Police Chief September 2022 JP-WEB

SEPTEMBER 2022
THE FUTURE
OF POLICING
INSIDE
Futures Thinking 24
Perspectives 28
A Vision for Policing Reform 76
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CONTENTS
UNDERSTANDING
CRIME TRENDS
24
THE FUTURE
OF POLICING 76
28 24 Futures Thinking
76 A Vision for
SPECI A L FE ATURE
Perspectives on the Future of Developing an agen- Policing Reform

Policing cy’s future literacy Applying evidence-
can strengthen based practices is the
29 Leadership Development, its resiliency in a first step to implement-
Personnel & Recruitment complex, uncertain, ing change; integrating
and quickly changing knowledge derived from
44 Community-Police Engagement
environment. science and research
56 Reimagining Policing TRACEY GREEN, MIKE could be the next.
RICHMOND, SAMANTHA CYNTHIA LUM
68 Policy KRUBER
Cover: IACP Board of Directors meeting, May 2022
2 POLICE CHIEF H SEPTEMBER 2022 policechiefmagazine.org

SEP T EMBER 2022 | VOL . 89 | NO. 9
LEADERSHIP TECHNOLOGY
6 President’s Message 82 Tech Talk
Customized Membership for Next-Level Communications
Global Policing Public safety communications systems have
DWIGHT E. HENNINGER changed during COVID-19, escalating the
need for different ways to connect with the
10 Chief’s Counsel growing mobile workforce.
DAVE GEORGE
Accelerating Change
Legal advisors can be instrumental in the 86 Product Feature
implementation of policy, programmatic,
and procedural changes in an agency. Forensic Testing
JOSEPH J. POLZAK Alternative methods of forensic testing can
be safer and more effective than traditional
presumptive field tests.
28
IN THE FIELD 90 Exposition  
14 Focus on Officer Wellness
Improving Officer Health and Safety
with Data IACP WORKING FOR YOU
Utilizing a whole-person, evidence-based 92 IACP 2022 Overview
approach can identify potential problem
areas that could inhibit officer wellness 94 IACP 2022 Exhibitors
strategies.
STEVE SHIRLEY 102 IACP@Work
Controlled Communication and
18 Traffic Safety Initiatives
Incorporation of Advocacy
Collaboration on Fatal Crashes Leads Including controlled communication as a
to Greater Understanding component of investigations can be useful
In Tennessee, traffic safety stakeholders in obtaining information from victims and
conduct joint review meetings to fully un- witnesses.
derstand traffic fatality data and conceive JAMES MARKEY, AMY DURALL
crash prevention strategies.
TAMMY DEBOW, ELLEN ZAVISCA 104 IACPnet Bulletin
21 Informer 105 The Beat
22 Spotlight 106 The Brief

WANT MORE? A New Approach to a Growing Crisis Benefits of an Aviation Section
ARTICLE
An Arizona agency has introduced an CHRIS ERICKSON, MATT LANGER
Bonus articles are arrest alternative for community mem-
NOTES
CAN BE
posted weekly at bers battling substance use disorders. FOUND
policechiefmagazine.org ONLINE.
IN EVERY ISSUE
8 Dispatch 
107 Calendar 
108 Ad Index 
SEPTEMBER 2022 H POLICE CHIEF 3

CONTRIBUTORS
Police Chief articles are written by law enforcement leaders and experts.
See the authors featured in this issue below.
10 14 18 18
Joseph J. Polzak Steve Shirley Lieutenant Tammy Ellen Zavisca

Joe Polzak currently Steve Shirley has DeBow Ellen Zavisca has
serves as police dedicated his 25-year Lieutenant Tammy been a transportation
legal advisor for the career to designing and DeBow has been planner with Knoxville-
Sarasota, Florida, delivering solutions to with the Knoxville, Knox County Planning
Police Department, the law enforcement Tennessee, Police and the Knoxville
and as legal counsel community and is Department (KPD) Regional Transportation
for several other law enforcement agen- currently the director of since 1999, where Planning Organization
Public Safety Solutions at SAS. Today, his she is currently assigned to the Patrol since 2005. Her projects have included
cies. He formerly served as a felony goal is to educate the policing profession
prosecutor for the State of Florida as Division. She oversees the Traffic/Motor creating multiple bicycle, pedestrian, and
on the value of developing a culture Unit, HIDTA Enforcement program, Red greenway plans; building databases and
an assistant state attorney. He has pre- where the responsible use of data and maps of traffic crashes in the Knoxville
sented law enforcement best practices Light Camera program, and special
analytics in decision-making becomes an events for the department. She has held region; and rejuvenating the Great Smoky
to government agencies and industry integral part of operations. Mountains Regional Greenway Council.
organizations. numerous roles at KPD, including execu-
tive officer to a deputy chief.
24 24 24 76
Dr. Tracey Green Mike Richmond Dr. Samantha Kruber Dr. Cynthia Lum
Tracey Green, PhD, has Mike Richmond is the Samantha Kruber, Cynthia Lum, PhD,
22 years of experience chief advisor at the PhD, is a policy and is a professor of
as a sworn officer in Australia New Zealand research officer at the criminology, law, and
the United Kingdom Policing Advisory Australia New Zealand society at George
and over 15 years of Agency (ANZPAA) and Policing Advisory Mason University and
experience in opera- leads ANZPAA’s strate- Agency (ANZPAA) and the director of the
tional and corporate gic foresight program, leads the development of ANZPAA’s university’s Center
policing. She currently serves as the CEO where he assists police leaders across flagship Environment Scan. She previ- for Evidence-Based Crime Policy. Her
of the Australia New Zealand Policing Australia and New Zealand in identifying ously worked as a teaching associate at research focuses on patrol operations,
Advisory Agency; prior to this role, she and responding to emerging change. Monash University and as a researcher police crime prevention activities, police
was an executive dean at Charles Sturt He also regularly leads discussions on at Deakin University where she focused technology, and investigations, with
University. patterns of change with police leaders on countering violent extremism in an emphasis on evidence-based crime
and students in multiple countries. Southeast Asia. policy.
82 102 106 106
Dave George James Markey Major Chris Erickson Colonel Matt Langer
Dave George is chief James (Jim) Markey is a Major Chris Erickson has 30 years of law Colonel Matt Langer
technologist and pres- 30-year veteran of the enforcement experience. He joined the began his law enforce-
ident of Pryme Radio. Phoenix, Arizona, Police Minnesota State Patrol in 1999. He has ment career with
He holds 29 patents Department, where he served as a drug recognition officer and the Minnesota State
and is the inventor of served as a detective trains officers in standardized field sobri- Patrol in 1999 and
multiple award-winning sergeant overseeing ety testing. He currently oversees several was appointed Colonel
products. A radio the Adult Sex Crime districts, as well as the Investigative (Chief) in 2015. He has
frequency engineer for over 40 years, he Unit, which conducted more than 7,000 Services Section and the Flight Section. worked in crash reconstruction, asset
is considered an industry thought leader sexual assault investigations. He is cur- management, and public information,
whose keen insight is renowned in the rently a senior law enforcement specialist among other areas and roles. He serves
communications technology field. for the Research Triangle Institute in on the IACP Board of Directors as the
North Carolina. Division of State and Provincial Police
general chair.

A P U B L I CAT I O N O F T H E I AC P
SEP T EMBER 2022 | VOLUME 89, NUMBER 9
EDITOR Vincent Talucci

MANAGING EDITOR Danielle Gudakunst
GUEST EDITORS Kyrus Branch, Carl Maupin,
Mohammed Oluwa, and Rebecca Simonelli
EDITORIAL COORDINATOR Camryn Nethken
PROOFREADER Margaret M. White
C
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LEGAL COUNSEL Howe & Hutton, Ltd.
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LEADERSHIP President’s Message
Customized Membership for

Global Policing
AS I HAVE TRAVELED THE WORLD ON BEHALF OF IACP THIS YEAR, I HAVE SEEN
HOW THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC HAS CHANGED THE FACE OF POLICING ON A GLOBAL
SCALE. MANY CHIEFS HAVE RETIRED, AND THE NEW OR REMAINING LEADERS HAVE
NOT MET IN PERSON FOR OVER TWO YEARS! ONLINE MEETINGS, WHILE VALU-
ABLE, ARE NOT AS EFFECTIVE IN HELPING TO BUILD MEANINGFUL PROFESSIONAL
RELATIONSHIPS OR COLLABORATIONS. SO MUCH GETS DONE DURING THE BREAKS
AT IN-PERSON MEETINGS. THIS DOES NOT HAPPEN DURING A ZOOM, MICROSOFT
TEAMS, WEBEX, GOOGLE MEET, OR RING CENTRAL MEETING.
I have seen the effects of these changes and innovative policing practices on a
in Cambodia, Colombia, Canada, and global scale. This has also been a robust
even at a recent academy graduation discussion with the IACP board for
in my region of Colorado! In an effort many years, as we continually seek to
to help reduce this isolation and lack improve the equity of all IACP members.
of connectivity, the IACP Board of The tiered membership structure is a
Directors approved a new graduated thoughtful and strategic way to offer
dues structure to encourage policing international membership rates to allow
leaders around the world to join the those from lower-income economies
association. The products and resources to have more affordable access to the
of the IACP need to be available to all benefits and resources provided by the
Dwight E. Henninger police agencies so they can provide the IACP.
Chief of Police best possible service to their commu- What does this mean for you? Everyone
nities, which will help build trust in the around the world will continue to have
Vail Police Department, Colorado police. access to the invaluable benefits and
Globally, I have heard stories of reduced resources you have come to expect
trust in the government and policing; from the IACP. The one change will be
as a profession we need to address this that members from Tier I countries will
with an openness to change and added continue to receive Police Chief maga-
professionalism. The IACP is poised zine in the mail, while members from
and ready to tackle this problem and Tiers II, III, and IV countries will receive
opportunity. access to the translatable digital version.
We are With improved translation functionality

on the IACP and Police Chief websites,
The new fee structure will be in effect
on January 1, 2023; however, interna-
committed
our resources have never been more ac- tional members joining or renewing
cessible to police leaders and personnel beginning in October 2022 could benefit
worldwide. The board and I are commit- from the new tiered dues structure.
to providing ted to helping the policing profession

to move forward in this post-pandemic
In addition to creating the new tiered
dues structure, IACP has taken other
resources and
world, where trust in governments steps during the past year to expand
has been shaken under the weight of our global presence and increase
pandemic restrictions and anti-police our connections with members and
training to all
rhetoric. We are committed to providing organizations around the world. These
resources and training to all peace efforts include participation in the
officers, regardless of rank, agency size,
peace officers.
World Police Summit; a roundtable
or location, and that is why I am proud on cultural transformation in Ireland;
to announce the IACP’s revised tiered exchange programs with law enforce-
dues structure based upon the World ment from the United Arab Emirates;
Bank’s country economic groupings. training programs in Nigeria and the
This revised structure was a key Dominican Republic; and assessments
objective in the IACP’s strategic plan, in in Colombia and Canada. IACP has
order for the IACP to continue to be a forged partnerships with many global
leading source of policy development agencies, including memoranda of

ASSOCIATION OFFICERS — 2021–2022
PRESIDENT
Dwight E. Henninger, Chief of Police | Vail Police
Department, CO
IMMEDIATE PAST PRESIDENT

Cynthia E. Renaud, Chief of Police (Ret.) | Santa Monica Police
Department, CA
understanding with INTERPOL, the expanded advocacy, research, outreach, FIRST VICE PRESIDENT
Canadian Association of Chiefs of Police, and education, the IACP continues John Letteney, Chief of Police | Thomasville Police
and ROADPOL. Additionally, IACP’s work to shape the future of the policing pro- Department, GA
to improve traffic safety efforts in low- fession. Through collaborations, SECOND VICE PRESIDENT
and middle-income countries through programming, unparalleled training Wade Carpenter, Chief of Police | Park City Police
Department, UT
the Bloomberg Philanthropies Initiative opportunities, and the exchange of
THIRD VICE PRESIDENT
for Global Road Safety continues, and in information, the IACP is preparing Ken Walker, Chief of Police | West University Place Police
2021, we established our first Asia-Pacific current and emerging police leaders— Department, TX
World Regional Office in Seoul, South and the agencies and communities FOURTH VICE PRESIDENT
Korea. they serve—to succeed in addressing David Rausch, Director | Tennessee Bureau of Investigation
Building upon the mission of advanc- the most pressing issues, threats, and FIFTH VICE PRESIDENT
ing the policing profession through challenges on a global scale. Doug Shoemaker, Chief of Police | Grand Junction Police
Department, CO
VICE PRESIDENT AT LARGE

Sean Duggan, Chief of Police | Chandler Police Department, AZ
VICE PRESIDENT AT LARGE

Kristen Ziman, Chief of Police (Ret.) | Aurora Police
Department, IL
VICE PRESIDENT-TREASURER
Ronald Sellon, Chief of Police | Mansfield Police
Department, MA
INTERNATIONAL VICE PRESIDENT

Emmanuel Roux, Head | International Division of the French
Judicial Police
GENERAL CHAIR, DIVISION OF STATE ASSOCIATIONS OF

CHIEFS OF POLICE
James G. Hicks, Chief of Police | Natick Police Department, MA
GENERAL CHAIR, DIVISION OF STATE AND PROVINCIAL

POLICE
Matt Langer, Colonel | Minnesota State Patrol
GENERAL CHAIR, MIDSIZE AGENCIES DIVISION

Edward Walsh, Chief of Police | Taunton Police Department, MA
PARLIAMENTARIAN
Robert Champagne, Chief of Police (Ret.) | Peabody Police
Department, MA
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR AND CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER

Vincent Talucci, CAE | International Association of Chiefs
of Police
DEPUTY EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR AND CHIEF OPERATING

OFFICER
Terrence M. Cunningham | International Association of Chiefs
of Police
IACP’s first Asia-

Pacific World
Regional Office has
been established in
Seoul, South Korea.

IN EVERY ISSUE Dispatch
IACPlearn Education
IACP/T-MOBILE Opportunities
40 UNDER 40 AWARDEES
ANNOUNCED § You Don’t Know What You Don’t Know: The Importance
During the first week of September, the 2022 class of Peer Support for Law Enforcement Leaders in
of 40 Under 40 awardees will be announced via the Wake of Incidents of Mass Violence (Conference
IACP’s website and social media channels. This award Workshop)
program is designed to recognize 40 law enforcement In this workshop, representatives from the IACP’s Mass
professionals under the age of 40 from around the Violence Advisory Initiative discuss the mass violence
world that demonstrate leadership and exemplify incidents that affected their agencies and communities
commitment to their profession. and the unanticipated challenges they faced, both in the
immediate aftermath of the event and in the following
Meet the award winners at theIACP.org/40under40 months. Free to members and nonmembers
and look for their profiles in the November 2022
§ Exploring Locative Technology: What You Need to Know
Police Chief.
to Address Wandering (Webinar)
During this 60-minute webinar and 30-minute Q&A ses-
sion, participants will hear from law enforcement, family
members, and disability advocates who speak from
personal and professional experience about strategies
to address wandering by individuals with intellectual
or developmental disabilities, as well as the use of
locative technology as a last resort. Free to members and
nonmembers
§ Managing Risk: Agency Accreditation and Officer
Decertification (Conference Workshop)
This Officer Safety and Wellness Symposium panel
The International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) focuses on managing law enforcement risk, the benefits
and processes of agency accreditation, and tracking offi-
Annual Conference and Exposition is the largest and most
cer decertifications through the National Decertification
impactful law enforcement event of the year—more than
Index. $30 for members and nonmembers
16,000 public safety professionals come to learn new
techniques, advance their knowledge and careers, and equip § Roll Call: Spiritual Wellness for First Responders
their department for ongoing success. (Conference Workshop)
The three tenets of the conference are training, networking, Law enforcement is regularly called upon to interact with
hurting and distressed community members, which can
and exhibit hall education. IACP 2022 will span four days of
lead to a negative perception of the world. This presenta-
education and networking. The exposition hall will be open tion explores the role spiritual wellness plays in following
Sunday–Tuesday of the conference with more than 600 basic principles of integrity, values, ethics, and morals
vendors showcasing products and services to assist the law and discusses various aspects of being spiritually well
enforcement profession. and its critical role in officer wellness. $30 for members
Learn more and register at theIACPconference.org and nonmembers
Visit learn.theIACP.org to register for these and other
training and education offerings.
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LEADERSHIP Chief’s Counsel BY
Joseph J. Polzak, Police Legal Advisor,
Sarasota Police Department, Florida
Accelerating
Change
“C H A N G E I S T H E L AW O F L I F E . A N D governance, and corporate citizenship as critical incident response.9 Associate

T H O S E W H O L O O K O N LY T O T H E impacts for failure, among many others, Attorney General Vanita Gupta has said
PA S T A R E C E R TA I N T O M I S S T H E are critically significant and growing. On consent decrees in particular “have
F U T U R E .” — J O H N F. K E N N E DY March 9, 2022, the Washington Post pub- proven to be vital tools in upholding the
Lawyers, by the very mandate of their lished the results of its investigation into rule of law and promoting transforma-
jobs, look to past legal precedent as U.S. law enforcement liability claims, tional change” in the entities where they
authority for future action—just as many involving data assembled from public are used.10 Consent decrees and under-
professionals follow long-established records requests and court records on lying pattern and practice investigations
best practices, and rightly so. However, “nearly 40,000 payments at 25 of the can help reform policies, programs,
in the rapidly changing operating envi- nation’s largest police departments procedures, and best practices.11
ronments police leaders are facing, they and sheriff’s offices” within the past
will need their legal advisors to help decade, revealing “more than $3.2 billion “ I S K AT E T O W H E R E T H E P U C K I S
them look farther afield to outpace the spent to settle claims” of law enforce- G O I N G , N O T W H E R E I T H A S B E E N .”
accelerating change that will dominate ment wrongdoing.5 This investigation — WAY N E G R E T Z K Y
21st century policing. discovered that repeat claims against The DOJ’s Office of Community Oriented
over 7,600 officers, whose actions were Policing Services (COPS Office) and the
“To thrive, police agencies must “at issue in more than one payment,
evolve beyond defensive mindsets to Police Executive Research Forum (PERF)
accounted for more than $1.5 billion, convened a conference in Washington,
an outlook that embraces volatility, or nearly half of the money spent by the
uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity DC, entitled Constitutional Policing as a
departments to resolve allegations.”6 Cornerstone of Community Policing.12
(VUCA).”1 VUCA is a concept that
originated at the U.S. Army War College On April 16, 2021, U.S. Attorney General Participants at the conference, including
to describe the rapidly changing world Merrick B. Garland rescinded a 2018 leading police chiefs and other experts,
after the Cold War, and it is gaining directive issued under the Trump discussed the policies and practices
relevance in management theory to administration that curbed the use of most subject to investigations by DOJ for
characterize the “current business envi- federal consent decrees to address law constitutional violations and identified
ronment and the leadership required to enforcement misconduct, as the U.S. several key issues:
navigate it successfully.”2 In any chang- Department of Justice (DOJ) prepared
§ It is critical for law enforcement to
ing environment, an entity that doesn’t to investigate misconduct and audit
integrate constitutional policing strat-
adapt quickly faces extinction.3 There law enforcement agencies’ policies and
egies into their operations to not only
is a growing global consensus in the practices more proactively.7 Consent
meet the current standards reflected
policing field that “constant change and decrees are a form of settlement
in state and federal case law but also
the need for continuous improvement agreement, in lieu of DOJ litigation,
“anticipate future standards” and
will be the themes for the next decade.”4 with a state or local governmental entity
“other new developments the courts
when the DOJ identifies a violation
“CHANGE BEFORE YOU HAVE TO.” have yet to define.”
of federal law, particularly through
—JACK WELCH unconstitutional policies or practices § Agencies need to “consider con-
The public trust standard for law en- at an agency, enabling DOJ to enforce stitutionality on a deeper level by
forcement is (or should be) higher than compliance, including through the use of developing policies and practices that
the most rigorous fiduciary standard for technical assistance and monitorships.8 advance the broad constitutional
any business. The goal should not just As seen recently with the mass shooting goals of protecting everyone’s civil
be surviving but thriving under scrutiny. in Uvalde, Texas, DOJ can also conduct liberties and providing equal protec-
The reputational, financial, operational, other reviews of law enforcement, such tion under the law.”

§ Law enforcement should continually lead the transformation efforts necessary establish the right culture and resources
strive for high levels of legitimacy, for the communities they serve to see to incorporate change management into
such as “ensuring that policing is and feel the legitimacy of the police in their overall organizational efforts.27 As
conducted with the consent of the their practices and their role as guardians much of this change will come in the
people.”13 of community members’ civil rights and form of rapidly evolving and increasingly
civil liberties.23 Leadership can’t do it all, complex regulatory and oversight envi-
Constitutional policing and legitimacy
but it can set culture—and culture can ronments, smart leaders utilize a skilled
are related, but they are not the same
even be more important than strategy.24 legal cadre to help them stay in front.
thing.14 Constitutional policing is
Culture supports the very ability of our In the corporate world, the general
“necessary but not sufficient;” it is the
organizations to adapt, and stifled think- counsel (GC) role has grown significantly
“foundation of community policing.”15
ing and resistance paralyzes innovation.25 in importance. A recent Harvard Law
Constitutional violations can be the
“Winning the future begins with a culture School Forum on Corporate Governance
most serious of all and invoke the most
significant forms of accountability and of innovation.”26 article noted that the GC is now “a core
reform, but even perfectly lawful policing member of top management” with
“THE MEASURE OF INTELLIGENCE tasking that “has a very broad scope—
may still fall short of what stakeholders
I S T H E A B I L I T Y T O C H A N G E .” beyond law—that includes business
expect.16 Legitimacy is the extent to
—ALBERT EINSTEIN initiatives, ethics, values, reputation, gov-
which the community believes that
government actions are “appropriate, To navigate the evolution of the policing ernance, communications, public policy,
proper, and just.”17 Police legitimacy, profession, the capacity, at every orga- enterprise risk, crisis management,
therefore, is inextricably intertwined with nizational level, to develop and sustain and, ultimately, corporate citizenship.”28
the quality of a justice system’s rules, the innovations that will adapt policing The rapid development of legislation,
the enforcement of those rules, and the to change is needed. Leaders must administrative rules, and court decisions
compliance achieved in the community.
The Organization for Economic
Cooperation and Development (OECD)
is an intergovernmental organization
of 38 member countries (including
the United States), representing about
80 percent of world trade and invest-
ment, that works collaboratively among
stakeholders to establish evidence-based
international standards and solutions for
a range of pressing public policy chal-
lenges.18 The OECD examined govern-
ment legitimacy from another angle and READILY AVAILABLE LESS LETHAL OPTION TO
concluded that “systemic failures of com- SAVE LIVES & PROTECT LAW ENFORCEMENT
pliance are failures of public governance
that devalue regulatory instruments and
ultimately break down the credibility of
government and governance under the
rule of law.”19 OECD predicts member
countries are in a third phase of regula-
tory reform aimed at better managing
governance systems and improving the
total impact of regulations in achieving
their goals.20 This will be done through
evidence-based analysis and best-
practice sharing, promoting more effi-
cient use of resources, better innovation,
and higher performing public policy.21
Participants at the COPS Office/PERF
conference agreed that it is the respon-
sibility of police leaders “to push for
Contact Our Team to Learn More!
619.326.4411 | [email protected] | www.alternativeballistics.com
change.”22 Further, participants agreed
that commanders must be the ones to

LEADERSHIP Chief’s Counsel
In any changing
Managing change, VUCA and the difficult Law enforcement agencies that excel
issues they produce will involve an analy- at adapting to change can be highly
sis beyond the black letter of the law. effective at delivering the services
environment, an Among other strategies, it will require their communities need in a manner
commanders and their legal advisors to communities accept and respect.34
entity that doesn’t partner up and think differently. As this Like their counterparts in the military
author advocated in a previous Police and corporate sector, embedded, skilled
adapt quickly Chief article, “Ipcha Mistabra—Maybe police legal advisors can advise com-
the Opposite Is True,” there are models manders on the 360-degree governance,
faces extinction. for this: risk, and compliance picture with some
The military model has produced a innovation and nuance in the analysis of
robust role for lawyers—judge advo- the many thorny questions. Either way,
cates (JAGs)—who are assigned to it’s important to remember that, if not as
advise commanders in the conduct of your counsel, then as opposing counsel,
military operations, which in today’s lawyers are good at accelerating change.
challenging environments involve
“areas of extreme legal complexity, NOTES:
containing varying aspects of legal impli-
where political and strategic implica- Erik Scairpon, “Building a Resilient, Agile, Change-
1
cations for law enforcement operations, Oriented Organization,” Police Chief 89, no. 1 (January
tions are at the forefront, and where
make it all the more important for chiefs 2022): 28–33, www.policechiefmagazine.org/
black letter law is rarely sufficient to building-a-resilient-agile-change-oriented-organization.
to incorporate a legal advisor as a mem-
render competent advice.” To fulfill this Sunnie Giles, “How VUCA Is Reshaping the Business
2
ber of their command staff to stay on Environment, and What It Means for Innovation,”
need, the military develops and deploys
top of changing rules at the local, state, Leadership Strategy, Forbes, May 9, 2018, www
JAGs “who will enhance the legitimacy .forbes.com/sites/sunniegiles/2018/05/09/
and federal levels.29 Moreover, “deeply
of military operations in environments how-vuca-is-reshaping-the-business-environment-and
rooted practices and norms are being -what-it-means-for-innovation.
where evolving rules and a fluid situ-
questioned, and many long-held tenets 3
Giles, “How VUCA Is Reshaping the Business
ation require them not only to under- Environment, and What It Means for Innovation,”
of public safety are being abandoned
stand the underlying law and policy, 4
“Perspectives,” Police Chief 89, no. 1 (January
and reimagined.”30 Law enforcement 2022): 10.
but also to be innovative and nuanced
commanders should integrate legal 5
Keith Alexander, Steven Rich, and Hannah Thacker,
in their legal analysis.” … The military’s
counsel into their command process to “The Hidden Billion-Dollar Cost of Repeated Police
increased utilization of JAGs is in part Misconduct,” Washington Post, March 9, 2022, www
help them navigate VUCA and engineer .washingtonpost.com/investigations/interactive/2022/
because commanders are encountering
policies, programs, and procedures to police-misconduct-repeated-settlements.
so many “thorny questions that have
this broader scope and to withstand Alexander, Rich, and Thacker, “The Hidden Billion-
6
no good answer.” JAGs are often looking Dollar Cost of Repeated Police Misconduct.”
asymmetrical oversight.
to other sources of authority and ap- Katie Benner, “Justice Dept. Restores Use of Consent
7
Decrees for Police Abuses,” New York Times, April 16,

“ T H E R E ’S A WAY T O D O I T B E T T E R . plying it to new and rapidly evolving 2021, www.nytimes.com/2021/04/16/us/
F I N D I T.“ —T H O M A S E D I S O N situations—“law by analogy.”32 politics/justice-department-consent-decrees.html.
8
U.S. Attorney General Merrick B Garland, Office of
All three key take-aways from the COPS the Attorney General Memorandum: Civil Settlement
“ D O N O T R E PE AT T H E TAC T I C S
Office/PERF Constitutional Policing as Agreements and Consent Decrees with State and
W H I C H H AV E G A I N E D YO U O N E Local Governmental Entities, Washington DC, April 16,
a Cornerstone of Community Policing 2021.
V I C T O RY, B U T L E T YO U R M E T H O D S
conference—anticipating future stan- 9
U.S. Department of Justice, “Justice Department
B E R E G U L AT E D BY T H E I N F I N I T E
dards, advancing the U.S. Constitution’s Statement on the Mass Shooting at Robb Elementary
VA R I E T Y O F C I R C U M S TA N C E S .” School in Uvalde, TX,” press release, May 29, 2022,
broad goals, and continually striving www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice-department-statement
— S U N T Z U, T H E A R T O F WA R
for high levels of legitimacy—involve -mass-shooting-robb-elementary-school-uvalde-tx-0.
leadership changing traditional practices Evolving constitutional policing stan- 10
U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ), “Attorney General
to continually transform their agencies dards and community perceptions of Merrick B. Garland Announces Results of Monitor
Review,” press release, September 13, 2021, www
to meet these evolving legal, ethical, and police legitimacy are perhaps prime .justice.gov/opa/pr/attorney-general-merrick-b-garland
social standards. And this includes ethical examples of why every law enforcement -announces-results-monitor-review.
and social standards that are out in front agency should be engineering their Benner, “Justice Dept. Restores Use of Consent
11
Decrees for Police Abuses”; DOJ, “Attorney General

of the law. Corporate GCs already operate systems to embrace change in the form Merrick B. Garland Announces Results of Monitor
with this broad scope. In fact, under the of increasing VUCA. For, “there are no in- Review.”
American Bar Association model rules, dustries or professions immune from the Police Executive Research Forum (PERF),
12
Constitutional Policing as a Cornerstone of Community

lawyers are directed to advise “not only effects of disruptive change, the sort of Policing: A Report by the Police Executive Forum
to legal but to other considerations such change that enables new business mod- (Washington, DC: Office of Community Oriented
as moral, economic, social, and political els and topples corporate tycoons—our Policing Services, 2015), cops.usdoj.gov/ric/
Publications/cops-p324-pub.pdf.
factors that may be relevant” to the generation is fundamentally reinventing 13
PERF, Constitutional Policing as a Cornerstone of
situation.31 the way human beings interact.”33 Community Policing, 2–3.

14
PERF, Constitutional Policing as a Cornerstone of 25
Gutsche, The Innovation Handbook, 4–5. “JAGs Take a More Central Battlefield Role,” NPR
Community Policing, 3–4. 26
Gutsche, The Innovation Handbook, 4–5. Morning Edition, April 5, 2007.
15
Scairpon “Building a Resilient, Agile, Change-
33
Gutsche, The Innovation Handbook, 4.
Community Policing, 3–4. Oriented Organization,” 29. 34
James Porter, “Market Disruptions and Policing:
16
Ben W. Heineman Jr., “The Inside Counsel Revolution, How Flexibility, Innovation and Embracing Youthful
Community Policing, 4. The Past, Present and Future,” The Changing Role Creativity Can Help the U.S. Criminal Justice System,”
17
PERF, Constitutional Policing as a Cornerstone of of the Global General Counsel, The Practice 2, no. 4 Police Chief 89, no. 2 (February 2022): 40–45. Also
Community Policing, 3. (May/June 2016), excerpted from Ben W. Heineman see PERF, Constitutional Policing as a Cornerstone of
Jr., The Inside Counsel Revolution, Resolving the Community Policing, 4.
18
Organization for Economic Co-operation and
Development (OECD), “Who We Are,” www.oecd.org/ Partner-Guardian Tension (Chicago, IL: American Bar
about; OECD, “Our Global Reach,” www.oecd.org/ Association, 2016), thepractice.law.harvard.edu/
about/members-and-partners. article/inside-counsel-revolution; Scairpon “Building a
Resilient, Agile, Change-Oriented Organization.”
19
Christine Parker, Reducing the Risk of Policy Failure:
Challenges for Regulatory Compliance (Paris, FR: Public
29
Virginia Gleason, “Create a Data Toolbox to Facilitate
Management Committee (PUMA), OECD, 2000), 10, Meaningful Police Reform,” Chief’s Counsel, Police
www.oecd.org/regreform/regulatory-policy/1910833 Chief 89, no. 1 (January 2022): 12–14.
.pdf.
30
Gleason, “Create a Data Toolbox to Facilitate
20
Parker, Reducing the Risk of Policy Failure: Challenges Meaningful Police Reform,”12
for Regulatory Compliance, 9.
31
American Bar Association, “Rule 2.1: Advisor,”
21
U.S. Department of State, “The Organization for Model Rules of Professional Conduct, www.american
Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD),” bar.org/groups/professional_responsibility/
publications/model_rules_of_professional_conduct/
www.state.gov/the-organization-for-economic-co
rule_2_1_advisor; Stephan Dillard, “A Zealous
-operation-and-development-oecd; OECD, “Who We
Lawyer’s Duties Go Beyond the Client,” Before the Bar
Are.”
(blog), August 30, 2016.
22
Joseph Polzak, “Ipcha Mistabra—Maybe the Opposite
Community Policing, 4.
Is True,” Chief’s Counsel, Police Chief 87, no.3 (March
23
PERF, Constitutional Policing as a Cornerstone of 2020): 18–20, citing Richard P. DiMeglio, “Training
Community Policing, 4. Army Judge Advocates to Advise Commanders as
24
Jeremy Gutsche, The Innovation Handbook (New York, Operational Law Attorneys,” Boston College Law Re-
NY: Fast Company Press, 2020), 4–6. view 54, no.3 (May 2013): 1185–1206; Ari Shapiro,
The IACP Officer Safety and Wellness

Symposium is designed for law enforcement
professionals to learn from experts about
resources, programs, and promising practices
when developing comprehensive officer safety
MARCH 3-5, 2023 • ANAHEIM, CA and wellness strategies. This event will feature
workshops, engaging activities, and numerous
networking opportunities with peers and experts
in the field of safety and wellness.
Learn strategies and promising practices to:
Refuel your body
Balance your mental health
Support your fellow officers
PRESENTING SPONSOR For more information on the

must-attend officer safety and
wellness event of the year, scan
the QR code or visit
www.theIACP.org/OSWSymposium

IN THE FIELD Focus on Officer Wellness BY
Steve Shirley, Director,
Public Safety Solutions
Improving Officer Health

and Safety with Data
T H E R E I S N O O C C U PAT I O N W I T H results related to early separation and sui- ADDRESSING OFFICER SAFETY AND
RESPONSIBILITIES AS DIVERSE cide are well documented but are likely WELLNESS TODAY
A S T H AT O F A L AW E N F O R C E M E N T to reflect the tip of the problem. What are
Today, the profession is laser-focused
OFFICER. DURING ANY GIVEN difficult to assess are the long-term issues
on officer safety and wellness and a
DAY, O F F I C E R S M AY S H I F T F R O M that will continue to impact officers and
new class of officer wellness services is
M O R E M U N DA N E TA S K S S U C H A S their families after separation from the
emerging to support officers facing a
E N F O R C I N G T R A F F I C V I O L AT I O N S profession.
A N D CA S E PA P E R W O R K T O I N -
broad range of complex issues. For ex-
In retrospect, the concept and appli- ample, at this year’s IACP Officer Safety
T E N S E , L I F E - O R - D E AT H S I T UAT I O N S
cation of traditional early intervention and Wellness Symposium in Atlanta,
T H AT CA N T R A U M AT I Z E E V E N T H E
systems and programs had neither the Georgia, the educational programming
MOST TENURED OFFICERS.
breadth of scope nor flexibility to adapt offered over 40 workshop opportunities
A 2020 study found that 26 percent and proactively highlight workforce well- that not only highlighted the industry’s
of police officers screened positive ness and resilience issues. Non-holistic focus but demonstrated the depth and
for a mental health condition, such approaches based on siloed data points
complexity of the problem.
as burnout, anxiety, depression, or focused primarily on the risk of adverse
post-traumatic stress disorder, and policing outcomes and not whole officer The diversity of these emerging
12 percent had a lifetime mental health assessment and care. programs indicates that the profession
diagnosis. Yet, of these participants, Today, with the opportunity to reset how is taking a significant step forward.
only 17 percent sought the assistance of officer safety and wellness is viewed, how Futhermore, the opportunity now exists
mental health services. can the profession learn from past les- to create a body of work on the impact
With the onset of the pandemic and its sons and evidence-based practices and of these programs, which will be critical
stressful impact on the communities even tap into ideas from other industries to their adoption and evolution.
they serve, officers have taken on more that have successfully integrated practi- However, law enforcement has a mixed
workload and responsibilities under tioner experience, data, and technology
track record of investing in strategic pro-
intense public and political scrutiny. The to uncover and prioritize those in need?
grams. As a result, the concern exists that
the pressure for immediate results will
lead to knee-jerk reactions that deliver
only short-term impacts at the cost of a
sustainable approach that would deliver
iterative value over the long term. A
sustained approach offers opportunities
for continuous quality improvement and
broader agency and community impact
such as cultural and legitimacy-related
issues.
The initial challenge here may be pro-
gram selection and how agencies
optimize the program they choose and
increase its chances of success.
THE CASE FOR A WHOLE PERSON AND

HOLISTIC DATA APPROACH
The concept of whole-person care is
not new in the medical profession, and
there are opportunities to translate
this process into an officer wellness

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IN THE FIELD Focus on Officer Wellness
context. After all, many similarities exist can be used to support law enforce- This capability will allow an agency
between the two disciplines: ment wellness programs: to establish thresholds from which
§ Agency expertise and cross-functional deviations can be measured. Risk indi-
§ There is a need to identify and
collaboration cators can be revealed and correlations
prioritize persons in need.
explored in data to detect candidate risk
§ Insights that can increase awareness § Integration and analysis of diverse patterns located across operational and
and create a well-informed super- data sources administrative data points. The develop-
visory tier exist, but they are buried § Stratification of risk ment of these baselines and patterns of
deep across multiple independent risk is key to the agency establishing its
§ Desire to measure and understand
systems. wellness programs and priorities.
outcomes
§ Performance and behavioral base- From this foundation, automation can
§ Sustainable quality improvement
lines can be established using be injected to reduce the burden of the
process.
diverse data points from which manual evaluation process, leveraging
individuals, units, and peer groups CREATING A BETTER-INFORMED the analysis of diverse data sets using the
can be measured. WELLNESS FUNCTION risk indicators identified in the previous
step. The result is the ability to deliver
After reflecting on the role of data
§ The measure of outcomes plays a a holistic view of wellness-related data
in these programs and the impact
critical part in assessing the efficacy points supporting prompt detection and
of previous attempts at early identi-
of individual interventions and the response activities.
fication of risk, will officer wellness
overarching programs.
program leaders acquire a one-size- TURNING INSIGHTS INTO POSITIVE
In addition, lessons can be learned fits-all system? Or will they take a more OUTCOMES
from the profession that developed the intentional approach to understand the
footprint and stratification of risk as it Once baselines are established, com-
concept of evidence-based practices
exists within their agency? parison with the officer’s historical
by examining specific use cases that
performance and behavior patterns
are transferable to law enforcement. If the former is selected, then a risk can highlight deviating trends from
National Director of Behavioral Health of repeating past mistakes exists, as a individual and peer group thresholds.
and Whole Person Care at SAS Institute standardized approach may lack the If an officer is trending negatively, and
Josh Morgan offers an instructive flexibility to adapt to agency nuances with the context of the issue in hand via
example of how evidence-based and changing needs. This will lead better access to cross-functional data,
practices can drive positive wellness to the degradation of the program’s the agency can determine which type
outcomes: overarching impact and value. and level of action are appropriate. After
The San Bernardino County Before making that decision, perhaps any remediation, it is vital to monitor
Department of Behavioral Health has leaders should ask themselves some its impact on officers’ behavior and
been integrating data from a range of key questions: performance to determine if the strategy
sources, including non-health-related selected was effective, indicating how
§ Do we have sufficient visibility of the officer responded to the plan. This
information, for many years. The the officer wellness issues that exist
project driver was the need for an feedback is crucial in closing the loop
across our agency? on this evidence-based approach to
outcomes assessment on the efficacy
of their intervention programs. The § Do we have the insights needed to assess the health of the workforce and
sheriff and probation departments develop, implement, and align new the efficiency of an agency’s wellness
were close partners in these efforts to programs to meet the needs of our programs.
help support criminal justice outcomes staff? An outcomes assessment is critical for
of behavioral health interventions. As § Do we have the means to assess if reinforcing programs and interventions
their analytic maturity improved, the these programs are working? and for supporting ongoing quality
outcome evaluations became more improvement efforts. Integrating data
If the answer to any of these questions
frequent to support ongoing quality from a range of sources and evaluating
is “no,” consider using the agency’s
improvement. It also facilitated earlier outcomes using a holistic analytical
existing data assets to establish a
identification of people in need, approach will deliver a more accurate
baseline understanding of the perfor-
creating a customized risk stratifica- picture of the risk indicators that were
mance and behavioral risk indicators
tion approach driving outreach and triggered and the impact of the chosen
that exist at the individual, unit, and
engagement activities. These principles intervention plan. Furthermore, such a
peer group levels before making the
and efforts could mirror officer and whole-person, evidence-based ap-
strategy selection. With this knowledge,
employee engagement efforts for law proach can be used to deploy strengths-
a better-informed officer wellness
enforcement. based programs that emphasize the
function will be able to determine,
amplification or replication of positive
Upon examining Dr. Morgan’s state- which strategies are appropriate for
patterns rather than just negative
ment, one could discern the program the agency and maximize the impact of
action reductions.
combines several critical elements that individual interventions.

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IN THE FIELD Traffic Safety Initiatives
Collaboration
on Fatal Crashes
Leads to Greater
Understanding
THERE ARE MANY PEOPLE WITH EXPERTISE ON TRAFFIC

SAFETY IN ANY GIVEN COMMUNITY. THESE INCLUDE
LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS, TRAFFIC ENGINEERS,
TRANSPORTATION PLANNERS, PUBLIC HEALTH OFFICIALS,
SAFETY ACTIVISTS, AND OTHERS. HOW DO WE BRING
THEM TOGETHER TO BEGIN TO SOLVE THE PROBLEM OF
SKYROCKETING TRAFFIC DEATHS?
One solution being tested in Knox County, Tennessee, is the
Joint Review of Traffic Fatalities Committee.
Knox County has a population of 480,000 and averages 64 traffic
deaths per year. Addressing this concern, an array of traffic safety
professionals meets twice a year to discuss every fatal traffic
crash in Knox County from the previous six months. During
the joint review meetings, law enforcement officers share in- when the driver who was under the influence of alcohol or
sights about crashes that may not appear in the reports and other substances dies in the crash. In these instances, law
engineers discuss solutions that may prevent future serious enforcement has no need to order testing, so it’s not included
crashes. This collaborative, multidisciplinary approach to in the crash report. The staff from the medical examiner’s
traffic safety is a key component of an approach known as the office have that information but have no way to add it to the
Safe System. crash reports.
The Safe System approach to traffic safety recognizes that It was found that, in 2019, the share of fatal crashes with an
humans make mistakes and are vulnerable to traffic violence; intoxicated driver, just based on crash reports, was 20 percent.
it also acknowledges that a proactive, collaborative approach When information was factored in from the medical examin-
focused on serious and fatal crashes is an improvement over er’s staff, that share jumped to 59 percent. A similar pattern
the traditional, reactive approach to traffic safety. was found in 2020, with 33 percent of fatal crash reports
noting an intoxicated driver, but jumping to 58 percent once
FINDINGS information from the medical examiner’s office was included.
After three years of regular meetings, the joint review group has
The joint review helps stakeholders see more clearly the toll
already developed and shared a lot of useful information about
that substance abuse and misuse has in road safety. In the
traffic deaths in Knox County.
end, this information about intoxicants is often included in
For example, participants have learned that driving under the Fatality Analysis Reporting System data that are compiled by
influence is significantly underreported. This typically occurs the state and reported to the National Highway Traffic Safety

BY
Tammy DeBow, Lieutenant, Traffic Services Coordinator,
Knoxville Police Department, and Ellen Zavisca, Principal
Planner, Knoxville Regional Transportation Planning
Organization, Tennessee
Craig Allred to Knoxville to educate the group about how they

can work together to reduce traffic deaths and about the role
law enforcement can play in reporting unsafe road conditions.
Allred inspired the group to find more avenues for working
together, which led directly to the joint review committee.
The awareness the joint review meetings have created has led
to greater collaboration between the joint review group and
Knox County Health Department’s Overdose Fatality Review
Team, which is dealing with the hundreds of fatal overdoses
that occur annually in the area. The interventions that they’re
discussing may help reduce the incidence of intoxicated
driving as well.
The joint review helps stake-

holders see more clearly the
toll that substance abuse and
misuse has in road safety.
Administration, but local agencies are often unaware of the The joint review committee has also contributed to more
scope of the problem. collaboration and understanding among the various agencies
and individuals involved. This has eased the process for law
COLLABORATION enforcement officers when they need to report things like mal-
The joint review is coordinated by the Knoxville Regional functioning traffic signals and broken guardrails to engineers.
Transportation Planning Organization (TPO) and includes Reporting and repairing those problems in a timely manner
participants from local law enforcement officers and traffic can help save lives and prevent costly crashes down the road.
engineers, as well as the Knox County Health Department, The City of Knoxville, the county’s largest municipality, has re-
the Knox County Regional Forensic Center, the Metro Drug cently committed to Vision Zero—a coordinated, data-driven
Coalition, Mothers Against Drunk Driving, the Tennessee approach with the ultimate goal of eliminating traffic fatalities
Department of Transportation, the Tennessee Highway Safety and serious injuries. The work of the joint review committee and
Office, and the Tennessee division of the Federal Highway their use of the Safe System approach, which also aims to elimi-
Administration (FHWA). nate fatal and serious injuries, contributes to the knowledge base
The joint review process is a continuation of work that began on which Knoxville’s Vision Zero program will be constructed.
in 2018 with a training for law enforcement officers, traffic
engineers, public health staff, and other collaborators to im- RECOMMENDATIONS
prove traffic safety. The Tennessee division of FHWA and the Others thinking of establishing their own joint review effort
TPO brought FHWA trainer and retired law enforcement officer should start by holding a training or other event that brings

IN THE FIELD Traffic Safety Initiatives
YEARS
Architects Design Group
together law enforcement, traffic engineers, transportation
planners, public health experts, and other stakeholders in
traffic fatalities to discuss the problem, gauge the interest in
collaboration, and ask what steps would inspire long-term
engagement with the issue.
In Knox County, the joint review meetings were initially
planned to occur jurisdiction by jurisdiction, that is, the
Knoxville Police Department meeting with Knoxville
Engineering and the Knox County Sheriff’s Office meeting
separately with Knox County Engineering. But soon after Experts in law enforcement planning and design, with over
the first round of meetings, the need to share a great deal 350+ public safety projects nationwide. Contact us for a
of information among jurisdictions was apparent, and it customized solution to your facility needs.
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ACTIVE SHOOTER BODY-WORN CAMERAS MENTAL ILLNESS HATE CRIMES REPORTING USE OF FORCE USE USE OF FORCE BRADY DISCLOSURE
REQUIREMENTS VICTIMS OF CRIME STANDARDS OF CONDUCT SOCIAL MEDIA VEHICULAR PURSUIT DOMESTIC VIOLENCE VIOLENCE BARRICADED
DOMESTIC
OFFICER-INVOLVED
SUBJECTS OFFICER-INVOLVED VIOLENCE
SHOOTINGS, BARRICADED
IN-CUSTODY SUBJECTS
DEATHS, OFFICER-INVOLVED
AND SERIOUS SHOOTINGS,
USES OF FORCE CRIMINAL
FORCE IN-CUSTODY DEATHS,
CRIMINAL INTELLIGENCE
INTELLIGENCE SPECIAL
EVENT PREPAREDNESS CONFIDENTIAL INFORMANTS SPECIAL
CRIMINAL INTELLIGENCE SEXUALEVENT PREPAREDNESS
ASSAULT VOLUNTEERS EMPLOYEE MENTAL HEALTH
EMPLOYEE
SERVICES UNBIASED POLICING MENTALDEATHS
LINE-OF-DUTY
L INE-OF-DUTY HEALTHANDSERVICES UNBIASED
SERIOUS INJURY POLICING AND GENDER-NONCONFORMING CROWD
TRANSGENDER
T RANSGENDER
TRANSGENDER
MANAGEMENT AND GENDER-NONCONFORMING
AND CONTROL FIREARM RECOVERY MOTOR CROWD MANAGEMENT
VEHICLE AND CONTROL
STOPS PREGNANCY UNMANNED AIRCRAFT ARREST FOOT
PURSUIT NALOXONE EMPLOYEE UNMANNED AIRCRAFT
MISCONDUCT ARREST
RECORDING FOOT ACTIVITY
POLICE PURSUIT GROOMING AND APPEARANCE EMPLOYEE DRUG
POLICY
POLICY INCIDENT COMMAND POLICE-MEDIA RELATIONS ELECTRONIC ELECTRONIC CONTROL WEAPONS PATROL
WEAPONS RIFLE CANINES EYEWITNESS
EYEWITNESS
IDENTIFICATION
IDENTIFICATION INTERVIEWING AND INTERROGATING JUVENILES IDENTITYIDENTITY CRIME POLICE-CITIZEN CONTACTS EXCITED EXCITED DELIRIUM
WANT
The
SPECIAL IACP identiﬁ
WEAPONS es leading
AND TACTICS (SWAT) practices
BODY ARMOR and provides
BICYCLE PATROL CHILDREN OF ARRESTED PARENTS FIREARMS EARLY
sound guidance toCHILD

SYSTEM
WARNING SYSTEM POST-SHOOTING
PREVENTION
PREVENTION INVESTIGATING
the ABUSE
law enforcement profession
PERSONNEL SUPPORT OFF-DUTY ARRESTS HARASSMENT AND DISCRIMINATION CORRUPTION
DEVICES BOMB THREATS AND SEARCHES EXECUTING
MOBILE COMMUNICATION DEVICES BOMB SEARCHES EXECUTING SEARCH
to assist
WARRANTS in developing
PERSONAL
departments.
RELATIONSHIPS policies
IN THEfor individual
WORKPLACE
TO GET
SECONDARY EMPLOYMENT ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE LICENSE PLATE
READERS TRANSPORTATION OF PRISONERS CANINE ENCOUNTERS (LE INTERACTIONS W/CANINES) CRIME ANALYSIS STRIP AND
INVOLVED?
SEARCHES
BODY CAVITY SEARCHES TEMPORARY LIGHT DUTY EVIDENCE CONTROL SCHOOL LIAISON DEATH
LIAISON INTERROGATIONS
NOTIFICATION INTERROGATIONS
CONFESSIONS
AND CONFESSIONS INTELLECTUALLY/DEVELOPMENTALLY DISABLED FIELD INTERVIEWS AND PAT-DOWN SEARCHES
SEARCHES VEHICLE
VEHICLE CRASH
PROCESS
REVIEW PROCESS RESPONSE TO CIVIL LITIGATION OBTAINING
OBTAINING A SEARCH WARRANT
WARRANT SURVEILLANCE PEPPER PEPPER AEROSOL RESTRAINT
SPRAY ELECTRONIC RECORDING OF INTERROGATIONS AND CONFESSIONS SUICIDE BOMBINGS Contact the PolicyCHILDREN
MISSING Center at RESEARCH
Each document STAKEOUTS
is written and peer-reviewed
PERSONS by two
PARTNERSHIPS CONDUCTING MISSING HOSTAGE SITUATIONS [email protected]
IMPACT PROJECTILES STALKING KNIFE
SAFETY AND separate and distinct groups
USAGE INSPECTIONS made CONDUCT
RETALIATORY up of experienced
BY EMPLOYEES JUVENILE ENFORCEMENT AND CUSTODY DEAF
or visit the Policy Center
AND HEARINGleaders in law
IMPAIRED enforcement,
MOBILE policy, and EQUIPMENT
VIDEO RECORDING law. MUTUAL AID POLYGRAPH EXAMINATIONS MOTOR VEHICLE
website at
INVENTORIES PERSONNEL TRANSFER AND ROTATION HOLDING FACILITIES GRIEVANCE PROCEDURES FIRE RESPONSE
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International Association of
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IN THE FIELD Informer
Research abounds on topics related to law enforcement and

criminal justice, and it can be difficult to sift through it all.
Informer breaks down three studies for law enforcement
leaders to help keep them up to date.
PERSPECTIVES ON ENHANCING PERSPECTIVES ON INTERROGATION PERSPECTIVES ON INNOVATION
ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE Investigative interviewing is an import- Though often discussed among aca-
With a culture steeped in tradition, im- ant way to gather information during demic researchers, “police innovation”
plementing process improvements in an investigation. One type of technique is rarely defined or operationalized by
police departments can be challenging. used in such interviews is contextual practitioners. To measure what police
Drawing from literature on the topic, manipulation: interviewers control practitioners consider to be innovative,
this research sought to test the relation- the interview setting, the clothing they researchers collected survey responses
ship between strategic planning and wear, and the materials available to from 251 police chiefs in Texas. Chiefs
innovation on organizational perfor- the interviewee. This study measured rated innovativeness and their famil-
mance. Strategic planning is the process perspectives on the use of contextual iarity with 97 concepts—including
of formulating an organization’s goals manipulation techniques in investi- five fictitious items to assess response
and determining how to accomplish gative interviewing and the perceived validity.
them within a predetermined time effectiveness of those tactics. An exploratory factor analysis was
frame. Innovation involves the creation Eighty-one investigators of various completed with these ratings, result-
or adoption of new ideas, objects, or ranks from five countries (Sweden, ing in four categories of responses.
practices either in advance of or in the Netherlands, the United States, Respondents rated items related to
response to the organization’s external Canada, and England) were surveyed. police technology as being the most in-
environment. Approximately 95 percent of respon- novative, followed by external internet-
Researchers used a proportionate dents rated the interview setting to be based applications, and then items re-
stratified random sample to collect 95 moderately to extremely important. The lated to strategic planning and response.
survey questionnaires from the Dubai techniques they most often reported as Trusted techniques most often used
Police Force to measure the correlation effective were limiting distractions, the at the line level were seen as the least
between strategic planning, innovation, interviewer’s clothing and appearance, innovative.
and organizational performance. They and general room setup. Researchers speculated that, while
found that both strategic planning and Respondents also reported that creating newness affects perceptions of inno-
innovation were positively and signifi- a warm and comfortable space for the vativeness, the respondents’ ratings
cantly related to organizational perfor- interview was effective, but this was were further influenced by the expected
mance. Results of this study suggest that not often taught in training. Further, outcome an item provides. Some of
innovation and strategic planning can 69 percent of respondents were not the items police chiefs ranked as being
help drive organizational performance. satisfied with the interview rooms at most innovative have been in use for
Thus, to improve overall organizational their agencies, noting that the rooms decades. Researchers contrast these
performance, police leaders should were too sterile, too small, and not findings with how academics typically
encourage a culture of creative thought adaptable enough. classify innovation and suggest that po-
and of sharing new ideas. They should lice practitioners must be included in
also clearly communicate the agency’s This research suggests that interviewers
would prefer more comfortable interview any discussion or research pertaining to
strategic plan to all agency employees. innovation in policing.
This includes setting a clear understand- settings to build rapport with the suspect
ing of the agency’s mission statement, in order to elicit more information Matthew C. Matusiak and William R. King,
policies, procedures, and change from them. While additional research is “Advancing the Study of Police Innovation:
process. necessary to measure the effectiveness Toward an Empirical Definition and Classification
of particular contextual manipulation of Contemporary Police Innovations,” Crime &
Mohammed Saleh Alosani, Rushami Yusoff, and techniques, these results suggest future Delinquency 67, no. 12 (2021): 1982–2010.
Hassan Al-Dhaafri, “The Effect of Innovation and considerations for interview training
Strategic Planning on Enhancing Organizational and room design.
Performance of Dubai Police,” Innovation &
Management Review 17, no. 1 (2020): 2–24. Katherine Hoogesteyn, Ewout Meijer, and Aldert
Vrij, “Utility and Effectiveness of the Context
Manipulation Techniques: Police Investigators’
Perspectives,” Journal of Police and Criminal
Psychology 37 (2020): 240–247.

IN THE FIELD Spotlight
Photo by csfotoimages/Getty Images
A New Approach to
a Growing Crisis
IN 2016, THE ARIZONA DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH SERVICES (ADHS) REPORTED THAT 790 CITIZENS
DIED FROM OPIOID OVERDOSES WHICH REPRESENTS A 74 PERCENT INCREASE FROM 2012 TO 2016. IN
RESPONSE TO THE ADHS REPORT, ARIZONA GOVERNOR DOUGLAS DUCEY DECLARED A STATE OF EMER-
GENCY DUE TO THE PREVALENT OPIOID OVERDOSE EPIDEMIC.
Interactions between the police and those with a He explored several law enforcement–assisted
substance use disorder have not always been pos- diversion programs along the East Coast, as well
itive. However, the rise of deflection and pre-arrest as post-overdose quick response teams and Angel
diversion programs allow public safety profession- Programs. “Essentially, I took components from
als to collaborate with public health practitioners several different programs to develop the Tucson
to create community-based pathways to treatment model of pre-arrest deflection,” said Assistant Chief
and services for those with substance use, mental Hall. Partnering with local treatment providers,
health, and co-occurring issues. Understanding that he ultimately developed the Unified Medicated
arresting those with substance use issues was not Assistance Treatment and Targeted Engagement
necessarily decreasing that individual’s substance Response (U-MATTER) program.
abuse, Tucson Police Department Assistant Chief
Kevin Hall set out to find a new approach that might The program’s initial goal was to save lives by
bring more positive results to the community. decreasing the number of fatal overdoses in the

In order to develop an effective tracking and
measurement tool, Tucson police officials
actively sought out an academic research
partner in the beginning stages of the project.
city; however, Assistant Chief Hall acknowledged In order to develop an effective tracking and
that U-MATTER’s goal was not being met due to the measurement tool, Tucson police officials actively
proliferation of fentanyl within the area. Therefore, sought out an academic research partner in the
the department had to pivot and find a solution that beginning stages of the project. The University
would positively impact its community members. of Arizona’s Southwest Institute for Research on
“The program has morphed into a true alternative Women conducted a study and data analysis to
to arrest strategy to engage substance misuse in a evaluate U-MATTER’s effectiveness in the com-
more humane and compassionate manner, as well munity and provide recommendations for areas of
as the collateral or co-occurring behavioral health improvement.
issues and homelessness,” said Assistant Chief Hall. Through a 35-month data capture, the Tucson
The program’s goals now include expanding access Police Department noticed significantly reduced
to medication-assisted treatment (MAT), improving rates of criminal activity and illegal drug use by
the well-being of the client, and decreasing sub- participants who engaged in U-MATTER services.
stance misuse and related risk behaviors in the area. Of 1,969 deflected clients, 42 percent were trans-
Intentionally designed as a systems model, ported immediately to a treatment facility and
U-MATTER has various points of access. When 22 percent responded on their own to engage in
Tucson police officers encounter individuals using services. The average time spent on deflection
illicit substances, they determine if deflection is (48.59 minutes) was also less than the time spent
the appropriate step to take rather than arrest. on arrest (76.99 minutes).
“First and foremost, they are responding as a As of June 16, 2022, officers have utilized deflection
police officer,” said Assistant Chief Hall. “Once for more than 2,300 individuals in Tucson.
the call is stabilized and the officers believe that Does you
substance misuse may be involved, they complete have an in r agency
itiative or
their investigation.” If deflection is an option, you’d like pro
to see fea ject
tured?
and it is accepted by the individual, the officer Email us a
t
EDITOR@
transports them to the MAT clinic and conducts THEIACP.O
RG.
a warm handoff to the intake staff. Once at the
clinic, the client is provided with a host of ser-
vices, food, and other amenities to create a more
comfortable intake process. Those interested in RECOMMENDATIONS
getting connected to treatment can also approach
The Tucson Police Department offers the following tips to ensure
any officer for help without fear of retaliation. The
an effective deflection program is built to fit the needs of your
Tucson Police Department, in collaboration with
department:  
specialists from local treatment providers, has also
conducted various outreach efforts to encourage § Consider the treatment capacity of local providers, willingness of
community members to receive treatment. partners to collaborate, and internal and external openness to
the concept.
The program was launched in July 2018 after
approximately 400 patrol officers underwent the § Do not make deflection mandatory. Many substance users are
training process. The original training lasted 4.5 not ready for treatment, and a mandatory program takes away
hours and covered topics such as the neurobiology officer discretion. Do de-emphasize arrest as a positive measure
of addiction, adverse childhood experiences, of productivity.
trauma-informed approaches to treatment engage- § Ask for and listen to candid feedback to accurately process
ment, stigma of substance misuse, technical aspects needed improvements
of medication-assisted treatment, and procedural
processes of the program.

BY
Tracey Green, PhD, Chief
Executive Officer; Mike
Richmond, Chief Advisor and
FUTURES THINKING
Assistant Director of Strategic
Foresight; and Samantha A CRITICAL CAPABILITY FOR NEXT
GENERATION POLICE LEADERS
Kruber, PhD, Strategic Foresight
Advisor, Australia New Zealand
Policing Advisory Agency
A S T H E WO R L D E M E R G E S F R O M T H E police—are spending so much mental band-

B I G G E S T P U B L I C H E A LT H C R I S I S I N A width dealing with the crises of the present
C E N T U RY, P O L I C E F I N D T H E M S E LV E S and feel themselves with limited headspace
O PE R AT I N G I N A N E N V I R O N M E N T O F D E E P to think about the road ahead. Yet it is in this
C O M PL E X I T Y, A FA S T PAC E O F C H A N G E , environment that the value of futures think-
A N D T R O U B L I N G U N C E R TA I N T Y. Social and ing—the ability to navigate pathways from
political tensions are increasingly intercon- the present to a desirable future—is higher
nected, polarized, and magnified; the pace of than ever.
technological changes seems only to escalate;
economies are misfiring; supply chains con-
tinue to falter; and even severe weather events
A MULTIVERSE OF MADNESS?
appear increasingly the norm. As much as ever So how should police think about the future?
in recent years, the future feels like a hotly They have strategic intelligence organizational
contested space. planning processes, risk identification, and
management structures—aren’t those enough?
It is no wonder in this operating environment Can’t agencies just throw data analysts at the
that leaders in every organization— not just problem to predict what will happen?

§ Transformation—the arrival of some
“WOULD YOU TELL ME, PLEASE, WHICH WAY I OUGHT TO GO FROM HERE?” new ‘game-changing’ disruption or
“THAT DEPENDS A GOOD DEAL ON WHERE YOU WANT TO GET TO,” SAID THE CAT. factors. For police, a transforma-
“I DON’T MUCH CARE WHERE—” SAID ALICE. tional scenario could be the arrival
of near-perfect vehicle automation
“THEN IT DOESN’T MATTER WHICH WAY YOU GO,” SAID THE CAT. that significantly reduces the road
— LEWIS CARROLL, ALICE IN WONDERLAND safety task.
These archetypes are useful tools to
consider the possibilities, but more
Unfortunately, the problem with the in the future tend to fall into one of important, they can help remind
future is that while it might at times four archetypes: people that beauty can be in the eye
rhyme with the past, it is rarely the of the beholder—one person’s trans-
§ Continuation—an extrapolation of formational future might be another
same. Uncertainty increases the fur-
ther afield one looks, and increasingly,
the present or a continuation of busi- person’s collapse. In turn, the arche-
there is a need to look beyond normal
ness-as-usual. In a policing context, types encourage reflection of the kind
budgeting or planning horizons to un-
a continuation scenario could be that of future that the group (e.g., police
derstand how the broader systems in
crime and violence are likely to endure leaders) is actively trying to create,
which the police work are emerging,
and laws will continue to require the “preferred future” identified in
evolving, and degrading (see Figure 1).
enforcement. Figure 1.
§ Limits and discipline—expanding
One of the most significant mental
hurdles to overcome when first dipping
internal or external limits or the
application of new constraints.
TOOLS FOR THE
one’s toes into foresight and futures For police, a limiting scenario could STRATEGIST’S TOOLKIT
thinking is the idea that on longer time be represented by reduced govern- The futures cone, multiple futures,
horizons it makes more sense to think ment funding or by a contraction of and scenario archetypes can provide
about multiple futures rather than just police powers. a foundation for conceptualizing the
one. This can be a mind-bending exer- § Decline and collapse—a steady future, but there is a bounty of other
cise and goes against people’s natural decay or sudden systemic degrada- tools in the strategist’s toolkit. For
tendency to prefer confidently spoken tion due to some emergent crisis. A example, the futurists’ foundation
forecasts and predictions. collapse scenario for police could be stones of environment and horizon
the total breakdown of relationships scanning are essential processes to
However, this need to consider multiple
with the community or the ongoing help identify current and emerging
futures (whether they are probable,
inability to recruit individuals with the change in the operating environment,
plausible, or merely possible) is simply
right skills and capabilities. particularly when targeted on areas
a consequence of the high degree of
that might be traditional blind spots.
uncertainty the field is faced with—
after all, it is a poor strategic choice to
make a large bet on something that
might have only a small chance of FIGURE 1: STRATEGIC FUTURE HORIZONS
occurring. Such a bet-maker will look
like a genius if that low-probability
occurrence comes to pass, but logic
suggests a more resilient strategy is to
make a series of smaller, hedging bets
when uncertainty is high.
In a similar vein, if the organizational

resilience of policing is truly an import-
ant consideration, then there is a bene-
fit in considering a variety of different
plausible future environments that
policing might be obliged to operate
in. If it is determined that current
strategies are likely to fail in one or more
future scenarios, an organization might
refine its plans, come up with new ways
to manage emerging risks, or make
different strategic choices.
Well-known foresight doyen Jim Dator

Source: Adapted from Joseph Voros, “The Futures Cone, Use and History.”
has identified that different scenarios

Creating the preferred future requires While deploying the right tool can in those spaces liberating (and even
one to think about the aspirations, improve one’s ability to think about fun). Building foresight into strategic
goals, and desires, and so visioning can the futures in structured ways—and planning workshops can go a long way
help bring that to life. The Institute for therefore to make better decisions toward deepening policing’s futures
the Future’s Hard Empathy tool can right here and right now—the most literacy, but caution is advised—going
help users understand other people’s significant steps an organization can too far beyond their appetite for the
aspirations, and roadmapping and take to improve its futures literacy is to future can backfire and alienate key
backcasting can help design a path identify and overcome internal (indi- people.
toward those aspirations or help to vidual and organizational) barriers.
identify the sequential preconditions Finding senior leaders to cham-
necessary for a particular future to pion futures thinking internally is
occur.
BARRIERS essential, as it sometimes requires
The most common and challenging significant resilience, persistence, and
Scenarios are multipurpose tools barrier for police to overcome is tenacity to demonstrate the value of
that can help illustrate visions of the “temporal exhaustion”— the idea that futures thinking among a temporally
future, explore the uncertainty created if they spend all their time dealing exhausted group. However, at a deeper
by converging trends, or stress-test with the challenges of today, they often level, all leaders must have an appe-
existing strategies against future have no time or capacity to think about tite for creating the future. Paying lip
events. Developing highly plausible tomorrow. While every individual and service to futures thinking is a recipe
scenarios requires futurists to balance organization grapples with this, the for becoming a victim of externally
the vision of the future that “pulls” nature of police work means police are inflicted change. During moments of
one forward, against the “push” of the particularly prone to it, and the hierar- self-reflection, all leaders should ask
trends that are driving change in the chical nature of policing means police themselves, “Is my vision for the future
present, and the “weight” of history leaders can be even more vulnerable. simply a vision of the past and if so,
that creates friction or inertia against am I really the leader my organization
change. Sohail Inayatullah’s Futures Further still, police are often practical, needs right now?”
Triangle (Figure 2) elegantly helps to risk-oriented, and analytical people,
blend those together. and overcoming temporal exhaustion Moreover, leaders should ask
requires deliberately setting aside themselves if they are creating the
Deeper still, causal layered analysis time and space to synthesize dispa- conditions that encourages staff
can help futurists unpick the underly- rate pieces of information and think to put forward their ideas for the
ing myths and narratives that people creatively about possibilities and future—even if they run counter to
use to give meaning to the world and opportunities. While many police can those ideas from the top of the hierar-
identify what different myths and find this kind of thinking challenging, chy—because, ultimately, creating a
narratives might be needed to create a it is always pleasantly surprising how psychologically safe space for people to
new future. many senior police leaders find playing grapple with the future is essential to
coming to grips with the deep uncer-
tainty that everyone is faced with. One
brain simply is not enough.
FIGURE 2: FUTURES TRIANGLE BIASES

In a similar vein, building the strength
of one’s foresight muscles also involves
acknowledging one’s individual biases
and common fallacies. Everyone is
PULL vulnerable to a wide array of biases and
of the fallacies, but with respect to futures
Future thinking, some of the most impactful
ones to overcome are confirmation
bias, optimism and negativity biases,
bandwagon effect bias, and the sunk-
PLAUSIBLE cost fallacy.
FUTURES Confirmation bias. Perhaps the most
PUSH familiar of cognitive biases, confirma-
of the WEIGHT tion bias is the tendency to seek out or
Present of History give undue attention to the informa-
tion that confirms one’s existing views
or beliefs. As people pursue evidence
that confirms their expectations, they
tend to discount or ignore evidence or

views that run counter to these expec- The sunk-costs fallacy. Once resources
tations. This consequently limits their have been invested in a particular
thinking about future possibilities and strategy or approach, it can be hard to
their ability to prepare for alternative accept that it has not served its purpose
futures. Like many human biases, and to shift in a different direction.
confirmation bias is often uncon- This can make organizations stick with
scious, making it particularly chal- an under-performing strategy—or a
lenging to overcome at the individual “bad investment”—because too much
level. For this reason, thinking about has already been lost to abandon it. If
the future should be a group activity an organization finds itself falling into
that seeks to bring in diverse perspec- the sunk-costs fallacy, futures plan-
tives, backgrounds, and experiences ning and strategies can be hampered
to challenge and expand each other’s as leaders or personnel remain unwill-
thinking. ing to dislodge themselves from the
shackles of the past. Sometimes broken
Optimism and negativity biases. things cannot be patched or fixed and CONCLUSIONS
Optimism bias is the tendency to over- must be abandoned to create space for
estimate the likelihood of positive Creating the right internal system to
new strategies and solutions. improve police futures literacy is a
events or outcomes. Closely related,
overconfidence bias is the tendency to There is no shortage of biases and core strategic challenge. It is not easy
overestimate one’s own ability, level of fallacies one must grapple with to to create successful foresight systems
control, or certainty regarding a partic- better strengthen his or her foresight in policing that holistically address
ular outcome. In scenario planning, this capability. For this reason, taking time individual and organizational pres-
not only limits possible futures that are to recognize and understand these sure points, while creating virtuous
considered, but can also lead to danger- potential pitfalls is a crucial step in internal circles and helping police
ous blind spots and overconfidence that futures thinking, because if people do become an active participant in the
things will go the way one wants them not consider their own personal and future. However, no one ever said
to. On the flip side, people tend to fixate organizational limitations, they cannot navigating a complex and uncertain
on negative information when trying to begin to build strategies to overcome future would be easy.
make sense of the world. This negativity those limitations. Despite all the uncertainty of the fu-
bias often sees people leaping to the ture, there are some things that can
worst possible scenarios, when the real- BUILDING A FUTURES TEAM be reasonably assumed to remain
ity is likely to be a more complex blend There are many ways to structure unchanged. For example, police can
of positive and negative phenomena. futures and foresight teams but given expect that the communities they serve
highly variable resources of different will always want to feel safe; to be able
Bandwagon effect bias. Uncertainty
policing organizations as well as the to trust police; and to be able to receive
is uncomfortable. For this reason, we
diverse needs and futures appetites of a fast, effective policing response. These
tend to place greater stock in ideas
key decision makers, a better strategy is desires, even if not always the reality of
that are likely to conform with current
to think about the range of capabilities the day, are unlikely to change. Knowing
trends or views of those in a peer-
a foresight team might require. The such key certainties provides a solid
group or organization, particularly
abilities to analyze and synthesize foundation from which organizations
those who may be more senior and
information are nonnegotiable capa- can then start to deal with their uncer-
therefore seen as more authoritative
bilities, as is a communication style tainties and better conceptualize the
or better informed on strategic issues.
that cuts through the noise to deliver futures they need to shape.
While this may help to provide a
actionable insights to time-poor and
degree of confidence in uncertain
report-fatigued decision makers.
spaces, it also runs the risk of reducing
the scope for exploration of certain Beyond that, foresight teams gain much
issues or possibilities. Particularly in from an ability to create and maintain
policing and other institutions that vertical and horizontal networks within
have a significant emphasis on rank, and between organizations, as networks
IACP RESOURCES
this can cause group conformity to can serve to gather new ideas, create § Police Futuring – Is It in Your Future?
the views of the highest rank in the influence, reduce effort duplication, and § Increasing Fairness
room and a reluctance to raise ideas create “virtuous circles” with strategic
or evidence that run contrary to those § Envisaging the Future: Dialogues on
planning, risk management, and intel-
views. Strategies to overcome this Public Health, Law Enforcement, and
ligence areas of police organizations.
challenge can include anonymized The creation of such networks within Community Solutions
submission of ideas prior to work- and between traditionally hierarchical policechiefmagazine.org
shopping or having more senior voices organizations like police agencies
weigh in only after other ideas have requires the support of trusting senior
been put on the table. champions.

PERSPECTIVES ON THE
FUTURE OF
POLICING
LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT, PERSONNEL & RECRUITMENT
Dimensions of Cultural Change

CHANGE WILL BE A CONSTANT FOR ALL ASPECTS OF OUR SOCI-
ETY OVER THE NEXT FIVE TO TEN YEARS, AND THE POLICING
PROFESSION WILL NOT BE AN EXCEPTION.
While advances in technology tend to get reduction and safeguarding people’s civil and
the most attention in any discussion about human rights.
change, I think the biggest changes in policing Police professionals’ attitudes toward mental
over the next decade will be cultural, rather health and wellness will continue to change.
than technological, in nature. We are already seeing a shift away from old
Resource constraints will be one axis along taboos against seeking mental health help,
which this change takes place. We are already and this trend will continue in the future. Police
having trouble recruiting sworn officers. At the departments will offer a wide variety of health
By Chris Davis, Chief of Police, same time, rising labor costs make it increas- and wellness resources, such as paid time for
ingly difficult for cities to increase their police wellness activities, confidential and no-cost
Green Bay Police Department,
departments’ authorized strengths. These access to mental health professionals, and
Wisconsin
two realities mean it is unlikely we will be regular mental health check-ups. All of which
able to maintain the ratio of sworn officers to will result in improvements in our officers’
population that we are accustomed to, which, lives, both on and off the job.
in turn, means we will be forced to make more Finally, we will see some big changes to the
efficient use of our resources. We will see way we socialize people into the policing pro-
more use of promising new approaches fession. We will still need to teach new officers
like place network investigations that focus tactics and officer safety skills, but commu-
limited resources and effort on the precise nication, conflict resolution, stress manage-
locations and drivers of crime and disorder. ment, procedural justice, and equity will be
integrated into basic training as well. This is
Another dimension of cultural change in the
already happening in many places, and the
profession is police accountability and reform.
result will be more well-rounded officers who
On one hand, the public demands for police
will be more effective in serving their communi-
reform are not going away (nor should they).
ties. All this education will take more time than
On the other hand, traditional, punishment-
the typical 16-week academy model; I would
centered accountability measures, particularly
not be surprised to see U.S. police officers
for honest mistakes made in crisis situa-
attending police colleges like our European
tions, contribute to defensiveness, employee
colleagues in the not-too-distant future.
disengagement, and distrust for department
leadership. Despite the challenges of the past few years,
I’m optimistic about the future of policing.
What is needed is a balanced approach to I think we will rise to the occasion, and the
accountability that identifies and addresses communities we serve will be safer and better
performance issues while respecting our offi- off as a result.
cers as the professionals they are and helping
them learn from mistakes. Corrective action
for performance issues not related to ethical Chief CHRIS DAVIS has 28 years of experi-
failure will involve more remedial training and ence in policing, including service with the
education, rather than punitive measures like Arizona State University Police Department
suspensions without pay. This will require a and the Portland, Oregon, Police Bureau,
significant shift in thinking for many of us in where he served as deputy chief. He joined
police leadership, but it will help us to build the Green Bay, Wisconsin, Police Department
organizational cultures that value both crime as chief of police in 2021.

The Future of Police Psychology

POLICE PSYCHOLOGISTS OF THE FUTURE WILL BE FORCE MUL-
TIPLIERS WHO WILL IMPLEMENT EXPONENTIAL FORCE FITNESS.
THEY WILL BE TRUE SCIENTIST-PRACTITIONERS WHO CAN BE
HOLOPORTED TO ANY SCENE WITH UNRESTRICTED LICENSES
AND PRESCRIPTION PRIVILEGES.
Force Multipliers. Police psychologists will illnesses). Instead, police psychologists
be embedded directly into critical areas (e.g., will provide integrated mind-body-spirit
executive team, detective division, special training for the health and well-being of the
operations, intelligence, ICAC, SWAT). They whole officer, the whole unit, and the whole
will not be sitting behind a desk waiting for organization.
you to come to them for a critical incident Police psychologists of the future will have
By Stephanie Barone McKenny, debriefing, peak performance training, or cold additional psychological certifications that
PhD, Police Psychologist, Los case cracking. No police agency will ever have modern police psychologists do not pos-
Angeles Police Department, enough clinical psychologists; embedded sess. They will be certified clinical trauma
California police psychologists are force multipliers professionals, and they will be certified in
because they will dramatically impact the behavioral analysis for psychological autopsy
effectiveness of the unit. (Think: Delta Force and criminal profiling. They will routinely
and British SAS). Police psychological units perform psychological autopsies on every
will focus on performance optimization, ops officer who dies by suicide. They will consis-
mission tasks, behavioral health consulta- tently utilize the public health approach to
tions, and support. The future is based on suicide prevention (i.e., surveillance of data,
superordinate collaboration, not self-pursuit. identification of risk and protective factors,
Police psychologists will no longer be viewed development and testing of interventions,
completely separate from the sworn force. implementation of interventions, and eval-
Supervisory tasks may include utilizing linear uation of effectiveness) and then regularly
programming algorithms to critically analyze share information in an international data-
operational demands, staffing levels, estimate base of officers who died by suicide for more
future demand, and implement deployment targeted and effective prevention research.
decisions.
Beyond experts of the mind, police psycholo-
Exponential Force Fitness. Police psychologists of the future will also be experts of the
gists of the future will have greater breadth body. They will be nationally certified sports
and depth than today’s doctors for the pur- psychologists who will focus on performance
pose of exponential force fitness—health, enhancement (e.g., goal setting, imagery
readiness, and superhuman performance training for peak performance, cognitive
of the troops. Police psychologists will be strategies, intensity regulation, and athletic
experts beyond assessment and evalua- performance). They will also be certified in inte-
tion (e.g., preemployment psychological grative medicine and, as such, utilize multiple
screening, fitness for duty evaluations); clin- fields of medicine and nutritional sciences
ical intervention and prevention (e.g., crisis to support whole-body approaches to mental
response and critical incident debriefings, health in law enforcement. For example, police
officer suicide prevention); employee well- psychologists will routinely utilize an integrative
ness and support (e.g., EAP services, peer treatment protocol for PTSD, including assess-
support); and basic operational consultation ment, digestion, culinary medicine, nutritional
(e.g., tactical de-escalation with community therapies, herbs, detoxification, exercise and
members who are suicidal or have mental movement, and somatics. Rituals, connection,

“Police psychologists of the future
will have additional psychological
certifications that modern police
psychologists do not possess.”
and the role of nutrigenomics and Scientist-Practitioners. Pseudoscience all states, even multiple states in the
bio-individuality will consistently be in police psychology or among police same workday. Treating officers will be
addressed. psychologists will no longer be toler- even easier than telehealth sessions
Police psychologists of the future will ated. Beyond that, police psychologists are now. Consider the officer who
also return to their ancient roots of of the future will be a bridge between lives in a city close to a state line or
being experts of the soul. They will not the widening scientist-practitioner gap. perhaps in an isolated wilderness area;
be limited to the domains of mind and To that end, only licensed clinical psy- he or she might find more in-person
body, nor will the profession return to chologists who have earned a research service providers and options across
such a reductionist or deconstructed doctorate will be considered for hire state lines than the nearest big city in
interpretation of the guardian, warrior, in police agencies. The profession is the home state.
soldier, champion, hero, community about to get very serious regarding Prescription privileges. Clinical psych-
servant, protector, defender, van- what really works for officers and what ology and pharmacology will become
quisher, scholar, athlete, helper of the does not, and police psychologists will more integrated, and police psychol-
innocent. Police psychologists will still no longer just do what has always been ogists of the future will prescribe
collaboratively team with police chap- done before. This is particularly true for psychiatric medications to officers.
lains, and they will move beyond that to critical incident debriefing models. Stay Prescription privileges already exist
serving as a bridge between the worlds tuned. in select states (i.e., Idaho, Illinois,
of religion and evidence-based mental Holographic Doctors. Police psychol- Iowa, Louisiana, and New Mexico), but
health in law enforcement psychology. ogists of the future will be assisting such privileges will extend to all of the
Police psychologists will no longer crisis negotiations teams via hologram. United States in the future. Officers will
conduct the clinical intakes of today. Just as NASA began sending holo- be able to work with the police psychol-
Instead, they will consistently conduct graphic doctors into space this year, ogist for psychotherapy, psychological
integral intakes that include compre- the doctors will be holoported into the testing, and medication management,
hensive idiographic assessments from SWAT truck with the rest of the CNT if needed. The police psychologist will
at least four irreducible perspectives— team from the safety, privacy, and be trained and able to prescribe, but
experiential (subjective: the individual comfort of their home or office. A spe- also unprescribe, and that is significant
viewed from the interior), behavioral cial camera (e.g., Microsoft Hololens for officers. Most medications to treat
(objective: the individual viewed from Kinect) and custom software will send mental health needs are prescribed
the exterior), cultural (intersubjective: and construct high-quality 3D models by primary care providers, and those
the collective viewed from the interior), of the police psychologists—so they professionals have not received the
and social (interobjective: the collective actually appear to be in the cab work- extensive training in the diagnosis and
viewed from the exterior). Police psy- ing alongside the rest of the team. This treatment of mental health needs.
chologists of tomorrow will also frame technology will later be integrated with Look for officers to place even greater
evidence-based mental health (e.g., augmented reality; computer-generated trust in police psychologists as we
cognitive behavioral therapy or CBT for perceptual information across multiple move into the future.
depression) within a spirituality-religion sensory modalities (e.g., visual, audi-
(S-R) framework (e.g., S-R directives to tory, haptic, somatosensory, olfactory)
engage in CBT, overcoming barriers will allow an even greater real-world Dr. STEPHANIE BARONE MCKENNY is a
to treatment engagement, framing CBT environment. police psychologist at the Los Angeles,
within S-R, framing the importance Unrestricted Licenses. Professional California, Police Department and a
of behavior change within S-R, framing clinical licenses will no longer be diplomate in sports psychology. She is
exposure as a test of faith, framing be- restricted by any given U.S. state. also the Penn State Outstanding Scholar
havioral activation as a test of faith and States will unite to form a U.S.-wide Alumni Award recipient for 2021–2022.
even as exerting heroic effort for a higher licensure compact where professional
power, accepting uncertainty as a way of licensure in one state means the police
cultivating humility and closeness to the psychologist can provide professional
divine). services across state lines in any and

S.T.E.P. to Building Super Sergeants

POLICE AGENCIES WANT LEADERS AT ALL LEVELS WHO HAVE
THE ABILITY TO SELF-EVALUATE, THE EMOTIONAL INTELLI-
GENCE TO LEARN AND ADAPT, AND THE DESIRE TO HONE THEIR
LEADERSHIP SKILLS.
Most new sergeant training programs usually in police education should capitalize on the
consist of some ride-alongs with a senior experience each supervisor trainee has to
sergeant and eventually attending an offsite develop into better supervisors.
supervisory school. With this approach, it
Problem-based learning (PBL) is a style of
is no wonder that we continue to replicate
active learning that has proven effective in
problems and stymie the development
higher retention of material. The goals of PBL
of our sergeants. However, the Sergeant
are to help students develop flexible knowl-
Transitional Educational Program (S.T.E.P.)
By James Beyer, Deputy Chief, edge, effective problem-solving skills, self-
is a new training method developed to avoid
Irving Police Department, Texas directed learning, effective collaboration
those issues. Traditionally, most supervisory
skills, and intrinsic motivation. Working in
training is delivered in lecture format. While
groups, students identify what they already
this style of training may allow us to “check
know, what they need to know, and how and
the box” that the material has been covered,
where to access new information that may
it is simply not the way most adults learn
lead to solving the problem. The instructor’s
best, and it certainly does not promote
role is to facilitate learning by supporting,
long-term retention. Educational studies
guiding, and monitoring the learning process.
have consistently shown that the knowledge
The instructor must build students’ confi-
retention in the lecture format is somewhere
dence to take on the problem and encourage
around 15 percent. Results like this simply
the students while also stretching their under-
will not cut it if we hope to equip our leaders
standing. The constructs for teaching PBL
with the best chance for success.
are very different from traditional classroom
Dr. Malcom Knowles, developer of the lecture teaching. The instructor encourages
humanistic learning theory, observed that the students to seek information that will
adults learn best when they understand lead them to the problem solution. Problem-
why something is important to know or do, based learning has a similar construct as
they have the freedom to learn it in their police service calls. The community member
own way, learning is experiential, the time is has a problem and calls the police. The police
right for them to learn, and the process is officer responds, identifies the problem, and
positive and encouraging. Making sure adult must research or investigate how to solve the
students understand “why” is not about problem. The police then enact a solution to
explaining why they are in the classroom, the perceived problem.
but about why each thing you teach them is
A comprehensive training curriculum will
an important part of learning. Enabling the
guide the new sergeant through each phase
learner to integrate and apply the knowledge
of this self-discovery and learning process.
in their preferred method of instruction can
The specific duties and roles of sergeants
get learners actively involved with the learning
vary from department to department, but
process through small group discussions,
certain core abilities are common to the role
experiments, role-playing, building something,
regardless of the agency.
writing or drawing something specifically
related to the lesson, or even tabletop com- Program implementation begins with provid-
mand exercises. Adult learning principles ing the new sergeant with a list of available

S.T.E.P. LEARNING MATRIX
S.T.E.P. Learning Matrix
Core
General Contents Funcons Problem Based Learning Exercises
Competency
Effecve wrien Invesgang personnel complaints, Personnel Invesgaons and Discipline
communicaon, decision evaluaon of employees, deployment of Exercise
making, me personnel, scheduling personnel, Use of Force Invesgaons Exercise
Raonal Skills management, planning, invesgang uses of force, and approval Staffing Exercise job performance, and more potent
fact-finding, and span of of certain patrol officer funcons leadership skills. Daniel Goleman’s
control
Maintaining performance records, Evaluaon of Employees Exercise research in his book, Working with
Work perspecve/self-
coordinang subordinate training, Crime Reducon Iniave Exercise Emotional Intelligence, indicated that
movaon, complaint
Technical reviewing paperwork, budget Employee Counseling Exercise
handling, career
Skills development of
preparaon, managing equipment, emotional intelligence accounted for
personnel development, and leading
subordinates
crime reducon iniaves
67 percent of the abilities deemed
Leadership of a secon, supervising Vehicle Pursuits/Squad Car Accident necessary for superior performance in
large crime scenes, managing scenes Invesgaon Exercise
Command Responsibility and leaders and mattered twice as much
and compleng paperwork involving Injured Employee and Prisoner Exercise
Presence authority
injured employees as well as prisoners, Leadership Perspecve Exercise as technical expertise or IQ. We know
and supervising vehicle pursuits
Personal development Leadership (the ability to inspire others), Emoonal Intelligence 2.0 Exercise
from the “talks at the water cooler”
(self-actualizaon), mentoring, effecve communicaon, that sergeants who have a reputation
Human Skills leadership, and ability to counseling, and personal development
for being ineffective are plagued by
foster growth in others
(mentorship) stories of failure of their humanistic
Management Acve Shooter Exercise
qualities. Emotional competencies are
Officer-Involved Shoong and Riot
of High- Exercise not innate talents, but rather learned
Risk/Low- Hazardous Materials Spill Exercise
Frequency
capabilities that must be developed
Incidents to achieve outstanding performance.
Leadership Presentaon to Command S.T.E.P. allows the trainee to discover
Staff
and develop all the important skills that
lead to a greater potential for personal
resources such as books, articles, is an overview of their time in the pro- and departmental success.
supervisory personnel to interview, gram. The new sergeants present what We want “super sergeants” because
general orders, standard operating they have learned about leadership. The these kinds of leaders would be better
procedures, and other information. new sergeants describe personal growth equipped to maximize the performance
They will use these to work on solving as well as goals for themselves in the of average, good, and peak performers;
problem-based learning exercises (PBLE) future. The presentation is a final test to stand as an example of a leader; com-
that combine learning objectives within demonstrate to the command staff train- mit to department values; uphold per-
each core skill set. Each PBLE is a ees’ newly acquired leadership skills. formance standards within the police
complex problem based upon a real- department; and possibly redeem the
Candidates should be allowed to
world situation that the student must “problem officers.” This is a lot to ask
complete the course prior to assuming
research and attempt to solve. While without a thoughtful approach to super-
their new leadership responsibilities.
they are researching the solution, the visor development.
Using the “sink-or-swim” training meth-
new sergeants teach themselves of
odology in which the consequences of
the learning objectives through self-
the trainee’s actions are significant, is
discovery. When the project is complete, JAMES BEYER is a deputy chief with
ill-advised, and policing should move
the trainees present their findings. The the Irving, Texas, Police Department,
past this method.
instructor then discusses the solution currently assigned over field operations.
with the trainee and provides feedback Developing the sergeants’ humanistic He has 18 years of policing experience
in a group setting. The instructor is also skills is critical to their ability to inspire and has trained first-line police super-
available to guide students when they others and not merely to lead by fear. visors from several agencies inside the
are stuck in their research. Management Development of leaders’ emotional intel- Dallas-Ft. Worth Metroplex for several
of high-risk, low-frequency incidents are ligence and self-evaluation improves years. Prior to law enforcement, he was
taught as tabletop command exercises their ability to influence others, which a board-certified chiropractor.
with multiple participants so that each is the definition of leadership. Studies
of the new sergeants can learn from the have shown that individuals with a
others. The last portion is a presentation higher emotional intelligence have
to the command staff. The presentation improved mental health, exemplary

Expanding the Role of Civilians in Policing

ALMOST 10 YEARS AGO, THE WASHINGTON, DC, METROPOLITAN
POLICE DEPARTMENT CREATED SEVERAL CRIME RESEARCH
SPECIALIST (CRS) POSITIONS, FILLED BY CIVILIANS, FOR THE
PURPOSE OF PROVIDING INVESTIGATIVE AND OPERATIONAL
SUPPORT.
These positions were managed separately no longer restricting them from sensitive
from the crime analysis unit, also staffed information such as homicide narratives
by civilians but designated for providing and gang databases. As a crime analyst for
statistical reports, crime maps, and tactical the pioneering San Diego, California, Police
support for district commands. Rather than Department in the early 2000s, I supported
repurposing their analysts for investigations two area commands as well as the sex
By Samantha Gwinn, Owner, and large operations, the agency started crimes unit. I was fortunate to attend daily
Golden Research & Consulting from scratch and embedded the CRSs in lineups, work alongside detectives on active
LLC specialized units. Command staff at the serial investigations, and initiate projects
police department realized that the increas- based on discoveries from our homegrown
ingly digital nature of crime called for tech- sex crimes database. When our crime analy-
savvy researchers, not more sworn officers. sis unit manager was promoted by Chief
Jerry Sanders to captain level, this created
The evolving landscape of cellphone data, a new civilian role to replace a previously
DNA, and digital financial transactions sworn position. While this caused contro-
requires knowledge and skills in areas such versy for some in the department, it opened
as library science, forensics, and computer up the possibility in my mind for a different
programming; it does not necessarily require approach to policing. This was especially
physically knocking on doors or chasing forward-thinking, considering many agencies
suspects through dark alleys. The future of at that time either did not employ crime
policing is a break from the traditional para- analysts at all or relegated them only to
military chain of command, in which newly churning out maps and reports for CompStat
trained officers begin their careers patrolling meetings.
high-crime areas, with the hope of even-
In 2022, the expanding role of technology in
tual advancement to detective bureaus or
both crime and law enforcement essentially
executive levels, often doing so with minimal
creates a new career path for civilian inves-
specialized training due to budget short-
tigators and executives. The emergence of
falls. The future of policing is civilian-led
investigative genetic genealogy (IGG) is also
investigations.
playing a part in this shift, as agencies realize
One key aspect of the paramilitary paradigm that this type of investigation—and virtually all
in policing is that it has generally limited research involving DNA strategy and building
the role of civilians to community service family trees—can be done well by non-sworn
officers, volunteers, and crime analysts. The personnel. Several agencies have already
crime analyst role has, thankfully, become started moving in this direction, with crime
more standard and entrenched, with smaller analysts staffing homicide and sex crimes
departments even banding together to hire units full time, focusing not on maps and
shared, regional analysts. Many agencies, statistics, but leading high-profile and serial
especially those in larger metropolitan investigations. The Baltimore, Maryland,
areas, now successfully use crime analysts Police Department recently announced a
for violent and property crime investigations, plan to eliminate 30 sworn positions in favor

of civilians, in an effort to disrupt criminal The professionalization of police services is
networks and interrupt trends through early certainly not a recent trend, but it can prog-
detection. As the line between database ress even further to create organizations that
and forensic technology continues to blur, are willing to craft strategic crime reduction
it won’t be long before departments make strategies around specialized skills and
organizational decisions based on special- technology, allowing civilian personnel to lead
ized skills, rather than whether a candidate the way when it comes to adapting to—and
can handle working the third shift downtown staying in front of—what’s next.
for two years.
Following this logic, what would keep agen- SAMANTHA GWINN is a consultant within the
cies from hiring entry-level detective roles law enforcement field, focusing on applied
that do not require police academy training?
research and investigative technology with
Or agencies could follow the FBI’s lead with
12+ years of experience as a crime analyst.
its HUMINT intelligence analyst positions,
She most recently led public safety product
offering technology- and behavior-focused
strategy for LexisNexis Risk Solutions, and
academy curriculum to create a new career
she is an executive board member for End
path that is beneficial to the department and
Violence Against Women-International.
the community. The Tennessee Bureau of
Investigation recently created a DNA collec-
tion coordinator position, using grant funding
from the Bureau of Justice Assistance. State
and local agencies will begin to discover that
permanent positions with similar titles and “The crime analyst role has,
requirements can bridge the gap between the
evidence room, CAD/RMS, data science, and thankfully, become more
the crime lab, disrupting crime trends and
increasing case clearance rates. standard and entrenched,
We continue to see successes since the
emergence of the ATF’s Crime Gun Intelligence
with smaller departments
Centers, in which analysts employ the National even banding together to hire
Integrated Ballistics Information Network
(NIBIN) and other systems to assemble “hit shared, regional analysts.”
packets” when firearm characteristics are tied
to multiple crimes or to a suspect. Within the
next few years, law enforcement will treat
DNA hits with the same urgency and coordi-
nation, taking a proactive, evidence-based
approach to all violent crime investigations.
RapidDNA technology will begin to intersect
with the latest sequencing techniques,
smaller amounts of DNA will be routinely
required to generate a workable profile,
and familial and genetic DNA analysis will
become more accepted and sophisticated.
All of this can be led by civilians working
alongside sworn officers, command staff,
and prosecutors.

Waking Up to Fatigue-Related Well-Being Issues

THERE ARE MANY VARIED SHIFT PATTERNS EMPLOYED WITHIN
POLICING. IN THE UK, IN PARTICULAR, OFFICERS AND STAFF
DON’T USUALLY HAVE THE OPTION TO SELECT A SHIFT OR
ROTATION THAT WORKS FOR THEM—THOSE IN FRONTLINE AND
OFTEN MIDDLE OFFICE ROLES (SUCH AS CONTROL ROOM DIS-
PATCHERS), ROUTINELY WORK THE SHIFT PATTERN FOLLOWED
BY THEIR POLICE FORCE.
Usually, this is some form of rotating well-being within their organizations. The
pattern, incorporating a variety of day shifts, products, which continue to evolve, have
afternoon shifts, and night shifts. been developed by policing, for policing,
and they are designed to meet the unique
By Yvonne Taylor, PhD, Police Those working these irregular and rotating
shifts are therefore exposed to the neg- needs of officers and police staff. These
Chief Inspector, National Police
ative aspects of shift work, particularly include many aspects of occupational health
Wellbeing Service, UK and well-being, including but not limited to
fatigue. Shift work, particularly night shifts
or rotating shifts, is known to cause sleep leadership, physical and mental well-being,
disturbances and reduction. The subse- psychological trauma risk management, peer
quent fatigue is associated with impaired support, and sleep and fatigue interventions.
decision-making, cognitive impairment, and NPWS scan and develop the well-being
reduced vigilance, often leading to acci- landscape through evidence-based research,
dents, incidents, and road traffic collisions. utilizing reference groups and staying on top
Those who also have to drive for work of national and international best practices.
purposes are at a potentially higher risk of In addition, NPWS conducts an annual
being involved in a fatigue-related collision. survey of the police workforce in England
Police officers and staff are often sleep and Wales—this is a vital data collection
deprived, and fatigue can be seen as a nor- tool and helps to guide the products and
mal aspect of policing. However, this topic services provided. The first survey, in 2019,
has traditionally been given little attention in which resulted in 35,000 responses, high-
policing. This may be because it is seen as lighted reports by police of insufficient sleep
an inevitable part of the job or because man- (less than 6 hours per 24-hour period), along
agers have little knowledge or awareness of with poor sleep quality. Subsequent surveys
By Ian Hesketh, PhD, Senior have also indicated high levels of fatigue in
Responsible Owner, National the detrimental effects of shift work.
both police officers and staff.
Police Wellbeing Service, UK This potential lack of knowledge has adverse
health and well-being implications and As a result, we have collaborated with
can result in increased work absences. international experts from Washington State
Assessing the experiences of those working University and the University of Surrey,
within policing, with the aim of establishing among others, to conduct further research
best practices, is a step forward in improv- and develop services related to fatigue.
ing overall well-being for those working in These projects include the following:
policing. § A series of Better Sleep Webinars and a
The National Police Wellbeing Service Better Sleep Toolkit
(NPWS) is specifically designed to provide § A study evaluating the effectiveness of the
support and guidance for all police forces fatigue and shift working risk management
within England and Wales to improve strategy for UK home office police forces

§ A sleep disorder education and screen- Dr. YVONNE TAYLOR is a police officer
ing program aimed at reducing fatigue with 26 years’ service. She has had a
and sleep problems—SAFER (Sleep, varied career, working in uniformed roles,
Alertness and Fatigue in Emergency including patrol, roads policing, staff
Responders), officer, partnerships, and custody policy
units across two police forces in England.
§ A virtual reality training scenario aimed
Yvonne is currently the Sleep and Fatigue
at raising awareness around driver
lead for the National Police Wellbeing
fatigue
Service.
In addition, we have attended and pre-
sented at three conferences in the Dr. IAN HESKETH is the Well-Being lead at
United States in 2022 in order to share the UK College of Policing and the senior
our knowledge and services with a wider responsible owner for the National Police
audience of policing organizations and Wellbeing Service. Ian also supports the
to identify best practices from various National Forum for Health and Wellbeing
colleagues and agencies that we could at Manchester University Alliance
utilize. Business School. His research interests
There is much to do, but work is ongo- are centered on police well-being, resil-
ing to educate, influence, and develop ience, and transformation.
fatigue risk management processes, with
the aim of making the workplace and the
roads safer for all.
“The National Police Wellbeing Service (NPWS)

is specifically designed to provide support and
guidance for all police forces within England
and Wales to improve well-being within their
organizations.”

Four Guiding Principles for Successful

Leadership for the Future of Policing
AFTER TWO YEARS PLUS OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC, MONTHS
OF CONTINUED PROTESTS TRIGGERED BY THE MURDER OF
GEORGE FLOYD, A NEW ERA OF POLICING REFORMS USHERED
IN BY CITY AND STATE GOVERNMENTS, AND PERHAPS THE
MOST CONTROVERSIAL AND CONSEQUENTIAL PRESIDENTIAL
ELECTION OF OUR LIFETIME LEADING TO A SIEGE ON THE U.S.
CAPITOL, I COULD NOT HELP BUT BE FILLED WITH THOUGHTS,
EMOTIONS, AND CONCERNS AS I PASSED A PERSONAL MILE-
STONE THIS PAST SEPTEMBER, I.E., THREE DECADES IN LAW
ENFORCEMENT.
By Joseph J. Lestrange, PhD,
I started to think about a speech by former media journalists, bots, and hackers collect
Division Chief (Ret.), Homeland
U.S. Army General Norman Schwarzkopf, information on law enforcement to dox them
Security Investigations on social media sites like Twitter and display
delivered to a group of West Point Cadets
in 1991 shortly after Desert Storm where and add spin to our every move, often more
he said in sum and substance, “I am at interested in achieving political objectives than
the twilight of a mediocre career,” and then reporting the actual events as they unfolded
questioned, “What do you say to the future in what has become a makeshift social media
leaders of the 21st century?” news network.
It became quickly apparent that I have many The pressures of the job, combined with
more days behind me than in front of me in increased public hostility and animosity
this honorable profession. I could not help toward the profession overall, have made
but think to myself, “What would I say to a police officers feel more isolated, underap-
group of police cadets or police manage- preciated, and rejected by the communities
ment school graduates about the future they serve, causing depression, anxiety,
leadership challenges they will face in in law substance abuse, and an alarming rate of
enforcement?” officer suicide.
The profession has changed dramatically To complicate things further, the arrival of
since I began in 1990. Things we took the COVID-19 pandemic required police
for granted years ago like pensions and to take measures to distance themselves
health care are frequently under attack. physically and socially from the community
Police unions in some areas have become at a time when community engagement has
so strong that they are obstructing police been more important than ever.
leaders from implementing needed reforms,
yet they are so weak or nonexistent in other And lastly, the wrongful death of George
regions that police struggle to earn a legiti- Floyd at the hands of police officers has
mate wage and receive insufficient training renewed interest and attention to disparities
to navigate through an increasingly complex and inequities in our criminal justice system,
profession. while also exacerbating anger, divisiveness,
and dissent between those demanding
Community trust is now often measured by reform and those favoring policing in its
the juxtaposition of civilian video recordings current state.
versus officer bodycams instead of honest
conversations, compromise, and reconcil- As a result of these events and changes, law
iatory handshakes. Self-professed social enforcement leaders are under increased

“The future of policing will require a
different set of leadership skills to
navigate this increasingly uncertain
and rapidly changing environment…”
pressure to quickly deploy reforms, I believe these four principles are criti- or unintended consequences that force
under intense scrutiny and often cal to the success of law enforcement decision makers to divert precious
emotionally based political rhetoric, in the 21st century and must-have resources away from achieving agency
and with less tolerance for failure. Even skills in our leadership toolbox. These goals and objectives to instead repair
some of the most progressive-minded principles can help decision makers significant fractures of legitimacy and
police chiefs with demonstrated align agency goals and objectives to trust with the communities they serve
successes in police reform have been the needs of the community; address and the police they lead.
forced to resign when we needed them operational realities faced by officers in Building upon these four principles to
most. the field; mitigate the harmful effects prepare the next generation of lead-
Bottom line, the profession of law of misinformation, disinformation, and ers to be able to adapt and change
enforcement has become significantly mischaracterization; reduce police mis- to rapidly shifting, complex political,
more complex; publicly scrutinized; and conduct and civil liability; and temper socio-economic, and geographic
in many ways, more physically, men- feelings of hostility before, during, and environments is critical to the future of
tally, and spiritually dangerous than after critical incidents. policing.
what most of us signed up for almost While these four guiding principles
30 years ago. may seem obvious, experience would
likely tell us that the espoused values Dr. JOSEPH J. LESTRANGE recently
The future of policing will require a retired from Homeland Security
different set of leadership skills to attached to these principles are easy
to state, but difficult to put into routine Investigations, where he served as a
navigate this increasingly uncertain and division chief, after more than 30 years
rapidly changing environment so that practice in our organizations. I have often
commented to my peers, that practicing of service in law enforcement. He cur-
police leaders of the next three decades rently works as a senior consultant for
are properly equipped to manage the these principles always seems easier
for people when we are in a steady state Public Sector Search and Consulting.
uncertainty of this constantly changing
environment. Despite the challenges or when we, as leaders, could person-
the next generation of police leaders will ally gain from it, but significantly more
face, there are also some areas of great challenging during a crisis, or when we,
promise, that if embraced, will impact as leaders, will likely lose something by
policing in a positive way for decades to exercising them.
come. This dilemma between espoused
values and practice is often touted by
FOUR GUIDING PRINCIPLES FOR THE academics as situational leadership,
FUTURE OF POLICE LEADERSHIP where the application of value-based
After taking everything into consid- practices is said to depend on the
eration, I was able to boil my entire situation at hand. However, it has been
leadership career down to four guiding my experience both professionally and
principles, that in my humble opinion, academically, that when the values
when made part of our leadership supporting these four guiding princi-
practice, can improve decision-making, ples are ignored in favor of applying
promote fairness, reduce inequity, and an exception for the situation during
build community trust. times of crisis, existing leadership
These four guiding principles are challenges are not only exacerbated
but wind up costing our communities,
1. Be mindful of differing contexts organizations, and ourselves more in
2. Embrace evidence-based the long run.
decision-making
Additionally, abandoning these princi-
3. Understand and manage bias ples during a crisis often results in cre-
4. Remain open and flexible to change ating new challenges and unforeseen

Rethinking Recruitment and Retention

POLICING IS IN A DEEPENING CRISIS AS THE PROFESSION SEEKS
TO RECRUIT AND RETAIN SUFFICIENT NUMBERS OF QUALITY
PERSONNEL TO MAINTAIN EFFECTIVE STAFFING.
Many government agencies and professional § The culture of many police organizations
associations have convened conferences, emphasizes physicality, force, and
prepared studies, and released reports coercion. Potential employees who do not
documenting the personnel crisis and naturally align with such traits might not
proposing possible solutions to alleviate the have a strong interest in police work and
problem. The dominant recommendations might not be viewed as being a good “fit”
discussed in the last quarter century appear to a hiring agency.
to have done little to resolve the situation. § Police agencies must staff communities
For policing to remain effective, the profes- around the clock, every day of the year.
By Cory Nelson, Captain (Ret.), sion needs to substantially rethink how we Work schedules can be unforgiving. Police
Madison Police Department, recruit, train, and retain personnel, as well work is predominantly viewed as a full-time
Wisconsin as how we think about them across the span endeavor. This creates challenges for
of their careers. Reshuffling established employees who might need more accom-
recommendations are not likely to remedy modating or part-time employment, such
the personnel crisis; it is time for innovative, as those with caregiving responsibilities.
nontraditional approaches.
INNOVATIVE APPROACHES TO RECRUITMENT
THE CHALLENGES IN U.S. POLICE & RETENTION
RECRUITMENT & RETENTION
In the future, policing needs to embrace
Police recruitment and retention efforts are innovation, experimentation, and nontra-
characterized by several deeply embedded ditional thinking about how organizations
challenges. recruit, train, retain, and interact with
§ Police marketing materials tend to employees across their careers. Continuing
emphasize police work as a job involving to implement prevailing recommendations
law enforcement tasks, force, control, and to address recruitment and retention is
aggressive operational tactics. This is not unlikely to yield the hoped-for benefits. This
an accurate characterization of much of will require the profession to let go of some
what police officers do on a daily basis. longstanding practices that are no longer
By Joseph Schafer, PhD, § U.S. policing is highly fragmented, with serving the needs of organizations, person-
Professor, Saint Louis over 15,000 local agencies. With few nel, or communities.
University, Missouri exceptions, potential employees must First, efforts to market and recruit personnel
pursue career opportunities, when they need to be shifted. Too often agencies do
exist, in each individual agency. not characterize policing for what it is—a
§ Applicants invest substantial time and problem-solving profession rooted in com-
effort as they complete redundant appli- munication, collaboration, and creativity.
cation forms, complete identical or highly Because policing is highly provincial, agencies
similar testing steps, and spend prolonged have often been left to do marketing and
periods of time (and sometimes apprecia- recruitment on their own. State and national
ble financial resources) to travel to testing professional associations should be spear-
sites. It is no surprise applicants might be heading efforts to connect marketing profes-
limited in the scope of where they apply sionals and resources with police leaders
and might lose interest during prolonged to create accurate and effective marketing
recruitment processes. tools. This can help to expand the volume

“More can be done to understand how to
create workplaces that feel more accepting
and inclusive of women, non-white, and
LGBTQ+ employees, among other groups.”
of applicant pools and to increase the Many other sectors of the labor market continue to recruit and hire insufficient
diversity of those pools by ensuring have found ways to allow employees numbers of new personnel to preserve
marketing messages are effective and to work part-time or to “job share.” staffing levels should call into question
reaching intended audiences. This flexibility can allow employees the efficacy of the common practices.
Second, the profession needs to work to maintain their job while having the The future of policing should be one in
past the siloed nature of the application time to devote to personal needs and which the recruitment and retention cri-
and selection processes. Hiring collabo- educational pursuits. Such systems sis is a historical artifact. This can be
ratives have been successful, although are not always easy to establish and accomplished if the profession moves
they remain rare. Creating ways appli- might incur some nominal costs to the beyond siloed hiring practices and
cants can complete a single application employing organization (e.g., providing outdated, counterproductive ways of
process and set of testing procedures, health insurance to two employees thinking about personnel, their prefer-
while having that application and testing sharing one job). Those costs, however, ences, and their needs. Improvements
outcomes reviewed by multiple hiring might be overshadowed by the expense are possible, but they require the
agencies, can substantially reduce the of losing those employees and needing profession to take a critical look at
burden on applicants. Likewise, some to recruit, hire, and train their replace- embedded practices and systems that
agencies have been experimenting with ments. Part-time arrangements do not are no longer serving the interests of
efforts to streamline the entire process, have to be permanent, but they can organizations, employees, and commu-
allowing candidates to process from allow employees to keep a foot in their nities. The future of recruitment and
application to job offer in a matter of profession while taking care of aspects retention can be quite positive, but the
weeks. Reducing the burden placed on of their personal life. profession must have the courage to
job seekers will allow policing to develop Finally, police organizations need to innovate, experiment, and build better
deeper and more diverse recruitment think about how they can truly expand workplace systems. The safety and
pools, while spreading expenses across diversity and inclusion in their ranks. well-being of our communities depends
multiple agencies and consolidating re- More can be done to understand how upon it.
sources to market and recruit. to create workplaces that feel more
accepting and inclusive of women, non-
Third, agencies and academies should CORY NELSON is a retired captain
white, and LGBTQ+ employees, among
look carefully at the processes and with the Madison, Wisconsin, Police
other groups. The steps to achieve this
practices used in basic (pre-service) Department, where he spent 32 years.
are not always simple and obvious.
training. Recognizing state entities He is an NIJ LEADS Scholar alum, an
Agencies need to seriously consider
often dictate many aspects of the con- executive fellow with the National Police
how to better connect with diverse
tent of basic academy training, it might Foundation, and a current member of
candidates while also ensuring they
be time to explore the culture and CNA’s Project on American Justice.
have created a workplace that is truly
structure embedded in the experience.
accepting of that diversity.
Academies should routinely analyze
who separates from the experience Dr. JOSEPH A. SCHAFER is a professor
CONCLUSIONS
and what reasons lead to that out- of Criminology & Criminal Justice at
Policing in the United States continues Saint Louis University.
come. The COVID-19 pandemic forced
to be mired in a crisis of legitimacy
academies to innovate aspects of their
and decreased public support that
content delivery and demonstrated that
exacerbates a long-standing struggle
some materials can be delivered to This work was prepared as part of
to recruit and retain enough qualified
recruits in alternative formats. Further the CNA Project on American Justice.
applicants. While much has been
innovation in the scheduling and
written in recent years about how
content of academy experiences might
agencies might overcome this situa-
enable agencies to recruit and retain
tion, recruitment and retention efforts
more diverse applicants.
seem too often built on the common,
Fourth, police work does not have to but unproven, practices used within
be a full-time job for all employees. the profession. That police agencies

Finding the Balance between Tactics and Medicine

THE MODERN TRANSITION TO TACTICAL MEDICAL CARE
OCCURRED IN THE SPECIAL OPERATIONS SECTION OF THE U.S.
MILITARY IN THE LATE 1990S.
U.S. Navy Captain Frank Butler created a into an excellent patrol officer Basic Tactical
course for SEAL team commanders in the Medical Instructor Training Program currently
management of casualties on the modern available for export to local and tribal police
battlefield. It was not to make them into med- departments. Field-expedient medical care
ics but to expose commanders to the issues is taught, but there is also a return to the
they would face if there were casualties in the principles of early military medicine that
unit. The focus was on treatment of poten- stressed the tactics needed to conduct a
tially preventable deaths due primarily to rescue in a hostile environment.
blood loss. Tourniquets, which had not been The two years of the COVID 19 pandemic has
By David McArdle, MD, FACEP, used extensively in the U.S. military since accentuated the decline in both pre-hospital
Chair, Police Physicians the Civil War, were reintroduced and refined. and hospital-based medical personnel.
Section, IACP There was also an emphasis on the small The Defund the Police movement has also
unit tactics used to safely conduct a rescue caused a large turnover in law enforcement
under fire. The Army Rangers was the other staffing. We are all short staffed. Now, more
group to originally embrace this concept. than ever, we need the support of our peers
The Rangers got command-level support for to provide critical pre-hospital medical care
having well-defined protocols and extensive to our community members and fellow first
training and now have the best survival rate responders. Patrol officers need be able to
within the entire U.S. Department of Defense. provide initial medical care to the sick and
There is now continuous quality improvement injured and provide force protection to the
to identify and implement needed changes. dedicated advanced medical providers so
Law enforcement was slow to adapt to the they can safely enter a hostile environment.
changes in the field to expedite medical In acute trauma cases, a patient can bleed
care of injured officers and civilians. In many to death in as little as two to three min-
communities, the fire departments have utes—and the brain may sustain irreversible
provided medical care in the community damage in as little as four to six minutes.
independently or in conjunction with third- These are the unbreakable laws of physiology.
party ambulance companies. At the federal The reliance on fire department–based and
level, in 2002, the Office of State & Local civilian advanced medical providers is growing
Law Enforcement Training Division at the more tenuous with the increasing violence
Federal Law Enforcement Training Center seen in many communities. The Army Ranger
was ordered to cease operation on a new model equips all rangers with a basic set of
program on patrol-based medicine because lifesaving skills and the small unit tactics
the Fire Academy at Emmitsburg, Maryland, to operate in a hostile environment more
would oversee medical training for the fledg- safely. Additionally, they have a tiered medical
ing Department of Homeland Security. In response capability in the deployed field units.
2012, BORSTAR (U.S. Border Patrol Search, They routinely train to handle casualties so
Trauma, and Rescue) lobbied for more that when real events lead to real casualties
advanced medical training of officers. They they can perform much more efficiently. That
recognized the need for humanitarian relief is how they have achieved the best survival
of persons attempting to cross the hostile rate in the U.S. military. The time is now to
desert long ago. Roughly four years later, begin the transition to embedded medical
they started a program that has now evolved support in domestic law enforcement.

In addition to penetrating trauma, CPR and AED for cardiac emergencies, skills are perishable. We want our
domestic medical providers need to tourniquets for extremity bleeding, officers competent and healthy to pro-
address many topics in which they have and pre-hospital nalaxone for narcotic tect and serve our citizens. They may
not been routinely trained in the past. overdoses by patrol officers have saved ultimately face the “horrific privilege” of
For instance, what presents as an acute many lives. All skill training must ulti- dealing with the death or critical injury
behavioral crisis may be masking a mately replicate the scenario context in of innocents, and it is our responsibility
significant underlying medical condition. which critical tasks will be employed. to have our officers prepared for when
From whatever may be the triggering We are in challenging times when we the scene is not safe, but they need to
event, prolonged struggles can lead to are required to do more with less. Of make it so.
serious life-threatening metabolic dis- all the professions, law enforcement
ruptions. The timely capture and prompt requires its members to master a wider
medical care may require close collab- Dr. DAVID MCARDLE is a Colorado
variety of topics and skills than any Post–certified peace officer with over 20
oration of all pre-hospital providers and other. That is in large measure due to
prompt referral to a medical center. This years of experience in a large depart-
our unique position of being the first ment. He is an instructor for pre-hospital
may entail the sedation of the patients of the first responders to arrive on
at risk, not to effect an arrest but rather and hospital-based medical providers.
scene. We need to develop more rapid He supervises paramedics providing
to begin aggressive lifesaving medical response for mental health workers
care. diplomatic security, and he has provided
and other advanced providers but ulti- tactical medical training domestically as
Interagency training of medical providers mately our officers will be there first in well as abroad.
and patrol officers is mandatory if we the most critical of incidents. Training
expect to improve survival in the field of needs to be ongoing and appropriate
all community members. Practitioners for officers to not only survive physi-
familiar with both medical and tactical cally but also to protect their psyche.
issues need to be identified and utilized As law enforcement executives, we
regionally to provide appropriate medi- do not want to be responsible for our
cal supervision. In addition to low-tech officers’ untimely deaths on the street
skills practice, the evolution of high-tech or subsequent deaths from the injuries
robotic simulation is rapidly evolving for they sustain in a lifetime of service. We
medical training. Just like training pilots must “vaccinate” our officers against
to handle in-flight emergencies with flight psychological trauma by providing fre-
simulators, these high-fidelity medical quent small doses of surgical trauma
robots can not only help trainees polish management and preparation for
technical skills but can also serve to medical emergencies. These lifesaving
inoculate the officers to high-stress
medical events that they may ultimately
face. The primitive limbic system of the
brain will hijack higher executive-level
functions of the brain when it senses
the brain is at risk. Thus, not only book
“Of all the professions, law enforcement
knowledge but skill training proficiency requires its members to master a wider
will lessen the psychological impact of a
crisis. There needs to be ongoing quality variety of topics and skills than any other.”
assessment to measure outcomes
and identify best practices in a timely
manner. This will provide better patient
outcomes and system performance.
Although initially resisted, the use of

COMMUNITY-POLICE ENGAGEMENT
Getting Human Service Delivery Right

THE FUTURE OF POLICING IS NOT THE POLICING.
The successful police departments of the consider the future of policing, or even the
next decade will be those that have engaged future of the entire criminal justice system,
their communities; human services partners; are we discussing anything approaching
and most critically, their political leadership transformative change or simply picking at
to improve the manner in which local govern- the edges? How do we even begin to improve
ment addresses the myriad problems that our policing if we are spending most of our
have little or no solution in law enforcement time and resources confronting matters best
or the criminal justice system. Continuing to suited for other branches of government or
operate in an environment that says, “We private stakeholders?
will respond to and fix any problem anywhere
Although many agencies have taken steps
at any time,” has led to a crisis in police
down this path, it is no longer sufficient to
legitimacy that is, in many ways, of our own
By David Vangsness, Lieutenant making. I suggest that what prompts many
simply recruit a willing social worker and
(Ret.), Anaheim Police have them ride along with a cop for a shift or
to call for “defunding” the police is in fact a
Department, California two each week. While this may have seemed
well-intended desire to get human service
progressive years ago, today it is merely an
delivery right. It is the hope that government
acknowledgement that we are out of our
will send the best people with the best
depth. More critically for police executives, it
resources to the problems they are best
suited to address. For too long, the police cedes the responsibility of good governance
officer has been the only option. The effec- from those whose job it is to provide it. City
tive chief or sheriff of tomorrow will seek councils and county boards are charged with
the continued evolution of those we have the oversight and deployment of the various
come to know as “first responders” and lead human services agencies that are best
the wholesale overhaul of service delivery, equipped to deal with the problems noted
particularly in the mental health and social above. They also possess the wide-ranging
services fields. Police officers should no community-based connections necessary
more be asked to respond to and solve long- to engage the numerous nongovernmental
term societal ills than they should be asked organizations operating in this arena. They
to perform an appendectomy. Every police are also directly responsible to the voters. A
executive should be deeply engaged in the local political leader who turns to the police
development of field response strategies by chief or sheriff when asked about addiction
the private and governmental organizations or homelessness in the community should
that are best equipped to deal with the com- be sent to the electoral dustbin.
plex problems of their communities. Policing If a city council’s solution to homelessness
will be the easy part. is to pass a statute that makes it a criminal
Consider the fact that many police calls offense to pitch a tent and sleep on public
for service could be better answered by property, they have not only failed their con-
someone with a degree in psychology and stituents in even a cursory attempt at problem-
perhaps a minor in addiction counseling solving, they have also thrown their police
and whose partner is a homeless advocate department in front of the proverbial bus.
with a background in emergency medicine. Likewise, if a school board’s solution to disci-
This team should be in the field 24/7 and plinary problems in the classroom is to offer
engage, assess, assist, and connect those the local police department a contract for an
in need with all the appropriate services. This officer to spend his or her days at a school
is, of course, an almost absurdly unrealistic muddling the distinction between a true public
expectation today. But should it be? As we safety concern and an unruly teenager, they

“It is no longer sufficient to simply
recruit a willing social worker and
have them ride along with a cop for
a shift or two each week.”
have taken advantage of you and your inability victims of violence than perpetrators. So,
to say “that’s not our function.” You must look wouldn’t it be refreshing to send a mental
to those whose profession it is to address health provider along with a medical expert
these problems and find the resources to to talk to that “scary” person on the corner
support putting them in the right places at the rather than a cop without the resources or
right times. background to make a positive difference?
This means that the successful police Consider the impact at the conclusion of a
executive will be the one who can marshal the domestic violence incident if a crisis coun-
forces of the community and shepherd them selor walked in the door as soon as the
into the field, rather than the one trying to cops walked out. A service model where the
solve every problem simply because the police government fields professionals in all sectors
have traditionally found themselves alone in of need is a government looking out for the
the field. And while it may be unrealistic to best interest of all its people.
simply say we are “staying in our lane,” it is How does your community attain a true
also an oversimplification to simply step back field-responsive social service system? How
and expect that human service delivery gets do you convince your political leaders to
done by those trained to deliver it. There is no support the funding required to put these
organization, public or private, in any commu- professionals on the beat? These are the
nity that has more experience working in the greatest questions of the future, but the
field, all day, every day. As such, police depart- truth is, cops should not have a monopoly on
ments are uniquely suited to lead the efforts driving the streets 24/7. The transformation
to transition other agencies to this work. If a of human services departments into ones
problem requires a light police presence, we with a delivery model wherein their profes-
must provide it. If no policing is desired, we sionals work in the field permanently and at
still must be within immediate reach. all hours will be costly and incremental. But
A shift of this magnitude will require police any chief or sheriff who truly wants to catch
managers to engage with human services bad guys and let others help the good guys
organizations at an unprecedented level. when they are sick, downtrodden, or just
Engaging faith-based leaders and the various wayward, should lead the efforts to make
human services agencies is not territory this happen.
familiar to your staff. But the knowledge that
we can’t do everything well should drive us DAVID VANGSNESS policed the city of
to create the pathways for others to step in, Anaheim, California, for nearly three decades.
rather than doubling down on our own failed He worked in, supervised, or managed nearly
efforts. An honest look at critical incidents every unit of the department. He retired as
that end tragically in any policing agency often a lieutenant in 2015 and now grows trees in
prompts the frighteningly obvious question, Southern Oregon.
“Why were we there in the first place?”
We can send our officers to de-escalation
training until the end of days, but if our mere
presence at an event with no law enforce-
ment nexus actually drove the escalation,
how do we ensure the right people are sent
in the first place? There is ample evidence
that most of those in need are not a threat.
Researchers tell us that people with mental
illness, in particular, are more likely to be

Trust Is the Bedrock of Policing Success

WHEN ONE LOOKS AT THE FUTURE OF POLICING, ONE FIRST
SHOULD LOOK BRIEFLY AT WHAT HAS HAPPENED TO GET US
WHERE WE ARE TODAY.
Perspective, both perceived and projected, sometimes a part of an agency’s culture.
is sometimes influenced by what we have Instead, hire and promote those willing to
experienced in our lifetimes. Law enforce- trust human nature—the characteristics of
ment has come a long way since I started trust and compassion for themselves, their
my career in 1982. colleagues, and their communities. Adopting
From new technological innovations and a procedural justice mindset that stresses
data-driven crime strategy methods to fairness and trust from the top down in the
various initiatives designed to enhance agency will go a long way to bring about
community-police relations, such strategies a cultural change that can contribute to
By Kevin M. Steele, Deputy building trust and confidence among the
have had tremendous dividends for police
Chief of Police (Ret.), Kansas officers themselves, which will ultimately
agencies and the communities that they
City Police Department, Kansas serve. However, community trust in policing have positive effects on building trust within
remains elusive. For instance, one can also our communities.
argue that since the 1990s, the public’s I, for one, saw the concept firsthand within
confidence in police work has remained flat, my department when I directly worked for the
and among some populations of color, confi- chief of police as her executive officer. Her
dence has declined. Thus, building trust and trusting style of leadership included treating
legitimacy is an essential step in introducing employees with respect and humility. She
any new policing method, concept, or ideal inspired a shared vision and encouraged the
to the communities we serve. As affirmed hearts of her employees. Her trusting nature
(in 2015) by the President’s Task Force on went a long way in building trust among
21st Century Policing, people are more likely those within the ranks of the department,
to obey the law when they believe that those which was replicated in employees’ inter-
who are enforcing it have the legitimate actions with community members. She led
authority to tell them what to do. The public by example. She could teach on all sides of
confers legitimacy only on those they believe the law enforcement discipline (and did), but
are acting in procedurally just ways. one of her greatest attributes was her ability
Although trust at times was hard to establish, to treat her employees with respect and
even in 1982, trust and honesty was neces- fairness, regardless of the circumstances.
sary to police effectively in all areas of the The profession is not about equipment and
community that I served. Regardless of the processes—it’s about people.
specific area an officer patrolled, setting up Additionally, as mentioned in the Final Report
a rapport with those on your beat was a solid of the President’s Task Force on 21st Century
foundation for establishing legitimacy with Policing, many officers have no respect for
the people. That was a win-win for both sides. each other, let alone respect for the public.
I was only as effective as the information In my opinion, the police must first learn to
provided to me while I was on my beat or in a treat each other with respect. Executives
command position. The street dialogue that
must stop being only administrators and
I set up over an extended period built what I
be leaders. It takes a lot of work and, most
would term a relationship of trust.
importantly, time to be a good leader. A chief
But how do we get there today? First, we of police must instill trust, fairness, honesty,
must get away from the mistrust that is and respectfulness in their commanders,

officers, and employees. Personnel will bring or another beloved person. We are here to
this respect into their interactions with the serve, first.
people they serve. Again, I saw this effect The future is bright for policing. Getting back
firsthand while serving as executive officer to the basics of building trust in ourselves
to a chief of police who practiced what she and our community partners is one of the
preached, exemplifying trust and respect keys to being successful servants to all
daily. people.
Second, the law enforcement culture should
re-embrace the guardian mindset of policing
built upon public trust and legitimacy, as Deputy Chief of Police (Ret.) KEVIN STEELE
said in the task force’s report. The guardian served over 33 years with the Kansas City,
mindset was there from the infancy of my Kansas, Police Department. In addition, he
career up through the street gang and violent served as a professor of criminal justice for
crime era of the late 1980s and 1990s. many years, teaching criminal justice classes
Unfortunately, this concept quickly fell to both as an adjunct and in a full-time role for
the wayside after 9/11, with concerns about approximately 15 years at the Kansas City
counterterrorism and homeland security Kansas Community College.
taking center stage for many agencies. But
then, there was an urgent need, and we had
to change our methods to meet the new
challenges that 9/11 threw upon our society.
However, now we must channel our energies
into a fundamental part of policing: service—
“Getting back to the basics of
to protect. Our service is a part of an building trust in ourselves and
essential function of law enforcement, which
is society’s formal attempt to comply with our community partners is one
established rules, regulations, and laws.
Building trust and relying on trust is our duty
of the keys to being successful
to our community members. Obviously, we
need to deploy modernized equipment that
servants to all people.”
is in good working condition as we move fur-
ther into this decade and decades to come,
coupled with the best methods of achieving
the mission of supporting the safety of our
communities. First, however, the profession
must get back to the basics of what polic-
ing is all about. Serving and trusting our
community members and, most importantly,
earning their trust. This is one of the keys
to success as we move further into policing
this decade and beyond. Trust, coupled with
down-to-earth communication skills at all
levels, begets trust. Trust builds respect and
admiration for all involved persons. Treat
people as you would want to be treated. That
person may be your parent, sibling, spouse,

Protecting the Most Vulnerable

IN THE FUTURE, THE STEPS NEEDED TO BUILD PUBLIC TRUST
IN POLICING WILL BE COLLABORATIVELY FOCUSED AND WILL
REPRESENT A DISTINCTIVE ORGANIZATIONAL PHILOSOPHY FOR
MANY DEPARTMENTS.
In some respects, this model is already be good people in our world. If not already
being tested as departments seek to engage involved, qualified members of academia
community groups through community should be considered as necessary partners
partnerships and educational awareness in the development of strategies for protect-
programs. These projects involve business ing the most vulnerable. Academics can help
and residential associations, local schools, in the recruitment of qualified police officers
and the corporate funding of police foun- and assist with the technology needed to
dations. However, it is becoming more and address the efficiency of agencies in the
By Martin Alan Greenberg,
more apparent that the central focus of police prevention and solving of crimes.
Director of Education and work is the protection of children, individuals
Research, New York State The selection of the leaders is a key issue
with substance use issues, victims of crime in the transformation of police departments.
Association of Auxiliary Police (especially victims of domestic violence), Policing in the future will need to draw upon
the elderly, people with mental illnesses, the resources of education, corporate, and
extremist targets, and displaced persons— community leadership to address the best
often classified as society’s most vulnerable practices to safeguard vulnerable groups.
groups. In a recent report by the Presidential The combined talents of leaders in govern-
Commission for the Study of Bioethical ment and community organizations will be
Issues “vulnerability” is “understood to stem necessary to act as the agents of change.
from a person’s inability fully and inde- Such teams of leaders may also help to
pendently to protect their own interests.” It address the shortage of qualified recruits.
is the premise of this brief article that the
protection of vulnerable populations will or All collaborations must include a certain
should be the basis for police planning in the amount of information sharing. Trust among
future. In addition, the police of the future will partners is an important feature of such
be more actively engaged in the coproduction relationships. The types of information to
of security by utilizing partnership approaches be shared should be determined through
and multiagency crime prevention programs. collaboration. The key question to ask is
what knowledge is needed by the partners
The idea that disparate groups need to work to protect a particular vulnerable group? The
together to make society a safer place is information may vary from group to group. For
already shared by many. But partnerships background purposes, most available online
also present challenges. The achievement of public safety publications produced by federal
effective collaboration involves at least four or state government sources are directed
basic questions: (1) How to identify the right toward the members of law enforcement agen-
partners? (2) Who takes the lead? (3) Which cies. However, a great deal of this information
information is shared with whom? (4) And is also of value to interested members of a
how do we make it all work in view of every variety of community groups, especially units
partner’s mandate and competencies? of auxiliary or reserve police composed of
In many major police agencies, the right volunteer citizen police officers. A huge archive
partners are already present because the of these materials can be found on the Office
role of academia and the role of the police of Justice Programs website (www.ojp.gov/
have been recognized as having a common program/lawenforcement/resources#70xrb).
purpose—to help ensure that there will As an example, one of the many resources

“The combined talents of leaders
in government and community
organizations will be necessary to
act as the agents of change.”
available is a Police-Mental Health Col- to create a law enforcement culture that

laboration (PMHC) Toolkit. The PMHC Toolkit supports peer intervention:
provides resources for law enforcement
The Active Bystandership (AB) promotes an
agencies to partner with service providers,
organizational culture where officers are
advocates, and individuals with mental
empowered to intervene when noticing their
illness or intellectual and developmental dis-
colleagues are—or are about to—engage
abilities. The goal of these partnerships is to
in dangerous, unwanted, or inappropriate
ensure the safety of all, to respond effec-
behavior. It focuses on direct intervention in
tively, and to improve access to services
an informal capacity rather than formalized
and supports for people with these types of
reporting.
mental illnesses or disabilities.
The project also provides resources to
There are thousands of local law enforce-
communities and law enforcement agencies
ment agencies providing one or more of the
interested in adopting ABLE. It is never
following community partnerships: the vir-
too late to initiate or strengthen efforts to
tual neighborhood watch program (E-Watch),
improve the ethical standards of behavior in
citizens and youth police academies, po-
police departments.
lice explorer programs, National Night Out,
Coffee with a Cop, Vacation Watch, and These are just brief answers to the four
RU-OK? (a senior citizen welfare check basic questions raised here about how
program). In addition, hundreds of federal to protect future generations of our most
and state law enforcement agencies engage vulnerable populations. All local, county,
in information sharing and have community state, federal, tribal, and military law
outreach programs, but true collaborations enforcement forces need to participate in
must also involve information coming from this mandate—the protection of the most
community groups and individuals. For vulnerable requires peacekeeping skills and
example, since 1976, the Crime Stoppers the delivery of services in an ideologically
program has led to the arrest and indict- neutral manner. Traditionally, these are
ment of those responsible for committing hallmark functions of police.
felony offenses and a very high-conviction
rate based on cases solved by a tip to the
program. Today, community and student Dr. MARTIN ALAN GREENBERG is the direc-
Crime Stoppers programs exist around the tor of education and research for the New
world. York State Association of Auxiliary Police and
Perhaps, the best way to enhance the a retired State University of New York (SUNY)
protection of vulnerable populations is by criminal justice professor. He is a published
ensuring ethical police departments. A author, most recently of Everyone a Sheriff:
continuing series of ethics training pro- The Democratization of Crime Prevention in
grams should be delivered to all police. A America.
leading curriculum in this field is known
as the ABLE Project. The Georgetown
University Law Center for Innovations in
Community Safety (formerly known as the
Innovative Policing Program) has partnered
with the global law firm Sheppard Mullin
to create the Active Bystandership for Law
Enforcement (ABLE) Project, which offers
training to police agencies in an effort

Service Style of Policing

POLICING HAS COME A LONG WAY FROM THE WATCHMAN AND
LEGALISTIC STYLES OF POLICING.
Today’s policing practices have shifted Police departments will be the first to say
toward the service style of policing. What outright that there are some call types they
does that mean in terms of policing prac- respond to that do not need an officer, but
tices? The service style of policing focuses since police are the only response option,
on serving the community and its members. they are forced to go. Call types include
We have heard the phrase “community wellness checks that do not require urgent
policing” many times in the recent past. It medical or safety interventions, “cold calls”
has been thrown around like popcorn, with where only a report is needed, and other
millions of dollars in funding dedicated to low-level and nonviolent call types for issues
community policing efforts in cities around like panhandling.
By Amir Chapel, Policy Analyst, the United States, often with minimal effects Some cities have opted to implement co-
National Institute for Criminal on improving community-police relationships. response options like crisis intervention
Justice Reform This is likely due to the way different initia- teams or mobile crisis teams, which pair a
tives have been rolled out, and part of the licensed mental health professional with an
issue is that the voice of the most impacted officer to respond to calls involving people
communities has not been front and center. experiencing mental illness. This type of
Too many police departments are currently response has shown a reduction in the
use of force against persons experiencing
operating with low staffing levels in the
crises, which accounts for a significant
field and morale that is even lower. It is
portion of the force used against civilians.
understandable in the sense that police
The California Department of Justice (DOJ)
departments are tasked with solving societal
looked at four years of use-of-force data
problems of which they are ill equipped
(2016–2019) and found that 40 percent of
to address. Officers are overworked and
the individuals involved in the encounters
dealing with numerous calls for service
had a mental health condition. It is import-
waiting in the queue in their computer-aided
ant to note that this is likely an undercount
dispatch (CAD) systems, while still trying to due to the lack of accuracy in reporting and
maintain and balance handling higher priority recording in the CAD when a specific call
calls for service. All of this is happening in type involves an individual with an underlying
the context of criminal justice and police mental health component. Implementing
reform. Cities are embarking on processes an alternative response infrastructure,
to reimagine public safety, and this includes which may be a combination of newly
thinking about how municipalities should use created civilian-led and civilian-staffed
their limited and over-worked resources. This community safety departments similar
work must be done in a collaborative and to the Albuquerque Community Safety
inclusive way, which means police depart- Department (ACS) Responder program in
ments and community members, particularly the city of Albuquerque, New Mexico, that
in the most impacted communities, should employs behavioral health experts, com-
be working together to determine what types munity members, and clinicians to respond
of calls for service can be safely handed to calls that don’t require an officer, or a
over to an alternative response that would community-based coalition and network of
reduce the field or patrol operations work- service providers that respond to low level
load, improve consumer experiences, and and noncriminal calls for service may likely
enhance public safety all at the same time. reduce some use-of-force incidents.

“If we could reallocate patrol officers to
allow for more proactivity—rather than
responding and going from call to call—
cities may realize a reduction in more
serious types of crime.”
As retired Chicago police officer David civilians in harm’s way and that they reduce
Franco explains in a 2020 article for the liability and risk for all those involved.
Chicago Sun Times: “We spend entire shifts In the next five years, I see policing being
dealing with noncriminal matters from distur- more open to collaboratively working with
bance and suspicious person calls… With so civilians who do not work for the department.
many low-level issues put on our shoulders, By providing command staff workshops, field
police cannot prioritize the serious crimes.” briefings, training during the academy, and
This statement reinforces the need to other in-service professional development
really think about how we use our police opportunities focused on explaining alter-
resources. If we could reallocate patrol native response options and how they can
officers to allow for more proactivity—rather benefit the whole community, we can build
than responding and going from call to and gain the trust of law enforcement in
call—cities may realize a reduction in more relying on alternative response options like
serious types of crime. CERN. Too often, departments and cities
The National Institute for Criminal Justice implement things without getting the buy-in of
Reform (NICJR) has developed a four-tiered those responsible for doing the work. Bringing
dispatch model for calls for service, one that the community along in the process will allow
includes a robust, structured, and well- for an open dialogue while fostering a greater
trained team of community responders— a appreciation and understanding that we are
Community Emergency Response Network all working toward a common goal. Despite
(CERN). The CERN model will allow for more the challenges and barriers, it can be done.
proactivity for patrol operations bureaus In the face of adversity, we must not quit, but
because they will no longer have to spend keep going, and in the end, we will arrive at
time responding to every call for service. a place where all stakeholders are valued,
CERN also allows for community responders heard, and appreciated. Where we are today
to address a call for service without the did not happen overnight—and implementing
need for an officer. At the point of dispatch, new models and methods of policing will take
call takers will be able to triage and have time. Dedication and perseverance to the task
another option to deploy resources outside at hand is all we can ask for. Be open-minded
of a traditional police response. The city and honest; the rest will fall in place.
of Seattle, Washington, recently redirected
11 percent of their calls for service after an
analysis by NICJR showed that some calls AMIR CHAPEL is a policy analyst at the
could safely be handled by an alternative National Institute for Criminal Justice Reform,
response option. This is something that where he coordinates projects and legislative
the community’s police departments and and policy advocacy initiatives, often with
the officers who work within them can get local government agencies or other stake-
behind. It takes a lot of work to really sit holders. He conducts research in the fields
down in a collaborative way to allow for of criminal and juvenile justice, youth devel-
everyone to come to some level of common opment, violence reduction, organizational
understanding so that frequent users of development, and other relevant areas.
police services can be assured that any
alternative response option is safe, reduces
harm, and addresses the matters at hand.
Law enforcement and city officials on the
other end want to be sure they do not put

Realizing the Future Purpose of Policing

THE FUTURE OF POLICING IN THE UNITED STATES IS BRIGHT.
I say this knowing full well that U.S. polic- officers.” This would replace “enforcing the
ing faces significant challenges today and law” as a first imperative with the facilitation
tomorrow. Advances in policing have made of peaceful communities via policing that is
it so much better than when I was a street effective, empathetic, and just. This can be
cop in the 1970s. The men and women who done without diluting the effectiveness of
lead most police organizations today are the police or demonizing police officers who
smart, dedicated people who understand risk their lives daily for perfect strangers.
change is inevitable. They embrace the risk A peace officer orientation means policing
and ambiguity that define police leadership aligns all aspects of the profession to one
today. Street cops are smarter, healthier, and that supports peace officers and “makes
more amenable, too. I believe in the nobility real” for cops what it means to be a peace
of good policing and have faith that today’s
By Jim Bueermann, Chief officer. It means policing leaders must
police leaders will resolve the problems in consider whether their strategies to control
(Ret.), Redlands Police
policing with which we are all too familiar. Like crime and disorder create more harm than
Department, California
most people, I hope we’re able to navigate good for their communities. That is the key
the changing landscape so the cops and the for change in communities where trust and
people they serve collaborate to build peace confidence in the police are low. These
in our communities. But, as the saying goes, communities want the police to be their
“Hope is not a strategy.” guardians and protect them in an equitable
What policing needs is a framework that and compassionate manner.
works for both cops and the communities This doesn’t mean that peace officers
they are sworn to protect—a plan that can shouldn’t enforce the law. It means officers
be operationalized and integrated into the should use the discretion almost all states
culture of policing. Policing needs a structure give them to resolve situations in the most
that facilitates peace and is focused on vio- peaceful and least harmful way possible.
lence reduction and building strong, healthy It doesn’t mean peace officers don’t write
community-police relationships. This frame- tickets, make arrests, or use force when
work needs to be so sound that it helps police necessary. But it does mean that officers
leaders align all aspects of their organizations consider the collateral consequences of their
to achieve effective, empathetic, and just actions and weigh the benefits against the
policing. That model is embodied in The Peace potential costs of their actions. This is where
Officer Project and The Peace Officer Promise. the Peace Officer Promise is crucial to future
The Peace Officer Project is focused on community-police relationships. It states:
police culture change and improving the We, the members of the [insert agency
relationship between communities and their name], promise that while doing our best to
police agencies. In many ways, it’s a “back control crime, we will do everything in our
to the future” experience that advocates for power to do no harm to the communities we
a strong connection to the vision of “cops as serve and protect.
peace officers.” In almost three-quarters of
The Peace Officer Promise is based on med-
U.S. states, the statutes that authorize police
icine’s Hippocratic Oath, which admonishes
officers refer to them as “peace officers.” Not
physicians to “do no harm” to the patients
police officers. Not law enforcement officers.
they are trying to heal. This is fundamentally
Not cops. Peace officers.
why most physicians today are so hesitant to
There is a way for today’s policing agencies prescribe highly addictive pain killers to their
to rediscover what it means to be “peace patients even though they are effective at

“A peace officer orientation means policing aligns
all aspects of the profession to one that supports
peace officers and ‘makes real’ for cops what it
means to be a peace officer.”
reducing pain. Medicine has become bet- recruiting, hiring, reward systems, disci-
ter informed about these drug’s addictive plinary systems, data collection systems,
qualities. As such, their benefits are weighed procedures, and public messaging to reflect
against the consequences of addiction and their commitment to the peace officer frame-
alternative therapies are frequently prescribed work. I also believe that policing leaders
that don’t carry the risk of addiction—so that will someday soon publicly articulate their
more harm isn’t done. commitment to the Peace Officer Promise.
For policing, the possibility that “doing their When agencies do these things, they will
job” of enforcing the law may be harmful to find their communities have greater trust
the same communities they are trying to and confidence in the police. The current
protect may be a difficult concept for cops lack of trust and confidence in the police is
to accept. It would have been difficult for me a source of tension between the police and
to grasp in the early years of my career. But, their communities. Solving this means that,
as I reflect on some of the “zero tolerance” when bad things happen in policing—and
enforcement programs I participated in, I they will—communities must be willing to
realize that we probably did more harm to listen to and accept police explanations, for-
parts of our community while believing we give the police, and continue to collaborate
were protecting them. And I cringe at the in meaningful ways. But this future will be
danger I may have placed others in when possible only when communities have trust
pursuing a fleeing motorist. I knew the and believe in their “peace officers.”
motorist and could have gotten a warrant
and arrested him later in a much safer way. JIM BUEERMANN began policing in 1978 and
But I didn’t. served 33 years with the Redlands, California,
This lack of consideration of collateral Police Department, including 13 years as
consequences is also at the heart of the chief. He is the past president of the National
community tension around the use of school Police Foundation (now the National Policing
resource officers (SROs) in public schools, Institute) and is currently a policing consultant
and it fuels the “school-to-prison pipeline” for the U.S. Department of Justice, municipali-
discussions. ties, and nonprofit organizations.
When the effectiveness of SROs is mea-
sured by the number of citations they write
to students or the number of student arrests
they make, we should not be surprised when
parents/taxpayers are frustrated with the
police. When the potential for long-term
consequences of fines and arrests of low-
income students and their families are con-
sidered, it’s easy to appreciate that the costs
outweigh the potential benefits. A recent
media investigation highlighted these types
of collateral consequences. Imagine the
difference in how parents would view SROs if
they believed the officers were as invested in
removing “off-campus barriers” to their kids’
learning as they were in “campus safety.”
I believe in a future where police agencies
change their culture by modifying their

The Future of Policing Is in Our Shared Vision

LET’S START WITH SOMETHING THAT WE ALL CAN AGREE
ON—BOTH THE POLICE AND THE COMMUNITY WANT SAFER
NEIGHBORHOODS.
Safer schools. Safer highways. What we and communities can be. We must visualize
don’t always agree on is how to get there. positive outcomes and communicate those
Since the summer of 2020, we have outcomes to all of those who are involved in
experienced widespread public opinions for our mission of shared public safety. Only by
reform in the law enforcement profession. doing this can we challenge others to upend
Policing tactics have not kept pace with the status quo and move our profession and
societal expectations. Critical issues such our communities to the next level.
as homelessness, the opioid epidemic,
Challenge the process. Communities and
and mental health response now require a
By Scott C. Booth, Chief, law enforcement organizations must be
different approach—we can’t just sweep
Danville Police Department, willing to change the mindset of “this is the
them away or lock up the problem. Police
Virginia way we have always done it” and step into
accountability and transparency are front
the unknown. This includes being willing
and center. Communities are demanding
to innovate, grow, and improve. We must
more from those who are sworn to protect
become exploratory leaders who are willing
and serve them, but we cannot do it alone.
to experiment and try new things—to take
More collaborative and creative solutions are
risks, with the end goal of making things
needed. So how do we get there?
better. The best leaders learn from their
As with most complex problems, leadership mistakes as they go.
is the key. As police leaders, now is the time
Enable others to act. Strong leaders build
for us to step up and, alongside our com-
trust with others and promote collaboration—
munity partners, exercise transformational
in other words, they work well with people.
leadership. In The Leadership Challenge,
We must listen to diverse points of view and
authors Jim Kouzes and Barry Posner outline
keep dignity and respect front and center
a template for transformational organiza-
in our conversations. Leadership should be
tional change that I find particularly relevant
spread throughout the organization and the
as we chart our path forward. The model
community, decentralizing decision-making,
consists of five fundamental components:
and supporting others’ decisions. Officers
model the way, inspire a shared vision,
and community members should feel good
challenge the process, enable others to act,
about the work they are doing and under-
and encourage the heart.
stand how that work fits in with the greater
Model the way. Police and community lead- community’s shared goals.
ers need to be clear about our own values
Encourage the heart. It’s important to
and expectations. Our behavior should set
reward others in the organization and the
a personal example for our officers and
community for their accomplishments. The
community members, and we should follow
most effective leaders understand this and
through on our promises and commitments.
are willing to praise officers and commu-
Common values between the police and the
nity members for a job well done. Create
community should be constantly emphasized
communal forums that allow for authentic
and affirmed in everything that we do.
celebrations that not only show appreci-
Inspire a shared vision. We must create a ation but also encourage others to excel.
compelling vision of what our organizations When law enforcement organizations and

the neighborhoods are in this together, it all any community could want.” We as a
encourages a collective identity and commu- profession and those communities that we
nity spirit. serve must embrace a system of policing
that accentuates our shared values. After
Law enforcement organizations and com-
all, we are the community.
munities have a symbiotic relationship, one
that consists of both leadership and follow-
ership roles. These roles change depending Chief SCOTT C. BOOTH, DCJ, has been in law
on the situation and the environment. enforcement for over 26 years and is currently
Transformational leadership is particularly the chief of police in Danville, Virginia. His
relevant because of this relationship, since previous experience includes service with the
it is considered a process that changes and Richmond, Virginia, Police Department and
transforms people and is concerned with chief of police for the Metropolitan Washington
emotions, values, ethics, standards, and Airports Authority (Washington, DC).
long-term goals. Transformational leader-
ship can also be viewed as an exceptional
form of influence that moves participants
to accomplish more than what is usually
expected of them. Arguably, now and in the
future, there has never been a more appro-
priate time in our profession for law enforce-
ment agencies and communities to exercise
transformational leadership. As I write this “As police leaders, now is the time
article, I think back to a community/police
forum that I was involved in several months for us to step up and, alongside
ago. This forum was based out of a prom-
inent university, and we were one of five our community partners, exercise
jurisdictions that were invited to participate.
Our stated goal was to have a courageous transformational leadership.”
discussion on reform and how we could
move our communities forward. Our group
consisted of several officers as well as
community members, one of whom, Hakim
Abdullah, a vocal activist and member of our
faith-based community, was sitting next to
me. As we watched the kick-off presentation
on the history of policing, Sir Robert Peel’s
Principles of Policing flashed on the screen.
Hakim leaned over to me and said, “The
police are the public and the public are the
police—that is what it is all about. That is
In memory of Hakim Abdullah, friend, and

community voice, who passed away on
April 29, 2022. You will be missed.

REIMAGINING POLICING
Policing: A Bright Future Characterized by Change

THE FUTURE OF POLICING IS VERY BRIGHT, BUT IT WILL BE
CHARACTERIZED BY CHALLENGES, CHANGE, AND HOPE.
The role of policing, which is to profession- existing topics being expanded; and more
ally guide community safety, will not change. integrated, skills-based training being
But the tasks, methods, and how the role utilized. Annual in-service refresher training
is accomplished will change. Policing does will be expanded as tasks and laws change,
not happen in a vacuum and is responsive as well as new skill sets being implemented.
to societal pressures and desires. Recently Some of the specific training topics that
there has been a widespread call for change will be increased include interacting with
to U.S. policing. Much of this has centered persons in crisis, with mental illness, or
around the use of force and police-citizen differing developmental abilities; new and
interactions generally, but especially involv- expanded use-of-force techniques; de-esca-
By Scott Cunningham, Chief ing minorities. Most aspects of U.S. society lation; discretion; communication; and other
of Police (Ret.), Kernersville have demanded a variety of changes. These topics that increase the professionalism,
Police Department, North range from defund, abolish, or minimize the service, and effectiveness of the police.
Carolina police to providing additional controls and Enhanced rules regarding use of force and
resources. Many quick decisions were made response to aggression. Since the use of
without the input of police professionals. force has been at the center of many recent
Most of which were decisions that caused public concerns, there will continue to be
reductions in staffing and services and, changes in tactics, techniques, and train-
arguably, negatively impacted U.S. crime ing. Some changes have already occurred
rates. with various techniques being prohibited or
It is anticipated that the public interest in severely limited. New tactics and methods
policing will evolve from protests and anger to confront unlawful subject resistance will
into thoughtful, meaningful, and inclusive be created and taught. Some of this will be
discussions that will result in better com- different techniques or tactics, while others
munication, implementable decisions, and will be new technologies, but all will include
enhanced policing and community safety for increased communication and methods of
everyone. Some of the toxic negativity about de-escalation. There will also be increased
U.S. policing will linger but will dissipate as public education so the public more clearly
meaningful change is implemented. In the and accurately understands why, when, and
meantime, perceptions will continue to have how force will be utilized. This training will
significant impacts on policing and commu- include the realization that officers’ use of
nity safety. But understanding that the vast force is a direct response to individuals’
majority of people support the police, and actions, resistance, or force.
are voicing their concerns appropriately in Enhanced focus on officer behaviors. How
peaceful ways, the profession is responding officers behave and interact with people has
to the reasonable calls for change. In many sometimes caused situations to deteriorate.
cases, the police actually support and desire In most cases, this is not intentional but
these changes. Specific changes to U.S. rather the outcome of taking control of a
policing that will be seen in the near future situation. Understanding that voluntary com-
include the following: pliance with the law is always preferred over
Enhanced training for police officers. Basic forced compliance (arrests, citations, etc.),
academy training will be expanded in many policing will continue to focus on building the
ways. The length of training will increase as skills, knowledge, and abilities of officers to
a result of additional topics being covered; positively interact with persons in all types

“Since policing is
predominantly
a local activity,
of situations. Enhanced monitoring and
supervision will be part of this focus.
mandating agency accreditation, man-
dating a national registry of officers, an most consistency
Changes in the tasks of policing. expanded assistance and monitoring pro-
gram, and other actions that will focus
in policing comes
Some of the tasks that police have
been expected to handle or take the on ensuring that agencies and personnel
have certain minimum proficiencies
through the state
lead in will change. Very few, if any,
will be completely removed from police and that people are guaranteed a basic
minimum level of professionalism from
certification,
involvement. But many tasks will
change with a prime example being all agencies and personnel. standards,
response to mental health issues.
Already, we are seeing great results
Expanded role of community mem-
bers. Community members will play and training
from integrated response teams
wherein police, medics, and a licensed
a more active and involved role in
policing, which will take many shapes.
commission.”
mental health professional respond There will be increased use of citizen
to situations. It is imperative that the review boards with various powers
mental health practitioner take the and responsibilities. Some will review
lead in these responses. It is unlikely officer and agency actions; others
that the police will be removed from will act as advisory groups. Police
these situations since the risk of harm agencies will support or oppose these
is too great. Thoughts of removing entities depending on the history of
police from various tasks such as the agency and what the potential role Dr. SCOTT A. CUNNINGHAM is a
traffic enforcement will be heavily of the board becomes. In most cases, 38-year police professional with 12
discussed—but will most likely be there will be enhanced communication years of experience as a chief of police.
impractical. Other purely service or between the police and communities, He is a CALEA team leader, life member
assistance calls that do not indicate which will be positive. Along this line, of the IACP, and teaches officers and
violence or danger may also be shifted, agencies will strive to provide addi- communities on a variety of topics
at least partially, from the police. tional information to the community including implicit bias. He has served
by way of social media, briefings, and on numerous professional boards and
An expanded role of the federal govern- committees.
ment. Since policing is predominantly a website information. Some items will
local activity, most consistency in polic- be focused on daily events and routine
ing comes through the state certification, information while some information will
standards, and training commission. be focused on being more transparent
While these commissions do a good job with details about critical incidents,
of ensuring some degree of consistency including the timely release of body-
in training and expectations, there are worn camera video.
differences from state to state. Citizens The next two to three years will see a
should have the right to expect that, good deal of change in policing. The
regardless of state, locality, or even area vast majority of this will be beneficial
of the United States, they will be treated if all stakeholders can come together
consistently regarding laws, behaviors, and have peaceful, thoughtful, mean-
and officer skill sets. The federal govern- ingful, and inclusive discussion. Not
ment is the sole entity that can imple- everyone will agree with the final
ment practices and consistency. This decision, but the police and the com-
has already occurred by federal court munities they serve desire change that
decisions and the use of existing federal would enhance policing and enhance
legislation. This involvement will include community safety at the same time. By
setting minimum U.S. training standards, working together, this can happen.

The Emerging Dominance of AI

TECHNOLOGY ADVANCES IN THE 21ST CENTURY WILL HAVE A
PROFOUND IMPACT ON LAW ENFORCEMENT AND SOCIETY.
Robotics combined with artificial intelligence Much of police technology comes from
(AI) will challenge today’s conventional ideas military technology, and the 21st century will
about morality, ethics, and law enforce- produce incredible technological advances
ment. Generational changes and increased in the military, some of which the police
population diversity with greater immersion will adopt. Research indicates autonomous
in technology will influence what society robots and swarms of drones will perform
deems morally and legally acceptable in military patrol duties. A high probability of
daily life and law enforcement. AI-enhanced soldiers with enhanced abilities through
robots with the capability for autonomous implanted technology creates a seamless
decision-making will be a reality by the end integration between humans and machines.
By Larry D. Anthony, PhD, of the 21st century. The Dallas, Texas, Police Department is the
Assistant Professor, Liberty Since the beginning of recorded history, first known law enforcement agency to use a
University Helms School of societies have usually sought out the wisest robot to kill a suspect. A CIA drone was used
Government, Virginia members of the tribe or community to to kill two high-ranking terrorists, initiating the
administer justice. As humankind evolved, use of armed drones by a national govern-
systems for the administration of justice also ment. Police in the United States are testing
tended to evolve. With the advent of AI, many the use of taser-armed robots. Robots with
administrators and jurists believe that the the ability to wield weapons are a reality
opportunity to remove human bias from the today, but they are still controlled by human
system could be on the horizon. Many see AI operators and decision makers. However,
as the next new opportunity to bring equity advances in AI have turned the idea of robots
to the criminal justice system. The biggest with the capability to make autonomous deci-
hurdles thought likely to delay the acceptance sions in interactions with humans, including
of AI are the development of the skills needed the decision to use force, into a reality. The
to program computers that can duplicate next generations of people will likely be more
human wisdom, empathy, and compassion. willing than the current ones to accept AI’s
autonomous decision-making due to the
AUTONOMOUS POLICE ROBOTS? ever-increasing dependence on computers
As technology continues to progress at a and technology in our daily lives.
By Joseph P. Ruff, Chief fast pace, police commanders in the future The concept of employing robots with lethal
Inspector (Ret.), Shelby will face challenges not present in today’s autonomous weapons systems (LAWS) is
County Sheriff’s Office Training law enforcement environment. “We can currently an international debate. This lethal
Academy, Tennessee expect that at least some robots used by the technology is “feasible within years, not
police in the future will be artificially intelli- decades.” Humans are already accepting
gent machines capable of using legitimate the dominance of technology over their
coercive force against human beings.” lives by depending on that technology for
The use of new and advancing technology in communication, education, entertainment,
law enforcement will require officers to be and security. According to philosophers Max
highly trained in technology use, operation, Horkheimer and Theodor W. Adorno:
and capability. “Machines are finally coming The increase in the economic productivity,
to life… they are ready to descend upon our which creates the conditions for a more
physical world, and when they do, they will just world, also affords the technical appa-
bring with them a tidal wave of threats for ratus and the social groups controlling it a
which we are wholly unprepared.” disproportionate advantage over the rest of

“The use of new and advancing technology in
law enforcement will require officers to be
the population… The flood of precise highly trained in technology use, operation,
information and brand-new amuse-
ments make people smarter and more
and capability.”
stupid at once.
IMPACTS OF AN IMPERFECT
DISCIPLINE
Science is an imperfect discipline,
and knowledge is continually evolving “Science is imperfect... and does
and expanding. The ideas of right and not always live up to its ideals.” Dr. LARRY D. ANTHONY is an assis-
wrong in a culture change as society Each advancement discredits the old tant professor in the Helms School of
is introduced to new concepts, tech- standards of behavior and produces Government at Liberty University. He is
nologies, and experiences. Accepting questions about the new. Every discov- a U.S. veteran, a retired police captain,
the autonomous decision-making of ery opens a new field for investigation and an intelligence analyst with the
a machine to employ force is unac- of facts and shows us the imperfection Tennessee Bureau of Investigation. He
ceptable in most of today’s society, of our theories. In the words of the has conducted training in criminal inves-
but as coming generations become chemist Sir Humphrey Davy, “It has tigations, crime scene investigations,
more immersed in technology, society justly been said that the greater the interview and interrogation techniques,
will become more willing to submit circle of light, the greater the boundary and intelligence collection methods.
to autonomous decision-making by of darkness by which it is surrounded.”
machines. Allowing machines to make AI and robots may not be the ulti-
life-and-death decisions over humans JOSEPH P. RUFF is a retired chief
mate achievement of security or the inspector of the Shelby County,
will become the norm by the end of the Armageddon of destruction that some
21st century. “In a culture...where cars Tennessee, Sheriff’s Office Training
believe, but something in-between. The Academy and commander of
drive themselves, planes fly them-
concepts, methods, and morality of law the Memphis, Tennessee, Police
selves, stocks are traded by robots and
enforcement will change in a dramatic Department Firearms Training Unit.
healthcare is moved to smart homes,
and perhaps frightening way. In the He is a U.S. veteran, a federal expert
human life is being re-evaluated.”
future, humans will interpret the reality witness on use of deadly force, and
Technology advances are often subtle of life through “virtual walls that sever a master and advanced Tennessee
and absorbed in the routines of life us from our intrinsic senses and define Post instructor in tactical and chemical
unnoticed. Things rejected by earlier the world for us.” The idea may be to munitions.
generations will become acceptable by create police robots with autonomous
future generations. “Culture impacts decision-making ability for ultimate
behavior, morale, and productivity at nondiscriminatory enforcement, but
work, and includes values and patterns there may be unintended conse-
that influence company attitudes and quences to this solution.
actions. Culture is dynamic. Cultures
Advancing technology will improve the
change... but slowly.” Readily avail-
way people work and learn, enhancing
able and ever-present social media
cognitive ability and seamlessly inte-
influences the morals and ethics of
grating machine and person, making
succeeding generations and determines
humans stronger, faster, smarter, and
the amount and content of information
almost indestructible, seducing the most
available on social and cultural issues.
skeptical to acceptance of the equality or
Technological influences will shape the
cognitive ability of the next generation, mastery of technology. Whether humans
making the acceptance of autono- will be in the loop, on the loop, or out of
mous AI decisions a norm and not an the loop remains to be seen.
exception.

Historical Changes of Policing

SOMEONE IN POLICING ONCE TOLD ME THAT COPS HATE CHANGE
AND DO NOT LIKE THE WAY THINGS ARE.
Indeed, this is not true for most officers. imperative to address the issues before they
However, it is a sign of the perception that become issues.
the law enforcement community is a seem-
Proper recruitment; hiring, training, and
ingly very structured entity that is sometimes
retaining; equipment; and operations are
inflexible and resistant to change. Therefore,
the basic tenants to ensure an effective and
how do we adapt, adjust, and be creative
efficient foundation for a police department.
within a longstanding institution in the
Accountability, transparency, credibility,
United States? Throughout U.S. history, law
trust, and professionalism are terms often
enforcement has been the lightning rod of
used by the public to measure the success
social change and the face of government.
or failure of a department. The basic tenants
By Mark Lomax, Major (Ret.), Our society has evolved significantly in leaps and views of the public are associated with
Pennsylvania State Police and bounds in the past half century. I am not approximately 15,000 departments in the
just talking about technology, which is con- United States. Having all 15,000 depart-
stantly changing our lives, but also socially, ments on the same page is nearly impossi-
politically, and demographically. Just look at ble. Nevertheless, the public expects and
interracial marriages, which did not become demands excellence, professionalism, and
legal in many states until 1967. Look at the effective engagements across the board.
significant advancements in the LGBTQI+ The public usually will not differentiate
community. Additionally, look at the closing between large, metropolitan agencies and
of mental health hospitals; the proliferation a one-person police department regarding
of guns on our streets; real-time, unfiltered interactions between the public and police.
news coverage via social media; and easier The public’s inductive reasoning can inter-
access to information. pret one negative incident to the broader
Nevertheless, for the most part, we still police 15,000 police departments. Today, this is
as if we were in the 1960s. Departments significantly magnified with social media.
operate out of districts or stations, with Several other changes will eventually signifi-
scheduled shifts that patrol designated areas. cantly impact policing.
Many, law enforcement departments operate The future of policing will have a paradigm
independently of oversight and each other. shift in its mission, structure, and opera-
Yes, there have been advances in technology tions. Law enforcement agencies, along with
and initiatives, communications methods, and government oversight and input from the
community-policing; however, these advance- community, will reevaluate the responsibili-
ments have only enhanced a department’s ties, functions, and roles of the police. Calls
basic, unchanging structure and function. Law for service will be significantly narrowed
enforcement is still in the trenches trying to in scope. Moreover, the role of policing
police a society that has evolved and is more will be redefined from a more strategic
demanding. perspective. This is the opposite of what is
Today, cellphones and social media have occurring today, where the responsibilities
significantly impacted the public’s perception and functions of policing have expanded
of the criminal justice system. So, how does over the past half century. The offloading
a police department operate in such a fast- of current police responsibilities will be
paced, unfiltered, demanding environment? delegated to other public and social ser-
I believe most of the work needs to be vices, private entities, and online reporting
done before significant incidents occur. It is such as responses to specific mental health

“We are at the tipping point of significant
and historic changes in our criminal justice
situations, minor traffic crashes, system.”
property crimes, missing persons, and
similar nonemergency incidents. The
use of technology will supplant many
processes and responses currently
and sometimes under the auspices of in the future of U.S. policing. They
used by departments.
a director of public safety. However, want less officer visibility or police
A refinement of the functions and the future of policing will have more presence, more accountability, greater
responsibilities and a revision of the than just the collocation of public social services, and across-the-board
operations of police departments will safety entities. In order to address the transparency. The seeds of most social
occur. The practice of sending out needs of the community, there will be and political changes in our history are
patrol shifts to designated zones will a collocation and coordinated effort germinated from grassroots organiza-
be restructured to proactive, commu- between public safety and health, med- tions, individual sacrifices, institutions
nity engagement assignments dic- ical, social services, housing, parks of higher education, and civil disobedi-
tated by computer-based intelligence and recreation, public works, and other ence. All these components are in play
information and coordination with local local agencies. today regarding the role of policing. We
social services. Police practices and are at the tipping point of significant
operations will be restricted by law, as There will be regional hubs of public
and historic changes in our criminal
seen in recent passages of bipartisan services where silos of local govern-
justice system. It is advantageous for
bills and laws by state legislators. ment are torn down and replaced with
the U.S. police community to be part of
interagency cooperatives, whereby
There will be a consolidation of police this transformation.
community issues are addressed
departments. Regionalization is becom- proactively and in a holistic manner.
ing more prevalent in certain areas. It Police departments will communicate MARK LOMAX retired as a major with
is nearly impossible to manage, have and operate with other public ser- the Pennsylvania State Police after 27
oversight, and ensure consistency of vices through daily communications years of service. He was the executive
hiring, training, policies, and standards cross-pollination by working together director/CEO of the National Tactical
of 15,000 autonomous departments. and sharing information. Officers Association, program manager
As a former elected township supervi-
Over the next several decades, policing for the United Nations overseeing the
sor, I understand the comfort of having
will reflect a decrease in the number of Liberian National Police’s Emergency
a local police department. Listening
departments—more regionalization and Response Unit and Police Support Unit,
to the residents’ safety concerns and
coordination of public services—more and manager for the IACP’s Center for
coordinating with the chief is satisfying
accountability and transparency; a nar- Police Leadership and Training.
and efficient. However, as an elected
official with fiduciary responsibilities row, more defined role; intelligence-led
to the taxpayers, the cost of a police policing in coordination with the com-
department is tremendous—a little munity and social services; and the use
more than half of a township’s bud- of technology to augment and supplant
get. Moreover, the cost of benefits, police operations and responses.
pensions, arbitration, equipment, and Currently, many college and university
facilities significantly impact local students, among others, are scru-
governments’ budgets and taxpayers. tinizing the role of policing. For the
Collocating and coordinating public most part, they are critical of policing
services are necessary to provide within the U.S. national narrative of
a holistic public health and safety the lack of accountability, transpar-
approach. There are plenty of exam- ency, and ability to address those with
ples of the collocation of public safety mental illness. Some are misled by
functions. Police, fire, and EMS are much of what they see and hear and
often collocated in the same facility are demanding significant changes

Reconciling the Past to Move to the Future

RECENTLY, I NOTICED A FAMILY OUT WALKING THEIR DOG
THROUGH THE NEIGHBORHOOD.
What struck me was the five-year-old who community-policing, developing robust strat-
was in a motorized toy car with “Sheriff’s egies to challenge organizational culture,
Office” decals, wearing a police uniform cos- and the courage to measure success and
tume, sirens blazing, presumably initiating failure.
a traffic stop with the family dog who was
clearly noncompliant. And I thought, “Is this REBUILDING TRUST THROUGH
our future?” Is it possible to imagine a future COPRODUCTION
where kids still aspire to be police officers Coproduction of policing expands on the
and serve their communities? Can police be concept of policing by consent through Sir
trusted again? Robert Peel’s cherished Principle 7 that “the
By Tanya Settles, PhD, CEO, To really understand the future, we must police are the public, and the public are
Paradigm Public Affairs reconcile our past, examine police culture, the police.” In modern policing, it isn’t a far
and embrace intelligence and intellect. stretch to replace “public” with “community.”
Technology will continue to develop better In part, this means that community gains an
tools and resources, but to fully engage with equal and valued seat at the policy table;
the future, we must recognize the need to police and the community share responsibil-
transform and embrace a new role in civil ity to improve transparency; and the commu-
society. Over the past 20 years, policing nity has a voice in setting the policy agenda
moved from strengthening and valuing that can include meaningful decisions about
collaboration with communities and to setting enforcement priorities, strategies,
viewing communities as adversaries. Moving and, to some degree, tactics. In other words,
forward means being courageous enough to we move beyond mere engagement and
pivot—yet again—to meet different needs embrace partnership with our communities.
and challenges, some of which we can only Consequently, agencies share responsibility
barely imagine. for outcomes and measuring impact with the
As some of the brightest and most experi- communities they serve. Shared responsibil-
enced minds in policing came together in ity means repairing the deterioration of trust
2015 to set a broad vision for policing, we that permeates and damages the relation-
took stock of the purpose and importance of ship between communities and their police.
community. Many good things came out of
the President’s Task Force on 21st Century EMBRACING RESTORATIVE POLICING
Policing, including a focus on procedural Restorative policing strategies are not new
justice and enhanced community engage- to the international community but are
ment. Seven years later, agencies in the rare in the United States. During the early
United States have fallen behind some of 2000s, the concept and practice of restor-
their international counterparts to imbed ative policing was starting to take hold in the
community-policing into organizational United States in tandem with other nations
culture, manage performance measure- but was stifled by a shift that focused on
ment, and view community-policing as an militaristic crime suppression strategies
exercise of partnership and consent. As a that amplified the adversarial relationship
result, we have a lot of anecdotal evidence between police and community. Police
that community-policing works but little became warriors, communities became ene-
measurable evidence of success. Moving mies, and the resolution of damage caused
forward means rethinking the boundaries of by criminal behavior was referred to courts

“To really understand the future, we must
reconcile our past, examine police culture,
that retain, for many good reasons, an and embrace intelligence and intellect.”
adversarial process that pits individu-
als against the state.
One of the most difficult challenges
for police officers in the United States where some services may be more I have faith in policing and always have.
is managing the reality of responding efficiently and effectively managed by To answer my own question at the start
to crime but handing off resolution civilian employees beyond the tradi- of this essay: Yes, there is a future for
to other parts of a complex criminal tional roles of criminalistics, records, law enforcement where future genera-
justice system. In this process, and communications. tions aspire to serve. Yes, police can
communities and victims are damaged be trusted. And yes, with courage, we
because resolution is seldom swift, Civilianization means agencies must
make purposeful decisions about which can change the trajectory and realize
is often perceived as unfair, and the the future vision of policing we share.
repair of harm between the victim roles require the authority to arrest and
and offender is peripheral at best. use force compared to those that do
There is an important role for police not. Examples of where civilianization
TANYA SETTLES is the founder and
in resolving conflict using restorative may create opportunities for positive
CEO of Paradigm Public Affairs LLC, an
justice practices and strategies where impact include swift resolution using
organization that works to strengthen
they retain their identity as police—yet a variety of restorative justice facilita-
the relationships between public safety
contribute to solutions to repair the tion techniques and accommodating
organizations and communities with a
damages of some types of criminal the expansion of police services that
focus on evidence-driven strategies to
events. However, getting to that point include responses to mental and behav-
improve performance. Dr. Settles’ area
means transforming from the role of ioral health crises, service surrounding
of work focuses on enhancing police
“crime responder” to “harm resolver,” housing insecurity, and resolution of
capacity through improving relationships
recognizing that different cities and neighborhood disputes.
with communities, organizational devel-
jurisdictions may have different needs, opment, and restorative policing.
UTILIZATION OF NEW TECHNOLOGY
and gaining cooperation of the justice
system and community in significant In the future, cities will continue the
ways that supports resolution through march to become smarter through the
repair of harm as experienced by the availability of advanced digitization
people who were most involved in the and cloud-based technologies. These
conflict. technologies are beneficial only to
the point where adequate data are
DIVERSITY OF THOUGHT THROUGH collected to track improvements in
CIVILIANIZATION policy and process and adjust tactics
There’s an adage in policing: “Not born along the way to achieve success.
unless you’re sworn.” A consequence Investment in technology often focuses
of this element of police culture is on the acquisition of tools related to
that the role and impact of civilian crime suppression and crime fighting,
professionals is diminished to below but departments often ignore the
that of sworn officers. Communities connection between the acquisition
and agencies are complex, but there’s of advanced technologies, any reduc-
room for contributions from a range of tions in crime, and outcomes related
expertise that contributes to resolution to community trust and relationships.
of conflict and trust building. To be The future of policing involves using
clear, this isn’t advocating the removal technology and data to make better
of sworn police officers—far from it. decisions about the primary focus of
This is recognizing that policing in the improving public safety in a way that is
future will require a broad skill set efficient, effective, and measurable.

A Path Toward Positive Growth

THE EMERGING TECHNOLOGY THAT WILL SHIFT THE POLIC-
ING LANDSCAPE IS AND WILL CONTINUE TO BE BODY-WORN
CAMERAS.
This latest technology has allowed for more officers doing their job correctly, while also
accountability, professionalism, community holding the few that engage in unethical
relations, training, and ethical policing. conduct accountable.
Body-worn cameras have allowed agencies The police leaders of today need to prepare
to educate the public on the difficult job that those who will succeed them, just as others
their officers perform under challenging con- have hopefully prepared these leaders to
ditions, which can lead to increased trans- take over leadership roles in the organization
parency, appreciation, and trust. The public from their predecessors. Leaders who truly
has made it clear that they prefer their have the foresight and desire for their orga-
By Steven W. Minard, PhD, police agencies to equip their personnel with nizations to successfully progress and grow
Captain, City of Poughkeepsie this technology. These cameras also provide professionally will task themselves with long-
Police Department, New York an opportunity for police leaders and their term planning to achieve it. Leaders need
staff to assess areas in which officers are to encourage and facilitate their intended
performing exceptionally, as well as areas in successors to complete quality leadership
which improvements can be made through training such as the FBI National Academy.
effective training. The effectiveness of There is a distinct reason why many cities
officers, supervisors, and even field training and towns across the United States prefer
officers can be evaluated from behind the graduates of this quality of training, which
desk—although this should not be the only is considered by many to be the best in the
method for such evaluations. The culture of world. The amount of current and former
policing has been changed forever and will leaders who attended this training have
continue to change as more agencies adopt demonstrated its value through their proven
body-worn cameras. records of success.
Unintended consequences include some offi- Training all members in a quality ethics and
cers being reluctant to engage in proactive professionalism program, beginning with
policing due to fears of being scrutinized for
police recruits at the police academy, is
improper actions, which can be subjective in
also essential for continued organizational
nature. Leaders can overcome this by show-
professionalism and leadership succession.
ing that they support their officers when
Leaders must also practice ethical leader-
they act ethically. This will not occur over-
ship to set examples demonstrating that
night and will take time to prove. The costs
their organization takes ethical policing seri-
associated with records storage, retention,
ously. This should be a continuous process,
dissemination, and reviews by supervisors
and one that outgoing leaders assist their
can be time consuming and costly and must
successors with.
be budgeted for, which some agencies are
unable to do. Most officers, supervisors, and The agency’s culture will not be changed
leaders are realizing the many benefits that overnight, and to make effective positive
outweigh and outnumber the few concerns. change, long-term succession planning is
Additional benefits include less use-of-force key. Strong policies that guide professional
incidents, less injuries to the police and conduct while still allowing officer discretion
public, and the ability to determine the facts is important. Such policies will be a factor in
of cases from a more independent viewpoint professionalism, employee morale, commu-
that protects the overwhelming majority of nity trust, and internal as well as external

respect from and toward the public. These Leaders who understand and practice
are just some of the areas affected by participative management in which other
leadership decisions. Future police leaders supervisors are respected, encouraged, and
can learn a great deal from past leaders who permitted to provide input into progressive and
have the wisdom, experience, and knowl- positive changes will move their organizations
edge from real-life experiences in these into the future on a successful path toward
topics and other management challenges. positive growth. This, coupled with practicing
The succession planning should include cur- transformational leadership, in which followers
rent and former senior management staff. are inspired by the current leader to improve
The collective knowledge and suggestions the organization while improving themselves,
that can be gained from this process can be will provide the foundation and building blocks
invaluable. for organizations to not only be successful but
Part of the succession planning should become greater than they were.
involve considering the various duties and
responsibilities within the organization and In 1984, Dr. STEVEN MINARD began his
who will be most capable of performing full-time career as a police officer with the
these duties in the most efficient and City of Poughkeepsie Police Department; he
effective manner. This is more difficult than currently serves as the administrative captain.
many new leaders may sometimes envision. Dr. Minard has instructed Ethical Awareness
Considerations should include the loyalty of Training at several police academies and
the employees to the leader and the orga- teaches several criminal justice courses at
nization, work ethic, and past proven work the graduate and undergraduate levels.
performance.
“The police leaders of today need to prepare those

who will succeed them, just as others have hopefully
prepared these leaders to take over leadership roles
in the organization from their predecessors.”

Emerging Technology in Policing

AS A SWORN LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICER SPECIALIZING IN
ALL FORMS OF LAW ENFORCEMENT TECHNOLOGY, IT WOULD BE
NAIVE OF ME TO SAY THAT THE FUTURE OF POLICING WILL NOT
SEE MUCH CHANGE.
I have been in my position for only a short technology. Unfortunately, many of our fellow
time; however, I already see advances in law agencies are seeing a cut in their budgets
enforcement technology moving forward at as a result of the “Defund the Police”
a quicker pace than just a year ago. Policing movement. On the flipside, some agencies
technology is evolving at a pace we must find themselves with budgets at an all-
prepare for, but at what cost? time-high. However, an all-time-high budget
Chief information and technical officers for doesn’t mean that the latest and greatest
agencies are being presented with forms in technology is feasible. New and emerging
By Micah Smith, Corporal,
of technology that our supervisors never technology comes at a high cost and often
Technical Services Officer,
thought would be possible. Police vehicles requires infrastructure that some agencies
Mountain Brook Police
are now able to be aware of their surround- are not equipped with the budget or staff to
Department, Alabama handle. New technologies have also been
ings and alert officers to possible approach-
ing threats. Officers can activate emergency met with crossed arms and hesitant looks
lights and sirens directly from the steering from agency command staff or city, county,
wheel, adding to safer vehicle operation. or state leaders—not without good reason.
Emergency lights are now programmable At times, those who find themselves over-
to activate when external triggers, like seeing the technology used by an agency
braking, signaling a turn, or opening a door, must justify implementing something new
are tripped. Various different pieces of by backing it up with folders of research,
hardware and software can communicate proposals, budgeting, and more.
via an interface and share information. For Let’s face it; law enforcement has never
example, dash cameras, body-worn cam- been a friend to change. So, even when
eras, cellphones, and license plate readers new technology is introduced, it takes time
can all feed information into a centralized for the users to get accustomed to it and
data terminal. Data from a computer-aided feel like they can use it efficiently. Agencies
dispatch program that is officer-facing on a often have to take the fall and serve as
data terminal or cellphone can alert offi- industry guinea pigs so the rest of us don’t
cers on-scene about important information have to be the first. The results often direct
or even assist in data gathering. These the widespread implementation of the
data can all be dumped into an interfaced technology in question. These latest and
records management system that almost greatest advancements in law enforcement
automatically writes reports. All of this adds technology will probably take around 10
a factor of officer safety never seen before. years just to become an industry standard—
Elsewhere, advancements in artificial intelli- if not simply widely used within the industry.
gence allow agencies to keep a “smart” eye
on their jurisdiction. These systems are able FUTURE OF POLICING TECHNOLOGY
to alert agencies to persons or vehicles of In my professional opinion, there are many
interest that enter their jurisdictions. emerging technologies that will only continue
to grow in policing. Artificial intelligence
FACING CHALLENGES technology will become a game changer
There are many challenges that agen- in our ability to have smart data that can
cies face in the implementation of new analyze and sort itself, cutting down on

“Infrastructure improvements,
implementation, training, and
maintenance of technology could have
serious impacts on agencies that are
not seeing increases in funding.”
the time it takes to sort through digital Agencies can expect to spend more annually
evidence or identify subjects or vehicles and on various forms of technology as time goes
increasing our ability to heighten the security on. This will require their officers to attend
of police department buildings and govern- training on the technology, bringing the
ment complexes. I also believe that those cost even higher. Consider this, 20 years
in policing can only expect to have more ago, an officer could graduate from high
eyes on them. Most agencies in the United school, and if he or she had enough brawn
States have adopted some form of body- to command respect, then he or she would
worn camera, and if not, they at least have do well as an officer. Now, however, there
in-car cameras. This investment came, in is a level of technical aptitude required of
part, as a response to the protests following officers that could potentially eliminate that
racially heated police interactions. Officers officer from 20 years ago if he or she were
now have multiple cameras in the cars, on to join the profession now. Infrastructure
their person, and attached to their weap- improvements, implementation, training, and
ons so that every interaction is covered by maintenance of technology could have seri-
multiple angles of high-definition video and ous impacts on agencies that are not seeing
audio. The technology behind these devices increases in funding. This could potentially
and the quantity that officers carry will only lead them to consider the removal of officer
increase and grow more advanced. positions in order to use the salaries to pay
Something I want to bring specific attention for required technology. This could trickle
to is agencies beginning to utilize cloud- down to officers not receiving pay increases
based solutions and move away from on-site even though the cost of living continues to
storage. However, concerns over security rise.
and infrastructure management might keep Society demands law enforcement account-
many agencies from making this transition. ability, which technology can provide beyond
Even still, in 10 years, evidence and body- a reasonable doubt. So let me close with
worn camera footage management, proximity this, what is the true cost of the future of
security, and many other aspects of law policing in terms of technology? What are we
enforcement technology could very well willing to sacrifice?
be offered only in cloud-based solutions.
Agencies should prepare for this change in
terms of planning budgets, equipment, infra- Corporal MICAH SMITH of the Mountain
structure, and staffing. However, it is going Brook, Alabama, Police Department has been
to be very important that cloud-based solu- in law enforcement for four years. He has
tion vendors constantly publicize third-party been serving as the department’s technical
testing findings on facility physical security, services officer for almost two years, special-
data management, and implementation of izing in all forms of law enforcement technol-
encryption standards for their clients. ogy, including records and jail management
systems administration and maintenance,
The biggest obstacle agencies should be NIBRS compliance, fingerprint records man-
aware of as they consider implementing new agement, department proximity security, and
technology is the cost involved. Think back more.
10 or 15 years ago. How much did it cost
to equip an officer then? How much does
it cost now with new technology, training,
and more? We can expect that cost to only
increase as more technology is adopted
as an industry standard or required by law.

POLICY
Evidence-Based Policing
THE TERM “EVIDENCE-BASED POLICING” SHOULDN’T BE NEW
TO ANYONE READING THIS, BUT EVEN WITH THE ADVANCE-
MENTS MADE IN POLICING, THE PROFESSION HAS A LONG WAY
TO GO WHEN IT COMES TO USING EVIDENCE TO DRIVE THE
“TREATMENTS” USED TO COMBAT CRIME—AND TO USE THIS
APPROACH TO GUIDE ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE.
Throughout my career, I have seen police The hospital where my wife works also has a
use evidence-based strategies as another system established to report employees and
thing to address crime problems instead other factors that contribute to subpar patient
of making it the way we do it. Evidence- care, create an unsafe environment, or violate
based intervention is often short-lived, hospital policy. I was shocked and asked
By Charles Tyree, Supervisor of under-resourced, and abandoned if there my wife how she could work in that kind of
Public Safety Programs, New isn’t an immediate result in crime reduction. environment. Going back to my days with the
York State Division of Criminal This approach, however, hinders the effec- New York City Police Department, trust in my
Justice Services tiveness of police efforts to reduce crime, partner or team was paramount to me. This
improve organizational culture, address system at the hospital seemed to be the exact
community-focused problems, implement opposite. But I learned that this reporting
thoughtful police reforms, and strengthen holds the employees and the hospital itself
relations with the community, especially accountable in a healthy way and is used more
black and brown communities. So where can for education than discipline. Since implemen-
police agencies turn to improve? tation, the system has reduced patient and
family complaints, improved patient feedback
My wife is a registered nurse and talks to
in surveys of the treatment and facility, and
me frequently about her profession. The
resulted in other positive outcomes. How do
medical field is defined by using evidence they know? They studied it by using pre- and
to drive treatments; it is embedded into the post-implementation data.
fabric of their profession. From the most
effective way to treat lung cancer to the So, how does this apply to policing? I believe
best way to treat a bedsore, evidence of the profession should use evidence the way
effectiveness, or outcomes, drives the deci- that the medical profession uses it—for
sion-making and treatment process. Key to everything. Both professions are tasked with
this is the constant and routine assessment providing compassionate and competent
of the effectiveness of a prescribed treat- service to their customers, saving lives, and
ment and the adjustment of that treatment ensuring and improving public trust in their
based on that assessment. For example, respective institutions. Every aspect of your
my wife recently explained how the hospital organization should be evidence-based,
addressed the challenges faced in reviving including but not limited to patrol, investi-
patients who had gone into cardiac arrest. gation, training, specialized unit tactics and
Her hospital had tons of data on each of policies, officer wellness and dispatch.
those patients, which included a detailed But being evidence-based doesn’t mean
summary of the treatment used prior to and simply using what someone else found to
during the event. Using this information, be effective. While you can, and should,
the hospital team developed a plan guided learn from what worked (and what didn’t),
by data and research and meet regularly to your agency would be limiting the potential
implement and assess that plan. benefits if that’s all it did. The intervention

should be customized based on your own and gives those who are going to be the most
organizational and community dynamics impacted by change to buy into the process.
and then evaluated for its effectiveness To assist with this, there are resources
using SARA (Scanning, Analysis, Response, available from organizations such as the
Assessment). This approach provides for American Society of Evidence-Based Policing,
a constant cycle of problem identification, the Center for Evidence-Based Crime Policy,
analysis, intervention development and and the IACP. It’s also important to develop
deployment, and assessment based on a formal system of self-assessment, which
desired outcomes. Doing a formal academic includes pre-defined goals that can be used
study is great, but creating an organizational to measure the effectiveness of your work.
culture that encourages constant evaluation Finally, I would encourage you to be unafraid
of the various components of your organiza- of failure. Often, more can be learned from
tion is better. trying and failing than by succeeding.
Through my experience working for the Evidence-based policing isn’t a box to check.
New York State Division of Criminal Justice It should be the way things are done.
Services, which provides training and tech-
nical assistance to help police departments
across the state develop, implement, and CHARLES TYREE has been with the New York
institutionalize evidence-based work, I have State Division of Criminal Justice Services
learned the following lessons. since August 2012, where he supervises
programs for the Office of Public Safety. His
First and foremost, recognize that evidence- prior experience includes service at the state
based is how you want your entire organiza- Division of Homeland Security and Emergency
tion to be defined. This starts at the top, but Services and with the New York City Police
it is critically important to empower people Department.
throughout your organization to use and
create evidence of organizational effective-
ness. Giving employees a voice in this pro-
cess allows you to tap into their expertise
“Giving employees a voice in this process allows you

to tap into their expertise and gives those who are
going to be the most impacted by change to buy into
the process.”

POLICY
Reform through Standardization

THE CALLS FOR POLICE REFORM, IN ONE WAY OR ANOTHER, TO
INCLUDE A COMPLETE ABOLISHMENT OF THE PROFESSION HAVE
BEEN A POINT OF DISCUSSION OVER THE PAST SEVERAL YEARS
DUE TO MANY CONTROVERSIAL POLICE USES OF FORCE WITHIN
THE UNITED STATES.
The numerous calls for reform have sent understanding of psychology, sociology,
police into a defensive mode and have human relations, sciences relating to the
caused police leaders to examine the profes- profession, mental health, and dozens of
sion from the ground up, searching for ways other high-level skill sets that are demanded
to restore the trust of the community and of modern police officers. The passing of
maintain the legitimacy of the profession. various laws, the growing expectations of
By Nicholas D. Sherwood, All this discussion about reform raises the the police by the public, and forward-thinking
Deputy Chief of Police, Meriden question: what exactly does reform mean leaders within the profession continue to
Police Department, Connecticut and what would it entail? It is certainly a grow policing into a profession that is both
subjective term, and while almost every- noble and honorable.
one can agree the profession can indeed
improve, the disagreements seem to stem POLICING IN THE FUTURE
from how much improvement is needed and In 2015, President Barack Obama issued
what specifically needs to be reformed. an order for the creation of a task force to
review and make recommendations for the
POTENTIAL FOR GROWTH U.S. policing profession. Providing a strong
I recently entered my 20th year of service in baseline of where to start, I foresee policing
the policing profession. I began my career continuing down the path of the task force’s
as a patrol officer in the City of Hartford, recommendations on 21st century policing.
Connecticut, and currently serve as the dep- One of the things that I have noted in the
uty chief of the Administrative Bureau for the mounting criticism against the policing
Meriden, Connecticut, Police Department. profession is how policing is being judged
Over the years, I have strived to understand collectively and as one profession, yet with
the numerous criticisms against the policing almost 18,000 different police agencies
profession made by activists, anti-police throughout the United States, there is no
groups, elected officials, and the media. set national standard in how the profession
While I concede that some of the criticisms recruits, trains, sets policy, or even serves
against the policing profession are indeed the public. While I can understand and
warranted, I also believe there is a signifi- appreciate states’ rights and local laws, I
cant disconnect concerning the general pub- believe and foresee that the profession will
lic’s understanding of the sciences related move to include, at least in part, national
to policing, the realities of the job that police standards.
face, and the complexities of the profession. The process to become a police officer will
The modern-day policing profession has likely see the establishment of standardized
evolved significantly since its inception. recruitment stipulations, background checks,
The policing profession, like most other physical testing requirements, academic
professions has grown through failures, expectations, and so forth in the years to
mistakes, trials, hardships, bad leadership, come. The same will likely be true for basic
good leadership, and innovation. Many of training requirements to become a police
these evolutions include the increased officer. I foresee legislation in the future that

“The policing profession, like most
other professions has grown through
failures, mistakes, trials, hardships,
bad leadership, good leadership, and
innovation.”
mandates minimum standards for specific of agency internal affairs units and will be
training to be learned at all police academies, tasked to receive complaints against police
such as use of force, de-escalation skills, fire- and investigate any allegations of serious
arms skills, and other physical skills required misconduct, improper uses of force, or
within the profession. I also believe police deaths caused by police.
academies will become standardized in struc-
ture and number of minimum hours required CONCLUSION
and may become aligned with state colleges, Policing within the United States continues
allowing for recruits to graduate not only with to evolve, and I believe this is a defining
a certification to become a police officer but moment in time. Policing is not perfect, but
also with a degree in criminal justice, policing this is true of all professions. Our profession
science, human relations, or other like topics needs to continue to learn, grow, and adapt
as society continues to demand better to new and improved means of providing
trained and educated police officers. police services.
The future of policing will likely see the for- Police officers in our society carry a tremen-
mation of a special office, such as a national dous amount of power and authority, and
Police Officer Standards and Training thus we must be professional and responsi-
(POST) Council, within the United States ble in how we wield this power and authority.
Department of Justice that is designed to We must embrace change and think outside
work with state-level POST councils and the box in how we want to see policing
to specifically oversee and manage thou- evolve into the future. While state and local
sands of state, county, and local police laws may vary, at its core, policing should
agencies. This federal-level office will govern be the same regardless of where we are on
those agencies through the establishment a map. Policing is being judged collectively
of national policies and standards and despite not having national standards, which
ensuring best practices are adopted into is why I believe national standards are inevi-
the profession. Standard national policies table and should be anticipated, welcomed,
on topics such as use of force, pursuits, and embraced by our profession.
missing person investigations, domestic
violence response, and numerous other
critical issues will become standard practice Deputy Chief of Police NICHOLAS SHERWOOD
and form the core of police general orders, began his policing career in March 2003 with
regardless of jurisdiction or location. the Hartford, Connecticut, Police Department.
I also predict that members of the public will He currently serves as the deputy chief of
continue to become more involved in many all administrative services for the Meriden,
of the aspects of the profession, such as Connecticut, Police Department. He is a vet-
with the processes of hiring police, promo- eran of the U.S. Air Force and the Connecticut
tional boards, and termination procedures. Air National Guard.
This may include community members
sitting on panels specific to such processes
or having at least some input of such (e.g.,
police commissions, review panels, and
through community policing programs). I also
envision the creation of special oversight
offices throughout the United States (state,
regional, or federal level) that will assume
some of the current job responsibilities

POLICY
Adapting Management Practices for Better

Outcomes
DURING THE FIRST TWO DECADES OF THIS THIRD MILLENNIUM,
LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS HAVE SHOULDERED NUMEROUS
CHANGES IN PUBLIC SAFETY OPERATIONS.
Some of the changes have been the result of to place their recollections of events on
technological advancements, while the gen- paper to support activities such as criminal
esis of other changes has been the result of arrests, involuntary commitments, uses
social demands or needed tactical adjust- of force, and other policing actions that
ments to counter adversarial intentions. The involve lesser impacts on individual rights.
amount of change over these past 20 years Haphazard and disparate policies of police
has not always been met with nimble, unified organizations and prosecuting entities all
law enforcement management practices. take different approaches regarding if and
Consider for a moment how law enforce- when officers can access their videos (or
By William M. Toms, EdD, ment management practices have failed to other officers’ videos) as a means of writing
Associate Professor, Fairleigh uniformly adapt to the changing public safety accurate reports. While officer recollections
Dickinson University, New landscape and how these management prac- have always been important, such written
Jersey tices need to be rethought as they relate to reports currently serve as a mere memory
the following law enforcement dilemmas: test for officers, especially when not permit-
§ The diminished value of written police ted to view associated videos before writing
reports with the advent of body-worn their reports. These written reports now
cameras actually have a diminished relevance when
compared to what may be pristine body-worn
§ The overreliance on certain metrics that
camera video footage providing potentially
focus on response times for calls for ser-
incontrovertible “evidence” as opposed to
vice and clearance times from dispatched
“recollections.”
calls
§ The critical need to use more digital map- LAW ENFORCEMENT METRICS
ping capabilities for planning and respond- While often well-established policies on high-
ing to incidents in buildings and structures risk operations (e.g., use-of-force continua,
These three examples provide a very brief vehicle pursuit matrices) have existed for
snapshot of law enforcement challenges decades to guide officers in their uses of
that necessitate an introspective review by force in a variety of situations, numerous
law enforcement executives and domain high-profile arrests and officer-involved
leaders. This review needs to consider the shootings have underscored the need for
associated law enforcement tasks and different approaches to critical incidents.
requirements of certain practices. The increased emphasis on officer-initiated
de-escalation techniques and the use of
BODY-WORN CAMERAS AND POLICE other paraprofessionals to collaborate with
REPORTS officers in dealing with critical incidents
The adoption of body-worn cameras by (especially those involving persons experi-
numerous law enforcement agencies encing an emotional crisis) require police
necessitates law enforcement practitioners departments to reexamine the metrics they
and efficiency researchers to examine the rely upon to evaluate officers’ actions and
requirement of redundant written reports productivity. Since these incidents often
from officers who have recorded their require officers to slow down and readjust
actions often in high-definition. Written how they handle persons involved in critical
reports were regularly necessary for officers incidents, metrics that law enforcement

“The amount of change over these past
20 years has not always been met
with nimble, unified law enforcement
management practices.”
managers typically focus on (e.g., offi- incidents. Since law enforcement System data notes that approximately
cer response times to calls for service, executives need to work with those one-quarter of the U.S. population
clearance times from dispatched calls) charged with managing these buildings attends or works at a school (K-12
can create inconsistent expectations and appropriate government officials to through college). Securing these
for officers to handle things in a more accelerate such collaboration, outside buildings through strategic collabo-
expeditious manner. More specifically, assistance is needed through strategic rative efforts as noted in the 2022
the managerial expectation of officers to collaborative efforts. Strategic collab- Virginia legislation improves the safety
quickly clear calls is disconnected from oration is defined as the “intentional, outcomes for approximately 80 million
officer performance standards that dic- collective approach to address public people. Similarly, improving the haphaz-
tate that de-escalation and other critical problems or issues through building ard approaches and policies asso-
incident techniques generally require shared knowledge, designing innovative ciated with body-worn cameras and
officers to slow down, negotiate, or solutions, and forging consequential analyses of police officer practices in
summon other professionals to what can change.” An exemplar of this type of high-risk events will improve numerous
be a chaotic scene. Thus, the scrutiny of strategic collaboration to develop safer desirable law enforcement outcomes
officer response and clearance times by operating environments is offered in while securing the rights of many and,
law enforcement executives utilizing mea- Virginia House Bill 741, which recently at the same time, strengthen the integ-
sures of central tendency (typically by authorized funding for schools to work rity of law enforcement operations.
analyzing trends in mathematical mean, with a law enforcement agency and
median, and mode against monthly or select a vendor to produce a “digital
annual averages) is problematic because map” with accurate floor plans for Dr. WILLIAM M. TOMS has 25 years of
these measures undermine current best every public school in the state. This experience as a New Jersey State Police
practices, training protocols, and mes- type of assistance in developing more officer, where he retired as a major.
saging to officers working within complex digital mapping capabilities to respond Currently, he is an associate professor
operating environments. Since safe and to incidents in buildings and structures at Fairleigh Dickinson University’s
successful outcomes of such events are must be pursued on a more organized School of Public and Global Affairs and
what law enforcement and society expect basis. Schools should not need to allo- president of the Toms Professional
and demand, the law enforcement cate funds for critical mapping capabil- Group LLC. He has trained thousands
domain needs to adopt metrics that ities from the same bucket of money of federal, state, and local officers in
focus less on measures of performance that they need to utilize to purchase programs throughout the United States.
that are consistent with officer outputs new books for students nor should
and begin relying more on measures police departments be on their own
of effectiveness that are more closely to persuade or compel the owners of
aligned with desirable outcomes. properties to pursue digital floor plans
and then share them with public safety
DIGITAL MAPPING providers. This type of funding mech-
Numerous incidents have underscored anism and collaboration between law
the need for officers to be prepared to enforcement agencies and schools as
quickly dispatch, arrive at a scene of evidenced in Virginia must be pursued
a commercial or public building, and on a more systematic manner.
enter the structure to render immedi-
ate aid to the building’s occupants. CONCLUSION
Technology now exists for the owners The law enforcement dilemmas and
or stewards of these buildings to practices selected for discussion in
collaborate with law enforcement and this perspective impact numerous
other public safety providers to create outcomes and persons. For example,
digital maps and floor plans, helping a compilation of U.S. Department
first responders safely enter and of Education and Integrated
navigate the structure during critical Postsecondary Education Data

POLICY
A Culture Shift in Decision-Making

MANY POLICE LEADERS LOOK TO FUTURE TECHNOLOGIES WHEN
ASPIRING TO ADVANCE THEIR AGENCY’S PERFORMANCE.
They are bombarded with high-pressure sales- be uncomfortable with. To those leaders I
people touting the newest drones, armored say: You have given this officer a gun and the
vehicles, or weapon systems. Add in the com- permission to use it; if you trust them with
petitive nature in local policing, of “coveting a firearm, you should trust them to make a
thy neighbor’s cool toys,” and tech solutions thoughtful and moral decision. When reviewing
seem glamorously appealing. This thinking is some recent controversies, I believe many of
seductive, as it allows police leaders to believe the confrontational police and civilian events
success can be purchased. have resulted from a conflict between what we
believe we have to do (based on a narrow read-
However, I believe the next major advancement
ing of policy) and what we should do (based on
in policing will not come from a piece of tech-
By Stephen Espinoza, a thoughtful assessment of circumstances).
nology or hardware but rather from a shift in
Captain, New York City Police police culture. In my opinion, the next advance- Thoughtful policing would be a substantial cul-
Department ment in policing will occur when we teach our tural shift for many police agencies. For much
officers that they are allowed to make thought- too long, the suggestion to use common sense
ful decisions and give them explicit permission when making decisions has been ubiquitous
to do so. Often, people expect officers to advice. This advice does not empower our offi-
react to circumstances in the same way they cers to use their minds and gives them unclear
believe they would if they were in the officers’ guidance. And, frankly, common sense differs
shoes. This is an unrealistic expectation and from person-to-person based on experience,
fraught with instant disappointment and unfair social background, age, and much more. Also,
critique: how often do others act as we would? what makes sense depends on ever-varying
Rarely, but that doesn’t mean either of us contexts; no two situations are alike, and a sin-
performed “better,” just differently. However, gle course of action is rarely effective across
in police organizations leaders tend to assume varying circumstances. Using a single version
their way is exclusively the right course of of thinking (common sense) is insufficient.
action. As difficult as it may be, we need to Instead, we must empower our officers with the
let go of this thinking and give our officers the freedom to think contextually and thoughtfully.
freedom to use their minds. The cultural shift I am suggesting, allowing our
To do this, we need to teach law enforcement police officers the freedom to think, may seem
of all ranks how—rather than what—to think unnecessary or simplistic to some police
and give them the tools to make crucial leaders. Yet, I suggest discussing this topic
decisions. We must permit them to develop with your officers. Ask them if they believe they
creative solutions that are lawful, moral, and are empowered to use their brains even if their
ethical—even if these solutions sometimes idea is slightly outside policy. I think you will be
fall outside rigid policy guidelines. surprised by the responses.
For example, some agencies prohibit officers

from transporting civilians in their vehicles Captain STEPHEN ESPINOZA is a member of
unless they are under arrest. But, if we the NYPD’s Emergency Service Unit, a hybrid
respond to a report of a person outside on team combining traditional SWAT duties with
a freezing night, do we serve them better rescue functions. He worked in the NYPD’s
by providing a social services referral or by Patrol Services Bureau, Housing Bureau,
taking them somewhere safe and warm? I Organized Crime Control Bureau, and Detective
realize allowing cops to act thoughtfully gives Bureau prior to his current assignment in Special
them certain freedoms police leaders may Operations.

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A Vision for
Policing Reform
Policing as an Intellectual Profession
BY I T WO U L D B E A N U N D E R S TAT E M E N T T O SAY a particularly acute source of continued stress,
Cynthia Lum, PhD, T H AT S E R I O U S C O N C E R N S , I S S U E S , A N D frustration, and anger for many, particularly peo-
Director, Center for BA D N E WS A B O U T P O L I C I N G S E E M T O B E ple of color who have long borne the scars of police
Evidence-Based Policing, C O N S TA N T LY PR E S S I N G O N PE O PL E I N T H E activity in the United States.
and Professor, George U N I T E D S TAT E S OV E R T H E L A S T C O U PL E O F
Mason University, Virginia D E CA D E S . Most recently, many were deeply In addition to these events, the profession has
affected by the killing of George Floyd in the taken some big hits in the 21st century. The
summer of 2020 and the subsequent protests insurrection at the U.S. Capitol on January 6,
and calls for reform that ensued. But even before 2021, showcased not only the dangerousness of
that, one can recall the not-so-distant deaths of policing but also the possibility of extremists
Trayvon Martin, Freddy Gray, Michael Brown, Eric among its ranks. Other trends have exposed law
Garner, and others, and the calls then for reform, enforcement vulnerabilities— the rise in mass
embodied by U.S. President Obama’s Task Force shootings in the 2000s, the ambushes and killings
on 21st Century Policing. Story after story, the of officers during this period, and the evolving
cycle of negative news and calls for reform in U.S. nature of crimes facilitated by the internet, which
policing continues. This relentless cycle has been local police haven’t been well-positioned to tackle.

© Getty / Spencer Platt / Staff
COMPLEXITY IN POLICING REFORMS
Of course, it’s easy to assert that policing needs
more work, but it is much more difficult to accom-
plish real change, especially during crises. Some-
times, those calling for change have grasped at
low-hanging fruit that reflects the “bad apple”
theory of police reform. This low-hanging fruit
includes calling for more training, weeding out bad
officers, banning specific uses of force, purchasing
body-worn cameras (BWCs), or firing police chiefs
and other leaders. These ideas and their motiva-
tions are not problematic per se. However, they
are likely not enough to develop the police into
a profession that can deliver on its mandates or
sustain the larger reforms behind these sugges-
tions. To give a blunt example, the Minneapolis,
Minnesota, Police Department had already
undergone implicit bias and de-escalation train-
ing, had some community programs in place, put
body-worn cameras on officers, and had recently
fired their previous chief. And yet, George Floyd
was still killed.
Even more provocative reforms, such as defund-

ing or abolishing the police, may bring some
fleeting sense of justice to those wronged or
perhaps temporarily punish any given agency.
However, such reforms are tested by the real-
ities of what people call the police for, and the
willingness and capabilities of other agencies or
community groups to sustain a response. These
include calls for everyday conflicts and fights
Photo by Spencer Platt/Getty Images between people; suspicious behaviors; minor
crimes and juvenile delinquencies; motor vehicle
complaints; social or physical disorders; distur-
In addition, the society-altering and ever-persistent bances; and sometimes, very serious crimes. At
COVID pandemic has made policing even more the same time, the frustration and motivation for
challenged and arguably less community-oriented defunding are understandable. Research has also
despite increased calls for improving relationships found that officers aren’t always using their time
between people and police. The current rise in in the most effective ways.
gun violence in some jurisdictions has added to
these vulnerabilities. To compound the situation, Recent calls for reform are not enough to help
there are fewer people interested in tackling these transform the police into the justice institution
challenges. There is a downward trend in police that society needs it to be. Instead, more com-
recruitment and retention, with more people re- prehensive and fundamental adjustments have
tiring early, leaving the profession prematurely, or to be made to police organizational subsystems
simply choosing other professions altogether. for suggested reforms to stick, which will likely
take more—not less—investment in the police,
Policing research over the past four decades has and also internal motivation by the police. Such
also been relatively critical of the police, unveil- adjustments are challenging because police orga-
ing its realities and limitations. In particular, nizations comprise interdependent subsystems of
the mainstays of police operations, from rapid training, deployment, supervision, management,
response to 911, criminal investigations, and daily leadership, incentives and rewards, accountabil-
patrol activities, have not been shown to be too ity, and technology. Not only are these systems
promising in contributing to the primary man- mostly hidden from public view or knowledge,
dates of democratic policing—crime prevention but they are also outcome codependent. In other
and safety; equal protection; and public trust, con- words, achieving the mandates of democratic
fidence, and legitimacy. More effective proactive, policing often rely on adjusting and aligning
preventative, problem-focused, and citizen-centric multiple subsystems together, not reforming one
deployments are not regularly or consistently used. area of policing separately.
Law enforcement agencies have put high hopes
and significant investment into many technolo- For example, calls for more training for the police
gies that have not met the police or communities’ to reduce use of force, improve public satisfaction,
expectations. or improve crime prevention, will work only if

training can lead to behavioral change in officers,
detectives, and first-line supervisors. This is a
significant assumption that may not pan out in
practice because of the outcome codependency
of internal systems. Behavioral changes require
mechanisms to be in place that strongly connect
training to actual actions in the field and sustain
those practices over time. These mechanisms
include in-service training that reinforces knowl-
edge learned and provides opportunities for
experiential learning; proactive first-line supervi-
sion, coaching, and mentoring that nudges officers
toward new behaviors; deployment systems that
provide ample opportunity to practice what was
learned; using information technologies that
monitor and track officer activities; systems of
incentives, rewards, discipline, and accountability
that ensure behavioral changes are reinforced;
other criminal justice institutions. Currently,
using crime analysis to evaluate the effectiveness
the approaches to the everyday boots-on-the-
of the training; and congruence among upper
ground tasks of policing like patrol, investigations,
command staff about their support and messag-
responding to calls for service, and interacting
ing of these adjustments. Training alone will not
with people are determined by the standard
achieve the changes that reformers seek without
operating procedures of any given agency and
aligning these other organizational elements.
officers’ personal discretion and experience.
Some procedures and activities are based in law,
but a great deal of policing is grounded in “best
“Btoehavioral changes require mechanisms

be in place that strongly connect
practices,” traditions, and habits. What informs
either tactical or strategic decision-making in
policing is often the individual officer’s discretion,
personal experiences, and routinized behaviors;
training to actual actions in the field and the experiences of others; the preferences of
sustain those practices over time.
” the chief or command staff that are currently in
place; or the decisions often derived from internal
consensus. The reactive and procedural approach
that characterizes U.S. policing results from and
contributes to this discretionary style of policing,
EVIDENCE-BASED POLICING AND as does the insulated nature of the profession.
THE INTELLECTUAL PROFESSION Some (rather romantically) refer to this type of
approach to policing as a “craft.”
To achieve the necessary fundamental changes
so that police can more successfully achieve their The stakes, however, are too high in policing to
mandates, objective and reliable knowledge is treat the profession as a craft. Often, the best
needed about whether specific adjustments will guesses (and hopes) about the outcomes of justice
work, how those adjustments can be made, the interventions are wrong. Police actions can have
consequences of those adjustments on other parts serious consequences, which raises the stakes
of the system, and how to realign the system to be for police to do their jobs in ways that reflect high
amenable to reforms. This requires an enormous levels of competency and professional knowledge,
amount of complex thought, scientific evaluation, much like practitioners in the medical field.
analysis, and innovative and critical thinking Because of the complexity of the interdependent
applied not just to—but by—the police. In other systems in policing, extensive knowledge is
words, the police have to start thinking of their required about implementing effective interven-
work as an intellectual profession, not a procedural tions that can reduce crime or improve police
or experiential-based job. Thinking of policing as legitimacy and predict the consequences of those
an intellectual profession requires the intentional actions. Science and knowledge need to be inte-
integration of extensive professional knowledge gral to policing to accomplish these goals.
and competency into a dynamic, learning environ-
ment to carry out the everyday tasks and mandates This is certainly not a new vision for polic-
of democratic policing effectively. ing reform. This approach to thinking about
policing goes hand in hand with the concept of
Unfortunately, this is not the contemporary evidence-based policing. An evidence-based
approach taken by (or expected of) the police or approach to policing was first articulated by

Photo by Joe Raedle/Getty Images
Again, this approach is uncommon in U.S. policing,

which emphasizes applying either standard oper-
ating procedures or a wide range of discretion to
deal with the everyday tasks of policing. Research
has shown that officers view personal experience
and individual discretion as superior to systemat-
ically derived information or scientific knowledge.
This approach and bias toward experience over
evidence in policing have led, until recently, to a
shunning of scientific thinking, analysis, system-
atic assessment, evaluation, and dynamic learning
in policing. The police are not alone in this perspec-
tive; as Sherman discussed in his Ideas in American
Policing lecture, the medical field was also driven
© Getty / Joe Raedle / Staff
by this type of thinking in the not-so-distant past.
AN EXAMPLE: THE INTELLECTUAL

policing scholar Lawrence Sherman in 1998 in NATURE OF UNIFORMED PATROL
his Ideas in American Policing lecture for the
National Police Foundation (now the National It is necessary to integrate professional knowledge
Policing Institute). He asserted that “police prac- derived from science and research into the DNA
of the police organization, into those previously
tices should be based on scientific evidence about
mentioned codependent subsystems, for police
what works best,” explaining that police should
to carry out their jobs more successfully and with
strive to use the results of scientifically rigorous
high levels of competence. To make this point, one
evaluations of law enforcement tactics, strategies,
can look at the example of uniformed patrol, the
and policies to guide decisions. In addition, he
most common and potentially impactful activity
argued that law enforcement officials should gen-
of U.S. policing, drawing on the author’s own
erate and apply analytical and research knowledge
experience as a young patrol officer in Baltimore
from internal and external sources and track and
City, Maryland, back in the 1990s, but hardly
test activities for their effects. Evidence-based
because I was some exemplar of the professional or
policing, Sherman argued, could improve feedback
intellectual competency that I refer to above—far
systems in police practice, thereby facilitating a
from it. I spent most of my patrol days driving
dynamic learning process and ultimately progress around doing “preventive patrol,” answering calls
toward the goals and mandates of democratic when they came out and backing up other officers
policing. doing the same. When needed, I applied standard
At a minimum, evidence-based policing is procedures to certain calls for service. However,
grounded in the belief that science and research because many other calls and incidents were vague
should at least have a “seat at the table” in public or had no specific procedure connected with them,
safety policy and practice. If the police are going I watched and mimicked how other officers dealt
to try to address crime, improve community- with those situations and used my experience and
police relationships, protect human rights, reduce “best guesses” to answer those calls. During that
use of force, mitigate traffic accidents, improve time in Baltimore, “broken windows” and “zero
officer wellness, or retain and hire the right tolerance” approaches were popular, which meant;
when not answering calls, I conducted pedestrian
people, they have to act in ways that will actually
stops, looked out for suspicious behavior (mostly
lead to these outcomes. The connection between
drug activity); and made many arrests, often for
actions and outcomes is the core of science- and
minor offenses.
evidence-based approaches. Research forces us
to not be swayed by only personal experiences, Was I the best officer I could have been? In
anecdotes, hunches, instincts, or biases. Instead, hindsight, the answer was “no.” I wasn’t treating
incorporating research, science, and constant the profession at all as an intellectual one. I went
assessment and evaluation as both an input and with my gut and relied heavily on my experience
a framework for problem-solving means police and that of others in a very insulated profession. I
organizations must adopt a dynamic learning and didn’t think carefully about the policing mandate
intellectual approach. Evidence-based agencies and whether my actions were linked with those
recognize and accept that new knowledge and mandates. Yet a whole science behind effective
information are constantly being developed. In uniformed patrol exists that I should have been
turn, agencies must stay on top of and contribute thinking about and using, trained and supervised
to this knowledge to be able to exercise high levels on, and held accountable for to be that competent
of professional competency in everyday tasks. officer I speak of now.

There has been a great deal of knowledge devel- It is also now known how interactions with com-
oped about patrol deployment since the 1990s. munity members—victims, witnesses, suspects,
For example, there is scientific knowledge about residents, visitors, youths, business owners, and
where to patrol, including accurately identify- others—can be improved, and ways to reduce the
ing environmental factors, routine activities risk of harm either to officers or to other people
of people, and opportunities that contribute during these interactions. In addition, there is a
to crime, disorder, traffic accidents, and other better grasp of some of the consequences of patrol
issues. Tangible and precise knowledge about activity, including disparate outcomes, adverse
these things are needed to more accurately build community reactions, and backfire effects of inter-
patrol tactics to address problems more effectively ventions. This critical knowledge can help officers
at certain places and times. Relatedly, there is a better anticipate what problems may arise from
crime analytic and problem-oriented science to their actions to help them mitigate or avoid adverse
analyze specific place-based problems and to help reactions from the community.
tailor solutions to those problems. Researchers
So yes, officers can do random preventive patrol
have now amassed evaluation research on what
and answer calls. However, officers are much more
might work best to resolve those problems so that
effective when they use their uncommitted time to
an officer doesn’t repeatedly respond to the same
prevent calls in the first place or strengthen their
problem using reactive or even general strategies.
relationships with members of their communities
by their actions. It will not be enough to travel back
“Tprevent
in time to tell Officer Lum about this knowledge
he science is pretty clear: arrests do not and then expect her to operationalize and imple-
ment this knowledge willingly. Treating policing as
crime very well, and deterrence is an intellectual profession requires it to reengineer
more likely generated in other ways.
” and recalibrate multiple policing systems (training,
deployment, accountability, supervision, leader-
ship, etc.) to create the desired policing outcomes.
To do this requires systematic inquiry, analysis,
There is also knowledge about how police can assessment, and evaluation to figure out effective
optimize their patrolling and visibility to cre- interventions and how to readjust subsystems
ate a deterrent effect and prevent crimes from toward those interventions.
happening in the first place. The science is pretty
clear: arrests do not prevent crime very well,
and deterrence is more likely generated in other
SCIENCE AND GEORGE FLOYD
ways. Further, police officers can prevent calls by If policing was treated as an intellectual pro-
strategically using their uncommitted time (the fession—if the level of competency from police
time between calls for service). And there are now officers was equal to that discussed in this article,
translation guides like the Evidence-Based Policing would that have prevented Chauvin from killing
Matrix, the Evidence-Based Policing Playbook, George Floyd? It’s impossible to be sure, but the
and Ratcliffe’s Reducing Crime Companion that perspective of evidence-based policing may offer
have operationalized much of this knowledge for some insight.
officers or supervisors to apply in practice. If one were able to roll back time and do things
differently, it probably would not be enough to
try and find the Chauvins of the world and fire
them or train them better, or even to have use-of-
force policies in place that do not allow them to
put their knees on people’s necks. Instead, more
fundamental and systemic adjustments would be
needed for such reforms to stick.
For example, Floyd’s death partly reflects an over-
emphasis on crime reaction and arrest for minor
offenses. Floyd was arrested for allegedly passing
a $20 counterfeit bill. As mentioned previously,
research shows, that proactive, problem-oriented,
targeted, place-focused, and preventative ap-
proaches are more effective in reducing crime and
improving community satisfaction than reac-
tive approaches and an overreliance on arrests.
Research also shows that the indiscriminate use
of zero-tolerance arrests for minor offenses is

ineffective in deterring crime and can have costly
consequences. Therefore, one long-term change This article is adapted from Dr. Lum’s lecture for George Mason
to reduce the risk of another Chauvin is to readjust University’s Vision Series, presented February 22, 2021.
patrol deployment to be more focused on preven-
tion and problem-solving, not arrest and reaction
for minor offenses. This is not equivalent to simply
giving up on having the police addressing what supervisory actions, duty to intervene policies, or
some may think are “small” community concerns. other disciplinary approaches. Much more eval-
Those small concerns are part of a larger landscape uation and scientific understanding of account-
of public safety and community feedback. Figuring ability systems are needed so that accountability
out how to problem solve so that problems don’t technologies like BWCs can then be optimized.
reoccur is a more effective approach than reacting
individually to any given call for service. However, Also, treating the profession intellectually means
simply shifting resources around or ending police valuing emotional intelligence as a valuable
responsibility for such calls in communities that skill. This includes nurturing officers’ ability
need more service and visibility, not less, is a privi- to critically listen to those at the receiving end
leged perspective. of policing and finding ways to improve and
incorporate communication and feedback loops
Adjustments across other systems would be between officers and community members into
needed to readjust patrol deployment to better deployment tactics. In Floyd’s case, not only was
align with these evidence-based approaches. At Floyd himself providing feedback to Chauvin, but
a minimum, officers must be trained carefully on community members and medics were also trying
evidence-based practices that effectively reduce to tell Chauvin that he was going to kill Floyd,
crime and do not increase the risks of exacerbating yet he just ignored their warnings. Floyd’s killing
disparities, using force, or violating community more broadly reflects and symbolizes the weak-
trust. Part of deployment science is to engineer tac- ness in policing’s feedback systems and the lack of
tics to achieve these goals. However, training alone receptivity to outside information and warnings.
is never enough. As mentioned, the Minneapolis Procedural justice approaches may be a good start
Police Department had been up to date with all of to developing emotional intelligence but may be
the contemporary training on community policing, only one beginning element. It will take some
procedural justice, implicit bias, use of force, and thinking to build these systems that are either
de-escalation before Floyd. Thinking intellectually weak or absent in policing.
in policing requires building links between that
training and actual behavior and outcomes. The Policing is a complex profession and requires
effectiveness of those links must also be tested a high level of professional competency and
and evaluated to confirm that those links work. knowledge to achieve fundamental changes to its
Further, training in such approaches would have operations. This will require even more inten-
to be reinforced through active and transformational investment in improving U.S. policing, not
tional supervision and coaching of officers. Given less. The profession not only needs to apply and
the current more passive and reactive supervisory integrate the knowledge acquired so far, but it
approaches in U.S. policing, there is also a need for also needs science to help to develop policing into
action research on how first-line supervisors can the institution that everyone—including police
transition into these roles. officers—deserves.
Technologies, such as BWCs, will also not stop the

next Chauvin, as the totality of research indicates
that BWCs don’t seem to impact officer behaviors
consistently or in ways that communities might
think. This is unsurprising, as technology is sel-
dom the panacea for police reform. Body cameras
can work to achieve accountability only when IACP RESOURCES
agencies have a robust accountability infrastruc- § Criminal Justice Reform
ture that can optimize BWC technology. U.S. agen- theIACP.org
cies, however, generally have weak accountability
infrastructures and poorly developed internal § Integrating Police Reform without Sacrificing
affairs and supervisory systems that police unions Community Safety
have often hampered. More importantly, there is
§ 911 Call Takers and Policing Reform
not much scientific knowledge about the effective-
policechiefmagazine.org
ness of specific accountability strategies like early
warning systems, internal affairs processes, officer
activity tracking, community review boards,

TECHNOLOGY Tech Talk
BY
Dave George, President, Pryme Radio
Next-Level
Communications
Emerging Mobile Technologies for Public Safety
WHEN COVID-19 HIT, EMERGENCY

RESPONSE TEAMS FACED AN ADDED
DIMENSION OF DIFFICULTY TO AN
ALREADY CHALLENGING JOB: PROTECTING
FIRST RESPONDERS AND THE COMMU-
NITY FROM THE SPREADING VIRUS.
Emergency calls surged while staffing
reached all-time lows. As the pandemic
presses on, public safety infrastructure
needs communication systems in place
that provide cohesion and resilience
to better manage incidents on a global
scale.
Now that the entire face of communica-
tions has changed, escalating the need
for alternate ways to connect with the
growing mobile workforce, many chiefs
and agencies are discovering faster,
more effective digital solutions.
MOBILE APPS POWERING
INTEROPERABILITY
Finding solutions that harness the in-
credible amount of data available to first
responders is a primary theme moving
forward in public safety communica-
tions. Access to these data could provide
field teams with enhanced situational
awareness, better decision-making ca-
pabilities, and seamless interoperability
between separate organizations—
ultimately, keeping officers safe while
also increasing their effectiveness.
Mobile applications are fundamental
to accessing the tremendous amount
of information available in a digestible,

Many police chiefs in departments across the
United States have already started to use mobile
apps to leverage data available during mission
critical situations.
actionable way. Nowadays, these apps data available during mission critical information is readily in the hands of first
are more comprehensive than ever situations. The Houston, Texas, Police responders no matter their location.
with integrated augmented reality (AR), Department, for example, recently de-
However, the stakes are high. Without
artificial intelligence (AI), and mixed ployed Bridge4PS—a free, interoperable,
strategic planning, the public sector will
reality programs (as well as text chats, and secure collaboration app available
have a more difficult time achieving true
audio calls, video conferencing, file and for authorized response personnel,
interoperability. Implementing new plat-
screen sharing, and more) all combined funded by the U.S. Department of Home-
forms and technologies that bridge the
into one communications hub on a land Security’s Science and Technology
communications divide requires careful
dedicated channel. Directorate.
planning and coordination among all
Many police chiefs in departments This application proved to be a vital com- stakeholders—police chiefs, fire chiefs,
across the United States have already munications tool for the department local government leadership, and all
started to use mobile apps to leverage when a plastics plant exploded in January associated public safety entities.
2020, leveling a building and causing
two fatalities. It facilitated immediate DIY: DRAG-AND-DROP CUSTOM APP
communication that allowed responders BUILDERS.
to organize and disseminate information
Public safety has very specific processes
from various sources, including field
that often require more customized
notes, photos, and videos. The use of the
communications interfaces. The
app significantly reduced radio traffic
emergence of no-code/low-code devel-
while efficiently organizing and logging
opment platforms (LCDP) have made it
the clearing efforts of the surrounding
possible for developers and end users to
neighborhoods, which was instrumental
accelerate delivery of custom applica-
in the department’s response to the
tions. Though they can be deployed on
emergency.
virtually any platform, mobile accessi-
Bridge4PS was also deployed in Cali- bility is a driving factor behind the use
fornia for the Los Angeles Marathon of LCDP apps, which allow personnel to
and West Hollywood’s CicLAvia Carna- tap into on-premises or cloud data from
val festival. These events attracted a mobile device.
hundreds of thousands of attendees
and, thus, required the deployment LCDP is particularly popular among
of hundreds of emergency workers international law enforcement agencies.
and first responders. Because of the For instance, the UK–based Northumbria
app, real-time data-sharing across 12 Police used a no-code, drag-and-drop
different organizations representing app building platform to create MyStreet.
four jurisdictions was possible, demon- The application allows members of the
strating its interoperability. public to report noncriminal issues via
the app—such as broken streetlights,
Recently, the Inglewood, California, abandoned cars, and so forth—thus elim-
Police Department’s special forces inating the countless number of non-
team shared real-time information via criminal 101 calls the police department
Bridge4PS, contributing to the capture received each month in relation to these
of a dangerous stalker. Off-duty officers issues. Citizen app users are directed to
were able to collaborate with officers in the proper reporting channels to submit
the field, which was a decisive factor concerns, enabling problems to be
in the suspect’s apprehension. resolved more quickly and saving officers
In a time of rapidly changing policies from wasting precious time responding
and procedures, emerging technologies to nonemergency calls. Furthermore,
can help streamline data sharing within using a no-code development platform
departments and across jurisdictions, allowed the department to create an app
supporting effective emergency response that suited its highly customized needs
management and ensuring that vital at a fraction of the projected cost.

TECHNOLOGY Tech Talk
As public safety enters the no-code radio systems, enabling instant group voicemail were tied to the officer’s desk,
space, questions of security and compli- calls to multiple users without risk of making it difficult to stay up to speed
ance risks are raising concern. In cases cross talk or eavesdropping. PoC network and in sync when making such journeys.
where privacy is essential to protecting services can also be located on privately Consequently, a UC solution was
sensitive information, communication hosted servers using gateway routers to implemented to untether officers from
apps can be self-hosted on an agency’s provide connectivity between the LTE their desks, allowing them to receive and
own servers and integrated directly to network and the PoC server. Some PTT manage home station voicemail from a
the user interface rather than through applications are designed specifically mobile phone via email. In addition, the
a third-party server. Third-party servers for public safety and offer advanced new UC system supports video con-
are undoubtedly more vulnerable encryption—making them more secure ferencing between CPS and officers—
to security threats. That said, some than radio, while also reducing the eliminating the need to make four-hour
third-party providers do offer advanced number of devices workers carry and trips just to determine if a criminal
device-to-device encryption to ensure cutting IT costs. charge would stand up in court. With
the security of data transmitted between Feature-rich apps also allow users to less time spent driving across the district
devices. When using third parties, it is track locations, trigger emergency alerts and having to return to a desk to check
important to verify these suppliers are in critical situations, coordinate logistics, voicemail, officers can be more visible in
not only maintaining sufficient security and quickly resolve issues. For example, the community, helping to reduce crime
systems themselves but are also hold- the Zello app has been used as a tool for and ease fears.
ing any outsourced or remote teams law enforcement and fire departments
they may employ to the same security located in rural areas to coordinate and MISSION-CRITICAL PTT DEVICES
standards. share information. More recently, the PoC devices such as radios, smart-
With the multitude of software applica- app allowed for seamless interoperability phones, and body cameras are being
tions and technologies available today, between agencies during COVID-19 purpose-built for professional commu-
the key to successful implementation lies related operations. nications as compact, rugged, easy-
in determining which functions will best to-operate handheld devices. Now,
STREAMLINED POLICE FORCES: digital mobile radios (DMR) are offering
address an agency’s organizational needs.
UNIFIED COMMUNICATIONS more advanced features that support
DIGITAL NETWORKS: PTT Another approach is unified communi- PoC functions, including instant group
COMMUNICATIONS AT SCALE cations (UC) platforms, which integrate calling, GPS location tracking, emer-
diverse radio systems with PoC and gency notifications, and mission-
As productive as text, video, and data
PTT over Wi-Fi into one centralized critical PTT (MCPTT.)
sharing applications may be, nothing
ecosystem. UC platforms eliminate Meanwhile, enterprise models of
compares to live voice communications
fragmented communication silos ruggedized smartphones are now
in real time—either one-to-one with
and enable seamless transition from equipped with programmable buttons
individuals or one-to-many with groups.
one channel to another by bringing that support PTT communication and
Team messaging applications that
together voice, video, and collaboration integrate with walkie talkie apps. Some
offer a walkie talkie feature and enable
tools in a single interface. In addition, versions are even designed to resemble
push-to-talk (PTT) are opening new
UC solutions can integrate with other two-way radios, which helps users who
frontiers in the public safety sector, as
applications to provide one-click access are more comfortable with traditional
well as altering the perception that PTT
to powerful communication tools and devices make the transition, as well as
functionality is limited to land mobile
streamline workflows. presenting a recognizable image to the
radios (LMR).
With UC, organizations can provide general public.
Traditionally, private radio and LMR net-
true mobile communications no matter Many mobile communication applica-
works often required significant upfront
where staff or officers are located— tions are compatible with hands-free
capital expenditures. The spike in mobile
whether it be at a desk or in the field. PTT accessories, including headsets,
workforces is driving explosive growth
Take the UK-based North Wales Police. Bluetooth adaptors, and lapel-clip mics,
in push-to-talk over cellular (PoC) for The district’s unique geography includes
wide-area communications due to the which keep drivers from being distracted
the highest mountain range in England, and allow freedom of movement.
low operational expenditure for startup presenting unusual challenges for
and subscription-based services. typical policing processes. For instance, With the emergence of public safety
Because PoC leverages existing LTE the 140-mile round trip from the station networks and new digital devices that
cellular and ubiquitous Wi-Fi networks, to the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) support mission-critical PTT func-
systems can be deployed more quickly can take up to four hours—a significant tionality, true interoperability is fast
with no infrastructure required. With the amount of time that officers could becoming a reality.
press of a PTT button, PoC provides the spend performing more crucial duties.
same capabilities as traditional two-way Furthermore, home station phones and

2023
CALENDAR
Are you looking forward to reading about a certain issue in law
enforcement or thinking about submitting an article to Police
Chief ? Look below to see some of the topics we are covering
in 2023!
JANUARY Contemporary Issues in Policing
Innovations in Law Enforcement

FEBRUARY
Training
MARCH Violence Reduction Strategies
APRIL Using Data to Drive Policing
MAY Officer Safety and Wellness
Policing with Vulnerable

JUNE
Populations
JULY Media Strategies
AUGUST Mentoring & Development
SEPTEMBER Police Innovation
OCTOBER Leadership & Accountability
NOVEMBER Contemporary Issues in Policing
DECEMBER Partnerships in Public Safety
Do you have innovative solutions or experiences that you want to share

with the policing community? Take a look at our manuscript guidelines
on www.policechiefmagazine.org/article-guidelines. Articles can be
submitted online at www.policechiefmagazine.org/submit-an-article.
TECHNOLOGY Product Feature
Forensic Testing
A Safe and Simple Process?
THE FORENSIC TESTING PROCESS CAN well as the potentially dangerous drugs Prioritizing officer safety, the company’s
BRING A LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICER within the sample. proprietary and novel test kits replace
MANY CHALLENGES. ALL TOO OFTEN,
Many companies have heard these the hazardous liquid chemicals and
OFFICERS MUST COLLECT OR TEST
concerns and have placed their focus on complicated procedures of traditional
FOR THE PRESENCE OFFINGERPRINTS,
making low-cost forensic testing that is test kits with the simple and safe dry
BLOOD, DRUGS, OR EXPLOSIVE MATE-
safe, simpler, and more effective. reagent technology.
RIALS AFTER RESPONDING TO A CALL.
COLLECTING AND TESTING THESE SAM- TEST KITS SwabTek manufactures single-use,
PLES CAN OFTEN TAKE HOURS; NOT TO presumptive field tests for narcotics,
Presumptive field testing involves
MENTION THAT OFTEN SAMPLES MUST explosives, and gunshot residue. The
technology that has been unchanged for
BE SHIPPED TO A LABORATORY FOR narcotics test kits are each designed to
decades. Without an alternative, officers
ANALYSIS, TAKING DAYS, IF NOT WEEKS screen for a specific class of narcotics,
were forced to choose between using
OR MONTHS, TO PROVIDE RESULTS. or a general narcotics test kit is avail-
dangerous tools or not testing at all.
able to screen for multiple drug classes.
In many cases, the traditional pre- The California-based SwabTek, however, The explosives kits can screen for dry
sumptive field tests rely on highly hopes to revolutionize the presumptive and liquid explosives and precursors.
concentrated acids and carcinogenic field testing space. “For some depart-
liquids. Additionally, the delivery of ments, the inherent risks of using the The glass delivery of the traditional
presumptive tests requires officers to acids and glass components of those tests has been replaced with a swab.
break glass vials and ampoules con- tests in the field had reduced the An officer can simply dab the suspect
taining these dangerous liquids. The frequency with which they were used, material and transfer the sample to
broken glass can lead to officer injuries with some departments even going so the test paper. The reagents used in
or result in the test pouch being punc- far as to eliminate field testing from SwabTek’s tests are printed in a dry
tured, which could expose the officer their procedures at all,” said Mitchell format onto paper and do not include
to chemical components of the test as Ballachay, Strategic Projects at SwabTek. hazardous chemicals that would put
Image courtesy of SwabTek Image courtesy of DetectaChem

officers at risk of exposure. When a
sample is combined with the reagent
printed on the test paper, a positive
result is indicated by an immediate color
change. Unlike many traditional tests
that require acid neutralizers and special
disposal procedures, SwabTek’s tests are
perfectly safe to dispose of once the tests
are completed.
“Despite their simplicity, they have been
independently validated to perform to
the same analytical standard as other
tests on the market but with a procedure
that is simple and does not put officers
at risk,” said Ballachay.
Also utilizing a swab method within
their tests is DetectaChem. Based out
of Sugar Land, Texas, the company’s
primary offering to the law enforcement
community is their MobileDetect field Image courtesy of Abbott
drug test kits. DetectaChem’s test kits

have been in use since the 1970s, but
the drug world has evolved immensely
since then; this brought about the into the MobileDetect pouch, crushing System, is a handheld drug testing unit
MobileDetect test kits. “Almost every the ampoules inside, releasing the test- designed to detect the recent intake of
narcotics officer we talk to has either cut ing reagent, and forming a visible color six classes of common drugs of abuse
their fingers using a NIK test or knows a reaction. The test results can be ana- within five minutes. Because SoToxa
colleague who has. When you’re dealing lyzed visually by the officer, and they can uses oral fluid to screen for the active
with potent drugs like fentanyl, a dan- be automatically captured by scanning presence of the parent drug—not the
gerous exposure like that can potentially the test kit with a mobile application. drug’s metabolite—it registers only
cause an overdose,” said Marketing recent usage and will not indicate histor-
Manager Bryan Beaty. “That’s why every Available on Apple and Android devices,
the MobileDetect app captures the ical drug usage. Once the cartridge is
aspect of our MobileDetect test kits was inserted, the SoToxa conducts a valida-
engineered with officer safety at the moment in time that a test has been
completed and automatically creates tion process, which takes only seconds,
forefront.” to ensure it has not already been used
a report for the officer the includes
Each of the MobileDetect kits is pertinent details such as time and date, and has not expired. It then prompts for
equipped to screen for specific drugs; location, test result, and images. the collection swab to be inserted into
some can even detect several types of the cartridge, showing the on-screen
drugs at once. With a focus on roadside drug testing, results within five minutes.
Abbott Laboratories (Abbott) are pro-
Every test kit comes with a removable The SoToxa test kit also comes with a set
viding a quicker, less-invasive way to
swab that an officer uses to sample of positive and negative QC cartridges
confirm whether a driver is under the
a suspect substance. The swabs are that should be used to validate that the
influence of drugs. Oral fluid testing has
capable of trace and bulk sampling, system is working properly.
emerged as the company’s promising
meaning that officers would not need to
alternative to blood and urine tests. Roadside testing has already been suc-
scoop copious amounts of drug material
into a kit. Once the substance has been Abbott’s portable roadside device, cessfully implemented across the world,
sampled, the officer inserts the swab the SoToxa Oral Fluid Mobile Testing saving lives not only of passengers in

TECHNOLOGY Product Feature
into the hands of practitioners; and

(4) creating communities of practice to
address current and future issues, threats,
and challenges. Through numerous
collaborative efforts, the FTCoE engages
members of the criminal justice com-
munity with important new information,
best practices, timely discussions, and
evaluations of emerging technologies at
no cost.
“By moving research into practice, the
FTCoE focuses on the implementation
of promising technologies and practices
used by the justice systems—from
Image courtesy of IDEMIA the scene investigation to the forensic
laboratories to the courtroom,” said Dr.
a vehicle with a drug-impaired driver FORENSIC RESOURCES Ropero-Miller.
but also the driver themselves. In a pilot Advancing forensic science helps to Whether testing for drug intoxication
program with the Michigan State Police, prevent crime, support the larger crim- or examining fingerprints, technologies
a positive result using SoToxa led to the inal justice system, and promote public are constantly evolving, often making
driver asking for help in accessing a safety. However, information on technol- processes simpler and safer for the user.
recovery and rehabilitation program. ogy specifications and applications, state Police leadership should become knowl-
BIOMETRIC IDENTIFICATION of the science, decision-making criteria, edgeable of the research and technology
policy and practice, and user experiences available in order to save costs as well as
In many cases, small and mid-size lives.
have not always been easily accessible to
agencies may lack the means to access
the same forensic technology as large law enforcement professionals. That is
agencies. However, IDEMIA is providing where the Forensic Technology Center of
a cost-effective solution for state and Excellence (FTCoE) can help.
local agencies through STORM, the Led by RTI International, the FTCoE
first cloud-native automated biometric is supported through a cooperative
identification system (ABIS). agreement from the U.S. Department
The out-of-box SaaS streamlines the of Justice’s National Institute of Justice,
system deployment and leverages Office of Justice Programs. According
IDEMIA’s MBSS matching algorithms to Dr. Jeri Ropero-Miller, “The FTCoE SOURCE LIST
for latent and tenprint examination. bridges the gap between the scientific
Available through AWS, its intuitive user and justice communities by engaging
and collaborating with professionals Please view this article online
interface improves examiner efficiency
within government and law enforce- for contact information or visit
and reduces training time by putting all
ment agencies, academia, forensic policechiefbuyersguide.org
necessary comparison and analysis tools
laboratories, and legal and medicolegal to request information
in one integrated environment. Because
offices to foster safer communities from companies.
STORM is accessible from anywhere via
a secure internet connection, officers through research, outreach, education,
can process fingerprints at home, in and advocacy.”
• Abbott
the office, or directly from the crime The center maintains a website (https://
scene. There is also no need for in-house forensiccoe.org) that serves as a central- • DetectaChem
IT support as the system is backed by ized resource where law enforcement
around-the-clock support from IDEMIA • Forensic Technology Center of
personnel can access a broad range of Excellence
experts. resources by attending webinars, listen-
“STORM ABIS is innovative and scal- ing to podcasts, or browsing through the • IDEMIA
able, providing continuous updates publication library. The slate of offerings • Intoximeters
of algorithms, feature and security is guided by four focus areas, including
patches, and [it] supports room to grow (1) managing the testing and evaluation • Phonexia
as an agency’s needs grow,” explained of emerging technologies; (2) assisting • SwabTek
IDEMIA’s communications director, with knowledge transfer and integration;
Christopher Doherty. (3) leading the transition of research

LEAD. ASSIST. SUPPORT.
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dent comm and pr that wa searc Sim dual tha s ma d news For
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National Consortium on Preventing To learn more about

Law Enforcement Suicide Final Report ways to support the
health and well-being
Comprehensive Framework for Law of officers and civilian
Enforcement Suicide Prevention employees in your
Messaging About Suicide Prevention agency or department:
in Law Enforcement visit www.theiacp.org or
email [email protected]
Peer Support as a Powerful Tool in
Law Enforcement Suicide Prevention
After a Suicide in Blue: A Guide
for Law Enforcement Agencies
TECHNOLOGY Exposition
Stay up to date on new products and advances in technology to ensure

your officers are equipped with the tools they need.
User-Friendly Platform
Raptor Technologies announces the release of Raptor
Connect, an integration platform that allows third parties
to link with Raptor Alert, a mobile panic button. The
partner program enables other digital school safety
providers to easily integrate their safety solutions to
send and receive emergency alerts from Raptor. Key
partners who are launching integrations at the time of
this announcement include Alertus, Intralogic, Vivi, and
ZeroEyes (gun detection). Additionally, Raptor has already
launched an integration with Mutualink (communications
integration). The Raptor team, through Raptor Connect, is
focused on creating an open, flexible, and user-friendly platform Cloud-Enabled Gateway
for the school safety industry.
Genetec Inc. announces a new generation
raptortech.com/raptor-connect of its Synergis Cloud Link PoE-enabled IoT
gateway for access control. Synergis Cloud
Link addresses increasing demand for
non-proprietary access control solutions
Rugged Handheld or Wearable and provides a safe and secure gateway
to a cloud or hybrid deployment. When
To equip public safety personnel with reliable technology that’s modernizing an existing security system,
cut out for tactical environments, Panasonic introduces the fully Synergis Cloud Link’s open architecture
rugged TOUGHBOOK N1 Tactical. This 4.7" handheld is ideal for allows organizations to leverage their
event monitoring, location tracking, field-based applications, current access control infrastructure
disaster response, and search-and-rescue operations. Featuring and easily upgrade to a secure IP-based
eight programmable buttons capable of launching any local solution. It provides an efficient approach
application, the TOUGHBOOK N1 Tactical makes launching and to multisite deployments and replaces
switching between applications quick and easy. In the event of the need for servers, reducing the cost
an emergency, first responders can also use the TOUGHBOOK of ownership. The Synergis Cloud Link IoT
N1 Tactical to stay connected and coordinate between teams. gateway has embedded functionalities that
First responders are increasingly adopting situational awareness keep access control running even when
software like ATAK to transmit data and information in real time. connection to the server is down.
na.panasonic.com/us/toughbookN1 www.genetec.com
Mini Network Camera Use-of-Force Reporting App

i-PRO Co., Ltd., has launched its Seven Eight Technologies
new i-PRO mini network camera. With officially launched Thin Blue
a pocket-sized form factor and full Defend, an innovative, one-of-
complement of AI analytics functional- a-kind software-as-a-solution
ity, the i-PRO mini represents the next (SaaS) mobile app. Thin Blue
generation of smaller, discreet smart Defend is a mobile application
cameras. Its new compact design blends seamlessly into any envi- that guides officers through the process of documenting critical
ronment. Although the i-PRO mini is exceptionally small, powerful AI details in use-of-force incidents to aid them in their defense in
processing enables the camera to quickly process large amounts of possible investigations and civil and criminal litigation. It prompts
data. AI-based object detection provides enhanced surveillance and officers to record details such as their perceptions of an incident as
reduces false positives. Free AI-based analytics include people and it occurred, their cognitive process of events (what they were thinking
vehicle detection. It supports occupancy monitoring/counting, and a at each step and why they made certain decisions), locations of
privacy guard feature can pixelate individual faces or the entire body key elements, their equipment, the weather, lighting, dialogue, and
to maintain Global Data Protection Regulation compliance. actions leading up to the use-of-force incident.
i-pro.com www.thinbluedefend.com

POLICE CHIEF keeps you on the cutting edge of law
enforcement technology with monthly product announce-
ments. Items about new or improved products are based on
news releases supplied by manufacturers and distributors;
IACP endorsement is in no way implied.
Investigative Intelligence Platform

Siren, a leading provider of investigative intelligence analytics, announces Siren 12.1. The
latest version of Siren introduces several enhancements and improvements, including
360-degree data visibility, downloadable and editable reports, and data model scalability. This
latest iteration of the platform pushes forward what is achievable in the investigative world,
launching new capabilities to generate insights at machine speed and scale. The ability to see
360 degrees of information in a single screen is fundamental. This updated version enables
law enforcement analysts to spot patterns in investigations, and the data model graph browser
can now show relations between the same entities in aggregated forms.
www.siren.io
Multi-Sensor Cameras Riot Shields

Hanwha Techwin America offers Pro-gard Products LLC offers Riot Shields.
two new AI-powered dual channel They are ultra-lightweight shields, making
multi-sensor cameras featuring them a perfect tool for law enforcement in
powerful deep learning–based object maintaining crowds, tactical deployment, or
detection and classification, and corrections. The Riot Shields are available in
license-free video and audio analyt- two different models: the body shield and the
ics. The PNM-C12083RVD supports capture shield. Both are available in multiple
15fps image capture and true 120dB sizes with customizable identification labels.
WDR (Wide Dynamic Range) without compromising the frame rate They are built of .150" polycarbonate and
for each of its 6MP sensors. Motorized varifocal lenses offer a focal are equipped with an adjustable breakaway
range of 3.54–6.69mm for flexible field of view adjustment in each arm strap and durable abs handles. The Riot
direction. Similarly, the new PNM-C7083RVD supports 30fps with Shields are designed with a formed radius, ergonomic features, and
120dB WDR for each of its 2MP sensors. The camera’s motorized break away straps to prevent injury if the officer is faced with an
varifocal lenses support a range of 3.0–6.0mm. attempted disarmament.
www.hanwhasecurity.com www.pro-gard.com
Digital Data Analysis Body Armor

Cellebrite DI Ltd., a global leader in digital The Quadrelease Tactical Plate Carrier
intelligence (DI) solutions, announces the by Ace Link Armor was designed as a
Cellebrite Physical Analyzer Ultra Series fast attach and detach plate carrier for
(PA Ultra Series), the next generation of PA citizens, soldiers, law enforcement, and
for digital data examination. The PA Ultra other first responders. These plate carri-
Series empowers investigators to uncover ers are designed for body armor plates in
key pieces of case-relevant digital evi- shooters’ and swimmers’ cut rifle plates
dence and examine those data more effi- profiles and have a quad-system self-
ciently. Investigation teams can process lubricating quick release latched buckles
Dispatch Software Gateway
a higher volume of computer, cloud, and with high-tensile mechanical resistance,
mobile data; open cases without reparsing structural rigidity, and excellent impact The omniGateP25 has been designed with
data; and support multiple cases and evi- resistance. The carrier features quick- ongoing cost-effectiveness in mind, especially in
dence per device with enhanced location release pull tab buckles that are back comparison to other gateway solutions, through
data from a customizable dashboard. The stitched and bar its unique ability to fan out connections directly
PA Ultra will also enable data enrichment tacked on the from a small physical RoIP Gateway, thereby mini-
for cryptocurrency, from blockchain data cummerbund mizing ongoing license fees for CSSI connections
platforms to transactions. sides and between the licensed P25 RF Sub System and
shoulder straps, the Console Sub System. A single omniGateP25
cellebrite.com/en/pa-ultra allowing for can connect to up to 128 dispatch consoles
greater durability. simultaneously and is easily configured using a
The fully adjust- convenient web interface. Automatic Workgroup
able shoulder Failover Redundancy is available as a standard
straps and cum- feature, when duplicate omniGateP25 units are
merbund provide installed. An omniGateP25 Digital Radio Gateway
a full range of with P25 CSSI integration is available to global
adjustment. customers immediately.
acelinkarmor.com omnitronicsworld.com

IACP 2022 APP IS NOW
AVAILABLE FOR DOWNLOAD
§ Search for events by day, type,
track, topic, or audience to build a
personalized schedule that meets your
specific needs
The IACP 2022 Conference and Exposition will § Take notes and download event
take place October 15–18, 2022, in Dallas, Texas, handouts and presentations
and will bring together policing leaders from
around the globe. The programing comprises § Research and bookmark exhibitors
over 200 education sessions focused on every § Interactively locate sessions and
facet of contemporary policing. exhibitors on the maps
§ Set up your profile and connect with
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§ At-Risk Populations Download the IACP app today from
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Once downloaded, select the IACP
§ Community-Police Engagement 2022 conference event to see the
entire educational program and more.
§ Controlled Substances
§ Critical Incident Management/Response
§ Digital/Technology
§ Innovations in Policing EXPOSITION HALL
§ Intersection of Public Health and Public Safety IACP’s 2022 Exposition Hall will be open Sun-
day, October 16–Tuesday, October 18. Don’t
§ Officer Safety and Wellness
miss your opportunity to meet with more than
§ Organizational Culture and Leadership Development 600 exhibitors showcasing innovative products
and services including the largest collection of
§ Practical Applications of Evidence-Based Policing
tactical equipment and technology solutions
§ Recruitment/Hiring/Retention, and Training available to law enforcement. You can also visit
IACP’s Hub for the latest on IACP’s education,
§ Use-of-Force networking, and professional development
§ Violent Crime opportunities.

OTHER KEY EVENTS
Opening General Assembly IACP’s Chiefs Night
Saturday, October 15 Monday, October 17
10:00 a.m.–11:30 a.m. 7:00 p.m.–10:00 p.m.
On Saturday, October 15, IACP President Dwight Location: Gilley’s Dallas
Henninger will call IACP 2022 to order after two
years of virtual meetings. Joined by local and fed- Attendees will experience a Texas Road Show
eral dignitaries including Chief Eddie Garcia (Dallas from Texas Chic to Cowboy Casual. It will be a
Police Department), the opening general assembly night under the Texas stars. Come kick up your
will be a time to reconnect with fellow law enforce- cowboy boots while networking with longstand-
ment officials. ing colleagues and new friends.
Ribbon-Cutting Ceremony Closing General Assembly

Sunday, October 16 Tuesday, October 18
9:45 a.m.–10:00 a.m. 10:00 a.m.–11:30 a.m.
Join us at this festive event featuring a short ribbon- The Closing General Assembly on Tuesday, October
cutting ceremony and then make your way into the 18, will feature IACP business. Any active qualify-
resource-filled Exposition Hall to see what’s new ing member who intends to run for office at the
and discover solutions for a safer society. IACP 2023 Annual Conference and Exposition in
San Diego, California, will have the opportunity to
announce his or her candidacy at the conclusion of
General Assembly the General Assembly.
Monday, October 17 U.S. Army Colonel Gregory D. Gadson (Ret.) will
10:00 a.m. – 11:30 a.m. deliver the closing keynote address. Colonel Gadson
Hear from federal U.S. law enforcement authorities. has dedicated himself in living the values of loyalty,
The IACP election report, including 2022 candidate duty, respect, selfless service, honor, integrity,
speeches, will also be presented. and personal courage. Join us as Colonel Gadson
addresses delegates on resiliency and leadership.
In addition, IACP will celebrate and honor award
winners and their remarkable dedication to service Annual Banquet
and the policing profession. The IACP/Axon Police
Officer of the Year finalists and winner will be rec- Tuesday, October 18
ognized for exceptional achievement, highlighting 7:00 p.m.– 9:30 p.m.
these officers who exemplify selflessness, empathy,
and strength of character. Additionally, the IACP Join us for the IACP Annual Banquet featuring the
will recognize the 2022 40 under 40 awardees for formal swearing-in of the 2022–2023 IACP pres-
their leadership and commitment to the policing ident and board of directors and our Leadership
profession. Awards. This is a black-tie-optional event (business
suits are appropriate). Guests will enjoy entertain-
ment, including music and dancing, at the conclu-
sion of the program.
Speaker Series
Challenges of Policing into the Future: A
Discussion with the Five Eyes (FVEY)
Saturday, October 15, 2022
2:15–3:30 p.m.
Insurrection at the U.S. Capitol
Sunday, October 16
10:00 a.m.–11:00 a.m.
DEA: Emerging Threats and Trends in Drug
Trafficking
Monday, October 17
2:45 p.m.–3:45 p.m.

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Century Arms 7439 Dallas Baptist University 728 Ear Phone Connection, Inc. 4407
CERA Software, Inc. 1918 Danner 4505 ECAMSECURE 204
CGI Federal 5221 DART Range 5325 Echodyne 8336
Chinook Medical Gear 8628 Databuoy Corp. 5220 ecoATM LLC 2021
Chorus Intelligence 1424 Dataminr 211 EDI-USA 7720
CISA Office for Bombing Prevention 5811 DATAPILOT 6025 Ekin Smart City 2220
Citizen 8037 Davis & Stanton 2428 Elbeco 6616
Citrix Public Sector 8421 Decatur Electronics 2124 Eleven 10 LLC 4021
CivicEye 2409 Dedrone Holdings, Inc. 5720 Emblem Authority 5021
Clark Nexsen 8807 Deer Hollow 7337 Employer Support of the Guard
Clearview AI 3421 Dell Technologies 7201 and Reserve (ESGR) 4524
Cobwebs Technologies 7531 Departmentware, Inc. 8339 EMS Technology Solutions 8337
Code Corp. 2027 Detail Kommander 2122 En.Range, Inc. 1624
CODY Systems 6807 Environics USA 8137
Coins by Catania 613 EOTECH 5104
Coins for Anything 5816 EPIC iO 8142

DetectaChem, Inc. 1724 Equature 5404
Columbia Southern University 5504
Combined Systems, Inc. 5612 Esri 6620
Command Concepts 3710 Eventide, Inc. 8125
Commercial Vehicle Safety Alliance 105 Dewberry Architects, Inc. 5024 Everbridge 1816
Compliant Technologies 7030 DHS Federal Protective Service 5506 EvidenceIQ 5704
Computer Information Systems (CIS) 5421 Digi International 726 Extra Duty Solutions 5308,611
Concerns of Police Survivors 7518 Digital Ally, Inc. 4221 Eye3 8524
Condor Outdoor Products, Inc. 7617 Diplomatic Security Service 8207 FAAC, Inc. 309
Connection 7541 DLR Group 6024 Fab Defense, Inc. 3908
Courtroom Animation 8127 DocuSign 3627 Farber Specialty Vehicles 8616
Covanta 7611 Dodge Law Enforcement 1000 FARO Technologies, Inc. 3821
Covershots Mobile Canopies DOJ/OCDETF EXO 5604 FBI 8227

International 4219 Doron Precision Systems, Inc. 3805 FBINAA 5710
Cradlepoint 7023 Draeger, Inc. 307 Federal Law Enforcement Training
Crime Gun Intelligence Technologies Centers 7642
Draganfly Innovations 2928
(CGIT) 4106 Federal LE Training Accreditation 5920
DragonForce 4506
Crisis Response Leader Training, Inc. 1323 Federal Signal 2110
Drug Enforcement Administration 5620
Critical Response Group, Inc. 918 Feniex Industries 1019
DRYTECH Corp. Ltd. 4320
Critical Tech Solutions – The RATT 7338 Fenix Lighting USA 1408
DSU Digital Forensics Crime Lab 1123
Crossfire Australia 929 FGM Architects 2927

Advertiser
KEY
IACP 2022 Sponsor
2022 EXHIBITOR LIST
Fiber Brokers International LLC 8809 GunBusters 2912 Institute of Scrap Recycling Industries 3722
Fight Crime Invest in Kids 2016 Hallowell 3721 Integrated Computer Systems 4120
First Arriving 5824 Hangzhou Zeo-Innov Life Interceptor Boots 7429
First Responder Wellness 5107 Technology Co. Ltd. 7718 InterMotive Vehicle Controls 110
Harley-Davidson Motor Co., Inc. 1927 International Armored Group US 2624
Haven Gear 625 International Association of
Havis, Inc. 2005 Crime Analysts 5312
FirstNet, Built with AT&T 7206 Hayman Safe Co., Inc. 927 International Homicide Investigators
FirstResponder Technologies 818 Association 5006
HeartMath Institute 4004
Flock Safety 6204 InTime Solutions, Inc. 5911
Heckler & Koch 4023
Flyhound 928 Int’l Assoc. of Law Enforcement
Helicopter Services, Inc. 8239
Intelligence Analysts 5711
Flying Aces Enterprises & HELLA Automotive Sales, Inc. 1219
Consulting LLC 7540 InVeris Training Solutions 1416
Henry Repeating Arms 1108
Flying Cross 616 INVISIO Communications, Inc. 5310
HERO’S PRIDE 8817
Focal Forensics Redaction 6930 i-PRO Americas, Inc. 3405
Hexagon 5616
For The Record 3626 IPVideo Corp. 207
Hidden Level 8338
Force Science Institute Ltd. 8810 IronYun, Inc. USA 4104
High Intensity Drug Trafficking Areas 1813 ISO Network LLC 5304
Ford Motor Co. 1420
HighCom Armor 117 IXI EW 3923
Forensic Genetic Genealogists LLC 3828
Holosun Technologies 7519 James Wood Law Firm, The 629
Front Line Mobile Health 5124
Hope Uniform 8424 JENOPTIK Light & Safety 8408
Frontline Communications 7001
Howard Technology Solutions 3118 JVCKENWOOD 8222
Frontline Public Safety Solutions 7028
− Hutchinson Industries 3807 KeyTrak 5611
Fusus 6607
Huxwrx Safety Co. 3726 Kinesics 2825
Galls 7807
HWI Gear 5025 Kologik 5921
General Motors Fleet 2600
See our ad on C4. IamResponding 8039 Kustom Signals, Inc. 410
Genetec 3400 KWA Performance Industries 220
Gentex Corp. 4210 Kyocera International Inc. |
Geolitica 3525 Communications Equipm 3912
GeoTime by Uncharted Software 5311 L.E.A.D.-Law Enforcement Against Drugs 3006

IAPro + BlueTeam 6823
GETAC 3000 See our ad on page 5. L3HARRIS TECHNOLOGIES – DTS 622
GFF Architects 7842 Icarus Aerospace, Inc. 4107 LabVantage Solutions 321
GH Armor 7316 ICOR Technology 821 Laser Ammo USA Inc 2924
Global Public Safety & Justice 5810 Ideal Innovations, Inc. 423 LASER SHOT 1807
Global Traffic Technologies 5820 Illuminative Strategies, Inc. 3922 Laser Technology, Inc. 6112
Glock, Inc. 7810 Innocorp Ltd. 3116 LDV, Inc 8216
Golight, Inc. 8121 iNPUT-ACE 3712 LeadsOnline 3812,5508
GOSAFE Technology, Inc. 7841 LEFTA Systems 5113,7027
Institute for Law Enforcement
GovDeals 4110 Administration 7128 LEID Products 5817
Govred Technology, Inc. 7436 Institute of Police Technology Lenco Armored Vehicles 8608
& Management 5813 LensLock, Inc 5321
Guardian Angel Devices 121

2022 EXHIBITOR LIST
Military Battery Systems, Inc. 5204 Neology 200

MILO 6511 NextNav 7621
MissionGO Unmanned Systems 7335 NEXTORCH Industries Co. Ltd. 3811
Leonardo/ELSAG 2800
Mobile Concepts Specialty Vehicles 7530 NICE 4016
Mobile PC Manager 3510 Niche Technology, Inc. 3216
Mobile Specialty Vehicles 8241 NIGHTSTICK 8027
Lexipol 4604 Mocean Tactical 7219 Nite Write 8123
Mothers Against Drunk Driving 8522 Nitecore Store 8420
Motorola Solutions 4607 NITV Federal Services (NITV) 7622
MPH Industries, Inc. 420 Nomad GCS 8033
LexisNexis Coplogic Solutions 6211 MSAB Inc 8128 North American Police Work Dog
LexisNexis Risk Solutions Government 2205 MT2 Firing Range Experts 7539 Association 4220
Liberty University 3427 MVP Robotics 711 North American Rescue LLC 3610
Lifeloc Technologies 2025 MWL Architects 5016 North River Boats 5224
Lighthouse Health & Wellness 119 My Steady Mind 3428 Northwestern University Center for
Public Safety 612
Lind Electronics, Inc. 3016 Mystaire 520
NPPGov 628
Liveable Cities 1829 Narc Gone/GFMD 5004
Nuance Communications 4216
LiveView Technologies 8422 NASPO ValuePoint 6929
NueGOV 7336
LivingWorks Education 8729 National Assn of Women Law
Enforcement Executives 7542 OD Kit LLC / ODkit.com 8627
Logistik Unicorp 209
National Association of Field ODIN Intelligence LLC 7723
Lone Star Hero Gear 7742
Training Officers 3727 Off Duty Blue 7218
Louroe Electronics 820
National Association of School Off Duty Management 4411
LRAD (Genasys, Inc.) 400 Resource Officers 2017 Office of Justice Programs, USDOJ 4511
LSC Destruction 5610 National Child Safety Council 8122 Office of Radiological Security/
Lund Industries 2812 National Insurance Crime Bureau 4510 Sandia National Laboratories 3021
MaestroVision 5205 National Law Enforcement Officers Officer Media Group 5112
Mag Instrument, Inc. 1525 Memorial Fund 6927 Officers of Character 7342
Man & Machine, Inc. 3512 National Police Credit Union (NPCU) 4424 OHD, LLLP 5007
Mantis Training Systems 1312 National Public Safety Information Oracle America, Inc. 2616
Bureau 4508
Mark43 1720 O-Sun Co. 3829
National Shooting Sports Foundation 1211
MC Armor – Miguel Caballero 2227 Otis Technology 1311
National University 8824
MCM Technology LLC 4507 OTTO 8024
National White Collar Crime Center 5010
Medex Forensics 3823 Outback Armour USA LLC 4020
Naval Criminal Investigative Service 1406
Merrell Tactical 826 Outdoor Outfits 2024
Navigate360 1824
MESAN, Inc. 2127 PAARI 627
NCIC Inmate Communications 106
Michael Lupton Associates 322 Pace Scheduler 3611
NCL Government Capital 7442
Microsoft 5410 Paladin Drones 8730
NDI Recognition Systems 7627
Micro-X 926 Panasonic System Solutions Co. 6020
N-ear 4804
Midwest Security Products 7127 Paradigm Tactical Systems 7606

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Paragon Tactical, Inc. 5318 Project Peacekeeper 7604 Safe Fleet Law Enforcement 6816
Parsec Technologies, Inc. 3529 ProPhoenix Corp. 712 Safe Restraints, Inc. 122
Patriot 3 8812 Pro-Vision Video Systems 619 Safeguard Equipment 2527
Peacekeeper International 4212 Public Safety Cadets 6124 Safeware, Inc. 2627,2829
Peerless Handcuff Co. 7317 QIAGEN 3429 saltech AG 7827
Penco Products 5722 Quicket Solutions 4405 Saltus Technologies 5216
PenLink 7821 RADE Technology Corp. 2028 Salus Product Group 6125
Pennsylvania State University, The 4006 Radiation Solutions, Inc. 2824 Samsung Electronics America 600
PepperBall 4321 RAM Mounts 3625 Sandoval Custom Creations, Inc. 8825
PH&S Products LLC 3613 Rave Mobile Safety 8021 Santa Cruz Gunlocks LLC 1221
Pi- Lit Technologies 5316 RDPC – Rural Domestic Preparedness
PITAGONE Sa-Nv 7421 Consortium 2427
PM AM Corp. 3528 Real Time Networks, Inc. 5707
Point Blank Enterprises, Inc. 7401 Recon Power Bikes 608

Schedule Express by SafeCities 2116
Point Emblems 7706 Schrader Group Architecture LLC 3411
Polco 3725 Secure Measures LLC 2129
Police and Security News 4211 Secure Planet, Inc. 323
Police and Sheriffs Press 7318 SecureWatch24 LLC 1505
Redstone Architects, Inc. 8727
Police Executive Research Forum 7007 Security Lines US 5822
Reebok Duty (Warson Brands) 5005
Police Facility Design Group 7605 Seiko Instruments USA, Inc. 4012
Regional Information Sharing System
Police Magazine 3019 Sellmark Corp. 102
RISS 4408
PORAC Legal Defense Fund 5706 Setina Manufacturing Co., Inc. 1800
Regroup Mass Notification 8141
Porter Lee Corp. 5020 Seton Hall University 8728
Rekor Systems 823
Post University Police Recertification Sheepdog Resume 4425
REP App LLC 4406
Program 7639
Rescue 42 7624 Shoes For Crews 5105
PowerDMS 3816,3818,4313
Rescue Source 4122 ShotSpotter 6810
PowerFlare (PF Distribution Center, Inc.) 7419
Retreat Behavioral Health 1929 ShotStop Ballistics 1524
Powertac USA, Inc. 7704
RIBCRAFT USA LLC 8139 SIG SAUER 604
Premier Body Armor 5208
Rigaku Analytical Devices 4404 Simunition 308
Previdence Corp. 7741
Ring 4204 Sirchie 5916,6016
PRI Management Group 1208
Ring Power Corp. 7601 Skopenow 1008
Printek LLC 6111
Roadsys, Inc. 7705 Skydio 5624
Robotronics, Inc. 5125 Skyfire Consulting 1011
Rock River Arms, Inc. 5407 Smart Firearms Training Devices 413
Rocky Brands, Inc. 7939 Smith & Warren 5809
Priority Dispatch Corp. 3513
Rohde & Schwarz USA, Inc. 3905 Smith & Wesson Brands, Inc. 1400
Proforce Law Enforcement 3827
RollKall 2609 SolutionPoint+ 8629
Pro-gard Products 2405
Rugged Suppressors 8828 SoundOff Signal 1205
Project Lifesaver International 8816
Russ Bassett 1912 Sourcewell 5605

2022 EXHIBITOR LIST
Southern Police Institute 4311 TEEX 1222 UK Defence & Security Exports 1027
Southern Software, Inc. 6604 Teledyne FLIR 4323 UKG 7424
Spacesaver 8041 Terradyne Armored Vehicles, Inc. 7230 Ultimate Wellness Program, The 8821
Sparta Promotions 2120 TG3 Electronics, Inc. 3412 Ultra Forensic Technology 1023
Spartan Armor Systems 5924 ThePoliceApp.com 8823 Uniqative 1917
SpiderCuff USA LLC 5012 Thermo Fisher Scientific 7708 United Shield International 1105
SPIEWAK 916 Thomson Reuters 4824 United States Coast Guard 3605
Spire Ranges 8811 Ti Training Corp. 2216 University of San Diego 7739
SSI 7441 Tiffin Metal Products 2810 Upper Iowa University 1916
Stalker Radar 1600 TIGTA 3621 UPSafety – a T2 SYSTEMS Co. 1405
Stanard & Associates, Inc. 4504 tip411 5712
StarChase LLC 8830 T-Mobile for Government 3600
StarWitness by Signalscape 523 Top Ten Regalia 3810
Stop Stick Ltd. 8412 Track Star International, Inc. 8138 Utility 7816
Stop-Lite 521 Tracwire, Inc. 7623 See our ad on page C2.
Streamlight, Inc. 7616 Traffic Logix 1818 V.H. Blackinton 7416

Street Smart LLC 8129 Traka | ASSA ABLOY 5121 V/DRAIN 4312
Street Smarts VR 7433 Trikke Professional Mobility 100 VA Office of Mental Health and
Suicide Prevention 7740
Strong Leather Co. 7418 TRM Labs, Inc. 7641
Vapensystems, Inc. 4124
Strongwatch 5424 Truleo 5721
V-Armed, Inc. 1410
Stryker 216 TRU-SPEC by Atlanco 8007
VCS-Intelligent Workforce
Sun Badge Co. 5116 Trusted Driver 7839
Management for Police 4007
Sunny Communications 8518 Tuore-V LLC 725
Vector Solutions 2827
Super Seer Corp. 7516 Tyler Technologies 3011
Vega Holster USA 7427
Survival Armor, Inc. 7716 TYR Tactical 510
Velocity Systems 109
Symbol Arts 6012 U.S. Armor Corp. 7608
Verco Materials 7010
U.S. Customs and Border Protection 8233
Veritone, Inc. 8808
U.S. DOJ, Community Relations Service 3906
Verizon Frontline 5804
U.S. DOJ, COPS Office 8236
T3 Motion 1603 Verkada 6011
U.S. DOJ, Money Laundering and
Tableau 2528 Verogen 7941
Asset Recovery Section 1827
Tactical Medical Solutions 816 Versaterm 1016
U.S. Immigration & Customs
Tactical Notebook Covers 1125 Enforcement 6804 Veterans Lab Services 7527
Tactical Training Systems 1911 U.S. Law Shield 4123 Vetted Holdings 7020
Taoglas 5606 U.S. Marshals Service, Body Worn Videray Technologies 8238
TBL Systems, Inc. 6224 Camera Program 7333 Viken Detection 208
TCP | Aladtec 7216 U.S. Postal Inspection Service 2806 Vintra 7440
Team Wendy 1313 U.S. Secret Service 2612 Virage Simulation 1319
Techline Technologies, Inc. 3629 Uber Technologies 6624 Viridian Weapon Technologies 6424
Tecton Architects 5608 U-Haul 7529

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Watson & Associates Truth Verification Zetron, Inc. 1811

Consultants 5206 Zev Technologies 7640
VirTra 5416 Waveband Communications, Inc. 5008 Zinatt Technologies, Inc. 829
Virtual Academy 3425 Wendell’s Mint 3723 ZOLL Medical Corp. 5207
VisioLogix Corp. 5622 What’s My Name Foundation 1625
Visionations/CrimePad 512 Whelen Engineering Co., Inc. 2100
Visual Labs 5212 WiBase Industrial Solution, Inc. 120
Volatus Aerospace Corp. 1627 Wiley X, Inc. 7940
Volcanic Bikes 5018 Will-Burt 1005
Voyager Labs 5406 Wireless CCTV LLC 2605
VWK9 LLC 4111 Wrap Technologies, Inc. 4624
Wallace Perimeter Security 2118 Zebra Technologies 3206
Wanco, Inc. 812 Zencity 319
WarrantBuilder.com 8822 Zero Motorcycles 1507
Warrantnow 8819 ZeroEyes 7339
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IACP WORKING FOR YOU IACP@Work
BY
James Markey, Senior Law Enforcement
Specialist, RTI International, and Amy
Durall, Senior Project Manager, IACP
Controlled
Communication
and Incorporation
of Advocacy
Investigative Strategies for Law Enforcement Personnel
THOROUGH, OFFENDER-FOCUSED INVESTIGATIONS ARE controlled communication can be powerful evidence

THE FOUNDATION OF EFFECTIVE LAW ENFORCEMENT during subsequent law enforcement suspect interviews
RESPONSE TO REPORTS OF CRIME. and in court, leading to increased offender accountability
These investigations include interviewing victims, wit- and increased positive case outcomes.
nesses, and suspects; processing crime scenes; locating
and processing evidence from other sources; integrating INCLUSION OF VICTIM ADVOCATES
victim advocacy; and analyzing intelligence and con- Victim advocates are essential team members in the
nected cases. The effective use of controlled communica- overall response to crime and provide vital assistance to
tion can be a critical strategy to support investigations. ensure that victims’ rights and needs remain a priority
throughout the investigative process. Investigators who
use controlled communication should do so in coordina-
See Controlled Communication and Incorporation of tion with victim advocates to assess victims’ willingness
Advocacy: Investigative Strategies for Law Enforcement and readiness to participate. It is essential that the
Personnel: sakitta.org/toolkit/index.cfm?fuseaction= emotional well-being and safety of victims and witnesses
tool&tool=148. participating in controlled communication are factored
into assessment processes. Victim advocates can also part-
WHAT IS CONTROLLED COMMUNICATION? ner with investigators to help prepare sample dialogue,
Controlled communication involves recorded contact be- conduct practice sessions, and manage expectations of
tween suspects and individuals who have been impacted those participating.
by crime for the purpose of gathering information about During controlled communication, victim advocates
offenses being investigated. The process is overseen by provide support even if a victim chooses to withdraw
law enforcement, and recorded contact often involves their participation. Following any controlled communi-
victims, but it can also involve witnesses and victims’ cation, victim advocates serve as an essential resource
parents or legal guardians. This strategy can be applied to to enhance ongoing engagement with justice system
multiple crime types and is most effectively employed in processes.
cases when victims and suspects have current or previous
relationships (e.g., sexual assault by an intimate partner, FUNDAMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
drug- and alcohol-facilitated sexual assaults, domestic
Developing agency written guidance for use of con-
violence).
trolled communication is essential for collaborative and
BENEFITS AND PURPOSE consistent practices that outline expected and prohib-
ited conduct.
Controlled communication can be used to obtain
information that corroborates other evidence and
statements made by victims and witnesses—or that See Controlled Communication Policy – Template for a
refutes statements made by suspects. It can also help sample policy template to guide agencies in developing
identify other information to be investigated and help their own policies on controlled communication: sakitta
establish elements of the crime according to statutory .org/toolkit/index.cfm?fuseaction=tool&tool=149.
requirements. Statements made by suspects during
102 P O L I C E CHIEF H SEPTEMBER 2022 policechiefmagazine.org

The following fundamental issues should be considered judicious use of controlled communication is one com-
when developing controlled communication policies and ponent of—not a substitute for—thorough and objective
procedures: investigations. As professionals, it’s important to remem-
ber that effective law enforcement response to reports
§ Can contact between suspects and people impacted by
of crime includes completion of investigations through
crime be legally recorded? Federal and state laws must
collaboration among team members, development and
be consulted prior to using controlled communication.
adherence to policy, delivery and use of proper training,
Consent requirements for recording conversations are
and addressing victims’ rights and needs.
key factors and vary by state.
For more information about the resources presented
§ Are necessary equipment, accounts, and locations in this article, please reach out to the SAKI TTA Team at
available? Testing equipment and using quiet, [email protected].
secure rooms will support successful controlled
communication.
§ Has thorough preparation occurred? Preparation
includes conducting pre-contact meetings and safety
assessments; completing a comprehensive review
of case facts; and ensuring familiarity with policies,
statutes, and legal thresholds for conduct during This project was supported by Grant No. 2019-MU-BX-K011 awarded
controlled communication. by the Bureau of Justice Assistance. The Bureau of Justice Assistance
is a component of the U.S. Department of Justice’s Office of Justice
§ Have post-contact meetings and actions been plan-
ned? Following controlled communication, evaluation Programs, which also includes the Bureau of Justice Statistics,
of suspect statements will guide the next steps in the the National Institute of Justice, the Office of Juvenile Justice and
investigative process. Delinquency Prevention, the Office for Victims of Crime, and the
SMART Office. Points of view or opinions in this document are those
EXPECTED OUTCOMES of the author and do not necessarily represent the official position or
Not all investigations or investigative strategies result in policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.
prosecution and conviction of suspects. The ethical and

IACP WORKING FOR YOU IACPnet Bulletin
IACPnet is the top resource for effective practices, case studies, and other
information to support police leaders as they navigate the ever-changing public
safety landscape. Learn more and request a demo by visiting theIACP.org/IACPnet.
1,548 16,291
TOP SEARCHED TERMS MEMBER AGENCIES PAGE VIEWS
Police professionals
from agencies of all
sizes utilize IACPnet
to enhance programs and operations, to develop
data-driven solutions, and for professional
development.
 VEHICLE LOCKOUT
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14 204
NEW DISCUSSION POSTS RESOURCES ADDED & UPDATED TOP RESOURCES
 The First 12 Minutes: Active
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Whole-Community Approach
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Force
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Police Department Policy Manual
The IACPnet Discussion  Critical

Board provides a forum The Resource Library contains policies, forms, Incidents All
for users to network, ask and other publications. Search results can Hazard Plan
questions, and provide —Policy from the
be refined by criteria such as type, country, Skokie, Illinois,
valuable expertise and population, date, and more. Police Department
guidance.
FEATURED RESOURCE Access these

Pandemic Policing: Emerging Issues and
resources and more
Recommendations at theIACP.org/
This report summarizes the proceedings and outcomes IACPnet. For more
of the 2021 meeting of the Officer Safety and Wellness
Group. The meeting considered safety and mental information, call
and physical health issues arising from the COVID-19
pandemic, protests in U.S. cities, and related calls for
the IACPnet team at
police reforms. 800.227.9640.

IACP WORKING FOR YOU The Beat
TOP POLICE CHIEF

T WE E T J U LY B O N U S
of the month
ONLINE ARTICLE
TOP IACP BLOG POST International Association of

Chiefs of Police
Violent Extremism
Why Location Matters and the Social
for Police—And Five Contract Theory
Ways Your Agency Can By Charles Kelly, PhD; Mark Logan,
Leverage It PhD; Charles Russo, PhD; and T
homas Rzemyk, PhD
Any officer who has
pursued a suspect
down a dark alley or
View this and other articles at
lonely back road policechiefmagazine.org.
knows that loca-
tion matters.
When pursuing a suspect in a F E ATU R E D ITE M I N
vehicle or on foot, everything I A C P M O N T H LY
can change in seconds and the JUNE NEWSLETTER
officer’s last known location
may no longer be accurate. In
high-pressure situations, officers
may struggle to share accurate
location information as they
engage in a chase or attempt to
THIS MONTH’S QUOTE
effect an arrest on a noncoopera-
tive offender.
Ultimately, creating a
Read this and other blog posts
at theIACP.org/blog.
IACP 2022 Educational

POPULAR IACP psychologically safe space for Workshops Announced
RESOURCES
people to grapple with the future The IACP 2022 Conference
and Exposition, taking place
October 15–18, 2022, in Dallas,
is essential to coming to grips Texas, will bring together police
leaders from around the globe.
International Association of
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IACP WORKING FOR YOU The Brief
BY
Chris Erickson, Major, and Matt Langer,
Colonel, Minnesota State Patrol
Benefits
of an
Aviation
Section
COLLABORATION WITH LAW ENFORCE- of the aviation section. The agency also While aircraft are expensive to operate,
MENT AGENCIES IN MINNESOTA HAS increased its flight patrol hours; adjusted having them on patrol has proven to
BEEN KEY AS THE AVIATION SECTION flight patrol times; and improved be beneficial due to their quickened
OF THE MINNESOTA STATE PATROL communication between pilots, law response time to any incident, espe-
(MSP) FINDS ITSELF MORE RELEVANT enforcement officers, and dispatchers. cially police pursuits. While the aircraft
THAN EVER.
The MSP operates three aircraft with are on patrol and not assigned to an
An ever-changing environment camera systems that provide service to incident, the pilots focus on street
that poses unique challenges to law law enforcement agencies throughout racing and speed enforcement. Once
enforcement presents an opportunity the state. These aircraft have proven to airborne, the flight crew announces
for the wider use of aviation assets. be a critical component when it comes their patrol status over a radio channel
As policing agencies continuously to vehicle pursuit mitigation. Typically, monitored by allied agencies. During
reevaluate how to safely respond to when a state patrol aircraft flies above a patrol, the flight crew actively scans
the uptick in violent crime, reduce the pursuit, the squads discontinue pursuing. the local dispatch centers and observes
number of motor vehicle pursuits, and The flight crew then tracks the vehicle, traffic behaviors on the roadways.
use technology to their advantage, the using daytime or infrared cameras, and In addition to pursuit mitigation, the
MSP’s aviation section has proven to be provides detailed location information aircraft section is readily available to
an invaluable tool. to units on the ground using an overlay support agencies with active crime
Recognizing these challenges, several mapping software. The aircrew provides scenes in searching for suspects or
of Minnesota’s policing leaders came these details, as well as records the providing video downlink capability
together in the spring of 2022 to discuss driving conduct, to the ground units who to support situational awareness. The
how the MSP’s Aviation Section could have slowed to normal vehicle opera- perspective from above is unique
be better used to serve the needs of tions. A moving “bubble perimeter” is and multiplies the effectiveness of
Minnesota communities and policing established. When the occupants eventu- resources on scene. When an aircraft
agencies. Several components were ally stop or exit the vehicle, the flight crew is paired with a K9 or UAV team on
identified during the collaborative directs units on the ground who move a search, the team’s effectiveness is
meeting. After the meeting, the MSP sent in to capture the driver and any occu- exponentially increased. This provides
a survey to every sheriff and police chief pants. The outcome is much safer than a safer environment for officers and the
within Minnesota to collect data on how traditional lengthy pursuits for the public, public while increasing the chance of
to better use aviation assets. As a result of suspects, and law enforcement officers successful capture and arrest.
the meeting and survey, the MSP hosted and often yields better capture rates.
a virtual information session with chiefs
and sheriffs and developed a one-page
document to help law enforcement
For additional resources about police aviation, visit IACP’s Aviation Committee’s
and dispatchers throughout the state webpage at theIACP.org/working-group/committee/aviation-committee.
understand the tactics and capabilities

IN EVERY ISSUE
CALENDAR
2022
OCT IACP 2022 Annual Conference and Exposition

15 The IACP Annual Conference and Exposition is the
— law enforcement event of the year—more than 16,000
18 public safety professionals come together to learn new
techniques, advance their knowledge and careers, and
equip their departments for ongoing success.
theIACPconference.org
90% of hearing aid owners

would recommend them
2023
to a friend or family member
MAR Officer Safety and Wellness Symposium with a hearing problem.
3 This symposium is for law enforcement professionals to
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SEPTEMBER 2022

Perspectives on the Future of Developing an agen- Policing Reform

Cover: IACP Board of Directors meeting, May 2022

2 POLICE CHIEF H SEPTEMBER 2022 policechiefmagazine.org

21 Informer 105 The Beat

22 Spotlight 106 The Brief

SEPTEMBER 2022 H POLICE CHIEF 3

Joseph J. Polzak Steve Shirley Lieutenant Tammy Ellen Zavisca

82 102 106 106

4 POLICE CHIEF H SEPTEMBER 2022 policechiefmagazine.org

EDITOR Vincent Talucci

CIRCULATION ASSISTANT Mari Bryant

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EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR AND CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER

DEPUTY EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR AND CHIEF OPERATING

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SEPTEMBER 2022 H POLICE CHIEF 11

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Decrees for Police Abuses”; DOJ, “Attorney General

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