Education typically leads to higher income,” what is
the intervening variable?
a. Higher Education c. Higher income
b. Better occupation d. None of these

____14. In the statement; “How Stress Affects the Mental State of Human beings,” what
is the dependent variable?

a. Stress c. Mental health of human being

b. Both A and C d. None of these
____15. In the statement; “How Stress Affects the Mental State of Human beings,” what
is the independent variable?

a. Stress c. Mental health of human being

b. Both A and C d. None of these

48
____A 1. Which of the following refers to a systematic empirical investigation of
occurrences that is observable using statistical, mathematical or computational
techniques?

a. Quantitative Research c. Qualitative Research

b. Research Design d. Variable
____D 2. Which of the following is NOT TRUE about quantitative research?

a. Quantitative research makes use of numerals in the interpretation of results.

b. The objective of quantitative research is to employ theories to test a
phenomenon
c. Quantitative research directs you to focus on thing through statistics
d. None of these
____B 3. Which of the following refers to the framework of research?
a. Quantitative Research c. Qualitative Research
b. Research Design d. Variable
____B 4. Which of the following research designs allows the researcher to examine the
phenomenon with reference to time?
a. Descriptive c. Correlational
b. Developmental d. Epidemiological

____A 5. Which of the following research designs is used in observing, documenting and
describing a phenomenon occurring in natural setting without any manipulation or
control?

a. Descriptive c. Correlational
b. Developmental d. Epidemiological
____A 6. The design that design that lets the researcher connect the present to the future
and starts with the cause and arrive with a presumed effects is __________.
a. Prospective Research Design c. Retrospective Research Design
b. Cross-sectional design d. Cohort Design

____C 7. A design where the researcher studies the current situation by seeking facts
and figures from the past is ________.
a. Prospective Research Design c. Retrospective Research Design
b. Cross-sectional design d. Cohort Design

____D 8. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of quantitative research?

a. It makes use of structured research instruments.
b. It is conducted on significant sample size that represents the population to
assure the reliability of results.
c. Quantitative studies could be repeated that gives a high reliability of results.

49
 d. It makes use of words in interpreting results.
____A 9. Which of the following is NOT a strength of quantitative research?
a. This method does not consider the meaning behind social phenomenon
b. You can collect more information quickly
c. Quantitative Research uses randomized samples
d. Results duplication is possible

____D 10. Which of the following is a weakness of Quantitative Research?

a. This method does not consider the meaning behind social phenomenon.
b. Quantitative research studies can be very expensive.
c. There is no access to specific feedback in quantitative research.
d. All of these

50
Module 3 Key Answer

Direction: Match Column A to Column B. Write your answers in the blank provided
before each number.

Column A Column B
H.1 Elements or entities, or factors that can change. a. Interval Variables

B .2 Values that lie along an evenly dispersed range of b. Ratio Variables

numbers
A .3 Have values that lie along an evenly dispersed range c. Dependent Variable
of numbers when there is an absolute zero
D .4 Variables that are manipulated, controlled or d. Independent Variable
changed.
C .5 It is the factor that is observed and measured to e. Control Variables
determine the effect of the independent variable
E .6 Factors controlled by the experimenter to cancel out f. Confounding Variables
or neutralize any effect on the observed phenomenon
F .7 Those that are not actually measured or observed in g. Nominal Variables
the study. They exist but their influence cannot be directly
detected in the study
J .8 Factor that theoretically effects observed h. Variables
phenomenon but can not be seen, measured or
manipulated
G .9 Represents categories that cannot be ordered in any i. Ordinal Variables
particular way.
I .10 Represents categories that could be ordered from j. Intervening Variables
smallest to greatest.

Vocabulary Enrichment Direction: Complete the graphic organizer below by listing

word/s associated with the term “Variable.”

Note: Student’s response may vary.

Enrichment Activity 1: Knowing the definition of variables, check all words in the list
that can operate as a variable in research.

/1. Water /7. Reading comprehension / 13. Economic Status

/2. Skills 8. Voice / 14. Gender

3. Ghost / 9. Handwriting / 15. Temperature

/4. Experience 10. Guardian Angel

5. World / 11. Class size

6. Dreams / 12. Academic Grades

51
Enrichment Activity 2: Read carefully the statements below and try to identify the
dependent and independent variable. Write your answers in the blank provided.
Dependent Variable: Variables that represents the outcome of the experiment.

Independent Variable: Variables you manipulate in order to affect the outcome of an

experiment.
a. A student studies 3 types of bread. He measured the time it takes to grow molds.

DV: Time it takes to grow molds

IV: Type of bread

b. The masses of rats were measure after they were fed with different types of cheese

DV: Masses of rats

IV: Types of cheese

c. A student changes the number of hours he studies for a test to see how it affects his
test scored.

DV: Test score

IV: Hours studies

d. Eating breakfast in the morning can increase test scores in math.

DV: Test score

IV: Eating breakfast

Deepen:

Note: Student’s answer may vary.

Using your phone and internet connection, search for at least 5 titles related to your
own filed of specialization (HUMSS, STEM, TVL, GAS, ABM) and try to identify the
dependent and independent variable. Use the template found below:

Research Title Dependent Variable Independent Variable

1.

2.

3.

52
 4.

5.

Gauge:

Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answers in the blank
provided before each number.

____D 1. Variables that have values that lie along an evenly dispersed range of numbers
when there is an absolute zero are called __________.
a. Interval Variables c. Ordinal Variable
b. Nominal Variable d. Ratio Variable
____A 2. Variable whose data values are ranged in real interval and can be as large as
from negative infinity to positive infinity are ________.

a. Interval Variables c. Ordinal Variable

b. Nominal Variable d. Ratio Variable
____A 3. Categories that cannot be ordered in any particular way are called ___________.

a. Interval Variables c. Ordinal Variable

b. Nominal Variable d. Ratio Variable
____A 4. The factor that is observed and measured to determine the effect of the
independent variable in an experiment is __________.

a. Dependent Variables c. Independent Variable

b. Control Variable d. Intervening Variable
____B 5. Factors controlled by the experimenter to cancel out or neutralize any effect on
the observed phenomenon are __________.
a. Dependent Variables c. Independent Variable
b. Control Variable d. Intervening Variable

____D 6. Factors that theoretically effects observed phenomenon but cannot be seen,
measured or manipulated are __________.

a. Dependent Variables c. Independent Variable

b. Control Variable d. Intervening Variable
____B 7. Variables that are not actually measured or observed in the study are ________.

a. Dependent Variables c. Independent Variable

b. Confounding Variable d. Intervening Variable

53
____D 8. Number of students taking a statistics course is an example of what type of
variable?
a. Discrete Variable c. Independent Variable
b. Continuous Variable d. Intervening Variable

____ D 9. Number of cars is an example of what type of variable?

a. Discrete Variable c. Independent Variable
b. Continuous Variable d. Intervening Variable

____B 10. Variables that are held constant are called _______.
a. Dependent Variables c. Independent Variable
b. Control Variable d. Intervening Variable

____A 11. In the statement; “Higher Education typically leads to higher income,” what
is the independent variable?

a. Higher Education c. Higher income

b. Better occupation d. None of these
____C 12. In the statement; “Higher Education typically leads to higher income,” what
is the dependent variable?

a. Higher Education c. Higher income

b. Better occupation d. None of these

____B 13. In the statement; “Higher Education typically leads to higher income,” what
is the intervening variable?
a. Higher Education c. Higher income
b. Better occupation d. None of these

____C 14. In the statement; “How Stress Affects the Mental State of Human beings,”
what is the dependent variable?

a. Stress c. Mental health of human being

b. Both A and C d. None of these
____A 15. In the statement; “How Stress Affects the Mental State of Human beings,”
what is the independent variable?

a. Stress c. Mental health of human being

b. Both A and C d. None of these

54
References

Books
Baraceros, Esther L. 2016. Practical Research II. Manila: Rex Book Store.

Paler-Calmorin, Laurentina. 2017. Research and Thesis Writing. Manila: Rex Book
Store.

Website

2017. America's Environemntal College. March 23. Accessed July 26, 2020.
https://unity.edu/sustainability.
Begun, Audrey. n.d. Overview of Quantitaive Study Variables. Accessed July 26, 2020.
https://ohiostate.pressbooks.pub.

Bevans, Rebecca. 2019. "Scribbr." November 21. Accessed July 26, 2020.
https://www.scribbr.com.
—. 2019. Scribbr. November 21. Accessed July 25, 2020. https://www.scribbr.com.

Chaturvedi, Dr. Ankita. n.d. "Slide Share." Slideshare.Net. Accessed July 26, 2020.
https://www.slideshare.net.

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