Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human

Person

Week 1-2
DOING PHILOSOPHY
Module 1

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

INTRODUCTION:
Welcome to the Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person Module on Doing Philosophy. This module
hopes to help introduce to the students the value of doing philosophy in obtaining a broader perspective on life and the
relation between a person and philosophy, the manner developing an aesthetics of human existence as well as the
difference acts of philosophizing in pursuit of “man as mystery” (Gabriel Marcel)
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for guided and independent learning at
your own pace and time. You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active
learner.

OBJECTIVES

At the end of the discussion the students will be able to:

1. Distinguish holistic perspectives from a partial point of view
2. Recognize human activities that emanated from deliberate reflection
3. Realize the value of doing Philosophy in obtaining a broad perspective on life

PRE–TEST

DIRECTION: Indicate whether the statement is TRUE or FALSE.

____________1. Philosophy is really all about questions and answers
____________2. Philosophers called as the lover of wisdom
____________3. Philosophy comes from the two Greek words, philos and Sophia
____________4. The Western Philosophical tradition originated in India
____________5. Reflection is an activity that requires a person to examine his or Her thoughts, feeling and actions and
learn from experience
____________6. Plato is the student of Aristotle
____________7. Thales was known as the Father of Western Philosophy
____________8. Anaximander known for his idea the air was the single substance
The source of all things
____________9. The Pluralist Philosophers argued that matter was made of
Single substance
____________10. The four elements are water, air, fire and earth

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

 LESSON

NATURE AND DEFINITION OF PHILOSOPHY

Definition of Philsophy
Wonder is said to be the beginning of Philosophy, in the early human life on this planet, when
man stuck with wonder at the natural phenomenon or when found multifaceted and conflicting
phenomena in life and was filled with discontentment at the existing order of things, it was the beginning
of Philosophy Traditionally Philosophy defined as love for wisdom, came from the two greek words
philos ( love )and sophia ( wisdom ), at first this may seem confusing, and hard to connect with love, but
if we dig deeper into the more original meaning of Greek words philos and sophia, we can have more
specific understanding of this concept. Philosophy can be more appropriately understood as the “ love of
exercising one’s curiosity and intelligence”. Many Philosophers died for seeking the truth like Socrates
who pursued passionately in seeking the truth and the reason why we call people who engage in
philosophy as philosophers as lovers of wisdom.
Whatever its definition are, philosophy emphasizes four main points :

First, philosophy is a science and like all other branches of science, it's also based on evidence.
This means that philosophy is not based on speculations, opinions, or mere conjecture.

Second, philosophy is concerned with everything in the world as far as the human can reach.
Nothing is exempted all things are concern of Philosophy

Third, Philosophy explores the ultimate or final cause of a thing

Fourth, Phlosophy does not use a piece of equipment, a laboratory device the Philosophers use his
natural reason, particularly human reasoning

ORIGIN OF PHILSOPHY

The Ancient Greek city of Miletus in the Western Coast is consider as the birthplace of
Philsophy, that can be found in Greece. Thales or other known as Thales of Miletus is the Father of
Western Philosophy in the Western Civilization. He lived between 624 and 546 BCE a contemporary of
the Lydian King Croesus and the statesman Solon ( Stumf and Fieser, 2008 ) . He was the first who tried
to explain the ultimate stuff that makes up the different things we perceived, like the clouds, mountains,
trees, animals, people and rivers, he believed that there is underlying stuff or substance in which
everything we perceived is composed. He tried to explain things in nature without relying on mythology.
He asserted that the world originated in water and was sustained by water and the earth floated on water.
Thales approach in explaining everything highlights the difference between religion and philosophy.
Religion rests on faith while Philosophy on reason alone.

Philsophers divided into three groups namely : Pre-Socratic, Pluralist and the Socratic Philosophers

PRE – SOCRATIC PHILOSOPHERS

Other than Thales another two Pre-socratic Philosophers are Anaximander and Anaximenes.
Anaximenes was a student of Thales, he believed that the air was the single substance and the source of
all things, he differed with his predecessors like Thales, who held that water is the source of all things .
Anaximander held that everything orignated from the apeiron ( the infinite, unlimited and indefinite) he
postulated eternal motion, along with apeiron, as the originating cause of the world. This motion caused
opposites such as hot and cold, to be separated from one another as the world came into being. However,
the world is not eternal and will be destroyed back into apeiron, from which new worlds will be born.
Thus all existing things must “pay penalty and retribution to one another to the dispositon of time ”

THE PLURALISTS PHILOSOPHERS

Empedocles, a great statesman and poet born in Sicily asserted that all things are composed of four
elements air, water, fire and earth that undergo cosmic cycle

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

 https://images.app.goo.gl/8BxMnahy4k6nkYV58

Empedocle’s world view of cosmic cycle of eternal change, growth and decay in which two
personified cosmic forces, love and strife, engage in an eternal battle for supremacy while Anaxagoras
claims that the universe is composed of infinitely small particles called atoms. Nous or the mind is what
gives matter form.Theres a portion of everything in everything.

The concept of Pluralism in philosophy indicates the belief that reality consists of many different
things. In this sense it is opposed to the conept of monoism which views all reality as one substance or
whole. Heraclitus and Paramenides has different views about this matter for Heraclitus know as “ the
Dark One ” change was the basis of the universe “You can’t step on the same river twice” it will change
from moment to moment . Paramenides contrast this idea and argued that the universe is defined by
permanence, change is only illusion, and reason is the important way to understand the world.

The Socratic Philosophers

Socrates was born in Athens, famous for his claim that he didn’t know anything. He developed
Socratic method in which one asks for a definition or concept and elicit contradictory responses. Later he
was charged of impiety and corruption of the mind of youth and was sentenced to death which he carried
out by drinking hemlock. “Know thyself “is the cornerstone of the Philosophy of Socrates, it means
knowing your weakness and things that you must follow in order to live a happy life. Socrates most
famous quotation as recorded by Plato, proclaims “the unexamined life is not worth living ”.
Socrates give emphasis on ethics:

⮚ Socrates' ethics assumes that Education is the key to living an ethical life.
⮚ No one desires evil.
⮚ No one does wrong willingly or knowingly.
⮚ All virtue is knowledge.
⮚ Virtue = positive moral behavior

PLATO was born to an aristocratic family; he travelled widely and founded his Academy in
Athens. His famous work, “The Republic,”reflected Plato’S perception of politics as dirty business that
sought mainly to manipulate the unthinking masses. The perfect man according to Plato, does not exist in
this world because what we see in this world is just an imperfect copy of man’s original self in the realm
of ideas his Philosophy basically suggested that the world of true ideas like justice, beauty, goodness and
virtue had a reality of its own where these concepts were even more real than the physical world of the
senses. Allegory of the Cave is a theory concerning human perception. Plato claimed that knowledge
through the senses is no more than opinion and that in order to have real knowledge we must gain
philosophical reasoning
ARISTOTLE, the Athenian student of Plato, was a naturalist who provided the philosophical
basis of science. He became the adviser of Alexander the Great the son of Philip. In his later life he
founded a famous school The Lyceum that contributed to the development of Western science and
Philosophy.
According to Aristotle, if you do something bad you feel unhappy. Such happiness is a product of an act
that is not guided by the reason, but by emotion. In order to be happy, the Philosopher said, one must act
according to reason. He developed the view that ideas may be important but a proper study of
“MATTER” could lead us to better and more distinct ideas.
● the central theme of realism is that “ reality, knowledge and values exist
● Independently of human mind”.
● Aristotle rejects the idealist’s view that ideas are real.
● he thinks that matter exists even though there is no mind to perceive it,
● Matter is certainly an independent reality.

PHILOSOPHICAL REFLECTION
When we try to examine all the things that happening around us like the pandemic brought by
COVID – 19 , in the midst of this present crisis it remind us to think of the most essential things that we
need to do in order to survive, it give us the opportunity to see the greater perspectives in all things and
the purpose of our existence and meaning of our life. Reflection is an activity that requires a perston to
examine his or her thougths, feelings, and action and learn from experience. ( Abella, 2016 ) Philosophers
always search for truth, the essence of all things and the meaning of our existence, that try to help us to
see the bigger picture in evrything that happening to us. This process is calles Philosophical reflection.
According to Gabriel Marcel, philosophica reflection is the act of giving time to think about the meaning
and purpose of our existence. There are two types of of Reflection, namely : Primary Reflection which is
the ability to think logically, the ability of the mind to construct and evaluate arguments, it is more
fragmentalized and compartmentalized thinking which concern with definitions, essence and technical
solution to problems, primary reflection also known as “ selfish thinking/ instrumental thinking, means
end kind of thinking. Secondary Reflection According to Gabriel Marcel this type of reflection enable us

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

to look deeper into our experience and see the bigger picture of reality, it is more genuine and unselfih
thinking that enable us to see the broader perspectives of life.

DIRECTIONS: Read the following passages from Plato’s Apology (38a): “The unexamined life is not
worth living.” After reading the quotation answer the following questions:

1. What does Plato mean when he says “unexamined life”?

ACTIVITY

2. How the statement of Plato can help us to understand our existence?

3. After you already know the idea of the Pre-Socratic Philosophers answer the following
questions :

4. How do the Pre- Socratic Philosophers view the cause of all things in the universe?

5. Whose view are you inclined to believe and why?

GENERALIZATION

Philosophy develops intellectual abilities important for life as a whole, beyond the knowledge
and skills required for any particular profession…It enhances analytical, critical, and interpretive
capacities that are applicable to any subject matter and in any human context. Philosophy forms the
worldview of people, as it largely determines their behavior and approaches to decision-making in
particular problem. Philosophy plays a significant role in solving global problems. Its main function is to
form a world view, also have an indirect influence on the development of practical solutions.

POST–TEST

DIRECTION: Read the given statements /questions carefully, and choose the best answer from the given
choices.
1. The type of philosophical reflection which trains the mind to think logically, also it is the ability
of the mind to construct and evaluate arguments.

A. Primary Reflection C. Secondary Reflection

B. Reflection D. All of the above

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

 2. According to Gabriel Marcel this type of reflection enables us to look deeper into our experiences
and see the bigger picture of reality.

A. Primary Reflection C. Secondary Reflection

B. Reflection D. All of the above

3. According to Aristotle, if you do something bad you feel unhappy. Such happiness is a product of
an act that is not guided by reason, but by emotion. What idea is Arstotle trying to offer us?

A. Enhance our minds, to understand what we encounter every day

B. Happiness can only achieved if we are guided by our reason
C. Emotion is the cause of our unhappiness
D. Reason is the only reality in life

4. Identify which statement describes the difference between holism and

partial thinking.

A. Holism is a perspective that looks at the “big picture” while partial thinking focuses on the
specific aspect of the situation.
B. Holism is a perspective that looks at the specific aspects of the situation while partial thinking
looks at the big picture.
C. Holism requires us to focus on a certain aspect of the problem while partial thinking requires
us to have an open mindset.
D. All of the above

5. One of the Pluralist philosophers who asserted that everything is made of four elements

A. Anaximander C. Empedocles
B. Anaximenes D. Parmenides

6. For him, change was the basis of the universe

A. Heraclitus C. Parmenides
B. Pythagoras D. Socrates

7. One of the triumvirate Greek philosophers who pioneered a method of

argument called dialectic.

A. Plato C. Pythagoras
B. Socrates D. Aristotle

8. What Philosophy can offer us?

A. Know the different philosophers and their philosophies in life?

B. See the differents ideas of the Philosophers about the cuse of everything.
C. Survey the achievements of the different philosophers
D. Enhances our minds, reflect from what we encounter our everyday living , and value our
judgement

9. Who is a Philosopher?

A. Person who always ask unending questions in life

B. A person who love to read Philosophy book
C. A person who love wisdom and seeking for truth
D. All of the above

10. According to Plato, how can we claimed a real knowledge ?

A. using our senses C. reasoning

B. referring to our experience D. judgement

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

 KEY TO CORRECTION

PRE TEST: ANSWER KEY

1. FALSE 6. TRUE
2. TRUE 7. TRUE
3. TRUE 8. FALSE
4. FALSE 9. FALSE
5. TRUE 10. TRUE

POST TEST: ANSWER KEY

1. A
2. C
3. B
4. B
5. C
6. A
7. B
8. D
9. C
10. C

REFERRENCE

Books
Abella, Roberto M.Div., D. Min. Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human
Person. C& E Publishing, Inc., Quezon City, 2016.
Binswanger, H. (2014). How We Know. New York: TOF Publication
Cornejo et al. Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person. Mindshapers Publishing, Inc.
Gotthelf, A. and Salmieri, G (2016). A Companion To Ayn Rand. MA: John Willey and Sons
Gracia, Jorge J E Noone: A Companion of Philosophy in the Middle Ages. Oxford
Blackwell.2003. ISBN 9780631216728
Jones, W. T. (1969). The Classical Mind. New York: Hartcourt Brace Jovanovich Inc.
Juanito Philip V. Beranrdo.( 2006 ). Introduction to the Philosophy of human person. Pasay City: JFS
Publishing Service

Romeo P.Gonzalvo. (2016 ). Philosophy of the Human Person. Intramuros Manila : Mindshapers Co.,
Inc.

The Presocratic Philosophers. Volume 1: Thales to Zeno. Volume 2: Empedocles. Jonathan Barnes –
1981

Websites
Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (May 2020) Gabriel Marcel (1889—1973).
Retrieved from https://www.iep.utm.edu/marcel/
PHILO notes WHITEBOARD (2 years ago). Doing Philosophy: Introduction to
the Philosophy of the Human Person. Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=reflection+as+a+tool+in+phil
osophy
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (May 2020) Socrates. Retrieved from
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/socrates/
Wikipedia (May2 020 Holism. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holism

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human
Person

Week 3-4 METHODS OF

PHILOSOPHY
Module 2

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

INTRODUCTION:
Welcome to the Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person Module on Methods of
Philosophizing. On this module you are expected to learn on how differentiate truth from opinion, the
nature of knowledge and the validity of knowledge.
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for guided and
independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to process the contents of the
learning resource while being an active learner.

OBJECTIVES

At the end of the discussion the students will be able to:

4. Differentiate Truth from opinion
5. Distinguish opinion from truth
6. Realize that the method of Philosophy leads to wisdom and truth

PRE–TEST

DIRECTION: Select the letter of the best answer, based on the given questions or statements

1. The statement is true if its correspond to the reality

A. Coherence Theory of Truth

B. Correspondence Theory of Truth
C. Pragmatic Theory of Truth
D. Dialectic Theory of Truth

2. A statement is true if its working or useful

A. Coherence Theory of Truth

B. Correspondence Theory of Truth
C. Pragmatic Theory of Truth
D. Dialectic Theory of Truth

3. If I say the sky is blue, and then I look outside and saw it is indeed blue.

A. Coherence Theory of Truth

B. Correspondence Theory of Truth
C. Pragmatic Theory of Truth
D. Dialectic Theory of Truth

4. Truth is nothing but what works for you in real life

A. Coherence Theory of Truth

B. Correspondence Theory of Truth
C. Pragmatic Theory of Truth
D. Dialectic Theory of Truth

5. A belief is true if its coherent with other belief that we regard as true

A. Coherence Theory of Truth

B. Correspondence Theory of Truth
C. Pragmatic Theory of Truth
D. Dialectic Theory of Truth

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

 6. According to this group of Philosophers, we can acquire knowledge using
our reason.
A. Empiricist C. Philosophers
B. Rationalist D. Thinkers

7. Branch of Philosophy that deals with the nature of knowledge, and how knowledge acquire

A. Logic C. Ontology
B. Epistemology D. Reasoning
8. Why do we need epistemology?

A. To become successful C. To acquire and validate knowledge

B. To become genius D. To solve problem

9. It is an expression of a person’s feeling that cannot be proven

A. Belief C. Opinion
B. Emotion D. Truth

10. Descartes considered reason to be superior to sense perception as source of true knowledge. In
what group does Descartes belong?

A. Empiricist C. Philosophers
B. Rationalist D. Thinkers

LESSON
In today’s society, we encounter a lot of information from various sources such as the media and
our interactions with our friends, family, and members of the community. Most of the information we
receive is helpful, but some may mislead us or may even be utterly false. Every day we are confronted
with news, claims and announcements from our peers, family members, figures of authority, the
government, and media. How do we know if they are telling the truth?
Philosophy as a science is also a systematized body of knowledge but unlike other sciences which
employs observation and experimentation to prove their theories, philosophy uses reason to arrive at a
certain knowledge or truth.
Opinions are statements that go beyond providing facts. They also provide conclusions or
perspectives regarding certain situations. Some of statements even advance a belief about a certain
thing or person. Opinions are also the basis for making arguments and convincing people that a certain
claim is a fact. Conclusions are judgements based on certain facts.
Beliefs are statements that express convictions that are not easily and clearly explained by facts.
To judge the truthfulness of a belief, we must also consider looking at it thoroughly if we rely merely
on facts. Explanations are statements that assume the claim to be true and provide reasons why the
statement is true.
Truth is a statement that can be proven and test from the different source.
The Socratic Method, also known as method of elenchus, elenctic method, or Socratic debate, is a
form of cooperative argumentative dialogue between individuals, based on asking and answering
questions to stimulate critical thinking and to draw out ideas and underlying presuppositions.
(Google.com/search) Aristotle said that it was the Pre-Socratic philosopher Zeno of Elea who invented

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

 dialectic, of which the dialogues of Plato are the examples of the Socratic dialectical method.
According to Kant, however, the ancient Greeks used the word "dialectic" to signify the logic of false
appearance or semblance. Dialectics is a term used to describe a method of philosophical argument
that involves some sort of contradictory process between opposing sides. As a dialectical method, it is
a discourse between two or more people holding different points of view about a subject but wishing
to establish the truth through reasoned arguments.
In philosophy, reasoning is the process of thinking about something in a logical way in order to
form a conclusion or judgement. It has 15 been the method institutionalized by the triumvirate Greek
philosophers specially Aristotle. Philosophy is about answering questions. Reasoning is the method we
use in doing philosophy.
Theories of Truth
In understanding theories of truth lets us not forget the two concept related to
Epistemology;empiricism and rationalism. Empiricism states that sense experience is the only source
of knowledge while rationalism states that reason alone is the source of knowledge. After knowing the
difference between truth and opinion, in order to test the validity of knowledge. Let’s examine the
different theories of Truth
A theory of truth is supposed to tell us what it is for something to be true or false. A theory is
the belief that a proposition is true to the extent that it agrees with other true propositions.
  The correspondence theory of truth states that the truth or falsity of a statement is determined
only by how it relates to the world and whether it accurately describes that world. A coherence theory
of truth states that the truth of any (true) proposition consists in its coherence with some specified
set of propositions. It simply refers to the bearers of truth values, whatever they may be. Pragmatic
theory of truth claim that a statement is truth when it is useful or has significant to someone.
Ten Philosophical Subjects
1. Logic – the science of art and correct thinking
2. Ethics – the science of morality of human acts
3. Metaphysics – deals with human reality and seeks to explain the fundamental concepts of man
4. Epistemology – is the study of the nature and scope of knowledge and justified belief. It analyzes
the nature of knowledge and how it relates to similar notions such as truth, belief and justification. It
also deals with the means of production of knowledge, as well as skepticism about different
knowledge claims.
5. Theodicy – the philosophical study of God
6. Social philosophy – the study of man in relation to the family, state and church
7. Philosophy of Man – it is the inquiry into man and his dimension as person and as existent being in
the world; his dignity, truth, freedom, justice, love, death, his relation with others and God.
8. Cosmology – the study of inanimate things such as the universe, from the philosophical viewpoint.
9. Aesthetics – the study of beautiful
10. Rational Philosophical Psychology – the study of life principle of living things, specifically

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

 ACTIVITY
DIRECTION : Give atleast ( 3 ) example of truth under Correspondence, Pragmatic and Coherence

● Correspondence
a. –
b. –
c. -
● Pragmatic
a. –
b. –
c. –
● Coherence
a. –
b. –
c. -

DIRECTION: Use the Venn diagram present the similarity and difference of Empiricism and
Rationalism

GENERALIZATION

Basically all questions are philosophy. So it’s not something very specific. In fact, every question
is a method. :) We just have questions are on higher levels of philosophy because of their clear
significance over other questions.
We think every day. We ask a lot of questions. We also make speculations and think of possibilities
which may be able to further make me transcend over my ignorant self and give the answers we need.

Philosophy, if you break it down to its lowest stage, is the gaining of information. We have philosophy on
science, philosophy in thinking, philosophy of math and many philosophies. The thing we observe is that
philosophy seeks to ask questions about the universe or any information we currently do not have answer
to.

POST–TEST

DIRECTION: Select the letter of the best answer, based on the given questions or s statements.

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

1. The statement is true if its correspond to the reality
A. Coherence Theory of Truth
B. Correspondence Theory of Truth
C. Pragmatic Theory of Truth
D. Dialectic Theory of Truth
2. A statement is true if its working or useful
A. Coherence Theory of Truth
B. Correspondence Theory of Truth
C. Pragmatic Theory of Truth
D. Dialectic Theory of Truth
3. If I say the sky is blue, and then I look outside and saw it is indeed blue.
A. Coherence Theory of Truth
B. Correspondence Theory of Truth
C. Pragmatic Theory of Truth
D. Dialectic Theory of Truth
4. He was known for his Allegory of the Cave
A. Rene Descartes
B. Plato
C. Socrates
D. Thucydides
5. A belief is true if its cohere with other belief that we regard true
A. Coherence Theory of Truth
B. Correspondence Theory of Truth
C. Pragmatic Theory of Truth
D. Dialectic Theory of Truth
6. According to this group of Philosophers, we can acquire knowledge using
our reason.
A. Empiricist C. Philosophers
B. Rationalist D. Thinkers
7. Branch of Philosophy that deals with the nature of knowledge, and how knowledge acquire
A. Logic C. Ontology
B. Epistemology D. Reasoning
8. Why do we need epistemology?
A. To become successful C. To acquire and validate knowledge
B. To become genius D. To solve problem
9. It is an expression of a person’s feeling that cannot be proven
A. Belief C. Opinion
B. Emotion D. Truth
10. Branch of Philosophy that deals with the morality of human action, what we ought to do?
A. Logic C. Reasoning
B. Ethics D. Ontology

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

 KEY TO CORRECTION

PRE TEST: ANSWER KEY

1. B 6. B
2. C 7. B
3. B 8. C
4. B 9. C
5. B 10. B
POST TEST: ANSWER KEY
11. B 16. B
12. C 17. B
13. B 18. B
14. B 19. C
15. B 20. B

REFERRENCE

Books

Abella, Roberto M.Div., D. Min. Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human

Person. C& E Publishing, Inc., Quezon City, 2016.
Binswanger, H. (2014). How We Know. New York: TOF Publication
Cornejo et al. Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person. Mindshapers Publishing, Inc.
Gotthelf, A. and Salmieri, G (2016). A Companion To Ayn Rand. MA: John Willey and Sons
Gracia, Jorge J E Noone: A Companion of Philosophy in the Middle Ages. Oxford
Blackwell.2003. ISBN 9780631216728
Jones, W. T. (1969). The Classical Mind. New York: Hartcourt Brace Jovanovich Inc.
Juanito Philip V. Beranrdo.( 2006 ). Introduction to the Philosophy of human person. Pasay City: JFS
Publishing Service

Romeo P.Gonzalvo. (2016 ). Philosophy of the Human Person. Intramuros Manila : Mindshapers Co.,
Inc.

The Presocratic Philosophers. Volume 1: Thales to Zeno. Volume 2: Empedocles. Jonathan Barnes –
1981

Introduction to the Philosophy of the Huma

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

Person
 Week 5-6 HUMAN PERSON AS
EMBODIED SPIRIT
Module 3

INTRODUCTION:
Welcome to the Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person Module Human Person
as Embodied Spirit. On this module you are expected to learn, what makes a human person as
embodied spirit, the difference between spirit and soul from Philosophical perspectives and the
difference between Men, Human, and Person. This module would help us to identify our
limitations and possibilities as a Human Person as Embodied spirit while we are dealing with our
experiences in life brought by the various events in our lives.
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for guided
and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to process the contents
of the learning resource while being an active learner.

OBJECTIVES

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

 At the end of the discussion the students will be able to:
7. Recognize how the human body imposes limits and possibilities for transcendence
8. Evaluates own limitations and possibilities for their transcendence
9. Distinguish the limitations and possibilities for transcendence

PRE–TEST

DIRECTION: Select the letter of the best answer, based on the given questions or statements.

1. Which of the following is NOT an essential component of the human person?

A. Behavior
B. Mind
C. Spirit
D. Soul
2. According to him, man in his original state was a pure soul
A. Aristotle C. Socrates
B. Plato D. St. Thomas Aquinas
3. John is a tall person with brown hair and brown eyes. What aspect of the human person is
being described in the statement?
A. Cognitive Self
B. Physiological Self
C. Physical Self
D. Psychological Self
4. Due to accident, Ana suffer because she loose her two legs that makes it very hard for her to go
back to the normal way of living. . Which of the following statements is true about the concept of
embodiment?
A. Ana is already incomplete, because of this she no longer consider a human person
B. Ana can still consider a human person, despite losing some part of her body
C. Neither A nor B
D. All of the above
5. He postulate the claim, I think therefore I am
A. Aristotle C. Rene Descartes
B. Gabriel Marcel D. Socrates
6. What make us a human person according to Gabriel Marcel?
A. Cognitive aspect C. Senses
B. Spirit D. Soul
7. A person who committed a heinous offense cannot be considered a human person The
statement is ?
A. True C. Neither A or B
B. False D. All of the above
8. Part of the soul according to Plato that drives our emotion
A. Appetite C. Passion
B. Reason D. Spirit
9. A general term refers to the state of being a person with unique, sacred and ethical status
within him/herself.
A. Human C. Man
B. Personhood D. Spirit
10. This commonly define to represent the human race
A. Human C. Spirit
B. Man D. Soul

LESSON

The Human Person as Embodied Spirit

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

 Who am I?, In our everyday life and routine, it is surprising and even foolish to ask this
question. Why? We would cite two possible reasons: First, we seem and assume to know
ourselves certainly and clearly the answer to this question seems so obvious and certain to us.
Second we are so busy and engrossed with so many things that life will go on even if we do not
answer this question seriously or we do not question our ready-made answer.
Limit – Situation and Existential break forces to take this question seriously or to
question our ready – made answer. Limit-situation means a situation where we experience more
intensely, our limitation or finitude, which awakens us. Existential break means breaking the
regular pattern of our life such that we cannot go on anymore as we are used to.
We confront ourselves to ask this question:
Why is this happening to me?
Where have I gone wrong?
What does this mean to me?
Where does this lead me to?
How do we answer the question: WHO AM I?
To understand these questions, let us first analyze the difference meaning of the following
Human, Man, Human Being, Person, Personhood and Human Nature. Those mentioned concepts
has something to do in understanding Human Person as Embodied Spirit ( Abella, 2016 )
Man By definition, it is generally and commonly define to
represent the entire human race.

Human A term used to refer for various classifications and species. For
a living man, human is under the classification of Mamalia

Human Being A term used to separate man from other Human Classifications
like animals

Person Refers to an individual who possess self-awareness, selfdetermination, rational mind, and
the capacity to interact with
other and with himself/herself

Personhood A general term refer to the state of being a person with unique,
sacred and ethical status within him/herself.

Human Nature A general term refers to the deepest and natural behaviour of a
person that distinguish human from animals. A collective traits
that formed and considered the very essence of humanity.
Nobody can be considered man without human nature

Embodied spirit is the living animating core within each of us, the driving force behind
all that we think, say and do. We human are embodied spirits, we consists of and communicate
with our body and soul. When I give for example, a friend a hug, it is I who is giving a hug not
my arms. When my ears listen for instance to a tale my friend tells me, it is I who is listening. In
other words, the body is the external medium of the self. The person needs the body to express
itself.
Human Person as Embodied Spirit
As an embodied spirit human beings demonstrate these following qualities (Abella, 2016):
1. “Self- awareness refers to person having a clear perception of oneself, including his or
her thoughts, emotions, identity, and actions (Abella, 2016).” It is the ability of one’s
consciousness to look inward thus discovering the presence of a self. The self is the
subject that thinks, feels and acts. It is your I amness (Wilber, 2006). The self enables a
person to experience an inner world of dreams, thoughts, and imagination, fantasy
(Abella, 2016). Thus, the self represents man’s interiority (loob in Filipino).

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

 2. Self-determination is “the capability of persons to make choices and decisions based
on their own preferences, monitor and regulate their actions, and be goal oriented and
self-directed” (Abella 2016) Thus human beings are free. A person that can direct his/ her
own life.
3. A human person has an inherent value and importance. This is what we call dignity.
That is why no amount of money can equal the value of a human life. This is also the
reason why individual rights are absolute (Rand 15 1964). The American Founding
Fathers called rights as “inalienable” because it cannot be separated from our humanity.

Human Transcendence
St. Thomas Aquinas, a philosopher and one of the greatest theologian in the Catholic
Church in the 13th century, said that “of all creatures, human beings have the unique power to
change themselves and things for the better.” (Ramos, 2016). Because of this pandemic many
people loss their job, some was not able to continued their studies because of financial reason, we
heard a lot of grievances about the hardship their experience because of the pandemic, the poverty
, the possibility of death especially among elders and people who is been exposed to the
virus.However, despite of thesse challenges, there are still Filipino people that continue to strive
to surpass the poverty and even though poverty is structural, we can still do something to strive
on and to change our lives for the better. This power is your ability to surpass your limits. This is
the definition of Transcendence. You are able to transcend your limit through your physical and
mental abilities. (Abella, 2016).

Philosophers Notion of Human Being

A.PLATO’S NOTION OF HUMAN BEING
Man in his original state was pure soul. A soul exists and could exist apart from the body. Soul
consists of three parts:
1. Reason : Intellect and will
2. Passion : Drives and emotions
3. Appetite : sensual part

B. ARISTOTLE’S NOTION OF HUMAN BEING

Man is one substance whose matter is his body and whose form is his soul.
Ex: “If the eyes were an animal, sight would be its soul, for this is the eye’s substance that corresponds
to its principle. The eye is a matter for sight and if this fails is no longer an eye.

C. ST. AUGUSTINE’S NOTION OF HUMAN BEING

Man is neither his soul apart nor his body apart but the whole which is composed or a unity of body and
soul but the soul and body are not matter and form, but body and soul are two substance, soul ( rational
substance ) and body ( material substance )

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

 D. ST.THOMAS AQUINAS’ NOTION OF HUMAN BEING

Man is composed of the unity of body and soul, but soul and body are not two substances, rather soul and
body are matter and form of one substance man. (Influence by Aristotle)

E. RENE DESCARTES’ NOTION OF HUMAN BEING

Cogito ergo sum – “I think, therefore I am” The essence of I is consciousness, thinking

F. GABRIEL MARCEL NOTION OF HUMAN BEING

The body is the most obvious datum, it is the starting point and basis of whatever assert and can assert,
including philosophical claim, in short Sentigo ergo sum “I sense, therefore I exist ”

ACTIVITY

DIRECTION: REFLECT UPON!

Explain: I am my body, but I am more than my body

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________

DIRECTION: Fill up all the information needed to complete the table.

My Strengths and Weaknesses and Desire in Life

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

 Abilities I can Talents I always do My Fears My Hesitations My desire

DIRECTION: Draw yourself by answering this question: What makes you a Human Person?
Give your best shot! I know you can do it!

GENERALIZATION

After learning the different concept related to Human Person as Embodied Spirit, complete the
given statements below:
I realized that _________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
I learned that as a students I can surpass the challenges brought by this pandemic
through________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
I realized the limitation of my existence because ____________________________
__________________________________________________________________

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

 POST–TEST

DIRECTION: Select the letter of the best answer, based on the given questions or s
statements.
1. John is a tall person with brown hair and brown eyes. What aspect of the human person is
being described in the statement?
A. Cognitive Self
B. Physiological Self
C. Physical Self
D. Psychological Self

2. Which of the following is NOT an essential component of the human person?

A. Behavior
B. Mind
C. Spirit
D. Soul

3. Due to accident, Ana suffer because she loose her two legs that makes it very hard for her to go
back to the normal way of living. . Which of the following statements is true about the concept of
embodiment?
A. Ana is already incomplete, because of this she no longer consider a human person
B. Ana can still consider a human person, despite losing some part of her body
C. Neither A nor B
D. All of the above

4. A person who committed a heinous offense cannot be considered a human person The
statement is ?
A. True C. Neither A or B
B. False D. All of the above

5. According to him, man in his original state was a pure soul

A. Aristotle C. Socrates
B. Plato D. St. Thomas Aquinas

6. This commonly define to represent the human race

A. Human C. Spirit
B. Man D. Soul

7. Part of the soul according to Plato that drives our emotion

A. Appetite C. Passion
B. Reason D. Spirit

8. What make us a human person according to Gabriel Marcel?

A. Cognitive aspect C. Senses
B. Spirit D. Soul

9. He postulate the claim, I think therefore I am

A. Aristotle C. Rene Descartes
B. Gabriel Marcel D. Socrates

10. A general term refers to the state of being a person with unique, sacred and ethical status
within him/herself.
A. Human C. Man
B. Personhood D. Spirit

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

 KEY TO CORRECTION

PRE TEST: ANSWER KEY

6. A 6. C
7. B 7. B
8. C 8. C
9. B 9. B
10. C 10. B

POST TEST: ANSWER KEY

21. C 26. B
22. A 27. C
23. B 28. C
24. B 29. C
25. B 30. B

REFERRENCE

Books
Abella, Roberto M.Div., D. Min. Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human
Person. C& E Publishing, Inc., Quezon City, 2016.
Jones, W. T. (1969). The Classical Mind. New York: Hartcourt Brace Jovanovich Inc.
Juanito Philip V. Beranrdo.( 2006 ). Introduction to the Philosophy of human person. Pasay City: JFS
Publishing Service
Romeo P.Gonzalvo. (2016 ). Philosophy of the Human Person. Intramuros Manila : Mindshapers Co.,
Inc.
Websites
Jhagiani, Rajiv. (2015). The Cognitive Self: The Self-Concept, Retrieved from
https://opentextbc.ca/socialpsychology/chapter/the-cognitive-selfthe-self-concept/ Olson, Eric. (2002). A
Materialist Metaphysics of the Human Person, Retrieved from https://ndpr.nd.edu/news/a-materialist-
metaphysics-of-thehuman-person/ Steph. (2020). The Human Person as an Embodied Spirit, Retrieved
from https://philonotes.com/index.php/2018/12/01/the-human-personas-an-embodied-spirit/ Singh,
Sanjay. (2002). The Concept of Physical self in Pschology, Retrieved from https://www.all-about-
psychology.com/the-concept-of-physical-selfin-psychology.html

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human
Person

Week 7-8 The Human Person in their

Environment
Module 4

INTRODUCTION:

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

 Welcome to the Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person Module on the
human person in their environment. This module hopes to help the learners with the different
concepts of environmental philosophy and how human deals ethically with the environment.

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities
for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to process
the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.

OBJECTIVES

At the end of the discussion the students will be able to:

10. Notice disorder in an environment
11. Notice things that are not in their proper place and organize them in an aesthetic way
12. Show that care for the environment contributes to health, well-being and sustainable
development
13. Demonstrate the virtues of prudence and frugality towards environments

PRE–TEST

DIRECTION: Write if the statement is TRUE or FALSE.

_____ 1. Anthropocentrism this view believes that humans are the most important species on
the planet and they are free to transform nature and use its resources.
_____ 2. Sustainable development refers to conserving our natural resources so that the future
generations will still be able to use it.
_____ 3. Ecology believes that ecological problems can be traced to social problems.
_____ 4. Frugality is the quality of being thrifty. It is the careful supervision of one’s
resources
_____ 5. . Prudence It is the capacity to direct and discipline one’s activities and the behavior
using reason that is cautious and, as much as possible, keeps away from any risks
_____ 6. Environmental ethics means that any human activities or economic advances should
not unduly disrupt the environment and human communities located in the area
_____ 7. Environmental Philosophy studies the moral relationship of human beings with the
environment and its non-human contents.
_____ 8. Ecofeminism assumes that female-centered view of nature is the root cause of
ecological problems.
_____ 9.The terms coevolution and coadaptation describe the never- ending process of mutual
adjustment and change between human social systems and the environment.
_____ 10. Biocentrism argues that not only the human who has significant value on planet
earth but also all the living things

LESSON

The Human Person in the Environment

Change is the only permanent things in the world, have you ever wonder and observe the changes
that is happening right now in our environment?, Do you still able to experience to swim and play in
clean river with the overflowing beautiful scenery?, If not, Its time for you to reflect. In our current times
today, we always experience flood, pollution, destructive typhoons every year, and now we are in this
pandemic were there a lot of people acquire illnesses because of COVID- 19. As the elders saying, “what
goes around comes around,” this means in every action, there is always cosequence. Because many
people lack of discipline in maintaining the cleanliness of our sourrounding, aside from that we are
always continue in using our resources but we neglect and forgot our responsibility on how to use it
wisely. Since man create as steward we need to show our care for the environment and not to destroy it.
The earth’s future is our responsibility, so let’s find out how to take care of it!

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

Environmental Ethics
A field of inquiry is the attempt to understand the human relationship with the environment
(including natural ecosystem, agricultural ecosystem, urban ecosystem, and the individuals that populate
and constitute those system) and determine the norms that should govern our interactions with it.

Why is there a need for an environmental virtue ethic?

The environmental virtues are the proper dispositions or character traits for human beings to have
regarding their interactions and relationships with the environment. The environmentally virtuous person
is disposed to respond both emotionally and through action to the environment and non- human
individuals.

The four Approaches to the specification of environmental virtue:

APPROACHES ENVIRONMENTAL VIRTUE

Extensionism – expanding certain interpersonal Giving care and respect not only to humans but
virtues not only to human but also non -human also to the animals and to our environment
entities
Considerations of benefit to agent - providing Enjoy and appreciate the aesthetics we
the opportunity for aesthetic experience like experience through our environment and
recreational activities, clean water and air consider that the environment plays an
important role in the healthy living of human
beings and animals.
Consideration of human excellence refers to Being responsible stewardship of our
character disposition which is promoting the environment, community and public land
well-being of the ecological community
Study of role models study the character traits Observe and imitate the good behavior towards
of individuals who are recognized as our environment being displayed by the people
environmental role models around us.

Environment Philosophy

The discipline that studies the moral relationship of human beings with the environment and its
non-human contents. Philosophers believe that the human person has the ability to change the
environment to suit his purposes. This means that as human person, we interact not only with our fellow
human beings, but also with other living and non-living elements in our environment. Humankind is a
part of the world, and we significantly affect our environment in the same way that changes in our
environment affect us (Ramos, 2015 )

Let’s take a look on these three views of philosophical environment.

1. Anthropocentrism – focuses on the significant role of humankind in the world and considers nature
as the means by which humans are able to meet their needs and survive. This view believes that
humans are the most important species on the planet and they are free to transform nature and use its
resources

2. Biocentrism – believes that humans are not the only significant species on the planet, and that all
other organisms have inherent value and should be protected. This view advocates ethical treatment
of animals.

3. Ecocentrism – places great value on ecosystems and biological communities. This view believes that
humankind is a part of a greater biological system or community and that we have a significant role
as stewards or guardians of nature. This view promotes the idea that order and balance in nature
brings about stability and beauty. The influence of humanity on the environment can be best
understood if we consider the individual person as a dynamic source of change within his particular
environment

According to the World Commission on Environment and Development, sustainable development

defines as: “Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs.” To put it simply, the idea of sustainable development is any
environmental, economic and social advances can be realized within the carrying capacity of earth’s
natural resources. (Sioco & Vinzons, 2016)

PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABILITY

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

 ● Environmental Integrity- means that any human activities or economic
advances should not unduly disrupt the environment and human communities
located in the area. The environment should not be drastically impacted by
human activities (Abella, 2016).

● Economic efficiency- this is to ensure that there is minimum to zero waste in

using our natural resources (Abella, 2016).

● Equity- it refers to conserving our natural resources so that the future

generations will still be able to use it (Abella, 2016).
There are theories that explained how human address environmental problem,

these are the following :

Social Ecology- Murray Bookchin, proponent of Social ecology, believes that ecological problems can
be traced to social problems. Societies that are structured around hierarchies as well as economic classes
use their authority to dominate natural resources and exploit the environment for profit and selfinterest.
(Sioco and Vinzons, 2016)

Ecofeminism- It assumes that male-centered view of nature is the root cause of ecological problems. To
address environmental problems humanity has to remove the superior vs. inferior in human relations.
(Sioco and Vinzons, 2016).
What can we do to lessen the waste that we are the one who make? How can we take care of
ourenvironment? How can we use resources wisely? These quetsions can be answer by having a deep
understanding about the concept prudence and frugality.

Prudence is the capacity to direct and discipline one’s activities and behavior using reason. It is the
behavior that is cautious and, as much as possible, keeps away from any risks. Prudence is considered as
the first and most vital among the four cardinal virtues, which include justice, fortitude, and temperance.
Prudence can help us become wiser, more responsible in terms of using our natural resources and, most
importantly, become more appreciative of nature’s essential value.

frugality is the quality of being thrifty. It is the careful supervision of one’s resources. Frugality, aside
from prudence, is another fundamental value that can help us develop a sense of right and wrong and
attain whatever we want in life. Moreover, it is a virtue that can guide us in making choices in life and
receiving the most value out of those decisions. Commonly, when we talk about frugality, we are talking
about the cautious management of material resources, especially money.

They are both essential and play a significant role on how can we protect and taking care of our
environment and natural resources.

Human Environmental Interactions

Human Environment interactions are defined as the interactions between the human social
system and the rest of the ecosystem.

Human Social
System and
Ecosystem
Complex Adaptive
Compose of population size, Has feedback structures that
social organization, values, and promote survival in a
technology constantly changing
environment

Environmental ethics is the attempt to determine how we ought and ought not to relate
to the natural environment.

Values and knowledge strongly influence people’s “view of life” and consequently define the
way people act. The choice of possible actions is then limited by the available technology

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

Coevolution and Coadaptation

The terms coevolution and coadaptation describe the never- ending process of mutual adjustment
and change between human social systems and the environment. People’s actions have consequences on
the environment, but also the environment influences human activities

ACTIVITY

DIRECTION: Observe your home or even the surroundings, take a photo of the things that you
observe that is not organized and not in proper place. After that organize those things in a more aesthetic
way and environment friendly. Make a short explanation of your output.

Direction: Turn recyclable materials such as paper, cardboard, metal, plastic and textiles into
more useful things. Be like an artist in crafting your work.

You will be graded using this point system:

Criteria Points

Usefulness 40

Use of recyclable materials 30

Creativity / Originality 20

Overall Project Impact 10

Total 100

GENERALIZATION

As human person, we interact not only with our fellow human beings, but also with other living
and non- living elements in our environment. Humankind is part of the world, and we significantly affect
our environment in the same way our environment also affects us. Philosophers believe that the human
person has ability to change the environment to suit his or her purpose in life.

POST–TEST

DIRECTION: Write if the statement is TRUE or FALSE

_____ 1. Anthropocentrism this view believes that humans are the most important species on the planet
and they are free to transform nature and use its resources.
_____ 2. Sustainable development refers to conserving our natural resources so that the future generations
will still be able to use it.
_____ 3. Ecology believes that ecological problems can be traced to social problems.
_____ 4. Frugality is the quality of being thrifty. It is the careful supervision of one’s resources
_____ 5. . Prudence It is the capacity to direct and discipline one’s activities and the behavior using
reason that is cautious and, as much as possible, keeps away from any risks

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

_____ 6. Environmental ethics means that any human activities or economic advances should not unduly
disrupt the environment and human communities located in the area
_____ 7. Environmental Philosophy studies the moral relationship of human beings with the environment
and its non-human contents.
_____ 8. Ecofeminism assumes that male-centered view of nature is the root cause of ecological
problems.
_____ 9.The terms coevolution and coadaptation describe the end process of mutual adjustment and
change between human social systems and the
environment.

_____ 10. Biocentrism argues that only the human who has significant value on planet earth but also all
the living things KEY TO CORRECTION

PRE TEST: ANSWER KEY

1. TRUE 6. FALSE
2. TRUE 7. TRUE
3. FALSE 8. FALSE
4. TRUE 9. TRUE
5. TRUE 10. TRUE

POST TEST: ANSWER KEY

31. TRUE 36. FALSE
32. TRUE 37. TRUE
33. FALSE 38. TRUE
34. TRUE 39. FALSE
35. TRUE 40. FALSE

REFERRENCE

Books
Abella, Roberto M.Div., D. Min. Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human
Person. C& E Publishing, Inc., Quezon City, 2016.
Romeo P.Gonzalvo. (2016 ). Philosophy of the Human Person. Intramuros Manila : Mindshapers Co.,
Inc.

Websites

Adam Smith Institute. The Theory of Moral Sentiments. Retrieved from

https://www.adamsmith.org/the-theory-of-moral-sentiments
Cambridge Dictionary. Prudence. Retrieved from
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/prudence
Endriga, C. (2017). Human Person in the Environment. Retrieved from
https://www.slideshare.net/ChristineEndriga/human-person-in-theenvironment
Merriam-Webster. Frugality. Retrieved from https://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/frugality
Merriam-Webster. Prudence. Retrieved from https://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/prudence
Photos from:

https://images.app.goo.gl/oF4ujahJ6MBgRuVXA
https://images.app.goo.gl/jLrS2v4ARvVCtHd9A

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human
Person

Week 9-10 Freedom of the Human

Person
Module 5

INTRODUCTION:

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

 Welcome to the Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person Module on Freedom
of the Human Person. This module serve as a guide to equip the learners with the different
concepts related to Freedom in a more philosophical way.

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities
for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to process
the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.

OBJECTIVES

At the end of the discussion the students will be able to:

14. Realize that “all actions have consequences.”

15. Evaluate and exercise prudence in choices

16. Realize that: choices have consequence and some things are given up while others
are obtained in making choices.

PRE–TEST

DIRECTION: Write if the statement is TRUE or FALSE

_____ 1. For St. Thomas Aquinas the law of divine is the standard for all human action.

_____ 2. For Aristotle having a reason, is equated having a free will

_____ 3. The determinist approach proposes that all behavior has a cause and is thus
predictable.

_____ 4. Hard determinism is compatible with free will.

_____ 5. Event – causation is a notion that event can cause other event to happen.

LESSON
Freedom

Are we really free? Dose it mean when we have freedom we can do everything that we want ?
Freedom in our modern age proved to be an instrument in expressing the desires and intentions of human.

Freedom and the human person have been at the center of philosophical, theological, moral and
political debates. Modern man considers freedom to be the right to do whatever he wants, man wants to
be totally independent to be free from any laws or dogmas, from any “ thou shalt ” or “ thou shalt not ”
but is this freedom? Does this contribute to the dignity of man and his ultimate fulfillment? Pope John
Paul II stated, “ Freedom consists not in doing what we like, but in having to do what we ought ”

Freedom is a key concept in philosophy. It is defined, negatively, as the absence of constraint;

positively like the state of the one who does what he wants.

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

 Freedom is surprisingly a fairly modern concept, since the Greeks spoke little of it, considering that
man should rather reflect the cosmos rather than obey his own aspirations. The Moderns, from
Kierkegaard, then Heidegger and Sartre, who have made freedom a key piece of metap To define
freedom, it is sufficient to give an adequate description:

▪ At the biological level, freedom is identified with a healthy body. The patient, on the contrary, feels
prisoner of his own body

▪ At a higher level, freedom is identified with the spontaneity of tendencies. Man is free when he can
fulfill his desires (Epicurus). But some trends are harmful and we are naturally fighting against them.
Spontaneity, therefore, can not consist in allowing oneself to be in love with one’s passions.

▪ At the level of consciousness, freedom is defined by the possibility of choosing. For there to be
choice, one needs several motives, several possibilities of action. The choice may be impossible when
all the reasons are worth (buridan donkey). In this case, the action is freedom of indifference.

In the fullest sense, freedom is a voluntary realization, justified by the greatest number of motives.
Because our action is then not only the expression of a personal choice, but of a choice capable of
justifying itself rationally in the eyes of all. After Plato and Spinoza, Kant has given full scope to the
rationalism of freedom: action is free when consciousness is determined “against” sensible desires,
according to a rational principle.

Aristotelian Freedom

According to Aristotle, the “democratic” freedom treasured by the exponents of ancient Greek
democracy has two marks, one personal and one political: (i) to live as one wishes and (ii) to rule and be
ruled in turn. Another ideas coming from Aristotle is the Power of Volition. Volition in this sense is the
faculty or power to use or discharge one’s will. The will of human is an instrument of his/ her free choice,
the man is the onw who will decide through the use of his/ her reason to be good or bad. For Aristotle the
happines of man is in his / her hands alone ,because he / she the one who will decide and do the action for
himself / herself. Reason is the instrument what makes a man become rational, without intellect there will
be no will.

St. Thomas Aquinas

“
The law of divine love is the standard for all human actions”, this law should be the standard for all
human action. Since human is a moral agent , is what makes us superior from animals. Thorugh our
spirituality we human being have conscience that guides in everything that we do. Everytime ou action is
good or bad it is our responsibility. St. Thomas Aquinas (Summa Theologiae) establishes the existence of
God as a first cause. And as God’s creations, human beings have the unique power to change themselves
and things around them for the better.

Jean Paul Sartre

For Sartre, the human person is the desire to be God: the desire to exist as a being which has in itself a
sufficient ground (en sui causa). The human person builds the road to the destiny of his/her choosing;
he/she is the creator (Strathern, 1998) For Sartre every human being is free, existence is a freedom. It is
the very core of human existence.

Freedom and Determinism

To have more understanding of what freedom all about, Let’s analyze and understand the different
concepts below :

DETERMINISM Ex : In choosing religious belief we may be

The determinist approach proposes that all behavior practically free to choose, but our choices could
has a cause and is thus predictable. Free will is an follow cultural or social factors beyond our control
illusion, and our behavior is governed by internal
or external forces over which we have no control.
INDETERMINISM
Is the view that the decision making parts of the I do what I want to do, I don’t follow
brain are fundamentally random
Some actions and decisions are independent of pre-
existing causes

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

 COMPATIBILISM Ex : Man can chose to save or not to save the
Human can make free- willed decisions even if drowning child, he is not morally responsible,
their decision systems are not random however if he chooses not to save the drowning
child because of his personality.
INCOMPATIBILISM Ex: You go to ice cream store, wanting chocolate
We can only have free – will if our decision flavor but you end up choosing vanilla
process are random
HARD DETERMINISM Ex: Assume a man killed his girlfriend because she
Is the view that forces outside of our control ( e.g. left him for another man
biology or past experience ) shape our behavior. - The action had prior cause
Hard determinism is incompatible with free will.
SOFT DETERMINISM Ex: Islam choosing to have fasting or not
Believe human decision are not random, but this is ( determine by internal force)
not rule out free – will
LIBERTARIANISM
-Accept indeterminism and incompatibilism, A man volunteer to be part of the Gawad Kalinga
believing that human decisions are random, that to serve the street children
this randomness does not rule out free – will and in
fact randomness actually allow free – will.
AGENT – CAUSATION Ex: Marcos Dictatorship led to the emergence of
A notion that a person, animals, or environment democracy to our country
can cause an event to happen
EVENT – CAUSATION Ex; the explosion of the bomb caused the collapse
A notion that event can cause other event to of the bridge
happen. The End of Martial law led to the restoration of
democracy to the Philippines

Freedom Always Comes With Responsibility

With freedom comes responsibility – to accept the consequences of our choices, and to respect and
protect each others' freedom. Not everyone will respect that responsibility voluntarily. Freedom without
mutual responsibility is the law of the jungle. We always need to evaluate and exercise prudence before
acting our choice. When we are exercising our choice, we must always be cautious and aware of the
choices that we make, as well as the implications of these in the future. The capacity of an individual to
make good choices comes from his/her accumulated experiences and values. Always remember that when
we make choices, we make choices not for ourselves but also for the things that will affect that choice. In
every action there will be consequence, as a human being we need to evaluate and always consider if our
action will benefit us and also the people around us.

ACTIVITY

DIRECTION : “Reflective Essay”

The choices you make in life will make your life - Michael Josephson

_____________________________________________________________________________________
__
_____________________________________________________________________________________
__

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

_____________________________________________________________________________________
__
_____________________________________________________________________________________
__
_____________________________________________________________________________________
__
_____________________________________________________________________________________
__
_____________________________________________________________________________________
__

With FREEDOM comes RESPONSIBILITY, if you want to experience more FREEDM in your
life…..You must take more RESPONSIBILITY for your choice!
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_
____________________________________________________________________________________
__
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_

DIRECTIONS: Read the given actions below and provide the possible consequences of each action.
Write your answer on the space provided.

ACTION CONSEQUENCE

Always spending time in social media

Not complying with the school requirements

Decide not to pursue college but to search for work

after graduate in Senior High

GENERALIZATION

After learning the different significant concepts related to freedom

Answer the following questions below :

1. What are the things you consider before making a choice?

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

 2. Why do you think, now a days freedom become an issue in our society?

3. Do you think, having an absolute freedom is essential for a person to succeed in life?
Explain your answer.

POST–TEST

DIRECTION: Write if the statement is TRUE or FALSE

_____ 1. For St. Thomas Aquinas the law of divine is the standard for all human action.

_____ 2. For Aristotle having a reason, is equated having a free will

_____ 3. The determinist approach proposes that all behavior has a cause and is thus predictable.

_____ 4. Hard determinism is compatible with free will.

_____ 5. Event – causation is a notion that event can cause other event to happen.

KEY TO CORRECTION

PRE TEST: ANSWER KEY

6. TRUE
7. TRUE
8. TRUE
9. FALSE
10. FALSE

POST TEST: ANSWER KEY

41. TRUE 45. FALSE
42. TRUE
43. TRUE
44. FALSE

REFERRENCE

Books

Caraan, Aleli M. (2016). Introduction to Philosophy of the Human Person. Quezon City: Diwa Learning
Systems Inc. Ramos, Christine Carmela R. (2016). Introduction to Philosophy of the Human Person.

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

Quezon City: Rex BookstoreRomeo P.Gonzalvo. (2016 ). Philosophy of the Human Person. Intramuros
Manila : Mindshapers Co., Inc.
Websites

https://www.the-philosophy.com/freedom-in-philosophy
Tim, "Freedom in Philosophy: Quotes, Concepts, Authors, May 27, 2019, " in Philosophy &
Philosophers, May 27, 2019, https://www.the-philosophy.com/freedom-in-philosophy.

https://www.coursehero.com/file/45555672/Philosophy-Reportpptx/
Print Publication Date:
Apr 2018
Subject: Philosophy, Social and Political Philosophy, Classical Philosophy
Online Publication Date: Jul 2016 DOI:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199989423.013.7

Photos from:
https://images.app.goo.gl/GPWLj1wn7FUDg9Mk7
https://images.app.goo.gl/8ZxRgmipmLo3uUep6

Introduction to the Philosophy of the

Human Person

Week 11-12
Intersubjectivity
Module 6

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

 INTRODUCTION:

Welcome to the Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person Module on

Intersubjectivity. In this module, you will learn that human beings are primarily intended to exist
with others and described as relational beings. This will also give you a thorough explanation on
how to treat your “kapwa” as persons. Sharing same situations wherein we can create, relate and
understand shared meanings that will lead us to study the concept of Intersubjectivity.

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities
For guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to process
the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.

OBJECTIVES

At the end of the discussion the students will be able to:

17. Realize that intersubjectivity requires accepting differences and not imposing on others;
18. Explain that authentic dialogue means accepting others even if they are different from
themselves; and
19. Performs activities that demonstrate an appreciation for the talents of persons with disabilities
and those from the underprivileged sectors of society.

PRE–TEST

DIRECTIONS: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your chosen letter on a separate sheet
of paper.
1. It refers to shared meanings constructed by people in their interactions with each other.

a. Actions b. Communication c. Intersubjectivity d. Relationship

2. A types of relationship that is more genuine according to Gabriel Marcel

a. Friendship b. I – It c. I –thou d. Kinship

3. Which is NOT component of Intersubjectivity?

a. Shared attention b. shared emotion c. shared feeling d. shared intention

4. Which of the following statement is consider wrong?

a. I will promote supportive attitudes toward the persons with disabilities

b. I will consider persons with disabilities as less important human beings
c. I will live in harmony and unity with persons with disabilities while maintaining
diversity.
d. I will respect those people belong in underprivileged sectors of society
5. Juan dela cruz, always experienced bullying and discrimination in school. How can the school
address this issued?

a. The school can extend help by providing scholarship to those students who experienced
bullying
b. The school should come up with a seminar that will talk about discrimination
c. The school can provide assistance by means of giving free consultation with the guidance
councilor
d. The school should implement anti-discrimination and anti-bullying policies in the school
that will educate the learners on how they should report incidents of bullying, discrimination, and
other adverse treatments.

LESSON

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

 INTERSUBJECTIVITY
We all live in the world surrounded by different people with different background and
personality. Relating with others and settling our differences is not always an easy task but it’s a task that
we have to embrace since we all desire to live peacefully in a world that we shared with them no matter
how different they are to us. we will be illuminated by a more important kind of relationship anchored on
the concept of “intersubjectivity” in which “I” and the “others” are seen more as complementary to each
other rather than just simply a means to some selfish ends. Intersubjectivity is a kind of relationship
which considered a subject-to-subject or person-to-person way of relating.The intersubjective of sharing
experience is a concept that has significant power for understanding relationships, interactions and
treatment. Intersubjectivity is the process that occurs within all relationships at all times.
Intersubjectivity is an interaction between self and other which mutual recognition of each other
as persons is. A unique relationship between distinct subjects. In everyday social interaction, persons have
the ability to agree and cooperate with each other. It is the condition of a man, a subject among other men,
who are also subjects. It refers to the shared awareness, and understanding among persons. It is made
possible by the awareness of the self and the other (Delgado, 2018). Intersubjectivity is the shared or
mutual understanding among agents. Edmund Husserl first developed the concept of intersubjectivity as a
critique of René Descartes’ problem of other minds where each of us is distinct individuals and we have
to use medium (language) to understand each other. Husserl argued that the problem of other minds
portrayed human interaction as inappropriately solipsistic. More recently, the concept of intersubjectivity
has played a role in phenomenological accounts of social cognition, embodied and enactive cognition,
debates about whether we can directly perceive others’ mental states, collective intentionality, and group
minds.
According to Scheff ( 2006 ), Intersubjectivity is “ the sharing of subjective states by two or more
individuals”. It refers to shared emotion, shared attention and shared intention. To understand and equip
with this ideas, lets analyze the following :

Three Components of Intersubjectivity

1. Shared emotion ( attunement )
2. Shared attention
3. Shared intention
How can we relate with others?
Intersubjectivity is a philosophical concept that refer to interaction between the self and the other
which is the shared awareness and understanding among persons. Social-interaction is evident such as
ability to agree and cooperate, shared common knowledge, consensus and shared emotions. The table
below shows the level of self-other interaction and its deeper level. (Salegon 2017).

Jean Paul Sartre Jean Paul Sartre

In his book 1943, Being and Nothingness, explains that when you look at a person, the act of
objectification allows you to capture that person’s freedom to be what he or she wants to be. That is, you
are limiting a person’s possibilities by a look. This is evident when you stereotype or label a person based
on his or her appearance or certain actions. Sartre argues that a human person has many possibilities, but
when you label a person through a look, you take away that freedom of becoming (Abella, 2016). For
example, when you label a negative characteristics to a person, you take a away the possibility that person
also capable to show good things.
Edmund Husserl
He believes that intersubjectivity is more than just shared understanding, but it is the capability to put
oneself in the place where the other is. It is showing sympathy and empathy towards other people,
however empathy is more genuine and deeper in relating towards other person.

I – It and I – thou Relationships

According to Martin Buber there are two types of relationship ; First is the I – It relationship,
their treatment with the other is concentrated into the status of an object—an It. The I has no good

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

intention in treating with each other, This kind of relationship results into what we call alienation. It
happens when human relationships are inauthentic, deceptive and exploitative. It arises when a person
ceases to view the other as a distinct or authentic person and merely considers the other person as a mere
objector a means to satisfy personal interests (Abella, 2016)
Second , is the “I-Thou” relationship, in this kind of human relations that genuine sharing of one
another takes place. There are people who treat other people sincerely as persons. In Filipino values, “I-
Thou” relationship can be seen in the meaning of our “kapwa.” Virgilo Enriquez (1978) presented that as
a translation of kapwa, FilipinoEnglish dictionaries usually offer the term "both" and "fellow-being" (qtd.
in Panganiban 1972, de Guzman 1968, Calderon 1957).

Persons with Disabilities (PWDs) and Underprivileged Sectors of the Society

According to the United Nations (UN) Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, the
term “persons with disabilities” is used to apply to those persons who have long-term physical,
psychological, intellectual, or sensory impairments which in interaction with several unreasonable or
discriminatory barriers may obstruct their full and active participation as equal members of the
society.This only means that do not take it as a means of looking at them in a negative way, rather should
be viewed as the products of the interaction between individuals and their surroundings; that these
disabilities reside in the society.The promotion of positive and supportive attitudes toward the persons
with disabilities is very essential to unleash their potential and to become an active member of society,
where they can enjoy freely to show who really they are, their skills and talents to others. Let’s us not
forget that negative attitudes and perceptions toward persons with disabilities are existing that’s why
discrimination is one the prevailing issue that we had now a days, that’s why elimination of this
discrimination is a must, there are some people who treat them as lesser human beings, some parents
think of their children with disabilities as a burden in life, this contribute to the hardships being
experienced by the people with disabilities. Many people despite of having that kind of condition able to
surpass and continued living a normal life because they have very supportive and caring environment.
Some Filipinos who have successfully risen above their disabilities and are making waves in their own
arenas.
Underprivileged Sectors of the Society
The underprivileged is being described as the group of people that is suffering from different forms of
social deprivation such as denial of the enjoyment of similar level of comfort and/or fundamental rights as
most of the members of a civilized society due to several economic and social circumstances. This group
is less in terms of material possessions and basic social benefits, like education and health services, in
comparison to most of the people in a certain society. Example of these are : farmers, fisherfolks, jeepney
drivers, vendors , and those marginalize sectors of society. This group of individuals is facing various
dimensions of poverty, such as income poverty, health deprivation, human rights violations, gender
inequity, and many more.

ACTIVITY

DIRECTION : Present your own example of I- It and I- THOU relationship encounters in your life
experience by means of telling your experiences

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______

GENERALIZATION

DIRECTION: Reflect upon and answer the following questions:

1. How will you going to shoe genuine relationship with the people below:

a. Persons with disabilities

b. People living in slum area

c. Inmates

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

DIRECTION: In this activity, identify a front liner whom you consider embodying the concept of “a
person for others.” Write a profile of your chosen individual, highlighting his or her unconditional love
for others.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________

POST–TEST

DIRECTION: Read the given statements /questions carefully, and Choose the best answer from the
given choices .

1. A types of relationship that is more genuine according to Gabriel Marcel

a. Friendship b. I – It c. I –thou d. Kinship

2. Which of the following statement is consider wrong?

a. I will promote supportive attitudes toward the persons with disabilities

b. I will consider persons with disabilities as less important human beings
c. I will live in harmony and unity with persons with disabilities while maintaining diversity.
d. I will respect those people belong in underprivileged sectors of society

3. It refers to shared meanings constructed by people in their interactions with each other.
a. Actions b. Communication c. Intersubjectivity d. Relationship

4. Juan dela cruz, always experienced bullying and discrimination in school. How can the school address
this issued?

a. The school can extend help by providing scholarship to those students who experienced bullying
b. The school should come up with a seminar that will talk about discrimination
c. The school can provide assistance by means of giving free consultation with the guidance
councilor
d. The school should implement anti-discrimination and anti-bullying policies in the school that will
educate the learners on how they should report incidents of bullying, discrimination, and other adverse
treatments.

5. Which is NOT component of Intersubjectivity?

a. Shared attention b. shared emotion c. shared feeling d. shared intention

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

 KEY TO CORRECTION
PRE TEST: ANSWER KEY
6. C
7. C
8. C
9. B
10. D
POST TEST: ANSWER KEY
46. C 50. C
47. B
48. C
49. D

REFERRENCE

Books

Abella, Roberto M.Div., D. Min. Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human

Person. C& E Publishing, Inc., Quezon City, 2016.
Delos Santos, D. L. (2017). Community engagement, solidarity, and citizenship. Manila: Rex Book Store,
Inc. Enriquez, Virgilio G. (1977) Filipino psychology in the third world. Quezon City: Philippine
Psychology Research House, University of the Philippines.
Romeo P.Gonzalvo. (2016 ). Philosophy of the Human Person. Intramuros Manila : Mindshapers Co.,
Inc.
Sioco, M.P. & Vinzons, I. (2016). Introduction to the philosophy of the human person. First Edition.
Quezon City: Vibal Group, Inc.

Websites
Underprivileged. (n.d.). In Merriam-Webster. Retrieved from
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/underprivileged United Nations. (2006, December 6).
United nations convention on the rights of persons with disabilities. Retrieved from
https://tinyurl.com/ya4v8bww
United Nations. (2007). Department of economic and social affairs: disability [faqs]. Retrieved from
https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/enable/faqs.htm

Photo from:

https://images.app.goo.gl/N3z8aRxvbgTpPTDB7
https://images.app.goo.gl/u572GBkxzUHfYxWy9

Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

Person
 Week 13-14
Human Person in Society
Module 7

INTRODUCTION:
Welcome to the Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person Module on Human
Person in the society. This module help you to understand the role of human person in his or her
society, and the changes and development in society from earliest time up to the present.
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities
for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to process
the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.

OBJECTIVES

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

 At the end of the discussion the students will be able to:
20. Recognize how individuals form societies and how individuals are transformed by
societies;
21. Compare different forms of societies and individualities (e.g., Agrarian, industrial,
and virtual); and
22. Explain how human relations are transformed by social systems.

PRE–TEST

DIRECTION: Indicate whether the statement is TRUE or FALSE

1. Juan Dela Cruz, grandfather is well known to their town during ancient time, because he own a
vast of land. Which among types of society Juan grandfather referring to?

a. Agricultural b. Feudal c. Horticulture d. Industrial

2. Philippines is known for, what types of society?

a. Agricultural b. Feudal c. Horticulture d. Industrial

3. It is characterized by the use of specialized machinery for the mass production of goods and
services.

a. Horticulture b. Hunting and Gathering c. Industrial d. Post Industrial

4. In this type of society people are nomadic in order for them to survive.

a. Horticulture b. Hunting and Gathering c. Industrial d. Post Industrial

5. Type of society also known as virtual society

a. Horticulture b. Hunting and Gathering c. Industrial d. Post Industrial

LESSON

THE HUMAN PERSON IN SOCIETY

What is society?
Living in a society is a requirement for a human being. In society he develops his potential in
mutual exchange and service of others. The problem of man cannot be solved scientifically without a
clear statement of the relationship between man and society, as seen in the primary collectivity—the
family, the play or instruction group, the production team and other types of formal or informal
collectivity.

The roles and responsibilities of the human person in the society have drastically changed from
time to time. Developments and unending desires had led to a significant change based on the new
demands of the society. Human play a significant role to his / her society which he / she belong.

Society is a word that deals with a set of organized groups of people occupying a specific
territory with common or shared attitudes, religion, culture, beliefs, and norms.

Man is political animal, according to Aristotle. A human person by nature exists to relate and to
socialize with others as the time man gets older, he / she develop more companionship such as extended
group outside his family. Man also learn to develop authority and leadership with his/ her extending
group. This is the start of the development of societies, people way of living and development of
community or society as a whole.

Types of Society

Hunting and gathering

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

 Hunter-gatherer culture developed among the early hominins of Africa, with evidence of their
activities dating as far back as 2 million years ago. Among their distinguishing characteristics, the hunter-
gatherers actively killed animals for food instead of scavenging meat left behind by other predators and
devised ways of setting aside vegetation for consumption at a later date. People at that time were called
nomadic because they spent most of their time transferring from one place to another to search for
available foods and temporary shelter. The decision does not solely come from one person but mainly
arrived at through the majority’s decision or conse
(https://images.app.goo.gl/mbtaA7j9DhxrHHxEA )

Pastoral Society

This type of society is generally known for its domestication of animals for food security.

A pastoral society is a nomadic group of people who travel with a herd of domesticated animals, which
they rely on for food. The word 'pastoral' comes from the Latin root word pastor, which means 'shepherd.'
Someone living in a pastoral society is called a pastoralist. The barter system was commonly used at that
time to trade foods and surplus resources from other communities.
(https://images.app.goo.gl/wCJdbKvheDWfeGCVA)

Horticulture Society

A horticultural society is one in which people subsist through the cultivation of plants for food
consumption without the use of mechanized tools or the use of animals to pull plows. Pastoral
Community stays longer in their respective communities, the horticulture people are also known as semi-
nomadic, for they stay longer as long as the resources were available but once depleted, they will transfer
to another place. In horticultural society they also practiced the reservation of food and barter system.
(https://images.app.goo.gl/cuTGcjtUaPU2JfQX8)

Agrarian or Agricultural Society

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

 The agricultural society is typically characterized by the involvement of technology as a tool to aid in
farming. This type of society is generally known for the evolution of pastoral and horticulture
communities.
(https://images.app.goo.gl/WHcZ6Dwmx5Gi4tEH7)

Feudal
Society

In this
form of
society,

feudalism deals with the importance of owning a particular land. In fact, this was started in Western
Europe, especially during the Medieval Period, where rival kingdoms were engaged in war because of the
available resources. Land symbolizes power, authority, and territory. The more land a Kingdom owns, the
more power they have over the people. The feudal society is typically composed of lords, vassals, and
peasants. The lords were highly dependent on their loyal vassals to provide them with available resources;
the vassals were dependent on their peasants to provide them food; and the peasants were highly
dependent on the lords and vassals for protection. This kind of system brought too much consciousness
among people on how to be mindful of their class or hierarchy.

(https://

images.app.goo.gl/cdvjb225hDDiVsdb)

Industrial Society

These advances in science and technology in the late 18th century resulted in the well-known
Industrial Revolution, which gave birth to the new ways of faster production and industrial methods. The
innovation to the land, water, and air transportations resulted in more closed trades and commerce. The
rise of the industrial society symbolizes the unending needs and desires of humans for innovation.

(https://images.app.goo.gl/WoQ4tUfucrRDNew88)

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

Post Industrial Society

The Post-Industrial Society is also known as the Virtual Society. If Industrial Society was the main
reason for the significant departure of agricultural life, the post-industrial served as the ultimate threat of
lessening the human workforce's value in exchanged for highly advanced technology. The post-industrial
society brought these incredible technological advances that human minds cannot even process how these
became possible.

(https://images.app.goo.gl/g6WVfHkD9o2f7ENNA)

ACTIVITY

A.
A.
A.
A.
A.
A.
A.
DIRECTIONS: Reflect Upon!
1. Which form of society, do you think people can live more peacefully? And why?

2. With the different changes in society, What do you see in the future considering that people
want, needs is ever changing?

3. Why do society and person cannot exist without each other?

B. DIRECTION : Draw a symbol or anything that will summarize the characteristics of the different
forms/ types of society. Be creative in presenting your ideas!

You will be graded based on the following:

Creativity – 40 points Cleanliness – 15 points
Relevance – 30 points Timeliness – 15 points

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

 GENERALIZATION

DIRECTION: Complete the statement below

I learned that human and society is/are ___________________________________________

Society can affects human by ____________________________________________________

Man has significant role in society because _______________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

POST–TEST

DIRECTION: Read the given statements /questions carefully, and choose the best answer from the given
choices.

1. Juan Dela Cruz, grandfather is well known to their town during ancient time, because he own a vast
of land. Which among types of society Juan grandfather referring to?
b. Agricultural b. Feudal c. Horticulture d. Industrial
2. Philippines is known for, what types of society?
b. Agricultural b. Feudal c. Horticulture d. Industrial
3. It is characterized by the use of specialized machinery for the mass production of goods and services.
b. Horticulture b. Hunting and Gathering c. Industrial d. Post Industrial
4. In this type of society people are nomadic in order for them to survive.
b. Horticulture b. Hunting and Gathering c. Industrial d. Post Industrial
5. Type of society also known as virtual society
a. Horticulture b. Hunting and Gathering c. Industrial d. Post Industrial

KEY TO CORRECTION

PRE TEST: ANSWER KEY POST TEST: ANSWER KEY

1. B 1. B
2. B 2. B
3. C 3. C
4. B 4. B
5. D 5. D

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

 REFERRENCE

Books
Abella, Roberto M.Div., D. Min. Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human
Person. C& E Publishing, Inc., Quezon City, 2016.
Abella D. et al. (2016). Introduction to the philosophy of human person. Quezon City: C.E Publishing,
Incorporated. Babor, Eddie (2007). The human Persons: Not Real, but Existing. Quezon City: C.E
Publishing, Incorporated. Kendall, D. (2005). The sociology in our times. United States of America:
Thomson Learning, Inc.
Romeo P.Gonzalvo. (2016 ). Philosophy of the Human Person. Intramuros Manila : Mindshapers Co.,
Inc.

Websites
Bolico, R. (2016). Etapas do capitalism [Photography]. Retrived from: https://regininha-
atividadesescolares.blogspot.com/2016/04/etapasdo-capitalismo.html Britannica. (n.d.) Slavery in the
Americas [Photograph]. Retrieved from: https://www.britannica.com/topic/slavery-sociology/Slavery-in-
theAmericas Cowley, R. et.al. (n.d.) History of eating in the United states [Photograph]. Retrieved from:
https://historyofeating.umwblogs.org/hunter-andgatherer-society/ Editor. (2018). 6 Types of forms of
societies Retrieved from http://www.baic.org/6-types-and-characteristics-of-societies-throughhistory/

Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human

Person

Week 15-16 Human Person as Oriented

toward Impending Death
Module 8

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

 INTRODUCTION:
Welcome to the Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person Module on Human
Person as oriented towards impending death. This module help you to understand the
Philosophical aspect of death, to equip with the different ideas / views of Philosophers toward
death and how the uncertainty of death can contribute to meaning of person’s life.
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to process the
contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.

OBJECTIVES

At the end of the discussion the students will be able to:

23. Recognize the meaning of his/her own life
24. Enumerate the objectives he/ she really wants to achieve and to define the projects he/she
really wants to do in his/her life
25. Explain the meaning of life
26. Reflect from the meaning of his/her own life

PRE–TEST

DIRECTION: Indicate whether the statement is TRUE or FALSE

__________1. Death is impeding means it can be happen anytime

__________2. For Christian view, for the wage of sin is death, but death is a gift

__________3. Cardiopulmonary approach states that a person is dead, when the heart and lung ceased to
function

__________4. Socrates says we should not fear death

__________5. For Epicurus, death is not bad for us, and cannot harm us because the dead person can no
longer have painful experiences about death
__________6. A brain dead person, can also be in a state of vegetative state
__________7. In ancient India muffication is being practiced because they believe to the immortality of
the person
__________8. Socrates identify the five existential features of death
__________9. Death is indefinite, meaning it will not happen anymore
__________10. Death is non - relational

LESSON

THE MEANING OF DEATH

The Nature of Human Death

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

 Death is part of human life. Therefore, we can understand why most human efforts comprehend
who the human being is the result in the question of the meaning of death. Our common belief is that we
are going to die someday and we are going to leave this earth. You probably experienced to lose someone
that is important to your life, you probaby eperienced the danger brought by COVID- 19,this event give
everyone shock ,depression, afraid to be impected with virus, losing job, and many negative thinking that
comes to our mind because of this pandemic, it even trigger us to think, that there will a time that we
might die,however despite of that this event alos help us to value our life. Death become an eye opener to
face the reality the inevitably of our death.
Death can be viewed from different perspectives. First it can be considered historical that is based
from the culture, literature and even tradition of the people. In every society they have different
perspective toward human death. Like for example in Ancient Egypt they believe to the immortality of
the human person, mummification is being practiced during ancient time because they believe to the
concept of reincarnation, when someone die he / she will be reincarnate and the soul will go back to his/
he physical body that’s why they preserved the body of a person when someone die. For Christian point
of view, death is the wages for sin, but the gift of God, since man inherit the sin of Adam and Eve in the
Garden of Eden. Where Adam and Eve not only sinned, but also transmitted sin to their descendants.
Second is Philosophical perspective, where many Philosophers present their ideas toward human death.
Philosopher Notion’s about death
Death’s implication for Socrates
After the jury verdict at his trial. Socrates was asked by his frien if he was preparing for his trial
he replied “ Do you not think that I have been preparing for it all my life,”
My life in this world must come to an end; I must die. What does it mean for the Philosopher?
There are two questions :
1. What is death: A metaphysical question, irresolvable like all questions.
2. What if, anything does it imply for how I should my life?mFor Socrates, we should not fear death,
because it is not bad for us. Death is either a dreamless sleep or a passage to another life.
For Epicurus, he says “ there is no time at which death could harm me, since as I go out of
existence at the moment of my death, I do not overlap in time with my own death; thus death cannot be
bad for me ‘’ ( Bradley et al., 2012 ) Death I nothing because when death arrive I no longer experience it.
Pope John Paul II Notion of Death
Pope John Paul said this: “ Jesus had clear vision of God, and the certainty of his union with the
Father dominated his mind ( on the cross ), but in the sphere bordering the senses…Jesus human soul
was reduced to a wasteland ”
What should be our attitude toward death?
It should be the same as the Lord’s, for the Christian death is not darkness, an absurdity or a plunge into a
nonsensical unknown. The Christians knows that death is painful and sorrowful. It is not a pleasant
experience still; Christian should not worry about physical death.
Two Approach in Understanding Death
1. Cardio-Pulmonary Approach
This approach consider death as an irreversible cessation of heart and lungs, meaning a
person is deemed dead when his / her heart and lung stop to function. However there is a situation
that, even though the heart and lung is no longer functioning but through the help of life – support
apparatus can make his he heart and lung to function even though his / her brain no longer
functioning.
2. Whole – brain Approach
This approach states that a person is dead when his/her entire brain has irreversibly
ceased to function, include the higher brain which is responsible for our consciousness and lower
brain the one who control respiration and reticulating activating system. However there are some
instances wherein a patient exhibits breathing and hearbeat even though he / she already dead.
This is called “ brain dead patient ” the patient it is in the so – called “ persistent vegetative state
”.

The Possibility of Death

If death will no longer happen to you? Will you still value your life, your goals and
priorities?, will you still care about your actions and behavior? Will you still be kind towards
other people? If you are not going to die someday? Would you still pray ?

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

 Martin Heidegger notion of Dasein ( human existence ) as being towards death can remind us
and equip us with the understanding that it is important to know the immortality of person.
Because if we do not have death or end point in life, in this case, there will a possibility can we
can no longer value our life, we would not live a whole life because our existence is infinite.This
make help us to accept the reality that we are fragile, we have limitations and we should make our
life menaingful and make the best out of it.
Death as human possibility has five existential chracteristics : certain, indefinite, one’s ownmost,
non- relational and not to be out- stripped ( Mabacquiao 2016 )
Death is certain because it will surely happen to us, it is indefinite because death it is still
unknown when will it occur, death is one’s ownmost meaning death signify it is my own, I alone
will die my death, and death is non – relational meaning it cannot be shared by anyone, and last
death is not to be out-stripped refers to the inevitably of death. For Heidegger “ death is
something that stands before us – something happen ”.

ACTIVITY

DIRECTIONS: Reflect upon from the following statements:

1. Explain your insight: How do you understand “ Life is a gift ”

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2. How the possibility of death can influence your outlook in your life?
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GENERALIZATION

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

DIRECTION: Discuss briefly the following
1. The Possibility of Human Death

2. Dasein as being – towards death

POST–TEST

DIRECTION: Briefly discuss the following

1. Explain briefly the Five Existential characteristics of death

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

 2. Which among the idea of Philosophers you inclined to believe and why?

KEY TO CORRECTION

PRE TEST: ANSWER KEY

1. TRUE 6. TRUE
2. TRUE 7. FALSE
3. TRUE 8. FALSE
4. TRUE 9. TRUE
5. TRUE 10. TRUE

POST TEST: ANSWER KEY

1. The Five Existential characteristics of death as possibility
a. It is certain, because it will surely happen
b. It is indefinite because though it is certain, it would happen but it still unknown
c. It is one’s own most because signify death is my own
d. It is non –relational because death cannot be shared by anyone
e. It is not to be out stripped, it refers to the inevitably of death, it cannot taken away from a
person.

REFERRENCE

Books
Caraan, A. M. ( 2016 ), Diwa Senior high school series : An Introduction to the Philosophy of the human
Person. Quezon City: Diwa Learning Systems Inc.
Mabacquiao, N. B. ( 2016 ) Making life worth living : An Introduction to the Philosophy of the human
Person. Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

Romeo P.Gonzalvo. (2016 ). Philosophy of the Human Person. Intramuros Manila : Mindshapers Co., I

Websites
Bradley, B et al. (2012 ). Introduction : philosophy of death. The Oxford handbook of Philosophy of
death
https://www.britannica.com/science/death/The-meaning-of-death
https://philosophynow.org/issues/27/Death_Faith_and_Existentialism

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.