SHEPHERDVILLE COLLEGE

(FORMERLY JESUS THE LOVING SHEPHERD CHRISTIAN COLLEGE)

Talojongon, Tigaon, Camarines Sur, Philippines
Tel. No. (054) 884-9536
“Excellence in truth in the service of God and Country”

Module

in

Teaching Science in Elementary Grades

(Biology and Chemistry)
Final’s Module

1st Semester A/Y: 2022-2023

Prepared by:

JASON V. COMPETENTE
Instructor
COMPETENCY #11: PARTS AND FUNCTIONS OF HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS
A. Skeletal System
 B. Muscular System
c. Integumentary System
d. Nervous System
OBJECTIVES

At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

 Identify the parts and functions of the different systems of our body.
 Label the parts of the different systems of our body.
 Value the importance of taking care of our body systems to keep them functional all the time.

MOTIVATION
Try this! Draw a smiley face if the statement is correct and sad face if it is incorrect.
_____1. The brain is the main organ in the nervous system.
_____2. The skin is considered as the largest organ in the human body.
_____3. The sweat glands help the body excrete wastes and control body temperature. They collect
waste chemicals and then secreted as sweat and leaves the body through a pore.
_____4. There are three types of muscles which are skeletal muscle also known as striated or
voluntary, smooth or involuntary muscles and cardiac or heart muscles.
_____5. Femur is the longest bone in our body which can be found in the upper leg.
INTRODUCTION
Human beings are arguably the most complex organisms on this planet. Imagine billions
of microscopic parts, each with its own identity, working together in an organized manner for the benefit of
the total being. The human body is a single structure but it is made up of billions of smaller structures of four
major kinds:

Cells
Cells have long been recognized as the simplest units of living matter that can maintain life and
reproduce themselves. The human body, which is made up of numerous cells, begins as a single, newly
fertilized cell.

Tissues
Tissues are somewhat more complex units than cells. By definition, a tissue is an organization of a great
many similar cells with varying amounts and kinds of nonliving, intercellular substance between them.

Organs
Organs are more complex units than tissues. An organ is an organization of several different kinds of
tissues so arranged that together they can perform a special function. For example, the stomach is an
organization of muscle, connective, epithelial, and nervous tissues. Muscle and connective tissues form its
wall, epithelial and connective tissues form its lining, and nervous tissue extends throughout both its wall and
its lining.

Systems
Systems are the most complex of the component units of the human body. A system is an organization
of varying numbers and kinds of organs so arranged that together they can perform complex functions for the
body. 

CONTEXT

THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

The musculoskeletal system (locomotor system) is a human body system that provides our body
with movement, stability, shape, and support. It is subdivided into two broad systems: 
 Muscular system, which includes all types of muscles in the body. Skeletal muscles, in particular, are
the ones that act on the body joints to produce movements. Besides muscles, the muscular system
contains the tendons which attach the muscles to the bones.
 Skeletal system, whose main component is the bone. Bones articulate with each other and form
the joints, providing our bodies
with a hard-core, yet mobile,
skeleton. The integrity and
function of the bones and joints is
supported by the accessory
structures of the skeletal system;
articular cartilage, ligaments, and
bursae.

Function of Muscles: Movement

production, joint stabilization,
maintaining posture, body heat
production
Function of Bones: Mechanical basis for
movements, providing framework for the
body, vital organs protection, blood cells
production, storage of minerals.

Besides its main function to

provide the body with stability and
mobility, the musculoskeletal system has
many other functions; the skeletal part
plays an important role in other
homeostatic functions such as storage of
minerals (e.g., calcium) and hematopoiesis, while the muscular system stores the majority of the body's
carbohydrates in the form of glycogen.

THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

The Skeletal System is the framework of the human body. The framework of your body is made up of
rigid and strong materials called bones.

The bones in your body have two divisions. The axial skeleton protects the delicate organs in the body.
Axial skeleton, that includes the bones along the long axis of the body. The axial skeleton consists of
the vertebral column, bones of the head and bones of the thoracic cage.

The appendicular skeleton provides support and aids the body in the movement. Appendicular skeleton,
that involves the bones of the shoulder and pelvic girdle, as well as the bones of the upper and lower
extremities.

Bones
There are 206 bones in the adult body. The bones perform five main functions for the body:
 Provide support: The skeletal system provides structural support for the entire body. Individual bones
or groups of bones provide a framework for the attachment of soft tissues and organs.
 Store minerals and lipids: Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body. (Ninety-nine percent of
the body's calcium is found in the skeleton.) The calcium salts of bone are a valuable mineral reserve
that maintains normal concentrations of calcium and phosphate ions in body fluids. The bones of the
skeleton also store energy reserves as lipids (fats) in areas filled with yellow marrow.
 Produce blood cells: Red blood cells, white blood cells, and other blood elements are produced in the
red marrow, which fills the internal cavities of many bones.
 Protect body organs: Many soft tissues and organs are surrounded by skeletal elements. For example,
the rib cage protects the heart and lungs, the skull protects the brain, the vertebrae protect the spinal
cord, and the pelvis protects the delicate reproductive organs.
 Provide leverage and movement: Many bones function as levers that can change the magnitude
(strength) and direction of the forces generated by muscles.

Bone structure
Each bone in the skeleton contains two forms of tissue: compact (dense) bone that is relatively solid,
and spongy (cancellous) bone that forms an open network of struts and plates. Compact bone is found on the
external surface of the bone; spongy bone is located inside the bone.

The amount of compact and spongy bone depends on the shape of the bone. Compact bone is thickest
where stresses arrive from a limited range of directions. Spongy bone is located where bones are not heavily
stressed or where stresses arrive from many directions. Spongy bone is much lighter than compact bone,
which helps reduce the weight of the skeleton and makes it easier for muscles to move the bones.
Bone development and growth
The growth of the skeleton determines the size and proportions of the body. Bones begin to form in a
fetus about six weeks after fertilization, and portions of the skeleton do not stop growing until a person is
about 25 years old.

Most bones begin as hyaline cartilage. The cartilage is gradually converted to bone through a process
called ossification. Bone growth begins at the center of the cartilage. As bones enlarge, bone growth activity
shifts to the ends of the bones (an area commonly called the growth plate), which causes the bones to grow
longer.

Types of Bones
Bones can be classified according to their shapes as follows:
 Long bones have a tubular shape, with a longer longitudinal and a shorter transverse diameter. They
are composed mostly of compact bone, while the spongy bone and bony marrow fill the ends of the
bones. Examples of long bones include the humerus, ulna, tibia and clavicle. 
 Short bones have a roughly cuboid or round shape, and only contain a thin layer of compact bone
surrounding the spongy bone. Examples include the tarsal and carpal bones.
 Flat bones are mostly thin, flattened and usually curved. They contain two parallel layers of compact
bones surrounding a layer of spongy bone. Examples include most of the skull
bones, scapula, sternum and sacrum.
 Sesamoid bones are small, rounded unique types of bones that are embedded in muscle tendons
where the tendon passes over a joint. The largest sesamoid bone in the body is the  patella, but several
other smaller sesamoid bones can be found in the hand and foot, usually in close proximity to the
joints.
 Irregular bones do not fit into any of the other categories. Generally, irregular bones contain foramina
through which soft tissue and neurovascular structures pass. Examples include the vertebrae, hip
bone and some bones of the skull.

THE BONES IN YOUR BODY

1. Skull – the skull or cranium is the bone in the head. It protects the brain and other sensory organs from
injury. It is a whole bone which is made up of 26 small bones connected to protect the structure and
frame of the head.
2. Vertebrae/Spine – small thick bones that make the spine or backbone. It protects the spinal cord.
3. Ribs – 12 pairs of ribs connected to the sternum or breastplate composed the ribcage. It protects the
important organs in the body such as heart, lungs and liver.
4. Pelvis – made up of thick and wide bones that protect the reproductive and urinary systems.
5. Femur – is the bone in the upper leg. It is the longest bone in the body which affects the height of the
person.
6. Phalanges – bones in our hands and feet. The estimated bones in each hand are 20. The small bones in
the hands and fingers are responsible for the little movements in hands and feet.
7. Ossicles – group of bones found in the middle ear. There are three ossicles: the hammer, anvil and
stirrup. These are the smallest bones in the body that vibrate to make the sound clear to hear.
SAQ #1: Answer the following questions: (4 points)

1. What bone protects our brain?

2. How many bones are in the human body at adulthood?
3. How many bones are there in the human body at birth?
4. What is the longest bone in the human body?

Other Elements of the Musculoskeletal System

1. Joints: These are where two bones interconnect. Each joint reflects a compromise between stability
and range of motion. For example, the bones of the skull are very stable but with little motion,
whereas the shoulder joint allows for a full range of motion but is a relatively unstable joint.
Each bone of the musculoskeletal system is connected to one or more bones via a joint. Joints provide a
fulcrum to the bones, on which they pivot and thereby allow movements of body parts.

Based on the type of tissue that holds the neighboring bones together and the range of motion
they exhibit, joints can be classified into the following:
 Synovial joints are freely mobile joints in which the bones are not in direct contact, but are separated
by a potential space called the synovial cavity. The synovial cavity is lined by a synovial membrane that
secretes the synovial fluid which nourishes and lubricates the articulating surfaces in order to reduce
friction. The articulating bones in most synovial joints are lined with hyaline cartilage. These joints
usually have a wide range of motion, which is defined by the joint capsule, the supporting ligaments
and muscles that cross the joint. Examples of synovial joints include the knee,
shoulder, sternoclavicular and elbow joints.
 Fibrous joints are the articulations in which the bones are connected by dense fibrous connective
tissue. The bones in fibrous joints are firmly held together so that the joint allows negligible
movement. Fibrous joints are found between the cranial sutures, the distal tibiofibular and
cuboideonavicular joints.
 Cartilaginous joints are articulations in which the bones are connected by cartilage. The bones have a
range of motion between synovial and fibrous joints. Cartilaginous joints are subdivided
into synchondrosis (e.g. costochondral joints) and symphysis joints (e.g. pubic symphysis).

According to movements they allow, the synovial joints are further subdivided into:
 Ball and socket joints (e.g. hip joint, shoulders)
 Gliding joint (wrists joint)
 Condylar joints (e.g. knee joint)
 Hinge joints (e.g. elbow joint, ankle)
 Pivot joints (e.g. proximal and distal radioulnar joints, head and neck)
 Ellipsoid joints (e.g. 2nd – 5th metacarpophalangeal joints)
 Plane joints (e.g. joints between the carpal bones)

2. Tendons: These attach muscle to bone.

 3. Ligaments: Ligaments are fibrous bands made of dense regular connective tissue which are similar in
structure to tendons. Unlike the tendons that connect muscles to bone, the ligaments connect bone to
bone. Besides the musculoskeletal system, the ligaments are also found in many other parts of the body,
where they usually stabilize and hold internal organs in place and transmit neurovascular structures.

In the musculoskeletal system, ligaments stabilize the articulating bones and reinforce the joints.
Depending on their anatomic position relative to the joint capsule, ligaments are classified into:
 Capsular ligaments are essentially thickenings of the joint capsule that form either elongated bands or
triangular structures. These ligaments serve to reinforce the integrity of the joint capsule. An example
of the capsular ligament is the iliofemoral ligament of the hip joint.
 Intracapsular ligaments are the ligaments that lie internal to the joint capsule. These ligaments
reinforce the connection of the articulating surfaces of the joint, but allow a far wider range of motion
than other ligaments. Examples include anterior and posterior cruciate ligament of the knee joint.
 Extracapsular ligaments are ligaments that lie outside the joint capsule. These ligaments provide the
most stability to the articulating bones, and are important for preventing dislocations. Extracapsular
ligaments can lie in close proximity (e.g. medial collateral ligament of the ankle joint) or a bit further
from the joint capsule (vertebral ligaments).

4. Skeletal muscles: These muscles contract to pull on tendons and move the bones of the skeleton.
Skeletal muscles also:
 Maintain posture and body position;
 Support soft tissues;
 Guard entrances and exits to the digestive and urinary tracts; and, Maintain body temperature.
5. Nerves: Nerves control the contraction of skeletal muscles, interpret sensory information, and
coordinate the activities of the body's organ systems.

6. Cartilage: A flexible connective tissue found in multiple organ systems of the body. Cartilage is composed
of specialized cells called chondrocytes, collagen fibers and abundant ground substance rich in
proteoglycan and elastin fibers. It is a firm gel-like substance. The body contains three major types of
cartilage: hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage.
 Hyaline cartilage is the most common type of cartilage. It provides stiff but somewhat
flexible support. Examples in adults include the tips of ribs (where they meet the
sternum [breastbone]) and part of the nasal septum. Another example is articular
cartilage, which covers the ends of bones within a joint. The surfaces of articular
cartilage are slick and smooth, which reduces friction during joint movement.
 Elastic cartilage provides support but can tolerate distortion without damage and
return to its original shape. Elastic cartilage can be found in the external flap of the ear,
among other places.
 Fibrocartilage resists compression, prevents bone-to-bone contact, and limits relative
movement. Fibrocartilage can be found within the knee joint, between the pubic bones
of the pelvis, and between the spinal vertebrae.
 Cartilage heals poorly, and damaged fibrocartilage in joints such as the knee can interfere with normal
movements. The knee contains both hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage. The hyaline cartilage covers bony
surfaces; fibrocartilage pads in the joint prevent contact between bones during movement. Injuries to the
joints can produce tears in the fibrocartilage pads, and the tears do not heal. Eventually, joint mobility is
severely reduced.
The musculoskeletal system specifically contains articular cartilage, a type of cartilage that lines the
articulating surfaces of bones. The articular cartilage provides congruence to the articulating bones and allows
them to bear weight and glide over each other with very little friction. 

Bursae are small sac-like outpouchings of the joint cavity lined by synovial membrane. They are found
around the joints, providing cushioning of the associated bones, tendons and muscles and reducing
friction between adjacent structures.

SAQ #2: What are some ways to make your bones healthy and strong? Why would it be important to make
your body healthy and strong all the time? (2 points)

THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM

The muscles give the body shape and mass. They support the skeleton and keep it steady. There are
about 640 muscles in the body which are responsible for different types of movement. A muscle is made up of
bundles called muscle fibers.
The muscular system is an organ system composed of specialized contractile tissue called the muscle
tissue. There are three types of muscle tissue, based on which all the muscles are classified into three groups: 
The three kinds of muscles in the body are skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles. Though muscles are
of different kinds, they share common characteristics. They contract and become short. They can relax and
return to their original form after the contraction.
Muscles that are connected to the bones and are responsible for movement are called skeletal
muscles. The movement of skeletal muscles is voluntary, Voluntary muscles move when they are consciously
controlled. Aside from movement, these muscles also give shape to the body. Skeletal muscles can be found
largely in the arms, legs, chest, abdomen, face, and neck. Their size and shape depend on their function. For
example, the muscles of the eye are small and weak while the muscles of the legs are big and strong because
they are used in more physically demanding activities. The ends of skeletal muscles can be directly attached to
the bones or attached to the bones through tendons. When the muscle contracts, it pulls the tendon, which in
turn pulls the bone. The skeletal muscles work in pairs. This means when one contracts, the other relaxes.
When you bend your arm, the upper muscle shortens while the lower muscle lengthens. When you put down
your arm, the lower muscle contracts, while the upper muscle relaxes. The elbow straightens because the
lower muscle pulls the bone of the lower arm.
Smooth muscles are not attached to the bones. They are involuntary muscles because they work
automatically. You cannot consciously control the action of smooth muscles. Smooth muscles are found in the
walls of blood vessels, helping the blood flow. They are also in the walls of internal organs such as the
esophagus and stomach. When you eat, the chewed food is pushed by the movement, called peristalsis, of the
smooth muscles of the digestive canal.
 Cardiac Muscles are involuntary muscles present only in the heart. They move rhythmically,
contracting and relaxing alternately to generate force to pump blood throughout the body.
Muscle Contraction
The most important property of skeletal muscles is its ability to contract. Muscle contraction occurs as
a result of the interaction of myofibrils inside the muscle cells. This process either shortens the muscle or
increases its tension, generating a force that either facilitates or slows down a movement. 
There are two types of muscle contraction; isometric and isotonic. A muscle contraction is deemed
as isometric if the length of the muscle does not change during the contraction, and isotonic if the tension
remains unchanged while the length of the muscle changes. There are two types of isotonic contractions: 
 Concentric contraction, in which the muscle shortens due to generating enough force to overcome the
imposed resistance. This type of contraction serves to facilitate any noticeable movement (e.g. lifting a
barbell or walking on an incline).
 Eccentric contraction, in which the muscle stretches due to the resistance being greater than the force
the muscle generates. During an eccentric contraction, the muscle maintains high tension. This type of
contraction usually serves to slow down a movement (e.g. lowering a barbell or walking downhill).

Tendons
A tendon is a tough, flexible band of dense connective tissue that serves to attach skeletal muscles to
bones. As muscles contract, the tendons transmit the mechanical force to the bones, pulling them and causing
movement.

Both during movement and stationary positions, muscles contribute to the overall support and stability
of joints. Many muscles and their tendons pass over joints and thereby stabilize the articulating bones and
hold them in position. In addition, the muscles also play an important role in maintaining posture. While the
movements occur mainly due to muscles intermittently contracting and relaxing, the posture is maintained by
a sustained tonic contraction of postural muscles. These muscles act against gravity and stabilize the body
during standing or walking. The postural muscles include the muscles of the back and abdominal muscles.
Another important function of muscles is heat production. Muscle tissue is one of the most
metabolically active tissues in the body, in which approximately 85 percent of the heat produced in the body is
the result of muscle contraction. This makes the muscles essential for maintaining normal body temperature. 

SAQ #3: How do the muscular and skeletal systems work together? (2 points)

THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

The integumentary system is an organ system consisting of the skin, hair, nails, and exocrine glands. The skin is only
a few millimeters thick yet is by far the largest organ in the body. The average person’s skin weighs 10 pounds and has a
surface area of almost 20 square feet. Skin forms the body’s outer covering and forms a barrier to protect the body from
chemicals, disease, UV light, and physical damage. Hair and nails extend from the skin to reinforce the skin and protect it
from environmental damage. The exocrine glands of the integumentary system produce sweat, oil, and wax to
cool, protect, and moisturize the skin’s surface.
 They provide a protective covering for the body, sense the environment, and help the body maintain
homeostasis.

A major function of the subcutaneous tissue is to connect the skin to underlying tissues such as
muscles. Hair on the scalp provides insulation from cold for the head. The hair of eyelashes and eyebrows
helps keep dust and perspiration out of the eyes, and the hair in our nostrils helps keep dust out of the nasal
cavities. Nails protect the tips of fingers and toes from mechanical injury. Fingernails give the fingers greater
ability to pick up small objects.

There are four types of glands in the integumentary system: sudoriferous (sweat) glands, sebaceous
glands, ceruminous glands, and mammary glands. These are all exocrine glands, secreting materials outside
the cells and body. Sudoriferous glands are sweat producing glands. These are important to help maintain
body temperature. Sebaceous glands are oil producing glands which help inhibit bacteria, keep us waterproof
and prevent our hair and skin from drying out. Ceruminous glands produce earwax which keeps the outer
surface of the eardrum pliable and prevents drying. Mammary glands produce milk.

1. Skin
The skin is remarkable not only
because it is the body’s largest organ. It is
remarkable for other reasons as well. The
average square inch of skin has 20 blood
vessels, 650 sweat glands, and more than a
thousand nerve endings. It also has an
incredible 60,000 pigment-producing cells.
All of these structures are packed into a
stack of cells that is just 2 mm thick, or
about as thick as the cover of a book.
Although the skin is thin, it consists of two
distinct layers, the epidermis and dermis.
 The outer layer of skin is the epidermis. This layer is thinner than the inner layer, the dermis. The
epidermis consists mainly of epithelial cells, called keratinocytes, which produce the tough, fibrous
protein keratin. The innermost cells of the epidermis are stem cells that divide continuously to form new cells.
The newly formed cells move up through the epidermis toward the skin surface, while producing more and
more keratin. The cells become filled with keratin and die by the time they reach the surface, where they form
a protective, waterproof layer. As the dead cells are shed from the surface of the skin, they are replaced by
other cells that move up from below. The epidermis also contains melanocytes, the cells that produce the
brown pigment melanin, which gives skin most of its color. Although the epidermis contains some sensory
receptor cells, called Merkel cells, it contains no nerves, blood vessels, or other structures. The epidermis is the
most superficial layer of the skin that covers almost the entire body surface. The epidermis rests upon and protects the
deeper and thicker dermis layer of the skin. Structurally, the epidermis is only about a tenth of a millimeter thick but is
made of 40 to 50 rows of stacked squamous epithelial cells. The cells of the epidermis receive all of their nutrients via
diffusion of fluids from the dermis.

The dermis is the inner and thicker layer of skin. It consists mainly of tough connective tissue and is
attached to the epidermis by collagen fibers. The dermis contains many structures including blood vessels,
sweat glands, and hair follicles, which are structures where hairs originate.

The dermis lies below the epidermis and contains a number of structures including blood vessels,
nerves, hair follicles, smooth muscle, glands and lymphatic tissue. It consists of loose connective tissue
otherwise called areolar connective tissue – collagen, elastin and reticular fibers are present. The main cell
types are fibroblasts, adipocytes (fat storage) and macrophages. Sebaceous glands are exocrine glands which
produce, a mixture of lipids and waxy substances: lubrication, water-proofing, softening and antibactericidal
actions are among the many functions of sebum. Sweat glands open up via a duct onto the skin by a pore.
The hypodermis is not part of the skin, and lies below the dermis. Its purpose is to attach the skin to
underlying bone and muscle as well as supplying it with blood vessels and nerves. It consists of loose
connective tissue and elastin.
Skin has pigmentation known as melanin that is provided by melanocytes. Melanin absorbs some of
the potentially dangerous radiation in sunlight. It also contains DNA repair enzymes which reverse UV damage,
and people who lack the genes for these enzymes suffer high rates of skin cancer. One form predominantly
produced by UV light, malignant melanoma, is particularly invasive, causing it to spread quickly, and can often
be deadly. Human skin pigmentation varies among populations in a striking manner. This has sometimes led to
the classification of people(s) on the basis of skin color. Damaged skin will try to heal by forming scar tissue,
often giving rise to discoloration and depigmentation of the skin.

Functions of the Skin

The skin has multiple roles in the body. Many of these roles are related to homeostasis. The skin’s main
functions include preventing water loss from the body and serving as a barrier to the entry of microorganisms.
Another function of the skin is synthesizing vitamin D, which occurs when the skin is exposed to ultraviolet
(UV) light. Melanin in the epidermis blocks some of the UV light and protects the dermis from its damaging
effects.
 Another important function of the skin is helping to regulate body temperature. For example, when
the body is too warm, the skin lowers body temperature by producing sweat, which cools the body when it
evaporates. The skin also increases the amount of blood flowing near the body surface through vasodilation
(widening of blood vessels), bringing heat from the body core to radiate out into the environment. Skin serves
also as protection because it gives an anatomical barrier between the internal and external environment in
bodily defense; Langerhans cells in the skin are part of the immune system. Skin is used also as sensation since
contains a variety of nerve endings that react to heat, cold, touch, pressure, vibration, and tissue injury.

SAQ #4: What is the role of the skin in body processes? Why do elderly people have wrinkled appearance?
(3 points)

Hair
Hair is a fiber that is found only in mammals. It consists mainly of keratin-producing keratinocytes. Each
hair grows out of a follicle in the dermis. By the time the hair reaches the surface, it consists mainly of dead
cells filled with keratin. Hair serves several homeostatic functions. Head hair is important in preventing heat
loss from the head and protecting its skin from UV radiation. Hairs in the nose trap dust particles and
microorganisms in the air and prevent them from reaching the lungs. Hair all over the body provides sensory
input when objects brush against it or it sways in moving air. Eyelashes and eyebrows protect the eyes from
water, dirt, and other irritants.

Humans have three different types of hair:

 Lanugo, the fine, unpigmented hair that covers nearly the entire body of a fetus, although most has
been replaced with vellus by the time of the baby’s birth
 Vellus hair, the short, downy, “peach fuzz” body hair (also unpigmented) that grows in most places on
the human body. While it occurs in both sexes, and makes up much of the hair in children, men have a
much smaller percentage (around 10%) vellus whereas 2/3 of a female’s hair is vellus.
 Terminal hair, the fully developed hair, which is generally longer, coarser, thicker, and darker than
vellus hair, and often is found in regions such as the axillary, male beard, and pubic.

Nails
Fingernails and toenails consist of dead keratinocytes that are filled with keratin. The keratin makes
them hard but flexible, which is important for the functions they serve. Nails prevent injury by forming
protective plates over the ends of the fingers and toes. They also enhance sensation by acting as a
counterforce to the sensitive fingertips when objects are handled. In addition, the fingernails can be used as
tools. The protection function of the fingernail is commonly known, but the sensation function is equally
important. The fingertip has many nerve endings in it allowing us to receive volumes of information about
objects we touch. The nail acts as a counterforce to the fingertip providing even more sensory input when an
object is touched.

The structure we know of as the nail is divided into six specific parts: the root, nail bed, nail plate,
eponychium (cuticle), perionychium, and hyponychium.
  Root The root of the fingernail is also known as the germinal matrix. This portion of the nail is actually
beneath the skin behind the fingernail and extends several millimeters into the finger. The fingernail
root produces most of the volume of the nail and the nail bed. This portion of the nail does not have
any melanocytes, or melanin producing cells. The edge of the germinal matrix is seen as a white,
crescent shaped structure called the lunula.
 Nail Bed The nail bed is part of the nail matrix called the sterile matrix. It extends from the edge of the
germinal matrix, or lunula, to the hyponychium. The nail bed contains the blood vessels, nerves, and
melanocytes, or melanin-producing cells. As the nail is produced by the root, it streams down along the
nail bed, which adds material to the undersurface of the nail making it thicker. It is important for
normal nail growth that the nail bed be smooth. If it is not, the nail may split or develop grooves that
can be cosmetically unappealing.
 Nail Plate The nail plate is the actual fingernail, made of translucent keratin. The pink appearance of
the nail comes from the blood vessels underneath the nail. The underneath surface of the nail plate
has grooves along the length of the nail that help anchor it to the nail bed.
 Eponychium The cuticle of the fingernail is also called the eponychium. The cuticle is situated between
the skin of the finger and the nail plate fusing these structures together and providing a waterproof
barrier.
 Perionychium The perioncyhium is the skin that overlies the nail plate on its sides. It is also known as
the paronychial edge. The perionychium is the site of hangnails, ingrown nails, and an infection of the
skin called paronychia.
 Hyponychium The hyponychium is the area between the nail plate and the fingertip. It is the junction
between the free edge of the nail and the skin of the fingertip, also providing a waterproof barrier.

Glands
1. Sweat Glands

In humans, there are two kinds of sweat glands which differ

greatly in both the composition of the sweat and its purpose.
a. Eccrine sweat glands are exocrine glands distributed over
the entire body surface but are particularly abundant on
the palms of hands, soles of feet, and on the forehead.
These produce sweat that is composed chiefly of water
(99%) with various salts. The primary function is body
temperature regulation.

b. Apocrine sweat glands only develop during early- to mid-

puberty (approximately age 15) and release more than normal amounts of sweat for approximately a
month and subsequently regulate and release normal amounts of sweat after a certain period of
time. Apocrine sweat glands produce sweat that contains fatty materials. These glands are mainly
present in the armpits and around the genital area and their activity is the main cause of sweat odor,
due to the bacteria that break down the organic compounds in the sweat from these glands. Emotional
 stress increases the production of sweat from the apocrine glands, or more precisely: the sweat
already present in the tubule is squeezed out. Apocrine sweat glands essentially serve as scent glands.

2. Sebaceous Glands

The sebaceous glands are glands found in the skin of mammals. They secrete an oily substance
called sebum (Latin, meaning fat or tallow) that is made of fat (lipids) and the debris of dead fat-producing
cells. These glands exist in humans throughout the skin except in the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.
Sebum acts to protect and waterproof hair and skin, and keep them from becoming dry, brittle, and cracked. It
can also inhibit the growth of microorganisms on skin.

3. Ceruminous glands
Earwax, also known by the medical term cerumen, is a yellowish, waxy substance secreted in the ear canal of
humans and many other mammals. It plays a vital role in the human ear canal, assisting in cleaning and
lubrication, and also provides some protection from bacteria, fungus, and insects.  Excess or impacted
cerumen can press against the eardrum and/or occlude the external auditory canal and impair hearing.

4. Mammary Glands
Mammary glands are the organs that, in the female mammal, produce milk for the sustenance of the young.
These exocrine glands are enlarged and modified sweat glands and are the characteristic of mammals which
gave the class its name.

SAQ #5: Describe how aging and other environmental factors affects the integumentary system. (2 points)

Interactions with Other Organ Systems

 The skin and other parts of the integumentary system work with other organ systems to maintain
homeostasis.
 The skin works with the immune system to defend the body from pathogens by serving as a physical
barrier to microorganisms.
 Vitamin D is needed by the digestive system to absorb calcium from food. By synthesizing vitamin D,
the skin works with the digestive system to ensure that calcium can be absorbed.
 To control body temperature, the skin works with the cardiovascular system to either lose body heat or
conserve it through vasodilation or vasoconstriction.
 To detect certain sensations from the outside world, the nervous system depends on nerve receptors
in the skin.

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

The entire nervous system is divided into: central nervous system, peripheral nervous system and
autonomic nervous system. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral
nervous system is composed of all body nerves that lie outside of your central nervous system. The autonomic
nervous system controls the involuntary actions of some of our body organs like the heart, the stomach and
the glands.

The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, sensory organs, and all of the nerves that connect these
organs with the rest of the body. Together, these organs are responsible for the control of the body and communication
among its parts. The brain and spinal cord form the control center known as the central nervous system (CNS), where
information is evaluated and decisions made. The sensory nerves and sense organs of the peripheral nervous system
(PNS) monitor conditions inside and outside of the body and send this information to the CNS. Efferent nerves in the
PNS carry signals from the control center to the muscles, glands, and organs to regulate their functions. 

The majority of the nervous system is tissue made up of two classes of cells: neurons and neuroglia.

Neurons
Neurons, also known as nerve cells, communicate within the body by transmitting electrochemical
signals. Neurons look quite different from other cells in the body due to the many long cellular processes that
extend from their central cell body. The cell body is the roughly round part of a neuron that contains the
nucleus, mitochondria, and most of the cellular organelles. Small tree-like structures called dendrites extend
from the cell body to pick up stimuli from the environment, other neurons, or sensory receptor cells. Long
transmitting processes called axons extend from the cell body to send signals onward to other neurons or
effector cells in the body. 

There are 3 basic classes of neurons: afferent neurons, efferent neurons, and interneurons.
Afferent neurons. Also known as sensory neurons, afferent neurons transmit sensory signals to the central
nervous system from receptors in the body.
Efferent neurons. Also known as motor neurons, efferent neurons transmit signals from the central nervous
system to effectors in the body such as muscles and glands.
Interneurons. Interneurons form complex networks within the central nervous system to integrate the
information received from afferent neurons and to direct the function of the body through efferent neurons.

Neuroglia
Neuroglia, also known as glial cells, act as the “helper” cells of the nervous system. Each neuron in the
body is surrounded by anywhere from 6 to 60 neuroglia that protect, feed, and insulate the neuron. Because
neurons are extremely specialized cells that are essential to body function and almost never reproduce,
neuroglia are vital to maintaining a functional nervous system.

SAQ #6: What is a neuron and what is its role in the nervous system? How do neurons transmit
informations? (2 points)

Central Nervous System

The Central Nervous System controls and coordinates the activities of the whole nervous system. It is
composed of the brain and spinal cord. The central nervous system is enclosed by the skull and vertebrae.
Fluid and tissue also fill and insulate the brain and spinal cord. It contains structures that receive and process
numerous stimuli every minute.

The Brain
The brain is the primary organ of the central nervous system contained within the skull. It receives and
interprets the countless signals that are sent to it from other parts of the body and from the external
environment.
The brain makes us conscious, emotional, and intelligent. It is the control center for movement, sleep,
hunger, thirst, and every other vital activity necessary to survival. The brain controls human all human
emotions like love, hate, fear, anger, elation, and sadness.
The adult human brain is approximately 1.3 kg mass of pinkish-gray jellylike tissue made up of
approximately 100 billion nerve cells or neurons. The brain is divided into three parts: the cerebrum, the
cerebellum, and the brain stem.

Parts of the Brain

1. Cerebrum – or the forebrain is the largest part of the brain. It is responsible for the higher thought
processes such as memory, judgment, and reason. It processes sensory data initiating willful motor
processes such as voluntary activities. The cerebrum is divided into left and right hemisphere,
connected to each other by the corpus callosum. They feature a number of folds called gyri and
furrows called sulci. The hemispheres are covered by a thin layer of gray matter known as the cerebral
cortex.
The right hemisphere of the brain is responsible for insight, 3-D forms, art and music awareness,
imagination, and left-hand control. The left hemisphere of the brain is responsible for number skills,
written language, reasoning, spoken language, scientific skills, and right-hand control. A person’s dominant
hemisphere is usually occupied with language and logical operations, while the other hemisphere controls
emotion and artistic and spatial skills. The cortex in each hemisphere of the cerebrum is between 1 and 4
mm thick. Folds divide the cortex into four lobes: occipital, temporal, parietal and frontal.

Lobes Composing the Brain

 1. Frontal Lobe – located in front of the central sulcus. It is concerned with reasoning, planning, speech,
movement, emotions, and problem solving. It controls muscular movement and rhythmical movement
of the head and throat such as swallowing.
2. Parietal Lobe – located behind the central sulcus. It is concerned with the perception of stimuli related
to touch, pressure, temperature, and pain. It is the control center for processing impulses related to
touch like temperature, texture, size, shape and weight.
3. Temporal Lobe – located below the lateral fissure. It is concerned with the perception and recognition
of auditory stimuli (hearing) and memory (hippocampus). The temporal lobe receives auditory signals,
processing language, and the meaning of words. Damage to the temporal lobe, especially the
hippocampus, may lead to amnesia or lose of memory.
4. Occipital Lobe – is located at the back of the brain, behind the parietal lobe and temporal lobe. It is
concerned with the many aspects of vision. It receives and processes visual information. Damage to the
occipital lobe may result to visual problems.

2. Cerebellum – is the second largest part of the brain. It is located toward the back and the bottom of
the brain beneath the occipital lobe. It controls muscle coordination, maintains normal muscle tone
and posture and coordinates balance.

The cerebellum is divided into two lateral lobes connected by a fingerlike bundle of white fibers
called the vermis. The outer layer or cortex consists of fine folds called folia. Three fiber bundles called
cerebellar peduncles connect the cerebellum to the brain stem. The cerebellum coordinates voluntary
movements by fine-tuning commands from the motor cortex in the cerebrum. The cerebellum also
maintains posture and balance by controlling muscle tone and sensing the position of the limbs. All
motor activities like hitting a baseball and riding a bike depend on the cerebellum.

3. The brain stem is the part of the brain that connects with the spinal cord. It controls involuntary
activities like digestion, heartbeat, and breathing. The brain stem has three parts: the midbrain, pons,
and medulla oblongata. The upper end of the brain stem is the hypothalamus and the thalamus. The
hypothalamus regulates homeostasis. Homeostasis enables an organism to maintain internal balance
in the body. The hypothalamus has regulatory areas for thirst, hunger, body temperature, water
balance, and blood pressure. It links the nervous system to the endocrine system. The thalamus serves
as a central relay point for incoming nervous messages.

Parts of the Brain Stem

1. Midbrain
The midbrain is the topmost structure of the brain stem. It contains major relay stations for neurons
transmitting signals to the cerebral cortex, as well as many reflex centers. Relay and reflex centers for
visual and auditory functions are located in the top portion of the midbrain. It controls eye reflex
actions such as blinking, opening, and closing the pupil, and focusing the lens, and control auditory
reflexes such as adjusting the ear to the volume of a sound. At the bottom of the midbrain are reflex
and relay centers relating to pain, temperature and touch.
2. Pons
 The pons is a prominent bulge in the brain stem below the midbrain and directly in front of the
cerebellum. The pons consists of large bundles of nerve fibers that connect the two halves of the
cerebellum. It serves mainly as a relay station linking the cerebral cortex and the medulla oblongata.
3. Medulla Oblongata
The medulla oblongata is the lowermost portion of the brain stem. It is located just above the foramen
magnum of the skull. The medulla oblongata and pons control the heart rate, constriction of blood
vessels, digestion, and respiration or breathing, and reflex centers for vomiting, coughing, sneezing,
swallowing, and hiccupping.
Sensory and motor nerve fibers connecting the brain and the rest of the body cross over to the
opposite side as they pass through the medulla. Thus, the left half of the brain communicates with the
right half of the body, and the right half of the brain communicates with the left half of the body.

SAQ #7: Give the functions of the following: a. cerebrum, cerebellum, midbrain, pons and medulla
oblongata. (2 points)
The Spinal Cord
The spinal cord extends from the brain stem down to the buttock region. A bony vertebra that
comprises the vertebral column protects it. It allows signals to be sent from the brain to the other parts of the
body. It also receives messages from the different parts of the body to the brain.

The spinal cord acts as the connection between the brain and other parts of the body. An impulse from
the nerves first enters the spinal cord before it is carried to the brain for processing. Likewise, an outgoing
impulse from the brain travels first to the spinal cord and then out to parts of the body along the nerves. The
spinal cord is also involved in reflexes that do not immediately involve the brain.

Peripheral Nervous System

The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) contains all the nerves outside the brain and the spinal cord. It
carries impulses from the sensory nerves to the CNS and from the CNS to the motor nerves.
There are two types of nerves that carry impulses. These are the sensory nerves and the motor nerves.
The sensory nerves and the motor nerves. The sensory nerves carry impulses from the stimulus to the central
nervous system for processing. Motor nerves carry impulses from the central nervous system to activate the
muscles in your body.
The peripheral nervous system can be divided into two parts: the sensory division (afferent) and the
motor division (efferent). The sensory division transmits impulses from the sense organs (receptors-ears, eyes,
nose, and tongue) to the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord). The motor division transmits impulses
from the central nervous system to the muscles or glands (effectors). The motor division is further divided into
somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system.

Somatic Nervous System

It includes all nerves controlling the muscular system and external sensory receptors. It regulates the
activities that are under conscious control. External sense organs (eyes, ears,, nose, and the skin) are
receptors. Muscles and glands like the salivary and gastric glands are effectors. Everytime you lift your finger
or wiggle your toes, you are using the motor neurons of the somatic nervous system. Many nerves within this
system are parts of the automatic responses called reflexes.
Reflexes
When you touch a hot object, the receptors in the skin are stimulated. The sensory neurons carry the
impulse to the spinal cord. A group of interneurons in the spinal cord automatically activates the motor
neurons. These motor neurons cause the muscles (effectors) in your hand to contract, pulling your hand away
from the hot object. The message did not reach the brain; rather it was completed in the spinal cord. This
action, which does not involve the brain, is called a reflex. Your body has a built-in defense mechanism called
reflex that works without involving the brain so you can respond rapidly to stimuli.
Can you think of some other reflexes that protect you? How are reflexes important to the survival of
organism?
Reflexes are critical for the survival of organisms. They occur very quickly and in the same way each
time to prevent further damages. These reflexes are carried through the nervous system along a set of
pathways, the shortest possible pathways that do not involve the brain. This pathway is called the reflex arc.
The reflex arc is an automatic involuntary reaction to a stimulus. When the doctor taps your knee with
a rubber hammer, she/he is testing your reflex called knee-jerk. The reaction to the stimulus is involuntary,
with the CNS being informed but not consciously controlling the response. Example of reflex arcs are
maintaining one’s balance, the blinking reflex, the stretch reflex and sneezing.
Input to the nervous system is in the form of our five senses: pain, vision, taste, smell and hearing.
Vision, taste, smell, and hearing inputs are the special senses. Pain, temperature, and pressure are known as
somatic senses. Sensory input begins with sensors that react to stimuli in the form of energy that is
transmitted into an action potential and sent to the CNS.
Autonomic Nervous System
The Autonomic Nervous System is a part of PNS consisting of motor neurons that control internal
organs. It regulates activities that are automatic or involuntary. The nerves of the automatic nervous system
control the functions of the body that are not under conscious control. The automatic system controls muscles
in the heart and the smooth muscles in internal organs such as the intestine, bladder, and uterus.
The autonomic nervous system is further subdivided into two parts: sympathetic and parasympathetic
divisions. The two parts have opposite effects on the organ they control. The Sympathetic Nervous System is
involved in the fight or flight response. The Parasympathetic Nervous System is involved in relaxation. Each of
these subsystems operates in the reverse of the other (antagonism). Both systems innervate the same organs
and act in opposition to maintain homeostasis. For example, when you are scared, the sympathetic system
causes your heart to beat faster: the parasympathetic system reverses this.
SAQ #8: You accidentally touch a hot object. You quickly move your hand away from it. Define this type of
action. Do you feel pain before you pull your hand away? Why? Why not? Explain what happens in your
central nervous system which allows you to react so fast. (3 points)
SUMMARY
The musculoskeletal system (locomotor system) is a human body system that provides our body
with movement, stability, shape, and support. It is subdivided into two broad systems: 
  Muscular system, which includes all types of muscles in the body. Skeletal muscles, in particular, are
the ones that act on the body joints to produce movements. Besides muscles, the muscular system
contains the tendons which attach the muscles to the bones.
 Skeletal system, whose main component is the bone. Bones articulate with each other and form
the joints, providing our bodies with a hard-core, yet mobile, skeleton. The integrity and function of the
bones and joints is supported by the accessory structures of the skeletal system;
articular cartilage, ligaments, and bursae.

The Skeletal System is the framework of the human body. The framework of your body is made up of rigid
and strong materials called bones. The bones in your body have two divisions. The axial skeleton protects the
delicate organs in the body. Axial skeleton, that includes the bones along the long axis of the body. The axial
skeleton consists of the vertebral column, bones of the head and bones of the thoracic cage. The appendicular
skeleton provides support and aids the body in the movement. Appendicular skeleton, that involves the bones
of the shoulder and pelvic girdle, as well as the bones of the upper and lower extremities.

The muscles give the body shape and mass. They support the skeleton and keep it steady. There are about
640 muscles in the body which are responsible for different types of movement. A muscle is made up of
bundles called muscle fibers.
The muscular system is an organ system composed of specialized contractile tissue called the muscle
tissue. There are three types of muscle tissue, based on which all the muscles are classified into three groups: 
The three kinds of muscles in the body are skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles. Though muscles are
of different kinds, they share common characteristics. They contract and become short. They can relax and
return to their original form after the contraction.
Muscles that are connected to the bones and are responsible for movement are called skeletal
muscles. The movement of skeletal muscles is voluntary.Voluntary muscles move when they are consciously
controlled. Smooth muscles are not attached to the bones. They are involuntary muscles because they work
automatically. You cannot consciously control the action of smooth muscles. Smooth muscles are found in the
walls of blood vessels, helping the blood flow. They are also in the walls of internal organs such as the
esophagus and stomach. When you eat, the chewed food is pushed by the movement, called peristalsis, of the
smooth muscles of the digestive canal. Cardiac Muscles are involuntary muscles present only in the heart.
They move rhythmically, contracting and relaxing alternately to generate force to pump blood throughout the
body.
The integumentary system is an organ system consisting of the skin, hair, nails, and exocrine glands.
The skin is only a few millimeters thick yet is by far the largest organ in the body. The average person’s skin
weighs 10 pounds and has a surface area of almost 20 square feet. Skin forms the body’s outer covering and
forms a barrier to protect the body from chemicals, disease, UV light, and physical damage. Hair and
nails extend from the skin to reinforce the skin and protect it from environmental damage. The exocrine
glands of the integumentary system produce sweat, oil, and wax to cool, protect, and moisturize the skin’s
surface.

The entire nervous system is divided into: central nervous system, peripheral nervous system and
autonomic nervous system. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral
nervous system is composed of all body nerves that lie outside of your central nervous system. The autonomic
nervous system controls the involuntary actions of some of our body organs like the heart, the stomach and
the glands.

REFERENCES

 Padpad, Evelyn C. et. al. (2010) Science Links Worktext in Science and Health.
 https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/12254-musculoskeletal-system-normal-structure--
function
 https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/the-musculoskeletal-system
 https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Human_Biology/Book
%3A_Human_Biology_(Wakim_and_Grewal)/13%3A_Integumentary_System/
13.2%3A_Introduction_to_the_Integumentary_System
 https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology2/chapter/integumentary-system/

EVALUATION

A. Identify the kind of muscle that is involved in the given activity. Choose the correct letter.

A. Skeletal B. Smooth C. Cardiac

_____1. Digestion of food _____4. breathing

_____2. Blinking of the eye _____5. Beating of the heart

_____3. Writing

B. Match the function of the skin with the statement that meets it. Choose the letter of the correct answer.

A. Excretion B. Sensation C. Protection D. Heat Regulation E. Filtration

_____6. The skin is the outermost covering of the body against injury and infection.

_____7. The skin contains receptors and nerve endings so that one can sense pain, heat, touch and pressure.

_____8. The sweat glands release water through the pores when the temperatures of a person rises.

_____9. The hair in the nose trap the dust particles in the air you inhale.

_____10. Excess salts and urea are taken out of the integumentary system in the form of perspiration.

C. Identify what lobe of brain is responsible for the following activity. Write T for Temporal Lobe, P for Parietal
Lobe, F for Frontal Lobe and O for Occipital Lobe.

_____11. Sight _____14. Touch

_____12. Movement _____15. Speech

_____13. Hearing

D. Identify the bone that describe in each item.

_____16. The longest bone in the body which affects the heights of a person.

_____17. It is made up of thick and wide bones that protect the reproductive and urinary systems.

_____18. It protects the brain and other sensory organs from injury.

_____19. The bone in the upper arm involve in the movement of the arms.

_____20. The smallest bones in the body that vibrate to make the sound clear to hear.

ASSIGNMENT
Give at least 3 ways on how to take care of your:
a. Skeletal system
b. Muscular system
c. Integumentary System
d. Nervous System

SHEPHERDVILLE COLLEGE
(FORMERLY JESUS THE LOVING SHEPHERD CHRISTIAN COLLEGE)
Talojongon, Tigaon, Camarines Sur, Philippines
Tel. No. (054) 884-9536
“Excellence in truth in the service of God and Country”

Name: ____________________________________Course/Year/Sec: ________________ Date: ____________

Competency # 11 Answer Sheet

PARTS AND FUNCTIONS OF HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS

SAQ #1: Answer the following questions: (4 points)

1. What bone protects our brain? _________________________________________________

2. How many bones are in the human body at adulthood? _____________________________
3. How many bones are there in the human body at birth? _____________________________
4. What is the longest bone in the human body? _____________________________________

SAQ #2: What are some ways to make your bones healthy and strong? Why would it be important to make
your body healthy and strong all the time? (2 points)
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SAQ #3: How do the muscular and skeletal systems work together? (2 points)
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SAQ #4: What is the role of the skin in body processes? Why do elderly people have wrinkled appearance?
(3 points)
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SAQ #5: Describe how aging and other environmental factors affects the integumentary system. (2 points)
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SAQ #6: What is a neuron and what is its role in the nervous system? How do neurons transmit
informations? (2 points)
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SAQ #7: Give the functions of the following: a. cerebrum, cerebellum, midbrain, pons and medulla
oblongata. (2 points)
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SAQ #8: You accidentally touch a hot object. You quickly move your hand away from it. Define this type of
action. Do you feel pain before you pull your hand away? Why? Why not? Explain what happens in your
central nervous system which allows you to react so fast. (3 points)
____________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
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__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
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EVALUATION

A. Identify the kind of muscle that is involved in the given activity. Choose the correct letter.

B. Skeletal B. Smooth C. Cardiac

_____1. Digestion of food _____4. breathing

_____2. Blinking of the eye _____5. Beating of the heart

_____3. Writing

B. Match the function of the skin with the statement that meets it. Choose the letter of the correct answer.

B. Excretion B. Sensation C. Protection D. Heat Regulation E. Filtration

_____6. The skin is the outermost covering of the body against injury and infection.

_____7. The skin contains receptors and nerve endings so that one can sense pain, heat, touch and pressure.

_____8. The sweat glands release water through the pores when the temperatures of a person rises.

_____9. The hair in the nose trap the dust particles in the air you inhale.

_____10. Excess salts and urea are taken out of the integumentary system in the form of perspiration.

C. Identify what lobe of brain is responsible for the following activity. Write T for Temporal Lobe, P for Parietal
Lobe, F for Frontal Lobe and O for Occipital Lobe.

_____11. Sight _____14. Touch

_____12. Movement _____15. Speech

_____13. Hearing

D. Identify the bone that describe in each item.

_____16. The longest bone in the body which affects the heights of a person.

_____17. It is made up of thick and wide bones that protect the reproductive and urinary systems.

_____18. It protects the brain and other sensory organs from injury.

_____19. The bone in the upper arm involve in the movement of the arms.

_____20. The smallest bones in the body that vibrate to make the sound clear to hear.

ASSIGNMENT
Give at least 3 ways on how to take care of your:
a. Skeletal system
b. Muscular system
c. Integumentary System
d. Nervous System