4 Supplementary Exercise Acids and Bases

Topic 4 Acids and Bases
Part A Unit-based exercise
Unit 14 Acids and alkalis 12 The basicity of hydrochloric acid is 1. Therefore

the acid is a monobasic acid.
Fill in the blanks
Part A
13 The basicity of sulphuric acid is 2. Therefore the
acid is a dibasic acid.
1 Our stomach wall produces hydrochloric
acid.
Unit 14
14 Complete the following word equations for
reactions of dilute acids:
2 Sulphuric acid is used in car batteries.
a) metal + dilute acid
3 Ethanoic acid is found in vinegar. salt + hydrogen
4 Most dilute acids have a sour taste. b) carbonate + dilute acid

salt + water + carbon dioxide
5 Methyl orange appears red in acids
c) hydrogencarbonate + dilute acid
and yellow in alkalis.
salt + water + carbon dioxide
6 Phenolphthalein appears colourless in acids d) acid + metal hydroxide

and red in alkalis. salt + water
7 Hydroxide and oxides of metals are called e) acid + metal oxide

bases . salt + water
8 When citric acid crystals dissolve in water, the 15 A base is a compound which reacts with an acid
molecules dissociate to give hydrogen ions. to give a salt and water only.
The process is called dissociation .
16 A base that is soluble in water is an
9 An acid is a hydrogen-containing substance that alkali .
gives hydrogen ions as the only type of
17 Solutions of alkalis have a bitter taste.
positive ions when dissolved in water.
18 Heating solids or solutions of ammonium
10 All dilute acids conduct electricity because they
compounds with the solution of an alkali
contain mobile ions .
liberates ammonia gas.
11 The maximum number of hydrogen ions produced
19 S o m e s o l u t i o n s c o n t a i n i n g m e t a l i o n s
by an acid molecule is called the basicity of
form precipitates with dilute sodium
the acid.
hydroxide solution.
1
20 Zinc hydroxide dissolves in excess dilute sodium 32 An aqueous solution of citric acid contains T
hydroxide solution due to the formation of a mobile citric acid molecules.
soluble complex salt.
33 Acidic solutions turn methyl orange red. T
21 Concentrated sulphuric acid can absorb water

34 Acidic solutions turn phenolphthalein F
vapour from the air. It is a hygroscopic
yellow.
substance.
35 All metal hydroxides are soluble in water. F
22 Sodium hydroxide absorbs water vapour from the
air to such an extent that it dissolves in the water 36 Sodium hydroxide is often called caustic T
Part A
absorbed. It is a deliquescent substance. soda.
37 Aqueous ammonia is commonly used as F

Unit 14
True or false the active ingredient in toilet bowl

cleansers.
Decide whether each of the following statements is
true or false. 38 Sodium hydroxide can absorb carbon T
dioxide when exposed to air.
23 Dilute concentrated sulphuric acid by F
adding water to the acid slowly while 39 The properties of solutions of alkalis F
stirring. depend on the presence of mobile
hydrogen ions.
24 Water must be present for an acid to T
show its acidic properties. 40 A solution containing calcium ions gives T
a white precipitate with dilute sodium
25 Solid citric acid reacts with zinc to give F hydroxide solution.
hydrogen.
41 Iron(II) hydroxide dissolves in excess dilute F
26 A hydrogen-containing substance that F aqueous ammonia to give a deep green
gives hydrogen ions when dissolved in solution.
water is an acid.
42 Copper(II) hydroxide dissolves in excess F
27 Citric acid is an electrolyte. T dilute sodium hydroxide solution to give a
deep blue solution.
28 The basicity of an acid is equal to the F
number of hydrogen atoms in one 43 Aqueous ammonia gives a reddish brown T
molecule of the acid. precipitate with iron(III) sulphate solution.
29 Ethanoic acid is a covalent compound T 44 Concentrated nitric acid tends to F

when pure. decompose to hydrogen gas.
30 Phosphoric acid is a dibasic acid. F 45 Concentrated sulphuric acid can be used F

to dry ammonia gas.
31 When a beaker of concentrated sulphuric T
acid is left in air, the volume of the
liquid increases gradually.
2
C Dilute sulphuric acid can be obtained by adding
Multiple choice questions
water to concentrated sulphuric acid.
D The following hazard warning label should
46 Oranges contain
be displayed on a bottle of dilute sulphuric
A citric acid. acid.
B hydrochloric acid.
C nitric acid.
D sulphuric acid. A
B
47 Which of the following substances is acidic? 52 Which of the following statements concerning
A Caustic soda nitric acid is correct?
Part A
B Drain cleanser A Nitric acid is used as a drying agent.
C Grapefruit B Nitric acid is used in car batteries.
D Slaked lime
Unit 14
C
C Dilute nitric acid reacts with copper to give
hydrogen.
48 Which of the following is a characteristic of dilute D The following hazard warning label should be
acids? displayed on a bottle of concentrated nitric
A They react with carbonates to give carbon. acid.
B They have a bitter taste.
C They conduct electricity.
D They react with all metals to give D
hydrogen. C
53 Which of the following statements concerning
49 Which of the following is a common property of ethanoic acid is INCORRECT?
acidic solutions?
A It is found in vinegar.
A They turn litmus solution blue. B It is a covalent compound when pure.
B They have a slippery feel. C It is a non-electrolyte.
C They give a colourless solution with D It is used in pickled food. C
phenolpthalein.
D They release hydrogen when put on 54 A student adds several pieces of marble into some
copper. C dilute sulphuric acid to prepare carbon dioxide.
Which of the following will happen?
50 Which of the following statements about
A No reaction occurs.
hydrochloric acid is correct?
B The reaction is very vigorous.
A It is found in soft drinks. C The solution fizzs for a while and then
B It is produced in human stomach. stops.
C It can turn methyl orange yellow. D The marble dissolves quickly. C
D In the laboratory, concentrated hydrochloric
acid is commonly stored in brown 55 Which of the following pairs of substances would
bottles. B NOT react when mixed?
A Copper and vinegar
B Copper and dilute nitric acid
sulphuric acid is correct?
C Copper(II) oxide and dilute nitric acid
A It can be used as fertilizers. D Copper(II) hydroxide and vinegar A
B When a beaker of concentrated is left in air,
the volume of the liquid increases gradually.
3
56 The reaction between dilute hydrochloric acid and 60 Consider the following flow diagram:
sodium carbonate is represented by the following
SFBDUBOU9 SFBDUBOU:
equation: 'F0 T
'F T
'F BR
Na2CO3(s) + 2HCl(x)
2NaCl(y) + CO2(z) + H2O(l) Which of the following combinations is correct?
Which of the following combinations of state Reactant X Reactant Y

symbols is correct? A C(s) dilute H2SO4(aq)
x y z B CO2(g) dilute H2SO4(aq)
C C(s) H2O(l)
A aq aq g D CO2(g) H2O(l) A
Part A
B aq s g
C l g s 61 Oven cleansers usually contain
D l aq aq A
Unit 14
A ammonia.
57 The decomposition of concentrated nitric acid B calcium carbonate.
can be represented by the following equation: C calcium hydroxide.
D sodium hydroxide. D
xHNO3 yNO2 + O2 + zH2O
Which of the following combinations is 62 Which of the following substances is alkaline?
correct? A Glass cleanser
x y z B Orange juice
C Soft drink
A 2 2 1
D Tomato sauce A
B 2 1 2
C 4 2 4
D 4 4 2 D
sodium hydroxide is INCORRECT?
58 Which of the following statements concerning A It is manufactured by treating sodium with
citric acid is INCORRECT? water.
B It is commonly used as the active ingredient
A Citric acid is present in lemons.
in drain cleansers.
B Citric acid is an electrolyte.
C It absorbs carbon dioxide when exposed to
C Solid citric acid reacts with magnesium to give
air.
hydrogen.
D It is commonly called caustic soda. A
D It aqueous solution contains hydrogen
ions. C
aqueous ammonia is correct?
59 Which of the following compounds has the highest
basicity? A It contains both ammonia molecules and
hydroxide ions.
A HNO3
B It is commonly used as the active ingredient
B H2CO3
in rust removers.
C H3PO4
C It reacts with lead(II) nitrate solution to give
D H2SO4 C
a yellow precipitate.
D It gives a colourless solution with methyl
orange. A
4
65 Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of 69 When dilute sodium hydroxide solution is slowly
dilute sodium hydroxide solution? added to a solution, a white precipitate forms.
The solution may contain
A It has a slippery feel.
B It conducts electricity. A copper(II) ions.
C It gives a white precipitate with potassium B iron(II) ions.
chloride solution. C iron(III) ions.
D It reacts with an acid to give a salt and D magnesium ions. D
water only. C
70 Dilute aqueous ammonia is added successively to
66 Which of the following will happen when dilute four different solutions. Which of the following
sodium hydroxide solution is added continuously combinations is correct?
Part A
to aluminium nitrate solution?
Solution Observation
A The solution turns yellow.
A Calcium nitrate yellow precipitate
Unit 14
B A white precipitate forms and then dissolves
B Copper(II) sulphate green precipitate
in excess alkali.
C Lead(II) nitrate no precipitate
C The solution turns pale blue.
D Zinc sulphate white precipitate D
D A pale blue precipitate forms and then
dissolves in excess alkali. B
71 Which of the following hydroxides is insoluble
in BOTH excess sodium hydroxide solution and
67 Consider the following chemical equation:
excess aqueous ammonia?
NH4Cl(aq) + KOH(aq)
A Al(OH)3
KCl(x) + NH3(y) + H2O(z)
B Cu(OH)2
Which of the following combinations is C Fe(OH)2
correct? D Zn(OH)2 C
x y z
72 Compound X is soluble in water. Addition of
A aq aq aq dilute aqueous ammonia to a solution of X gives
B aq g l a green precipitate. X may be
C l g aq
A Fe2(SO4)3.
D l aq l B
B MgCl2.
C NiSO4.
68 Dilute sodium hydroxide solution is added
D NH4Cl. C
successively to four different solutions. Which of
the following combinations is correct?
73 Which of the following hazard warning labels
Solution Observation can be found on a bottle of concentrated sodium
A Ammonium chloride yellow precipitate hydroxide solution?
B Iron(II) sulphate brown precipitate
A B
C Magnesium chloride no precipitate
D Nickel(II) sulphate green precipitate D
C D
5
74 The hazard warning label shown below is found X could be
on the bottle of a reagent.
A iron(II) chloride.
B iron(III) chloride.
C iron(II) sulphate.
D iron(III) sulphate. A
Which of the following reagents may the bottle 79 Which of the following pairs of substances would
contain? NOT produce a gas when mixed?
A Concentrated hydrochloric acid A Magnesium and ethanoic acid

B Concentrated nitric acid B Magnesium hydroxide and dilute
Part A
C Concentrated aqueous ammonia hydrochloric acid

D Dilute potassium hydroxide solution B C Magnesium carbonate and dilute sulphuric
acid
Unit 14
75 W h i c h o f t h e f o l l o w i n g s u b s t a n c e s i s D Magnesium and steam B

deliquescent?
80 Which of the following reagents can be used to
A Calcium sulphate
distinguish between dilute nitric acid and dilute
B Magnesium carbonate
hydrochloric acid?
C Potassium hydroxide
D Silicon dioxide C A Barium chloride solution
B Dilute sodium hydroxide solution
76 Which of the following statements concerning C Silver nitrate solution
concentrated sulphuric acid is correct? D Zinc carbonate C
A It is non-volatile.
81 Which of the following methods can be used to
B It is usually stored in brown bottles in the
separate Fe2+(aq) ions from a mixture containing
laboratory.
Fe2+(aq) and K+(aq) ions?
C It can be used as a fertilizer.
D It can be used to dry ammonia gas. A A Conducting a flame test
B Filtering the mixture
77 The aqueous solution of compound X reacts with C Adding HCl(aq) to the mixture
dilute hydrochloric acid to give a gas. The aqueous D Adding NaOH(aq) to the mixture D
solution of X does NOT give a precipitate with
dilute sodium hydroxide solution. What could X 82 Which of the following experiments would
be? produce a gas which turns limewater milky?
A Ammonium carbonate A Heating sodium carbonate

B Ammonium sulphate B Adding calcium to water
C Iron(II) sulphate C Heating zinc oxide with carbon
D Iron(II) carbonate A D Mixing calcium oxide with dilute nitric acid
C
78 The table below shows the results of two tests
carried out on a solution of solid X. 83 Five labelled jars contain the following
chemicals:
Test Observation Jar 1 Solid sodium hydrogencarbonate
1 Adding dilute nitric a white precipitate Jar 2 Solid sodium chloride
acid followed by silver forms Jar 3 Citric acid crystals
nitrate solution Jar 4 Hexane (a non-aqueous solvent)
2 Adding dilute aqueous a green precipitate Jar 5 Water
ammonia forms
6
Contents of which jars should be mixed in order A (1) and (2) only
to produce carbon dioxide gas? B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
A Jars 1 and 3
D (1), (2) and (3) B
B Jars 1, 2 and 5
C Jars 1, 2 and 4
D Jars 1, 3 and 5 D
concentrated hydrochloric acid are correct?
84 Which of the following substances are acidic? (1) It is a monobasic acid.
(2) It is used in car batteries.
(1) Lemon juice
(3) It is volatile.
(2) Rainwater
Part A
(3) Soap A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
A (1) and (2) only
C (2) and (3) only
B (1) and (3) only
Unit 14
D (1), (2) and (3) B
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) A
citric acid are correct?
85 Which of the following acids can be found is
soft drinks? (1) It is present in oranges.
(2) It exists as a solid at room conditions.
(1) Carbonic acid
(3) Its aqueous solution contains mobile citric
(2) Citric acid
acid molecules.
(3) Phosphoric acid
A (1) and (2) only
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) D
D (1), (2) and (3) D

vinegar are correct?
acids is / are correct?
(1) It can be used to clean metal surfaces.
(1) They are covalent compounds when
(2) It reacts with copper to give hydrogen.
pure.
(3) It can conduct electricity.
(2) They are compounds containing hydrogen
and oxygen. A (1) and (2) only
(3) T h e y re a c t w i t h c o p p e r t o g i v e B (1) and (3) only
hydrogen. C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) B
A (1) only
B (2) only
91 Which of the following substances would give
C (1) and (3) only
an acidic solution when dissolved in water?
D (2) and (3) only A
(1) Calcium oxide
87 Which of the following are uses of sulphuric (2) Carbon dioxide
acid? (3) Sulphur dioxide
(1) In car batteries A (1) only
(2) As fertilizers B (2) only
(3) Treatment of metal surfaces in the C (1) and (3) only
electroplating industry D (2) and (3) only D
7
92 Which of the following substances give gas 96 Which of the following statements concerning
bubbles when added to dilute sulphuric acid? aqueous ammonia are correct?
(1) Magnesium (1) It contains both ammonia molecules and
(2) Sodium carbonate ammonium ions.
(3) Potassium hydrogencarbonate (2) It is commonly used as the active ingredient
in glass cleansers.
A (1) and (2) only
(3) It turns phenolphthalein red.
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only A (1) and (2) only
D (1), (2) and (3) D B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
Part A
93 Which of the following substances will react with D (1), (2) and (3) D
very dilute nitric acid to produce a colourless
gas? 97 Which of the following hydroxides are soluble in
Unit 14
excess dilute aqueous ammonia?

(1) Calcium carbonate
(2) Copper (1) Cu(OH)2
(3) Zinc (2) Pb(OH)2
(3) Zn(OH)2
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only A (1) and (2) only
C (2) and (3) only B (1) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) B C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) B
94 Which of the following pairs of substances will
liberate hydrogen when mixed? 98 Which of the following compounds would react
with ammonium chloride on heating?
(1) Calcium and dilute hydrochloric acid
(2) Iron and dilute sulphuric acid (1) Calcium hydroxide solution
(3) Magnesium and lemon juice (2) Concentrated hydrochloric acid
(3) Potassium sulphate solution
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only A (1) only
C (2) and (3) only B (2) only
D (1), (2) and (3) D C (1) and (3) only
95 Which of the following substances would react
with dilute sodium hydroxide solution? 99 Compound X is soluble in water. Addition of
dilute sodium hydroxide solution to a solution of
(1) Ammonium sulphate solution
X gives a precipitate. The precipitate does NOT
(2) Iron(II) sulphate solution
dissolve upon the addition of excess alkali. X may
(3) Citric acid
be
A (1) and (2) only
(1) CaCl2.
B (1) and (3) only
(2) CuSO4.
C (2) and (3) only
(3) ZnSO4.
D (1), (2) and (3) D
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) A
8
100 Which of the following processes produce 104 HBT9
ammonia?
(1) Heating concentrated aqueous ammonia
(2) Heating solutions of ammonium chloride
and sodium hydroxide
(3) Heating ammonium sulphate with dilute TPMVUJPO:
hydrochloric acid
A gas X is bubbled into solution Y as shown in
A (1) and (2) only
the above diagram. In which of the following
B (1) and (3) only
combinations would X react with Y?
C (2) and (3) only
Part A
D (1), (2) and (3) A Gas X Solution Y
(1) Ammonia dilute sulphuric acid
101 Which of the following statements concerning (2) Carbon dioxide calcium hydroxide
Unit 14
magnesium chloride solution is / are correct? solution
(1) It gives a white precipitate with silver (3) Sulphur dioxide sodium hydroxide
nitrate solution. solution
(2) It gives a white precipitate with dilute A (1) and (2) only
aqueous ammonia. B (1) and (3) only
(3) Copper displaces magnesium from the C (2) and (3) only
solution. D (1), (2) and (3) D
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only 105 Which of the following substances are
C (2) and (3) only hygroscopic?
D (1), (2) and (3) A (1) Calcium oxide
(2) Copper(II) sulphate crystals
102 Which of the following methods can be used to (3) Silica gel
distinguish between sodium nitrate solution and
silver nitrate solution? A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
(1) Adding zinc granules C (2) and (3) only
(2) Observing their colours D (1), (2) and (3) B
(3) Adding dilute hydrochloric acid
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) B
103 Which of the following pairs of solutions would

form a precipitate when mixed?
(1) NH3(aq) and NiSO4(aq)
(2) NaOH(aq) and FeSO4(aq)
(3) NH3(aq) and NaCl(aq)
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) A
9
Directions : Each question (Questions 106 – 115) consists of two separate statements. Decide whether each
of the two statements is true or false; if both are true, then decide whether or not the second
statement is a correct explanation of the first statement. Then select one option from A to D
according to the following table :
A Both statements are true and the 2nd statement is a correct explanation of the 1st statement.
B Both statements are true but the 2nd statement is NOT a correct explanation of the 1st statement.
C The 1st statement is false but the 2nd statement is true.
D Both statements are false.
Part A
1st statement 2nd statement

Unit 14
106 Ethanoic acid is a non-electrolyte. Ethanoic acid is a covalent compound when C

pure.
107 Carbon dioxide can be effectively prepared by The reaction between calcium carbonate and D
the reaction between calcium carbonate and dilute sulphuric acid is very vigorous.
dilute sulphuric acid.
108 When solid citric acid is added to an aqueous When solid citric acid is dissolved in water, B
solution of sodium hydrogencarbonate, the citric acid molecules become mobile.
mixture fizzes.
109 The basicity of ethanoic acid is 4. Each ethanoic acid molecule produces four D
hydrogen ions when dissolved in water.
110 Solid citric acid can turn dry blue litmus paper Citric acid molecule contains hydrogen ions. D
red.
111 Copper reacts with dilute nitric acid to give Dilute nitric acid contains hydrogen ions. C
hydrogen.
112 Concentrated nitric acid often turns yellow on Concentrated nitric acid contains dissolved A
storage. nitrogen dioxide formed from decomposition
of the acid.
113 All metal hydroxides are alkalis. All metal hydroxides are soluble in water. D
114 Dilute aqueous ammonia conducts electricity. Dilute aqueous ammonia contains ammonia B
molecules.
115 Anhydrous calcium chloride can be used to dry Anhydrous calcium chloride is a common C
ammonia gas. drying agent.
10
Unit 15 Molarity, pH scale and 10 10 mol dm –3 sodium hydroxide solution is
strengths of acids and a concentrated solution of a strong
alkalis alkali.
Fill in the blanks True or False

1 The number of moles of solute dissolved in Decide whether each of the following statements is
1 dm3 of solution is the molarity of the true or false.
solution.
11 The pH of a solution increases as the F
2 The pH of a solution is –log10 of the molar concentration of hydrogen ions in the
concentration of hydrogen ions in the solution increases.
solution.
Part A
12 The pH of carbonic acid is less than 7. T
3 The pH of a neutral solution is 7.

13 The pH of dilute aqueous ammonia is F
Unit 15
greater than 14.
4 A solution with a pH less than 7 is
acidic.
14 Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid. T
5 As the concentration of hydrogen ions in a

15 Ethanoic acid is a non-electrolyte. F
solution increases , the pH of the solution
decreases. 16 Citric acid is a weak acid. T
6 A strong alkali is an alkali that almost completely 17 Nitric acid is a strong acid only in very F
dissociates to give hydroxide ions in concentrated solutions.
water.
18 Concentrated aqueous ammonia is a T
7 Besides water molecules and hydroxide ions, weak alkali.

dilute sulphuric acid contains three main types of
19 The pH of 1 mol dm–3 HCl(aq) is higher F
particles: hydrogen ions , hydrogensulphate
than that of 1 mol dm–3 CH3COOH(aq).
ions and sulphate ions .
20 10 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 NaOH(aq) require F
8 Besides water molecules and hydroxide ions, a greater number of moles of HCl for
dilute ethanoic acid contains three main types complete neutralization than 10 cm3 of
of particles: hydrogen ions , ethanoate 1 mol dm–3 NH3(aq).
ions and ethanoic acid molecules .
9 Dilute aqueous ammonia contains four main

types of particles: water molecules, ammonium
21 How many moles of solute does 40 cm3 of 0.25
ions , hydroxide ions and ammonia mol dm–3 potassium nitrate solution contain?
molecules .
A 6.3 x 10–3 mol
B 1.0 x 10–2 mol
C 6.3 x 10–2 mol
D 1.0 x 10–1 mol B
11
22 500 cm3 of sodium carbonate solution contains 26 A 2.40 mol dm–3 potassium chloride solution
13.8 g of sodium carbonate. What is the molarity is prepared by dissolving 44.7 g of potassium
of the solution? chloride in distilled water. What is the volume
of the solution formed?
(Relative atomic masses: C = 12.0, O = 16.0,
Na = 23.0) (Relative atomic masses: Cl = 35.5, K = 39.0)
A 0.0276 mol dm–3 A 100 cm3
B 0.0651 mol dm–3 B 200 cm3
C 0.130 mol dm–3 C 250 cm3
D 0.260 mol dm–3 D D 500 cm3 C
23 3.15 g of pure ethanedioic acid crystals 27 Which of the following solutions contains the
((COOH)2•2H2O) are dissolved in distilled water greatest number of moles of solute?
and made up to 250.0 cm3. What is the molarity
A 100 cm3 of 3.0 mol dm
–3
NaOH(aq)
of the solution?
Part A
B 200 cm3 of 2.5 mol dm–3 NaOH(aq)

(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, C = 12.0, C 300 cm3 of 1.5 mol dm–3 NaOH(aq)
O = 16.0) D 400 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm
–3
NaOH(aq) B
Unit 15
–3
A 0.0250 mol dm
28 Which of the following solutions contains the
B 0.0500 mol dm–3
smallest number of moles of solute?
C 0.0750 mol dm–3
D 0.100 mol dm–3 D A 1.0 dm3 of 0.40 mol dm–3 MgSO4(aq)
B 1.5 dm3 of 0.30 mol dm–3 MgSO4(aq)
24 What is the mass of solute present in 250.0 cm3 C 2.0 dm3 of 0.20 mol dm–3 MgSO4(aq)
of 0.150 mol dm–3 calcium hydroxide solution? D 2.5 dm3 of 0.10 mol dm–3 MgSO4(aq) D
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, O = 16.0, 3

29 A solution is prepared by mixing 250.0 cm of
Ca = 40.1)
0.300 mol dm–3 CaCl2(aq) with 150.0 cm3 of 0.180
A 2.50 g mol dm–3 CaCl2(aq). What is the concentration of
B 2.78 g the resulting solution?
C 3.75 g
A 2.40 x 10–4 mol dm–3
D 11.1 g B
B 2.55 x 10–4 mol dm–3
–1 –3
C 2.40 x 10 mol dm
25 What is the mass of solute present in 1.50 dm3 of
D 2.55 x 10–1 mol dm–3 D
1.02 mol dm–3 ammonium sulphate solution?
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, N = 14.0, 30 100.0 cm3 of 3.00 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide are
O = 16.0, S = 32.1) mixed with 50.0 cm3 of 1.20 mol dm–3 sodium
A 1.75 g hydroxide solution. What is the concentration of
B 2.02 g the resulting solution?
C 175 g A 2.10 mol dm–3
D 202 g D B 2.40 mol dm–3
C 2.60 mol dm–3
D 2.80 mol dm–3 B
12
31 An aqueous solution of citric acid has a pH of 37 Which of the following substances has a pH less
1.85. What is the concentration of hydrogen ions than 7?
in the solution?
A Baking soda solution
–2 –3
A 1.41 x 10 mol dm B Oven cleanser
–2 –3
B 2.67 x 10 mol dm C Soap solution
–1 –3
C 1.41 x 10 mol dm D Soft drink D
–1 –3
D 2.67 x 10 mol dm A
38 Which of the following substances has the lowest
32 The pH of a sample of milk is 6.70. What is the pH?
concentration of hydrogen ions in the sample?
A Distilled water
–7 –3
A 1.00 x 10 mol dm B Glass cleanser
B 2.00 x 10–7 mol dm–3 C Grapefruit juice
C 3.00 x 10–7 mol dm–3 D Sea water C
D 4.00 x 10–7 mol dm–3
Part A
B
39 Which of the following household products could
–3
33 A 0.0200 mol dm sulphuric acid sample have a pH value of 13?
Unit 15
was prepared. What was the pH of the acid
A Soda water
sample?
B Tap water
A 1.00 C Lemon juice
B 1.40 D Oven cleanser D
C 1.70
D 2.00 B 40 Which of the following species is NOT present in
aqueous ammonia?
34 The concentration of hydrogen ions in a sample
A H2O(l)
of urine is 7.94 x 10–7 mol dm–3. What is the pH
B NH4+(aq)
of the sample?
C NH3(aq)
A 6.10 D NH4OH(aq) D
B 7.94
C –6.10 41 The following substances were burnt in oxygen
D –7.94 A and the products were mixed with water. Which
of these substances would produce a resulting
35 A sample of industrial wastewater has a pH of solution with the highest pH?
6.75. After this sewage has been treated, the pH
A Calcium
is 7.00. What is the change in the concentration
B Carbon
of hydrogen ions?
C Potassium
A 2.50 x 10–1 mol dm–3 D Sulphur C
B 7.80 x 10–1 mol dm–3
C 7.80 x 10–8 mol dm–3 42 The pH of solution X is 1 and that of solution
D 2.50 x 10–8 mol dm–3 C Y is 2. The concentration of hydrogen ions in
solution X is
36 Which of the following substances has a pH
A half of that in solution Y.
greater than 7?
B two times that in solution Y.
A Orange juice C one tenth of that in solution Y.
B Limewater D ten times that in solution Y. D
C Normal rainwater
D Vinegar B
13
43 Consider the following substances listed below: Based on the pH shown in the figure, which of
the following statements about the concentration
(1) Baking soda solution
of hydrogen ions is correct?
(2) Lemon juice
(3) Milk A It is twice as great in wine as that in lemon
juice.
Which of the following represents the increasing
B It is 1 000 000 times greater in baking soda
order of pH of the substances?
solution than in lemon juice.
A (1), (2), (3) C It is three times greater in wine than in drain
B (1), (3), (2) cleanser.
C (2), (1), (3) D It is 100 times greater in distilled water than
D (2), (3), (1) D in baking soda solution. D
44 Consider the following four solutions: 47 When two liquids are mixed, a solution of pH 7
(1) 0.010 mol dm –3
HCl(aq) is formed. What could the pH of the two liquids
Part A
(2) 0.100 mol dm–3 HCl(aq) be?

(3) 0.100 mol dm–3 NaOH(aq) pH of first liquid pH of second liquid
(4) 0.010 mol dm–3 NaOH(aq)
Unit 15
A 3 4
What is the correct order of increasing pH of B 5 10
these solutions? C 6 1
A (1), (2), (3), (4) D 12 8 B
B (1), (2), (4), (3)
C (2), (1), (3), (4) 48 What is the main difference between a strong
D (2), (1), (4), (3) D acid and a weak acid?
A Their degree of dissociation in water.
45 A group of students produced a red solution B Their reactivity with copper.
by boiling red cabbage leaves in water. When C Their concentration in solution.
dilute sodium hydroxide solution was added to D Their effect on methyl orange. A
the red solution, it turned purple. When dilute
hydrochloric acid was added to the red solution, 49 EDTPVSDF
no colour change occurred.
Which of these substances, when added, is
most likely to cause a colour change of the red
solution?
A A glass cleanser containing ammonia
B Concentrated nitric acid
C Lemon juice
D Vinegar A
46 The figure shows the pH of some substances. Which of the following solutions will make the
bulb the brightest?
MFNPO EJTUJMMFE ESBJO
A 25 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm–3 H2SO4(aq)
KVJDF XBUFS CBLJOH DMFBOTFS
TPEB
B 25 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm–3 HCl(aq)
XJOF TPMVUJPO C 25 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm–3 CH3COOH(aq)
D 25 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm–3 NH3(aq) A

14
50 Equal mass of marble chips (excess) were added A HCl(aq).
to 100 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid and B NaCl(aq).
100 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 ethanoic acid separately. C KOH(aq).
D H2SO4(aq). B
Which of the following would have been the
same for both acids?
55 Consider two monobasic acids: HA and HB.
A The time taken for the reaction to Equal masses of magnesium ribbons are added
complete. to 50 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm–3 HA(aq) and 50 cm3
B The rate at which the first 10 cm3 of gas was of 0.1 mol dm–3 HB(aq) separately.
evolved.
C The mass of marble chips left over when the
reaction had stopped.
D The average rate of the reaction. C DNPG DNPG
NPMENm NPMENm
)" BR
)# BR
51 Consider the following processes which occur in
Part A
NBHOFTJVNSJCCPO
0.10 mol dm–3 carbonic acid.
H2CO3(aq) +
H (aq) + HCO3–(aq) Which of the following deductions is correct?
Unit 15
HCO3–(aq) H+(aq) + CO32–(aq) A Acid HA is weaker than acid HB.
B Acid HB is weaker than acid HA.
Which species is present in the highest
C The molar mass of HA is higher than that of
concentration in the acid?
HB.
A H2CO3(aq) D The molar mass of HB is higher than that of
B H+(aq) HA. A
C HCO3–(aq)
D CO32–(aq) A 56 Which of the following substances have a pH
less than 7?
52 Which of the following solutions when mixed
(1) Gastric juice
with 100 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm–3 nitric acid would
(2) Normal rainwater
NOT result in a change in pH?
(3) Washing soda solution
A 100 cm3 of distilled water
A (1) and (2) only
B 100 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm–3 ethanoic acid
B (1) and (3) only
C 100 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid
C (2) and (3) only
D 100 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm–3 sulphuric acid C
D (1), (2) and (3) A
53 Which of the following is the best description of

a 0.1 mol dm–3 sulphuric acid?
nitric acid is / are correct?
A Dilute solution of a strong acid
(1) It is a monobasic acid.
B Dilute solution of a weak acid
(2) It is a weak acid in extremely dilute
C Concentrated solution of a strong acid
solutions.
D Concentrated solution of a weak acid A
(3) It is a strong acid only in very concentrated
solutions.
54 When a certain aqueous solution is diluted, its
electrical conductivity decreases but its pH remains A (1) only
constant. B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
The solution could be
15
58 Which of the following substances, when dissolved 62 Compare two solutions of 1 mol dm–3 ethanoic
in water, gives a solution with a pH greater than acid and 1 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid of the
7? same volume. Which of the following properties
will be the same for both solutions?
(1) Calcium oxide
(2) Magnesium oxide (1) Electrical conductivity
(3) Sulphur dioxide (2) The number of moles of NaOH needed
for complete neutralization
A (1) and (2) only
(3) The temperature rise when they are
B (1) and (3) only
completely neutralized by 1 mol dm–3
C (2) and (3) only
NaOH(aq)
D (1), (2) and (3) A
A (1) only
59 Two samples of dilute hydrochloric acid and dilute B (2) only
ethanoic acid both have a pH value of 3. It can C (1) and (3) only
be deduced that D (2) and (3) only
Part A
(1) the acids are equally strong.

63 Compare the same volume of 1 mol dm –3
(2) they have the same concentration of
NaOH(aq) and 1 mol dm–3 NH3(aq). Which of the
Unit 15
hydrogen ions.
following comparisons are correct?
(3) they are of the same concentration.
1 mol dm–3 1 mol dm
–3
A (1) only
NaOH(aq) NH3(aq)
B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only (1) pH lower pH higher
D (2) and (3) only B (2) Electrical electrical
conductivity higher conductivity lower
60 A sample of dilute ethanoic acid has a pH value (3) Larger temperature smaller temperature
of 4. Adding which of the following substances rise when rise when
to the acid will increase its pH value? completely completely
neutralized by neutralized by
(1) 1 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid
1 mol dm–3 HCl(aq) –3
1 mol dm HCl(aq)
(2) Solid sodium carbonate
(3) Magnesium A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
A (1) and (2) only
C (2) and (3) only
B (1) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) C
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) C
64 When carbon dioxide is bubbled into water,
a colourless solution is formed. Which of the
61 Which of the following substances, when added
following statements concerning the solution are
to dilute sodium hydroxide solution, will lower
correct?
the pH of the solution?
(1) The solution conducts electricity better
(1) SO2(g)
than water.
(2) NaCl(s)
(2) The solution can react with dilute sodium
(3) NH3(g)
hydroxide solution.
A (1) only (3) The solution contains carbon dioxide
B (2) only molecules and hydrogen ions.
C (1) and (3) only
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) D
16
citric acid are correct?
(1) It is a weak acid.
(2) It is an electrolyte.
(3) It exists as a solid at room temperature.
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) D
Part A
Unit 15
66 Dilute nitric acid is a strong acid. Nitric acid ionizes almost completely when A
dissolved in water.
67 Very dilute nitric acid does not react with Nitric acid is a weak acid in extremely dilute D
magnesium. solutions.
68 Adding 1 mol dm–3 NaCl(aq) to 50 cm3 of The pH of 1 mol dm–3 NaCl(aq) is 7. C

1 mol dm–3 HCl(aq) does not affect the pH of
the acid.
69 Ethanoic acid is a strong acid when in very The basicity of ethanoic acid is 4. D
concentrated solutions.
70 Sulphuric acid is a stronger acid than ethanoic Sulphuric acid is dibasic while ethanoic acid B
acid. is monobasic.
71 Solid citric acid does not react with magnesium. Citric acid is a weak acid. B
72 An aqueous solution of citric acid can conduct An aqueous solution of citric acid contains B
electricity. mobile citric acid molecules.
17
73 100 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 aqueous ammonia has There are many mobile ammonia molecules C
a higher electrical conductivity than 100 cm3 of in aqueous ammonia.
1 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide solution.
–3
74 1 mol dm NaOH(aq) forms a precipitate with The concentration of OH–(aq) ions in 1 mol C
Fe2(SO4)3(aq) while 1 mol dm–3 NH3(aq) does not. dm–3 NaOH(aq) is higher than that in 1 mol
dm–3 NH3(aq).
75 10 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 ethanoic acid require less Ethanoic acid is a weak acid while hydrochloric C
number of moles of sodium hydroxide for acid is a strong acid.
complete neutralization than 10 cm3 of
1 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid.
Unit 16 Salts and neutralization
Fill in the blanks

Part A
1 The combination of hydrogen ions and hydroxide 7 The reaction between potassium F
ions (or oxide ions) to form water molecules is carbonate and dilute hydrochloric acid
Unit 16
is a neutralization reaction.
called neutralization .
8 Neutralization reactions are exothermic T

2 Reactions in which heat is released are exothermic
reactions.
reactions.
9 The sublimation of iodine is an exothermic F
3 When sulphuric acid reacts with sodium hydroxide
process.
solution, two kinds of salt are obtained. The
names of the salts are sodium hydrogensulphate 10 Hydrochloric acid can form both acid F
and sodium sulphate . salt and normal salt when it reacts with
dilute sodium hydroxide solution.
4 All sulphates are soluble except calcium
sulphate, lead(II) sulphate and barium 11 Sulphur dioxide can be absorbed by T
sodium hydroxide solution.
sulphate.
12 Sodium sulphate is a normal salt. T

5 All halides are soluble except lead(II) halides
and silver halides.
13 Potassium hydrogencarbonate is an acid T
salt.
True or False
14 The pH of all salt solutions equals 7. F
Decide whether each of the following statements is

15 Every salt can be formed from the F
true or false.
neutralization between an acid and an
alkali.
6 The reaction between copper(II) oxide T
and dilute sulphuric acid is a neutralization
reaction.
18
16 All acid salts give an acidic solution when F 27 Which of the following substances can dissolve
dissolved in water. in both dilute hydrochloric acid and excess dilute
sodium hydroxide solution?
17 Ammonium carbonate is soluble in water. T
A Cu(OH)2
B Fe(OH)2
18 Silver iodide is white in colour. F
C Fe(OH)3
D Zn(OH)2 D
19 Lead(II) nitrate solution gives a white T
precipitate with dilute hydrochloric acid.
28 Which of the following equations represents
the reaction between solutions of Na2CO3 and
20 A colourless gas evolves when zinc F
Ca(NO3)2?
chloride solution is mixed with sodium
carbonate solution. A Na+(aq) + NO3–(aq) NaNO3(s)
2+ 2–
B Ca (aq) + CO3 (aq) CaCO3(s)
21 Lead(II) sulphate can be effectively F C Na2CO3(s) 2Na+(aq) + CO32–(aq)
prepared from the reaction between lead D Ca(NO3)2(aq) + Na2CO3(aq)
and dilute sulphuric acid. CaCO3(aq) + 2NaNO3(s) B
Part A
3 –3
22 Farmers neutralize acidic soil by adding F 29 25 cm of 1 mol dm hydrochloric acid were mixed
ammonium sulphate to it. with 25 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 potassium hydroxide
solution in a plastic cup and the maximum rise in
Unit 16
23 The pH value of alkaline factory waste can T temperature was recorded. Which of the following
be controlled by adding sulphuric acid. pairs of solutions, upon mixing, would produce
a similar rise in temperature?
24 Some antacids use sodium hydroxide as F A 25 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 ethanoic acid and
the active ingredient. 25 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 aqueous ammonia
B 25 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 ethanoic acid and 25 cm3
25 If concentrated hydrochloric acid is dripped F of 1 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide solution
onto one’s hand, one should wash the C 25 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 nitric acid and 25 cm3
hand immediately with concentrated of 1 mol dm–3 aqueous ammonia
aqueous ammonia. D 25 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 nitric acid and 25 cm3
of 1 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide solution
D
30 The following experimental results were obtained
26 Which of the following will be observed when when dilute hydrochloric acid reacted with dilute
iron(III) hydroxide is added to dilute hydrochloric sodium hydroxide solution.
acid in a test tube?
A A yellow-brown solution forms. Rise in
Expt. Acid Alkali
temperature
B A green solution forms.
C A yellow-brown solution forms and a colourless 100 cm3 of 100 cm3 of
–3 –3
gas evolves. 1 1 mol dm 1 mol dm T1 °C
HCl(aq) NaOH(aq)
D A green solution forms and a colourless
gas evolves. A 100 cm3 of 100 cm3 of
–3 –3
2 2 mol dm 2 mol dm T2 °C
HCl(aq) NaOH(aq)
19
Which of the following is correct? 33 The following table shows some information on
mixing acids and alkalis:
A T1 = 2T2
B T1 = T2
Temperature
1 Mixture
C T1 = T2 rise (°C)
2 3 –3
100 cm of 2 mol dm HNO3(aq)
1
D T1 = T2 C + x
4 3 –3
100 cm of 2 mol dm NaOH(aq)
31 The following experimental results were obtained 3 –3
100 cm of 2 mol dm HCl(aq)
when dilute hydrochloric acid was allowed to + y
3 –3
react with dilute potassium hydroxide solution. 100 cm of 2 mol dm NH3(aq)
100 cm3 of 2 mol dm–3 HCl(aq)
Rise in + z
Expt. Acid Alkali 3 –3
temperature 100 cm of 2 mol dm KOH(aq)
100 cm3 of 100 cm3 of
1 1 mol dm
–3
1 mol dm
–3
T1 °C Which of the following concerning the values of
HCl(aq) KOH(aq) temperature rise is correct?
50 cm3 of 50 cm3 of A x > z > y
Part A
–3 –3
B x = y = z
HCl(aq) KOH(aq)
C x = y > z
D x = z > y D
Unit 16
Which of the following is correct?

A T1 = 2T2 34 Which of the following pairs of solutions would
B T1 = T2 produce a reddish brown precipitate when
1 mixed?
C T1 = T2
2
1 A CuSO4(aq) and NaOH(aq)
D T1 = T2 B
B AgNO3(aq) and NaI(aq)
4
C Fe2(SO4)3(aq) and NH3(aq)
32 The following experimental results were obtained D Pb(NO3)2(aq) and KBr(aq) C
when dilute nitric acid was allowed to react with
dilute sodium hydroxide solution and aqueous 35 When sodium carbonate solution is added to
ammonia separately. a solution of X, a blue precipitate is formed. X
could be
Rise in
Expt. Acid Alkali
temperature A copper(II) sulphate.
3
100 cm of 3
100 cm of B lead(II) nitrate.
1 1 mol dm
–3
1 mol dm
–3
T1 °C C magnesium nitrate.
HNO3(aq) NaOH(aq) D nickel(II) sulphate. A
3 3
100 cm of 100 cm of
2 1 mol dm
–3
1 mol dm
–3
T2 °C 36 Which one of the following solutions would NOT
HNO3(aq) NH3(aq) give a precipitate when added to barium chloride
solution?
1 A Silver nitrate solution
A T1 = T2 B Dilute sulphuric acid
2
B T1 = T2 C Sodium sulphate solution
C T1 < T2 D Sodium nitrate solution D
D T1 > T2 D
20
37 Which of the following compounds is insoluble 41 Which of the following solutions could be used
in water? to separate the anions SO42– and CO32– from each
other by precipitation?
A CuCO3
B Na2SO4 A AgNO3(aq)
C (NH4)2CO3 B Ba(NO3)2(aq)
D MgSO4 A C Fe(NO3)3(aq)
D NaNO3(aq) C
38 Which of the following pairs of ions would react
together to form a white precipitate? Directions: Questions 42 – 44 refer to the results of
some tests on three solids, X, Y and Z.
A Ba2+(aq) and SO42–(aq)
B Cu2+(aq) and NO3–(aq)
C Ni2+(aq) and CO32–(aq) Solubility in Action of dilute
Solid Colour
water sulphuric acid
D Na+(aq) and OH–(aq) A
X white soluble gas bubbles appear
39 The following is a series of reactions starting from Y white soluble solution warms up
potassium carbonate solution:
Z black insoluble a blue solution results
Part A
SFBDUBOU"
,$0 BR
XIJUFQSFDJQJUBUF9
42 Solid X could be
SFBDUBOU#
Unit 16
$0 H
DPMPVSMFTTTPMVUJPO: A calcium carbonate.
B lead(II) sulphate.
Which of the following combinations is C magnesium chloride.
correct? D potassium carbonate. D
Reactant A Reactant B
43 Solid Y could be
A Ba(NO3)2(aq) HCl(aq)
B Ba(NO3)2(aq) NH3(aq) A calcium sulphate.
C NaOH(aq) NH3(aq) B copper(II) oxide.
D NaOH(aq) HCl(aq) A C iron(II) chloride.
D potassium hydroxide. D
40 Which of the following methods is best for
separating copper from a mixture of copper and 44 Solid Z could be
copper(II) oxide? A calcium oxide.
A Add warm water, stir, filter and dry the B copper(II) oxide.
residue. C iron(II) sulphate.
B Add hot dilute sulphuric acid, filter and dry D zinc carbonate. B
the residue.
C Add warm water, filter and heat the residue 45 X is a white solid. When dilute nitric acid is added
strongly. to X, a colourless gas is evolved. The resulting
D Add hot dilute sodium hydroxide solution, solution gives a white precipitate with dilute
filter and dry the residue. B hydrochloric acid. X could be
A ammonium sulphate.
B ammonium carbonate.
C lead(II) carbonate.
D lead(II) sulphate. C
21
46 Consider the following flow diagram: 50 Which of the following salts can be prepared by
an acid-alkali titration method?
SFBDUBOU9 SFBDUBOU:
;O T
;O BR
;O$0 T
A Copper(II) sulphate
B Iron(II) sulphate
Which of the following combinations is C Sodium sulphate
correct? D Zinc sulphate C
Reactant X Reactant Y
51 Dilute sulphuric acid was added to barium
A Dilute H2SO4(aq) CaCO3(s)
hydroxide solution until the acid was in excess.
B H2O(l) CaCO3(s)
C Dilute H2SO4(aq) K2CO3(aq) Which of the following curves shows the variation
D H2O(l) K2CO3(aq) C in the total number of ions in the solution
mixture?
47 When calcium granules are added to water,
A B
colourless gas bubbles are formed. The mixture
/VNCFSPGJPOT
/VNCFSPGJPOT
is then filtered to obtain a clear solution. Excess
sodium carbonate solution is then added to the
clear solution. Which of the following observations
Part A
is correct?
A A white precipitate forms. "NPVOUPGBDJE "NPVOUPGBDJE
BEEFE BEEFE
Unit 16
B Gas bubbles are evolved.

C The clear solution turns yellow. C /VNCFSPGJPOT D
/VNCFSPGJPOT
D There is no observable change. A
48 The table below shows the results of two tests

carried out on a solution of solid X.
Test Observation "NPVOUPGBDJE "NPVOUPGBDJE

BEEFE BEEFE
1 Adding dilute nitric a white precipitate
D
acid followed by forms
barium nitrate solution
52 The liquid waste from a factory has a pH value
2 Adding dilute sodium a white precipitate
hydroxide solution which is soluble in
of 2. Which of the following substances may be
until excess excess alkali forms used to neutralize the waste before it is released
into a river?
X could be A Ammonium sulphate
A aluminium chloride. B Oxygen
B aluminium sulphate. C Slaked lime
C calcium chloride. D Sulphur dioxide C
D calcium sulphate. B
53 A wasp sting is alkaline. The solution to help ease
49 Which of the following methods is the most the pain by neutralizing the alkali would be one
suitable for preparing lead(II) sulphate? with a pH value of
A Adding lead to dilute sulphuric acid A 4.

B Adding lead(II) carbonate to dilute sulphuric B 7.
acid C 8.
C Adding lead(II) nitrate to dilute sulphuric acid D 10. A
D Adding lead(II) oxide to dilute sulphuric
acid C
22
54 Why is calcium carbonate rarely used as an active A (1) and (2) only
ingredient in antacids? B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
A Calcium carbonate reacts with hydrochloric
D (1), (2) and (3) C
acid in stomach to produce carbon dioxide
which builds up pressure in the stomach.
B Calcium carbonate attacks the wall of the
the reaction of dilute sulphuric acid with iron is
stomach.
/ are correct?
C Calcium carbonate cannot neutralize
hydrochloric acid in the stomach. (1) A colourless gas is evolved.
D Calcium carbonate is carcinogenic. A (2) A pale green solution forms.
(3) It is an exothermic reaction.
55 Which of the following are neutralization
A (1) and (2) only
reactions?
B (1) and (3) only
(1) H2SO4(aq) + CuO(s) C (2) and (3) only
CuSO4(aq) + H2O(l) D (1), (2) and (3) D
(2) H2SO4(aq) + Na2CO3(aq)
Na2SO4(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) 59 When 10 cm3 of liquid X was carefully mixed
Part A
(3) 3HNO3(aq) + Fe(OH)3(s) with 10 cm3 of liquid Y, no visible change could
Fe(NO3)3(aq) + 3H2O(l) be observed, but a temperature rise was noted.
Which of the following combinations could be
Unit 16
A (1) and (2) only
correct?
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only Liquid X Liquid Y
D (1), (2) and (3) B
(1) Concentrated water
sulphuric acid
(2) Dilute sulphuric dilute aqueous
the reaction between dilute sodium hydroxide
acid ammonia
solution and dilute nitric acid is / are correct?
(3) Dilute sulphuric barium chloride
(1) Heat is released. acid solution
(2) An acid salt is produced.
A (1) and (2) only
(3) The product sodium nitrate is a covalent
B (1) and (3) only
compound.
C (2) and (3) only
A (1) only D (1), (2) and (3) A
B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only 60 Which of the following pairs of substances would
D (2) and (3) only A react when mixed?
(1) Copper and dilute ethanoic acid
(2) Copper(II) oxide and dilute hydrochloric
a solution of hydrogen chloride in water are
acid
correct?
(3) Copper(II) carbonate and dilute sulphuric
(1) The hydrogen chloride exists as molecules acid
in the solution.
A (1) and (2) only
(2) It can conduct electricity.
B (1) and (3) only
(3) The reaction between the solution and
C (2) and (3) only
sodium hydroxide solution is exothermic.
D (1), (2) and (3) C
23
61 W h i c h o f t h e f o l l o w i n g p ro c e s s e s a re A (1) and (2) only
exothermic? B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
(1) Adding iron to dilute sulphuric acid
D (1), (2) and (3) D
(2) Dissolving sodium hydroxide pellets in
water
65 Which of the following solutions would form a
(3) Evaporating ethanol
precipitate with silver nitrate solution?
A (1) and (2) only
(1) KBr(aq)
B (1) and (3) only
(2) Na2CO3(aq)
C (2) and (3) only
(3) HCl(aq)
D (1), (2) and (3) A
A (1) and (2) only
62 20 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid was mixed B (1) and (3) only
with 20 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide C (2) and (3) only
solution in a polystyrene cup and the maximum D (1), (2) and (3) D
rise in temperature was recorded. Which of the
following pairs of solutions, upon mixing, would 66 Which of the following substances would form
produce a similar rise in temperature? a white precipitate with dilute sulphuric acid?
Part A
(1) 20 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid and (1) Saturated limewater
20 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 aqueous ammonia (2) Barium chloride solution
(2) 40 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid and
Unit 16
(3) Lead(II) nitrate solution

40 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide
A (1) and (2) only
solution
B (1) and (3) only
(3) 10 cm3 of 2 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid and
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) D
solution
A (1) only 67 Which of the following statements concerning
B (2) only ammonium iodide are correct?
C (1) and (3) only
(1) It is a covalent compound.
D (2) and (3) only B
(2) It can sublime.
(3) Its solution gives a precipitate with silver
63 Which of the following solutions is / are
nitrate solution.
colourless?
A (1) and (2) only
(1) Iron(III) chloride solution
B (1) and (3) only
(2) Magnesium sulphate solution
C (2) and (3) only
(3) Silver nitrate solution
D (1), (2) and (3) C
A (1) only
B (2) only 68 Which of the following pairs of solutions would
C (1) and (3) only form a precipitate when they are mixed?
D (2) and (3) only D
(1) Pb(NO3)2(aq) and K2SO4(aq)
(2) NH3(aq) and Fe(NO3)2(aq)
64 Which of the following reagents will form a white
(3) (NH4)2CO3(aq) and CaCl2(aq)
precipitate with lead(II) nitrate solution?
A (1) and (2) only
(1) Dilute sulphuric acid
B (1) and (3) only
(2) Potassium chloride solution
C (2) and (3) only
(3) Sodium carbonate solution
D (1), (2) and (3) D
24
69 Which of the following statements concerning A (1) only
potassium iodide solution are correct? B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
(1) It conducts electricity.
D (2) and (3) only B
(2) It gives a yellow precipitate with silver
nitrate solution.
73 Which of the following statements concerning the
(3) It is purple in colour.
reaction of dilute aqueous ammonia with dilute
A (1) and (2) only hydrochloric acid are correct?
B (1) and (3) only
(1) It is an exothermic reaction.
C (2) and (3) only
(2) Ammonium chloride is produced.
D (1), (2) and (3) A
(3) A white precipitate is formed.
70 Which of the following substances can be used A (1) and (2) only
to distinguish between zinc nitrate solution and B (1) and (3) only
silver nitrate solution? C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) A
(1) Iron
(2) Dilute sulphuric acid
74 Which of the following are coloured salts?
(3) Potassium chloride solution
Part A
(1) CuO
A (1) and (2) only
(2) Fe2(SO4)3
B (1) and (3) only
Unit 16
(3) NiCl2
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) B A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
71 A student adds a lot of calcium carbonate to the C (2) and (3) only
acid in a beaker. When the reaction is complete, D (1), (2) and (3) C
some of the solid calcium carbonate remain in
the beaker. The student wants to obtain calcium 75 Which of the following substances are appropriate
chloride crystals from the reaction mixture. for preparing magnesium sulphate by mixing with
dilute sulphuric acid?
What equipment does the student need?
(1) Magnesium
(1) Bunsen burner and evaporating basin
(2) Magnesium oxide
(2) Filter paper and filter funnel
(3) Magnesium carbonate
(3) Measuring cylinder
A (1) and (2) only
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) D
D (1), (2) and (3) A
76 Phosphoric acid is a tribasic acid. Which of the

72 An accident happens in a factory and some nitric
following chemical formulae are correct?
acid are split. Which of the following substances,
when added in excess, can react with the acid (1) Ag3PO4
without leaving an alkaline solution? (2) CaH2PO4
(3) (NH4)2HPO4
(1) Aqueous ammonia
(2) Calcium carbonate A (1) and (2) only
(3) Sodium chloride B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) B
25
77 Which of the following statements concerning 78 Which of the following substances, when mixed,
ammonium ethanoate (CH 3 COONH 4 ) are will undergo a reaction?
correct?
(1) Vinegar and antacid
(1) It is an ionic compound. (2) Iron nail and lemon juice
(2) It is an acid salt. (3) Household bleach and table salt
(3) Its aqueous solution can conduct
A (1) and (2) only
electricity.
B (1) and (3) only
A (1) and (2) only C (2) and (3) only
B (1) and (3) only D (1), (2) and (3) A
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) B
Part A
Unit 16
79 The reaction between sodium hydrogencarbonate Apart from salt and water, carbon dioxide A
and dilute hydrochloric acid is not a neutralization is also produced in the reaction.
reaction.
80 When 10 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid When 10 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid C
are added to 10 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 sodium are added to 10 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 sodium
hydroxide solution, the concentration of sodium hydroxide solution, the only chemical change
ions remains the same. is the reaction between H+(aq) ions and OH–(aq)
ions to give water.
81 Sodium chloride is a normal salt. Sodium chloride solution has a pH value of 7. B
82 All salts are soluble in water. All salts are prepared by neutralizing acids D
with alkalis.
83 Sodium ethanoate (CH3COONa) is an acid salt. Sodium ethanoate contains ionizable hydrogen D
atoms.
84 Copper(II) chloride can be prepared from the Copper(II) chloride is soluble in water. C
reaction between copper and dilute hydrochloric
acid.
26
85 Ammonium chloride is a salt. Ammonium chloride can conduct electricity B
in aqueous solution.
2+
86 Nickel(II) carbonate dissolves in water to give a Ni (aq) ions is green in colour. C
green solution.
87 Some antacids contain sodium hydroxide as the Sodium hydroxide can neutralize acids. C
active ingredient.
88 A student treats the affected area with vinegar Vinegar can neutralize sodium hydroxide C
after spilling some drain cleanser, which contains solution.
mainly concentrated sodium hydroxide solution,
on the hand.
Unit 17 Concentration
of solutions and
volumetric analysis
Fill in the blanks
Part A
1 Some special apparatus are used in volumetric 5 Methyl orange is a suitable indicator for
analysis: the titration of a strong acid and a weak alkali.
Unit 17
a) To measure the masses of chemicals accurately,
6 Phenolphthalein is a suitable indicator for
use a / an electronic balance .
the titration of a weak acid and a strong alkali.
b) To prepare a solution of accurately known
volume, use a volumetric flask .
True or False
c) To deliver a fixed accurate volume of a solution,
use a pipette . Decide whether each of the following statements is
true or false.
d) To deliver various volumes of a solution
accurately, use a burette . 7 To dilute 100 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm–3 F
hydrochloric acid to 0.10 mol dm–3, add
2 A standard solution is a solution with 1 000 cm3 of water.
accurately known concentration.
8 During the dilution of concentrated F
3 In a titration experiment, wash a pipette sulphuric acid, the volumetric flask should
and a burette first with distilled water be washed with the acid before use.
and then with the solution they are going to
9 A volumetric flask is used to deliver F
contain. 25.0 cm3 of solution.
4 The point in an acid-alkali titration at which the 10 A burette is used to deliver various T
reactants just react completely with each other volumes of a solution accurately.
is called the equivalence point.
27
11 Solid potassium hydroxide is suitable for F
preparing a standard solution.
21 5.04 g of ethanedioic acid crystals ((COOH)2•2H2O)
12 In an acid-alkali titration, the solution with F
are dissolved in distilled water and made up to
unknown molarity is called the standard
250.0 cm3. What is the molarity of the acid
solution.
solution?
13 In a titration experiment, a pipette is T (Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, C = 12.0,

washed with distilled water and the O = 16.0)
solution it is to contain before use. A 0.010 mol dm–3
B 0.040 mol dm–3
14 In a titration experiment, a conical flask F C 0.160 mol dm–3
is washed with distilled water and the D 0.224 mol dm–3 C
solution it is to contain before use.
22 A sample of concentrated nitric acid has a density
15 When delivering 25.0 cm3 of a solution F of 1.41 g cm–3 and contains 61.5% of nitric acid
into a conical flask with a pipette, the last by mass.
drop of the solution in the pipette should
be blown out. What is the concentration of the nitric acid?
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, N = 14.0,
16 Phenolphthalein can be used as an T O = 16.0)
Part A
indicator in the titration of 0.1 mol dm–3

A 8.67 mol dm–3
HCl(aq) with 0.1 mol dm–3 NaOH(aq). –3
B 11.2 mol dm
–3
C 13.8 mol dm
Unit 17
17 Methyl orange is a suitable indicator for F –3

–3 D 16.4 mol dm C
the titration of 0.1 mol dm CH3COOH(aq)
with 0.1 mol dm–3 NaOH(aq).
23 A storage tank contains 68 000 kg of concentrated
hydrochloric acid, which occupies a volume of
18 During the titration of an acid and an F
60.0 m3. The percentage by mass of HCl in the
alkali, the pH of the solution mixture is
acid is 35.5%.
always 7.00 at the equivalence point.
What is the concentration of the hydrochloric
19 During a titration, the end point and the F acid?
equivalence point always occur at the (Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, Cl = 35.5)
same time.
A 11.0 mol dm–3
20 20 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 CH3COOH(aq) and T
B 11.7 mol dm–3
10 cm3 of H2SO4(aq) require the same C 18.6 mol dm–3
number of moles of NaOH for complete D 40.8 mol dm–3 A
neutralization.
24 A storage tank of concentrated sulphuric acid
contains 55 000 kg of acid, which occupies a
volume of 58.0 m3. The percentage by mass of
H2SO4 in the acid is 94.0%.
What is the molarity of the acid?
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, O = 16.0,
S = 32.1)
28
A 5.17 mol dm–3 30 20.0 cm3 of sodium sulphate solution contains
B 9.08 mol dm–3 2.00 x 10–2 moles of Na+(aq) ions. What is the
C 11.2 mol dm–3 molarity of the solution?
D 15.1 mol dm–3 B
A 5.00 x 10–3 mol dm–3
–2 –3
B 1.00 x 10 mol dm
25 0.100 mole of K3PO4 is present in 500.0 cm3 of –1 –3
C 5.00 x 10 mol dm
solution. What is the total ion concentration in –3
D 1.00 mol dm C
the solution?
A 0.100 mol dm–3 31 200.0 cm3 of 2.50 mol dm–3 sodium carbonate
B 0.200 mol dm–3 solution are mixed with 50.0 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm–3
C 0.400 mol dm–3 sodium carbonate solution. The concentration of
D 0.800 mol dm–3 D Na+(aq) ions in the resulting solution is
A 1.50 mol dm–3.
26 What is the total number of ions present in
B 2.20 mol dm–3.
2.00 dm3 of a 2.00 mol dm–3 sodium carbonate
C 2.60 mol dm–3.
solution?
D 4.40 mol dm–3. D
23 –1
(Avogadro constant = 6.02 x 10 mol )
3
23 32 50.0 cm of magnesium chloride solution contains
A 2.41 x 10
2.0 x 10–2 mole of Cl–(aq) ions. What is the
B 7.22 x 1023
molarity of the solution?
C 2.41 x 1024
Part A
D 7.22 x 1024 D A 1.0 x 10–4 mol dm–3
B 2.5 x 10–4 mol dm–3
27 The pH of a sample of sulphuric acid is 2.70. C 2.0 x 10–1 mol dm–3
Unit 17
What is the concentration of sulphate ions in D 4.0 x 10–1 mol dm–3 C
the acid?
33 Solution X is prepared by mixing 50 cm3 of 0.20
A 9.98 x 10–4 mol dm–3
–3 –3 mol dm–3 Fe2(SO4)3(aq) with 200 cm3 of 0.25 mol
B 2.00 x 10 mol dm
–3 dm–3 K2SO4(aq). What is the concentration of
C 0.216 mol dm
–3 SO42–(aq) ions in X?
D 0.431 mol dm A
A 0.22 mol dm–3
–3
28 Which of the following solutions contains the B 0.24 mol dm
greatest number of ions? C 0.32 mol dm–3
D 0.45 mol dm–3 C
A 100 cm3 of 0.10 mol dm–3 NaCl(aq)
B 50 cm3 of 0.050 mol dm–3 Fe2(SO4)3(aq)
34 What volume of 5.0 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid
C 50 cm3 of 0.080 mol dm–3 CaCl2(aq)
is required to prepare 250 cm3 of a 0.40 mol
D 100 cm3 of 0.080 mol dm–3 MgSO4(aq) A
dm–3 solution?
29 Solution X is prepared by mixing 150.0 cm3 of A 10 cm3
2.00 mol dm–3 ZnCl2(aq) with 50.0 cm3 of 1.20 B 20 cm3
mol dm–3 NaCl(aq). What is the concentration of C 30 cm3
Cl–(aq) ions in X? D 40 cm3 B
A 1.50 mol dm–3

B 1.80 mol dm–3
C 3.30 mol dm–3
D 3.60 mol dm–3 C
29
35 3.75 dm3 of distilled water are added to 250.0 cm3 39 Two identical magnesium ribbons are added to
of 3.20 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide solution. What the dilute solutions made. The diagrams below
is the molarity of the diluted solution? show how gas bubbles are given off when
the magnesium ribbons are just added to the
A 0.200 mol dm–3
–3 solutions.
B 0.213 mol dm
–3
C 2.00 mol dm EJMVUFTPMVUJPO EJMVUFTPMVUJPO
–3
D 2.13 mol dm A PGBDJE9 PGBDJE:
36 What volume of water is required to dilute

120 cm3 of 10 mol dm–3 sulphuric acid to a
concentration of 2 mol dm–3?
A 360 cm3 NBHOFTJVNSJCCPO
B 480 cm3
C 600 cm3 Which of the following deductions is correct?
D 720 cm3 B A Acid X is stronger than acid Y.
B Acid X is weaker than acid Y.
3
37 How much water must be added to 100 cm of C The concentration of dilute solution of acid X is
0.50 mol dm–3 NaCl solution to make it 0.10 mol higher than that of dilute solution of acid Y.
dm–3? D The concentration of dilute solution of acid
A 300 cm3 Y is higher than that of dilute solution of
Part A
B 400 cm3 acid X. B

C 500 cm3
D 600 cm3 B Directions: Questions 40 and 41 refer to the following
Unit 17
information.
Directions: Questions 38 and 39 refer to the following
The table below shows how solutions X and Y are
information.
made from two monobasic acids A and B.
The table below shows how two dilute solutions are
respectively made from monobasic acids X and Y. Solution X Solution Y
20 cm3 of 60 cm3 of
–3 –3
Dilute solution of acid X Dilute solution of acid Y 0.50 mol dm acid A 0.25 mol dm acid B
+ +
40 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm–3 25 cm3 of 1.6 mol dm–3 3 3
80 cm of distilled water 40 cm of distilled water
acid X acid Y
+ +
3 3
10 cm of distilled water 25 cm of distilled water 40 What is the concentration of acid A in solution
X?
38 What is the concentration of the dilute solution A 0.25 mol dm–3
of acid X? B 0.12 mol dm–3
A 1.0 mol dm–3 C 0.10 mol dm–3
B 0.80 mol dm–3 D 0.075 mol dm–3 C
C 0.40 mol dm–3
D 0.20 mol dm–3 B
30
41 Two identical magnesium ribbons (excess) are A 50 cm3
placed in solutions X and Y. The diagrams below B 100 cm3
show how gas bubbles are given off. C 200 cm3
D 260 cm3 D
45 0.182 g of sodium metal was added to a large

volume of water. When the reaction was complete,
NBHOFTJVN NBHOFTJVN the resulting solution was treated with 0.240 mol
SJCCPO SJCCPO
dm–3 hydrochloric acid. What is the volume of
TPMVUJPO9 TPMVUJPO: acid required for complete neutralization?
Which of the following deductions is correct? (Relative atomic mass: Na = 23.0)
A Acid A is stronger than acid B. A 16.5 cm3

B Acid B is stronger than acid A. B 33.0 cm3
C The concentration of acid A in solution X is C 49.5 cm3
higher than that of acid B in solution Y. D 66.0 cm3 B
D Solution X gives a greater amount of
3
hydrogen than solution Y. A 46 7.50 g of calcium carbonate are added to 50.0 cm
of 2.00 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid. What is the
42 25.0 cm3 of 1.60 mol dm–3 aqueous ammonia number of moles of carbon dioxide evolved?
required 32.0 cm3 of sulphuric acid for complete (Relative atomic masses: C = 12.0, O = 16.0,
Part A
neutralization. What is the concentration of the Ca = 40.1)
sulphuric acid?
A 0.0375 mol
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, O = 16.0, B 0.0500 mol
Unit 17
S = 32.1) C 0.0750 mol
A 61.3 g dm–3 D 0.100 mol B
B 127 g dm–3
C 184 g dm–3 47 A sample of zinc granules of mass 1.80 g
D 254 g dm–3 A was added to 100.0 cm3 of 0.250 mol dm–3
hydrochloric acid. What was the mass of hydrogen
43 A 0.150 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide solution formed?
is titrated against 25.0 cm3 of a 0.0600 mol (Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, Zn = 65.4)
dm–3 dibasic acid solution. What is the volume of
sodium hydroxide solution required to neutralize A 0.0250 g
the acid completely? B 0.0275 g
C 0.0500 g
A 20.0 cm3 D 0.0550 g A
B 30.0 cm3
C 40.0 cm3 48 4.00 g of copper(II) oxide are added to 30.0 cm3
D 50.0 cm3 A of 1.40 mol dm–3 nitric acid. What is the mass
of copper(II) oxide left unreacted?
44 What is the volume of 0.50 mol dm–3 hydrochloric
acid required to react with 6.12 g of potassium (Relative atomic masses: O = 16.0, Cu = 63.5)
oxide for complete neutralization? A 0.66 g
(Relative atomic masses: O = 16.0, K = 39.1) B 1.67 g
C 2.33 g
D 3.34 g C
31
49 Which of the following pairs of solutions, when 53 What is the molarity of the sodium hydroxide
mixed, would give a neutral solution? solution?
3 –3 3 –3
A 100 cm of 1 mol dm H2SO4(aq) and 100 cm A 0.100 mol dm
of 1 mol dm–3 NaOH(aq) B 0.110 mol dm
–3
B 100 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 H2SO4(aq) and 100 cm3 C 0.200 mol dm
–3
of 2 mol dm–3 NaOH(aq) D 0.220 mol dm

–3
D
C 100 cm3 of 2 mol dm–3 H2SO4(aq) and 50 cm3
of 2 mol dm–3 NaOH(aq) Directions: Questions 54 – 56 refer to the following
D 200 cm3 of 2 mol dm–3 H2SO4(aq) and 100 cm3 experiment.
of 1 mol dm–3 NaOH(aq) B
In an experiment to determine the concentration
of sulphuric acid in a brand of toilet cleanser, 10.0
50 Solid sodium hydroxide CANNOT be weighed
cm3 of the cleanser was first diluted to 250.0 cm3
accurately for preparing a standard solution
with distilled water. 25.0 cm3 of the diluted cleanser
because
were titrated with 0.320 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide
A it is corrosive. solution, using methyl orange as indicator.
B it decomposes easily.
C it is volatile. 54 What is the colour change of the indicator at
D it absorbs moisture from the air. D the end point of the titration?
A From colourless to pink
Directions: Questions 51 – 53 refer to the following
B From pink to colourless
Part A
titration experiment.
C From yellow to red
Step Procedure D From red to yellow D
Unit 17
1 Transfer 25.0 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution

55 The following diagram shows the initial and final
in a clean conical flask.
burette readings.
2 Add a few drops of indicator to the
solution. Initial reading Final reading
3 Add 0.200 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid to the DN
DN

sodium hydroxide solution until the indicator

just changes colour. 27.5 cm3 of the acid are
required to reach the end point.
51 Which of the following pieces of apparatus should

be used to transfer 25.0 cm3 of the sodium

hydroxide solution?
A Burette What was the volume of sodium hydroxide
B Measuring cylinder solution used?
C Pipette
A 28.2 cm3
D Volumetric flask C
B 28.8 cm3
C 29.2 cm3
52 Phenolphthalein is used as an indicator in the
D 29.8 cm3 B
above experiment. What will be its colour change
at the end point?
A From red to yellow
B From red to colourless
C From yellow to colourless
D From yellow to red B
32
56 What is the concentration of sulphuric acid in

the undiluted toilet cleanser?
–3
A 2.30 mol dm
–3
B 4.60 mol dm
–3
C 9.20 mol dm
–3
D 11.5 mol dm B
Q)

experiment.
In an experiment to determine the concentration of
phosphoric acid, 25.0 cm3 of the acid was first diluted
to 250.0 cm3 with distilled water. 25.0 cm3 of the
diluted solution were titrated with 0.0200 mol dm–3

NaOH(aq) using phenophthalein as indicator. 22.0 cm3
7PMVNFPG/B0) BR
BEEFE DN
of the alkali were needed to reach the end point.
57 What was the colour change of the phenolphthalein

at the end point? 59 What is the concentration of HA(aq)?
A From colourless to pink A 7.50 x 10–5 mol dm–3

B From pink to colourless B 1.50 x 10–4 mol dm–3
Part A
C From red to yellow C 7.50 x 10–2 mol dm–3
D From yellow to red A D 1.50 x 10–1 mol dm–3 C
Unit 17
58 Phosphoric acid reacts with sodium hydroxide 60 The table below lists the pH ranges for colour
in the titration according to the following change of three acid-alkali indicators:
equation:
Indicator pH range
H3PO4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq)
Na2HPO4(aq) + 2H2O(l) Bromocresol green 3.8 to 5.4
What is the molarity of the original phosphoric Methyl red 4.8 to 6.0
acid? Phenolphthalein 8.2 to 10.0
–5 –3
A 4.40 x 10 mol dm
B 8.80 x 10–5 mol dm–3 Which of the indicators is / are suitable for the
C 4.40 x 10–2 mol dm–3 titration?
D 8.80 x 10–2 mol dm–3 D A Bromocresol green only
B Phenolphthalein only
Directions: Questions 59 and 60 refer to the following C Bromocresol green and methyl red only
experiment. D Methyl red and phenolphthalein only B
In an experiment, 30.0 cm3 of a monobasic acid

HA(aq) were titrated with 0.100 mol dm–3 NaOH(aq).
The following graph shows the variation of pH of the
solution mixture during the titration:
33
61 In a titration, an acid of known concentration D A 20.0 cm3 pipette instead of a 25.0 cm3 one
is placed in a burette and reacted with an alkali was used for delivering the tablet solution.
that has been pipetted into a conical flask. A
63 In a titration of a strong alkali with a strong acid,

the following procedure was used:
Step 1 A burette was rinsed with distilled water
BDJE and then filled with the standard acid.
CVSFUUF Step 2 A pipette was rinsed with some alkali.
Step 3 A conical flask was rinsed with some
alkali.
Step 4 The pipette was used to transfer a
measured volume of alkali into the conical
flask.
DPOJDBMGMBTL
Step 5 Indicator was added to the alkali and it
BMLBMJ
was titrated to the end point with the
acid.
With what should each piece of glassware be
rinsed immediately before use? Which of the following statements is correct?
Burette Pipette Conical flask A The calculated concentration of the alkali will
be correct.
A acid alkali water
Part A
B The calculated concentration of the alkali will

B water water water
be too low.
C acid alkali alkali
C The calculated concentration of the alkali will
D water water alkali
Unit 17
A
be too high.
D No definite conclusion can be reached about
62 Five students each dissolved an antacid tablet in
the concentration of the alkali. C
100.0 cm3 of distilled water. They then titrated
25.0 cm3 portions of their solutions with dilute
64 3.57 g of hydrated sodium carbonate Na2CO3•nH2O
hydrochloric acid, using the same indicator. The
are dissolved in water and titrated against 1.20 mol
results are shown in the table below.
dm–3 hydrochloric acid. It is found that 48.0 cm3
of the acid are required to react completely with
Student Average burette reading (cm3)
the sodium carbonate. What is the value of n?
1 22.3
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, C = 12.0,
2 22.4 O = 16.0, Na = 23.0)
3 22.4 A 1
4 22.5 B 5
C 7
5 24.3 D 10 A
Which of the following statements could explain 65 25.0 cm3 of 0.30 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide
the result obtained by student 5? solution require 20.0 cm3 of a 0.125 mol dm–3
A The conical flask was washed with the tablet acid solution for complete neutralization. What
solution. is the basicity of the acid?
B The burette was washed with dilute hydrochloric A 1
acid. B 2
C The pipette was washed with the tablet C 3
solution. D 4 C
34
66 A sample of 2.62 g of a dibasic acid is dissolved 70 What is the molarity of the nickel(II) sulphate
in water and made up to 250.0 cm3. 25.0 cm3 solution?
of this acid solution require 18.9 cm3 of 0.220 –3
A 0.0480 mol dm
mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide solution for complete –3
B 0.0960 mol dm
neutralization. What is the molar mass of the –3
C 0.192 mol dm
acid? –3
D 0.384 mol dm C
A 63 g mol–1
–1
B 94 g mol Directions: Questions 71 and 72 refer to the following
–1
C 107 g mol experiment.
–1
D 126 g mol D
An impure sample of anhydrous sodium carbonate of
mass 3.20 g is dissolved in distilled water. The solution
Directions: Questions 67 – 70 refer to the following
is placed in a conical flask. A suitable indicator is
experiment carried out to determine the
added. Then the solution is titrated against 1.08 mol
concentration of a nickel(II) sulphate
dm–3 sulphuric acid in a burette. The colour of the
solution.
indicator changes from yellow to red when 24.8 cm3
Stage I Add 25.0 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm–3 sodium of the acid are added.
hydroxide solution to 25.0 cm3 of the nickel(II)
(Relative atomic masses: C = 12.0, O = 16.0,
sulphate solution to precipitate out nickel(II)
Na = 23.0)
hydroxide.
Stage II Remove the precipitate from the reaction
71 What is the indicator used in the above
Part A
mixture.
experiment?
Stage III Titrate the excess alkali in the solution
obtained in Stage II against 0.550 mol A Litmus solution
B Methyl orange
Unit 17
dm–3 hydrochloric acid. 28.0 cm3 of the acid
are required to neutralize the excess alkali C Phenolphthalein
completely. D Universal indicator B
67 What is the number of moles of hydroxide ions 72 Suppose the impurity in the sample will not react
added in Stage I? with the sulphuric acid. What is the percentage
purity of sodium carbonate in the sample?
A 0.0125 mol
B 0.0250 mol A 49.1%
C 0.0500 mol B 65.4%
D 0.0750 mol B C 78.3%
D 88.8% D
68 Which of the following methods is used to remove
the precipitate in Stage II? 73 100 cm3 of 1.60 mol dm–3 sulphuric acid are
poured into a beaker. Enough iron is added to
A Crystallization
completely react with the acid. The resulting
B Distillation
solution is evaporated to obtain iron(II) sulphate
C Filtration
crystals (FeSO4•7H2O). What is the mass of crystals
D Fractional distillation C
obtained?
69 What is the number of moles of hydroxide ions (Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, O = 16.0,
present in the solution obtained in Stage II? S = 32.1, Fe = 55.8)
A 0.0154 mol A 11.2 g

B 0.0172 mol B 22.3 g
C 0.0198 mol C 44.5 g
D 0.0204 mol A D 89.0 g C
35
–3
74 In an experiment, 0.0200 mol dm calcium 78 Consider the following information on two
hydroxide solution was added to 25.0 cm3 of reactions involving calcium carbonate:
0.400 mol dm –3 hydrochloric acid until the
acid was completely neutralized. What is the Beaker Reacting mixture
concentration of calcium chloride in the resulting 4 g of CaCO3
solution? 1
+ 100 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 HCl(aq)
A 1.82 x 10–4 mol dm–3 4 g of CaCO3
2 3 –3
B 2.10 x 10–4 mol dm–3 + 100 cm of 1 mol dm CH3COOH(aq)
C 1.82 x 10–2 mol dm–3
D 2.10 x 10–2 mol dm–3 C (Relative atomic masses: C = 12.0, O = 16.0,
Ca = 40.1)
75 A sample of magnesium ribbons of mass of 2.00 g Which of the following statements is correct?
was added to 200.0 cm3 of 0.800 mol dm–3
A The same number of moles of calcium
hydrochloric acid. What is the concentration of
carbonate remained in both beakers after
magnesium chloride in the resulting solution?
reaction.
(Relative atomic mass: Mg = 24.3) B Hydrochloric acid in Beaker 1 reacts
A 0.400 mol dm–3 completely.
B 0.412 mol dm–3 C Ethanoic acid in Beaker 2 reacts completely.
C 0.800 mol dm–3 D The same amount of gas is produced by both
D 0.824 mol dm–3 A reacting mixtures. D
Part A
76 In an experiment, 5 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 copper(II) 79 To study the reaction of magnesium ribbon with
sulphate solution were mixed with 10 cm3 of 1 acid, a student used the reacting mixtures in two
Unit 17
mol dm–3 sodium carbonate solution. What did beakers.

the reaction vessel contain when the reaction was
complete? Beaker Reacting mixture
A A colourless solution only 1.5 g of Mg

1
B A blue solution only
C A green precipitate and a blue solution 1.5 g of Mg
2
+ 100 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 H2SO4(aq)
D A green precipitate and a colourless
solution D
(Relative atomic mass: Mg = 24.3)
77 When potassium carbonate solution and Which of the following statements is correct?
magnesium chloride solution are mixed, magnesium A The magnesium reacted completely in Beaker
carbonate is precipitated. Which of the following 1.
mixtures would produce the greatest amount of B The sulphuric acid reacted completely in Beaker
precipitate? 2.
A 10 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 K2CO3(aq) + 30 cm3 C A greater amount of hydrogen was produced
of 1 mol dm–3 MgCl2(aq) by the reacting mixture in Beaker 2.
B 15 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 K2CO3(aq) + 25 cm3 D The same mass of magnesium remained in
of 1 mol dm–3 MgCl2(aq) both beakers after reaction. C
C 20 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 K2CO3(aq) + 20 cm3
of 1 mol dm–3 MgCl2(aq)
D 30 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 K2CO3(aq) + 10 cm3
of 1 mol dm–3 MgCl2(aq) C
36
80 Which of the following statements concerning A B

20 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 HCl(aq) and 10 cm3 of
1 mol dm–3 H2SO4(aq) is correct?
Q) Q)
A They have the same pH values.
B They turn methyl orange yellow.
C They react with zinc at the same rate. 7PMVNFPGBDJE 7PMVNFPGBDJE
D They require the same number of moles BEEFE BEEFE
of sodium hydroxide for complete
neutralization. D C D

81 Which of the following titrations always results

Q) Q)
in pH = 7 at the equivalence point?
A A weak acid is titrated with a weak alkali.
B A weak acid is titrated with a strong alkali. 7PMVNFPGBDJE 7PMVNFPGBDJE
C A strong acid is titrated with a weak alkali. BEEFE BEEFE
D A strong acid is titrated with a strong alkali. C

D
84 Which of the following indicators would you
82 Which of the following curves represents the use in the titration of dilute potassium hydroxide
change in pH as 0.1 mol dm–3 NaOH(aq) is added solution with dilute ethanoic acid?
Part A
to 0.1 mol dm–3 CH3COOH(aq)? pH range
A B A Bromothymol blue 6.0 – 7.6
Unit 17
B Methyl orange 3.2 – 4.4
C Methyl red 4.8 – 6.0
Q) Q) D Phenolphthalein 8.2 – 10.0 D
85 Solid X is gradually added to solution Y. The

7PMVNFPG 7PMVNFPG change in pH of the solution is shown below.
/B0) BR
BEEFE /B0) BR
BEEFE
C D
Q)PGTPMVUJPO
Q) Q)
7PMVNFPG 7PMVNFPG
/B0) BR
BEEFE /B0) BR
BEEFE .BTTPGTPMJE9BEEFE
B Which of the following combination is correct?

Solid X Solution Y
83 Which of the following curves represents the
change in pH as a 0.1 mol dm–3 strong acid is A Insoluble metal oxide dilute nitric acid
added to a 0.1 mol dm–3 weak alkali? B Soluble metal oxide dilute sodium
hydroxide solution
C Soluble metal oxide dilute nitric acid
D Insoluble metal dilute sodium
oxide hydroxide solution
A
37
86 The table gives information about three 88 A student added barium hydroxide solution
indicators. dropwise to an acid in a beaker and measured the
change in electrical conductivity of the mixture.
pH range The results are shown below.
Colour change at which
Indicator (low pH high colour
pH) change
BSCJUSBSZVOJUT
$POEVDUJWJUZ
occurs
Methyl orange red yellow 3.2 – 4.4
Bromothymol
yellow blue 6.0 – 7.6
blue
Phenolphthalein colourless red 8.2 – 10.0 7PMVNFPGBDJEBEEFE
The acid is probably

Equal volumes of these three indicators were
mixed and added to a solution with a pH of 5. A ethanoic acid.
What colour would be observed? B hydrochloric acid.
C nitric acid.
A Blue
D sulphuric acid. D
B Colourles
C Red
89 Different volumes of 1.00 mol dm–3 sodium
D Yellow D
hydroxide solution and 1.00 mol dm–3 sulphuric
Part A
acid are mixed in a plastic cup. In which of the

87 1 mol dm–3 of sodium hydroxide solution is added
following combinations would the temperature
continuously to 25 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 hydrochloric
rise be the greatest?
Unit 17
acid. Which of the following graphs represents

the relationship between the temperature of the Volume of Volume of
mixture and the volume of sodium hydroxide 1.00 mol dm–3 1.00 mol dm–3
solution added? NaOH(aq) (cm3) H2SO4(aq) (cm3)
A B A 10.0 20.0
B 15.0 15.0
5FNQFSBUVSF
5FNQFSBUVSF
C 20.0 10.0
D 25.0 5.0 C

7PMVNFPG 7PMVNFPG experiment.
/B0) BR
BEEFE /B0) BR
BEEFE
1.0 cm3 portions of a lead(II) nitrate solution are added
C D successively to 10.0 cm3 of 1.2 mol dm–3 potassium
5FNQFSBUVSF
5FNQFSBUVSF
sulphate solution in a test tube. After each addition,

the height of the precipitate formed is measured. The
following graph is obtained.
)FJHIUPGQSFDJQJUBUF
7PMVNFPG 7PMVNFPG
/B0) BR
BEEFE /B0) BR
BEEFE

38 7PMVNFPGMFBE **
OJUSBUFTPMVUJPOBEEFE DN
90 What is the concentration of the lead(II) nitrate 94 In a titration experiment, which of the following
solution? apparatus should be rinsed with the solution it
–3 is about to contain?
A 1.0 mol dm
–3
B 1.2 mol dm (1) Pipette
–3
C 1.8 mol dm (2) Conical flask
–3
D 2.0 mol dm D (3) Volumetric flask
A (1) only
B (2) only
the experiment are correct?
C (1) and (3) only
(1) The precipitate is white in colour. D (2) and (3) only A
(2) The maximum height of precipitate would
be the same if 0.5 cm3 portions of the 95 In an experiment, a solution containing 1 mole
lead(II) nitrate solution are used instead of an acid requires a solution containing 3 moles
of 1.0 cm3 portions. of NaOH for complete neutralization. Which of
(3) A measuring cylinder is used to measure the following deductions is / are correct?
the 1.0 cm3 portions of the lead(II) nitrate
(1) 1 mole of the acid provides 3 moles of
solution.
H+(aq) ions.
A (1) and (2) only (2) 1 molecule of the acid contains 3 hydrogen
B (1) and (3) only atoms.
C (2) and (3) only (3) The acid is a strong acid.
Part A
D (1), (2) and (3) A
A (1) only
B (2) only
92 250.0 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm–3 iron(III) sulphate
C (1) and (3) only
Unit 17
solution contains
(1) 0.250 mole of iron(III) sulphate.
(2) 0.0500 mole of Fe3+ ions. 96 Which of the following indicators are suitable for
(3) 0.0750 mole of SO42– ions. the titration of dilute sodium hydroxide solution
with dilute hydrochloric acid?
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only pH range
C (2) and (3) only
(1) Bromocresol green 3.8 – 5.4
D (1), (2) and (3) C
(2) Bromothymol blue 6.0 – 7.6
(3) Methyl red 4.8 – 6.0
93 Which of the following apparatus are necessary in
the dilution of 25.0 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm–3 sulphuric A (1) and (2) only
acid to 0.100 mol dm–3 sulphuric acid? B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
(1) Conical flask
D (1), (2) and (3) D
(2) Pipette
(3) Volumetric flask
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) C
39
97 Beaker A contains 100 cm 3 of 1 mol dm –3 99 Beaker A contains 50 cm3 of 1.2 mol dm–3 HCl(aq)
H2SO4(aq) while beaker B contains 50 cm3 of 2 while beaker B contains 60 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm–3
mol dm–3 H2SO4(aq). Equal masses of zinc granules CH3COOH(aq). 60 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm–3 NaOH(aq)
(excess) are added to the two beakers. are added to each beaker.
Which of the following statements are correct? Which of the following statements is / are
correct?
(1) Equal masses of zinc remain in the two
beakers after reaction. (1) The acids in both beakers are completely
(2) The same mass of gas is produced in both neutralized.
cases. (2) The temperature rise for both reaction
(3) Zinc sulphate solutions of the same mixtures is the same.
concentration are produced in both (3) The concentration of Na+(aq) ions in both
beakers. reaction mixtures is the same.
A (1) and (2) only A (1) only
B (1) and (3) only B (2) only
C (2) and (3) only C (1) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) A D (2) and (3) only A
98 Consider the following information on two

reactions involving magnesium ribbons of the
same shape:
Part A
Reaction Reactants
Unit 17
1 1 g of Mg
2 1 g of Mg
3 –3
+ 50 cm of 2 mol dm CH3COOH(aq)

Which of the following statements concerning
the experiments is / are correct?
(1) Magnesium disappeared in both reactions
at the end.
(2) A greater amount of hydrogen was
produced in Reaction 1.
(3) The two reactions took the same time to
complete.
A (1) only
B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
40
100 When preparing 1 dm3 of a standard solution, The molarity of a solution is the number of D
the solute is dissolved in 1 dm3 of water. moles of solute dissolved in 1 dm3 of water.
101 Ethanedioic acid crystals can be used to prepare Aqueous solution of ethanedioic acid can B
a standard acid solution. neutralize solutions of alkalis.
102 Solid sodium hydroxide can be used to prepare Solid sodium hydroxide dissolves in water C
a standard solution. completely at room temperature.
Part A
103 Before filling a burette with an acid, the burette Any water in the burette will dilute the acid A
should be washed with the acid first. to be filled.
Unit 17
104 In a titration experiment, the conical flask Any water remaining in the conical flask will D
should be rinsed with the solution it is about change the number of moles of solute it
to contain. holds.
105 100 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 sulphuric acid are The number of hydrogen ions in 100 cm3 of D
completely neutralized by 100 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 1 mol dm–3 sulphuric acid equals the number
sodium hydroxide solution. of hydroxide ions in 100 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3
sodium hydroxide solution.
106 Methyl orange can be used as an indicator in Methyl orange shows different colours in B
the titration of 0.1 mol dm–3 NH3(aq) with NH3(aq) and HCl(aq).
0.1 mol dm–3 HCl(aq).
107 10 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 H2SO4(aq) require a H2SO4(aq) is a strong acid while CH3COOH(aq) C
greater number of moles of NaOH for complete is a weak acid.
neutralization than 20 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3
CH3COOH(aq).
41
Part B Topic-based exercise
1 Which of the following statements concerning 5 Which of the following solutions would NOT give
an aqueous solution of citric acid is correct? a precipitate with sodium carbonate solution?
A It turns phenolphthalein red. A Aluminium sulphate solution
B It contains both citric acid molecules and B Ammonium nitrate solution
hydrogen ions. C Lead(II) nitrate solution
C It reacts with sodium hydrogencarbonate to D Magnesium sulphate solution B
give hydrogen.
D It is used to etch copper. B 6 Compound X is soluble in water. Addition of
dilute aqueous ammonia to a solution of X gives
2 Which of the following statements concerning a white precipitate. The precipitate does NOT
sodium hydroxide is INCORRECT? dissolve upon the addition of excess alkali. X may
be
A Its dilute solution turns methyl oranges red.
B Its concentrated solution is corrosive. A CuSO4.
C It dissociates almost completely when dissolved B Na2CO3.
in water. C Pb(NO3)2.
D It is used in the manufacture of bleach. A D ZnCl2. C
3 Which of the following substances, when mixed, 7 An aqueous solution of compound X reacts
Part B
will undergo a chemical reaction? with barium nitrate solution to give a white
precipitate. This aqueous solution of X gives a
A Iron and magnesium nitrate solution
white precipitate with dilute sodium hydroxide
B Magnesium and cold water
solution. X could be
C Sodium nitrate solution and magnesium
sulphate solution A calcium chloride.
D Zinc nitrate solution and dilute aqueous B iron(II) chloride.
ammonia D C magnesium sulphate.
D potassium sulphate. C
4 Dilute aqueous ammonia is added successively to
four different solutions. Which of the following 8 Solid X gives a gas with dilute hydrochloric acid.
combinations is correct? When dilute aqueous ammonia is added to a
solution of X, a white precipitate forms. The
Solution Observation
precipitate dissolves in excess alkali. X could be
A Calcium chloride yellow precipitate
A aluminium carbonate.
B Chromium(III) sulphate white precipitate
B aluminium sulphate.
C Iron(III) sulphate green precipitate
C zinc carbonate.
D Potassium chloride no precipitate D
D zinc sulphate. C
42
9 Dilute sodium hydroxide solution reacts with a 15 Consider the following reaction scheme of a metal
solution containing a metal ion to give a coloured X.
precipitate. The precipitate changes colour on
NFUBM9
standing. The metal ion could be
A calcium ion. EJMVUF)$M BR
B copper(II) ion.
C iron(II) ion.
D zinc ion. C DPMPVSMFTTHBT DPMPVSMFTTTPMVUJPO
/) BR
10 When barium chloride solution is added to a

solution of a compound X, a white precipitate XIJUFQSFDJQJUBUF
is formed and is soluble in dilute nitric acid. X
could be FYDFTT/) BR
A lead(II) ethanoate. DPMPVSMFTTTPMVUJPO

B potassium sulphate.
C silver nitrate. Metal X could be
D sodium carbonate. D A aluminium.
B calcium.
11 Which of the following statments about C lead.
concentrated sulphuric acid is INCORRECT? D zinc. D
A It can be used as a drying agent.
B It can absorb water vapour from the air. 16 400.0 cm3 of calcium hydroxide solution contains
C It is a deliquescent substance. 5.93 g of calcium hydroxide. What is the molarity
D It can react with zinc. of the solution?
Part B
C

12 Which of the following pairs of substances will Ca = 40.1)
give a white precipitate when mixed?
A 0.0800 mol dm–3
A CuO(s) and H2SO4(aq) B 0.100 mol dm–3
B FeSO4(aq) and NaOH(aq) C 0.200 mol dm–3
C NH4Cl(aq) and Ca(NO3)2(aq) D 0.400 mol dm–3 C
D Pb(NO3)2(aq) and HCl(aq) D
17 A solution is prepared by mixing 150.0 cm3 of

13 Which of the following pairs of solutions will 2.00 mol dm–3 NaOH(aq) with 80.0 cm3 of 1.20
NOT give a precipitate on mixing? mol dm–3 NaOH(aq). What is the concentration
A BaCl2(aq) and Na2CO3(aq) of the resulting solution?
B KCl(aq) and AgNO3(aq) A 1.60 x 10–3 mol dm–3
C Na2SO4(aq) and MgCl2(aq) B 1.72 x 10–3 mol dm–3
D NaOH(aq) and NiSO4(aq) C C 1.60 mol dm–3
D 1.72 mol dm–3 D
14 A solution of solid X gives a white precipitate
with dilute sulphuric acid and also with silver 18 The concentration of hydrogen ions in a sample
nitrate solution. Solid X could be of sodium carbonate solution is 1.58 x 10–12 mol
A barium chloride. dm–3. What is the pH of the solution?
B barium sulphate. A 1.58
C magnesium chloride. B 2.63
D magnesium nitrate. A C 11.8
D 12.4 C
43
19 Which of the following solutions would have a Based on the pH shown in the figure, which of
pH value of 2.00? the following statements about the concentration
–3 of hydrogen ions is correct?
A 0.010 mol dm HNO3
–3
B 0.010 mol dm CH3COOH A It is three times as great in milk as that in
C 0.010 mol dm–3 H2SO4 lemon juice.
–3
D 0.010 mol dm NaOH A B It is 1 000 times greater in sea water than in
laundry detergent.
20 Consider the solutions listed below: C It is three times as great in rainwater as that
in sea water.
(1) 0.1 mol dm–3 aqueous ammonia
D It is 100 000 times greater in lemon juice
(2) 0.1 mol dm–3 lactic acid
than in soap solution. B
(3) 0.1 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide solution
Which of the following represents the increasing 24 The pH of a sample of sulphuric acid is 2. What
order of pH of the solutions? would be the pH of the acid after the addition
A (1), (2), (3) of 10 g of sodium chloride?
B (1), (3), (2) A 1
C (2), (1), (3) B 2
D (2), (3), (1) C C 7
D 9 B
21 A farmer added limestone to his soil. He raised
the pH of the soil from 4 to 6. 25 Which of the following is the best description of
+
The concentration of the H (aq) ions in the soil a 0.1 mol dm–3 solution of ethanoic acid?
A increased by a factor of 2 A Dilute solution of a weak acid

Part B
B increased by a factor of 100 B Dilute solution of a strong acid

C decreased by a factor of 2 C Concentrated solution of a weak acid
D decreased by a factor of 100 D D Concentrated solution of a strong acid A
22 Which of the following would cause the pH value 26 Hydrofluoric acid (HF) is a weak acid. Sulphuric
of an acid to change from 1 to 3? acid (H2SO4) and perchloric acid (HClO4) are strong
acids. 0.1 mol dm–3 solutions of the three acids
A Diluting 100 cm3 of the acid to 300 cm3 with
are prepared. The order of increasing pH value
distilled water
of the three acid solutions is
B Evaporating 300 cm3 of the acid to obtain
100 cm3 of the acid A HF, H2SO4, HClO4.
C Diluting 10 cm3 of the acid to 1 000 cm3 with B HClO4, H2SO4, HF.
distilled water C HClO4, HF, H2SO4.
D Evaporating 1 000 cm3 of the acid to D H2SO4, HClO4, HF. D
obtain 10 cm3 of the acid C
27 Which of the following solutions will have the
23 The figure shows the pH of some substances. greatest electrical conductivity?
A 1.0 mol dm–3 HCl(aq)
TFB MBVOESZ
SBJOXBUFS XBUFS EFUFSHFOU B 0.2 mol dm–3 NaOH(aq)
MFNPO TPBQ C 1.0 mol dm–3 H2SO4(aq)
KVJDF NJML TPMVUJPO D 2.0 mol dm–3 C6H12O6(aq) C

44
28 Equal volumes of solutions of ethanoic acid and 32 Which of the following methods can be used to
hydrochloric acid, of equal concentrations, are prepare copper(II) sulphate?
compared.
A Metal + dilute acid
In which of the following cases does the ethanoic B Metal carbonate + dilute acid
acid give the higher value? C Alkali + dilute acid
D Precipitation B
A pH of solution
B Electrical conductivity of solution
33 Which of the following salts can be directly
C Rate of reaction with zinc
prepared by reacting a metal with a dilute acid?
D Number of moles of sodium hydroxide
required for neutralization. A A Calcium sulphate
B Copper(II) chloride
29 Compare 20 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 CH3COOH(aq) C Lead(II) sulphate
and 20 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 HCl(aq). Which of the D Magnesium chloride D
following comparisons is INCORRECT?
34 Which of the following preparations requires the
20 cm3 of 20 cm3 of
use of a pipette and burette?
1 mole dm–3 1 mole dm
–3
CH3COOH(aq) HCl(aq) A Preparing barium sulphate from the reaction

between barium chloride solution and dilute
A Higher pH lower pH
sulphuric acid
B Lower electrical higher electrical
B Preparing copper(II) nitrate from the reaction
conductivity conductivity
between copper(II) carbonate and dilute
C Rate of reaction with rate of reaction with
nitric acid
magnesium is lower magnesium is higher
C Preparing potassium chloride from
D Larger temperature smaller temperature
potassium hydroxide solution and dilute
Part B
rise when completely rise when completely
hydrochloric acid
neutralized by neutralized by
D Preparing magnesium sulphate from magnesium
1 mol dm–3 1 mol dm–3
oxide and dilute sulphuric acid C
NaOH(aq) NaOH(aq) D
35 A car battery contains 2.00 dm3 of 4.00 mol

30 Which of the following compounds is soluble in
dm–3 sulphuric acid. What is the mass of pure
water?
sulphuric acid required for one battery?
A Ca(NO3)2
B CaCO3
S = 32.1)
C Fe(OH)2
D PbCl2 A A 785 g
B 392 g
31 Which of the following compounds is insoluble C 196 g
in water? D 12.3 g A
A BaSO4
36 20.0 g of sodium sulphate are dissolved in water
B CuSO4
to make 100.0 cm3 of solution. What is the
C K2CO3
concentration of sodium ions in the solution?
D NaHCO3 A
(Relative atomic masses: O = 16.0, Na = 23.0,
S = 32.1)
A 0.141 mol dm–3
B 0.282 mol dm–3
C 1.41 mol dm–3
D 2.82 mol dm–3 D
45
37 What is the total number of ions present in 250.0 42 A storage tank contains 41 050 kg of concentrated
cm3 of a 0.500 mol dm–3 potassium phosphate sulphuric acid, which occupies a volume of
solution? 25.0 m3. The percentage by mass of H2SO4 in
the acid is 92.0%. What is the concentration of
(Avogadro constant = 6.02 x 1023)
the sulphuric acid?
A 7.53 x 1022
B 1.51 x 1023
S = 32.1)
C 3.01 x 1023
D 6.02 x 1023 C A 13.6 mol dm–3
B 15.4 mol dm–3
38 Equal volumes of 0.10 mol dm–3 NaCl(aq) and C 17.8 mol dm–3
0.20 mol dm–3 ZnCl2(aq) are mixed. What is the D 19.2 mol dm–3 B
concentration of Cl–(aq) ions in the mixture?
43 Chemicals used to prepare standard solutions
A 0.15 mol dm–3
in volumetric analysis should possess certain
B 0.30 mol dm–3
characteristics. Which of the following is NOT
C 0.25 mol dm–3
–3 one of these?
D 0.50 mol dm C
A Available in high degree of purity
–3
39 A 0.0250 mol dm sulphuric acid sample was B Readily soluble
prepared. Assuming that the acid dissociated C Stable in solution
completely in water, the pH of the acid sample D Readily absorbs atmospheric moisture D
was
44 What is the volume of 0.250 mol dm–3 hydrochloric
A 0.801.
acid required to react completely with 25.0 cm3 of
B 1.30.
0.150 mol dm–3 sodium carbonate solution?
Part B
C 1.60.
D 6.50. B A 15.0 cm3
B 25.0 cm3
3
40 22.0 cm of barium nitrate solution contain 0.0250 C 30.0 cm3
mole of NO3–(aq) ions. What is the molarity of D 40.0 cm3 C
the solution?
3
45 X is a dibasic acid. 10.0 cm of an aqueous
A 1.14 x 10–4 mol dm–3
–4 –3 solution of X requires 30.0 cm3 of 0.150 mol
B 5.68 x 10 mol dm
dm–3 KOH(aq) for complete neutralization. What
C 1.14 x 10–1 mol dm–3
is the concentration of the acid solution?
D 5.68 x 10–1 mol dm–3 D
A 2.25 x 10–4 mol dm–3
41 25.0 cm3 of 4.0 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid are B 4.50 x 10–4 mol dm–3
diluted to 0.50 mol dm–3. What is the volume of C 2.25 x 10–1 mol dm–3
water added? D 4.50 x 10–1 mol dm–3 C
A 175 cm3
46 A 25.0 cm3 sample of a dibasic acid is completely
B 200 cm3
neutralized by 20.6 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm–3 sodium
C 225 cm3
hydroxide solution. What is the concentration of
D 250 cm3 A
the acid?
A 0.0412 mol dm–3
B 0.0824 mol dm–3
C 0.125 mol dm–3
D 0.165 mol dm–3 A
46
47 How many moles of zinc will react completely with Directions: Questions 52 and 53 refer to the following
20.0 cm3 of 2 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid? experiment.
A 0.01 mole A student placed 25.0 cm3 of 0.0400 mol dm–3 sodium
B 0.02 mole hydroxide solution in a conical flask. Upon titration
C 0.04 mole with sulphuric acid, 22.7 cm3 of the acid were required
D 0.08 mole B to reach the end point.
48 A 20.0 cm 3 sample of hydrochloric acid is 52 What are the pieces of apparatus used to measure
required to neutralize 25.0 cm3 of 0.200 mol dm–3 out the volumes of alkali and acid accurately?
strontium hydroxide solution completely. What is
Alkali Acid
the concentration of the acid?
A Burette pipette
A 0.130 mol dm–3
B Conical flask burette
B 0.200 mol dm–3
C Measuring cylinder pipette
C 0.250 mol dm–3
D Pipette burette D
D 0.500 mol dm–3 D
–3 53 What is the concentration of the sulphuric

49 What is the volume of 0.60 mol dm nitric acid
acid?
required to react with 1.07 g of iron(III) hydroxide
for complete neutralization? A 0.0110 mol dm–3
B 0.0220 mol dm–3
C 0.0363 mol dm–3
Fe = 55.8)
D 0.0441 mol dm–3 B
A 50 cm3
B 100 cm3 Directions: Questions 54 and 55 refer to the following
Part B
C 200 cm3 experiment.
D 260 cm3 A
10.0 cm3 of phosphoric acid (H3PO4) was diluted to
3
50 150.0 cm of sulphuric acid are required to 250.0 cm3 with distilled water. 25.0 cm3 portions of
neutralize 2.55 g aluminium oxide completely. the diluted solution was titrated with a 0.0240 mol
What is the concentration of the sulphuric dm–3 sodium hydroxide solution. The following table
acid? shows the titration results.
(Relative atomic masses: O = 16.0, Al = 27.0)
Titration
A 0.125 mol dm–3 Burette reading
3
B 0.250 mol dm–3 (cm ) 1st 2nd 3rd 4th
C 0.500 mol dm–3
Final reading 27.4 22.6 24.6 23.6
D 0.556 mol dm–3 C
Initial reading 4.3 1.1 3.1 2.0
51 A sample of magnesium ribbons of mass
1.00 g was added to 100.0 cm3 of 1.00 mol
54 Which of the following sets of apparatus should
dm–3 hydrochloric acid. What was the mass of
be used in the dilution of phosphoric acid?
hydrogen formed?
A Beaker, burette, wash bottle
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, Mg = 24.3)
B Burette, conical flask, measuring cylinder
A 0.0824 g C Conical flask, measuring cylinder, pipette
B 0.100 g D Pipette, volumetric flask, wash bottle D
C 8.24 g
D 10.0 g A
47
55 Phosphoric acid reacts with sodium hydroxide 59 50.0 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide
in the titration according to the following solution were put in a polystyrene cup. 75.0 cm3
equation: of dilute sulphuric acid in 5.0 cm3 portions was
added to the alkali. The temperature of the
H3PO4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq)
reaction mixture was taken after each addition.
Na2HPO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)
What is the molarity of the original phosphoric
acid before dilution?

–3
A 0.258 mol dm
B 0.387 mol dm–3
5FNQFSBUVSF $

C 0.516 mol dm–3
D 0.774 mol dm–3 A

experiment.
The formula of a solid dibasic acid is H2X. 4.51 g of the

acid are dissolved in some distilled water. The solution 7PMVNFPGTVMQIVSJDBDJEBEEFE DN
is then diluted to 250.0 cm3. 25.0 cm3 of the diluted

solution require 28.0 cm3 of 0.350 mol dm–3 sodium
hydroxide solution for complete neutralization. What is the molarity of the sulphuric acid?
A 2.2 mol dm–3
56 Which of the following procedures is correct B 1.1 mol dm–3
before filling the burette with sodium hydroxide C 0.55 mol dm–3
solution? D 0.22 mol dm–3 B
Part B
A Wash the burette with distilled water only.

3 –3
B Wash the burette with the alkali only. 60 25.0 cm of 0.200 mol dm NaOH(aq) are
C Wash the burette with distilled water and then completely neutralized by 15.0 cm3 of dilute
the alkali. H2SO4(aq) to form a sodium sulphate solution. What
D Wash the burette with the alkali and is the molarity of the salt solution obtained?
then distilled water. C A 0.0625 mol dm–3
B 0.100 mol dm–3
57 What is the molar mass of H2X? C 0.125 mol dm–3
A 47.0 g mol–1 D 0.320 mol dm–3 A
B 62.0 g mol–1
C 77.0 g mol–1 61 When calcium chloride solution and sodium
D 92.0 g mol–1 D carbonate solution are mixed, calcium carbonate
is precipitated. Which of the following mixtures
58 A sample of 5.72 g of hydrated sodium carbonate would give the greatest amount of precipitate?
Na2CO3•nH2O is dissolved in water and titrated 1 mol dm–3 1 mol dm–3
against 1.00 mol dm–3 sulphuric acid. It is found CaCl2(aq) Na2CO3(aq)
that the sample requires 20.0 cm3 of the acid for
complete reaction. What is the value of n? A 5 cm3 25 cm3
B 10 cm3 20 cm3
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, C = 12.0, C 15 cm3 15 cm3
O = 16.0, Na = 23.0) D 20 cm3 10 cm3 C
A 1
B 3
C 7
48 D 10 D
62 When lead(II) nitrate solution and sodium chloride 65 The following experimental results were obtained
solution are mixed, lead(II) chloride is precipitated. when dilute sodium hydroxide solution reacts with
Which of the following mixtures would give the two acids.
greatest amount of precipitate?
Rise in
1 mol dm–3 1 mol dm
–3
Expt. Acid Alkali
temperature
Pb(NO3)2(aq) NaCl(aq)
100 cm3 of 100 cm3 of
3 3 –3 –3
A 10 cm 30 cm 1 1 mol dm 1 mol dm T1 °C
B 15 cm3 25 cm3 CH3COOH(aq) NaOH(aq)
C 20 cm3 20 cm3 100 cm3 of 100 cm3 of
D 30 cm3 10 cm3 B 2 1 mol dm
–3
1 mol dm
–3
T2 °C
HCl(aq) NaOH(aq)
63 The following experimental results were obtained
when dilute nitric acid reacted with dilute
potassium hydroxide solution. A T1 = 2T2
B T1 = T2
Rise in C T1 < T2
Expt. Acid Alkali
temperature D T1 > T2 C
50 cm3 of 50 cm3 of
–3 –3
1 1 mol dm 1 mol dm T1 °C 66 The following table shows some information
HNO3(aq) KOH(aq) on mixing nitric acid and sodium hydroxide
50 cm3 of 50 cm3 of solution:
–3 –3
HNO3(aq) KOH(aq) Temperature
Mixture
rise (°C)
Part B
Which of the following is correct? 3 –3
50 cm of 2 mol dm HNO3(aq)
A T1 = 2T2 + x
3 –3
B T1 = T2 50 cm of 2 mol dm NaOH(aq)
1 100 cm3 of 2 mol dm–3 HNO3(aq)
C T1 = T2
2 + y
3 –3
1 100 cm of 2 mol dm NaOH(aq)
D T1 = T2 C
4 100 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 HNO3(aq)
+ z
64 Different volumes of 1 mol dm–3 sulphuric acid 3 –3
and 1 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide solution are
mixed. In which of the following combinations Which of the following concerning the values of
would the temperature rise be the greatest? temperature rise is correct?
Volume of Volume of A x > y > z
1 mol dm–3 1 mol dm–3 B x = y = z
H2SO4(aq) (cm3) NaOH(aq) (cm3) C x = y > z
A 10 35 D x < y > z C
B 15 30
C 20 25
D 25 15 B
49
67 The following table shows some information on 69 The graph shows the colour ranges of the acid-
mixing pairs of acids and alkalis: alkali indicators methyl orange, bromothymol blue
and phenolphthalein.
Temperature
Mixture SFE ZFMMPX
rise (°C) .FUIZMPSBOHF
3 –3 ZFMMPX CMVF
100 cm of 1 mol dm HCl(aq) #SPNPUIZNPMCMVF
DPMPVSMFTT SFE
+ x 1IFOPMQIUIBMFJO
3 –3

100 cm3 of 2 mol dm–3 HCl(aq) Q)
+ y
3 –3
100 cm of 2 mol dm NaOH(aq) A solution is yellow in methyl orange, blue
3
100 cm of 1 mol dm HCl(aq)
–3
in bromothymol blue and colourless in
+ z phenolphthalein.
3 –3
100 cm of 1 mol dm NH3(aq)
What is the pH range of the solution?
Which of the following concerning the values of A 4.5 to 6.0
temperature rise is correct? B 6.0 to 7.5
C 7.5 to 8.5
A x = y = z
D 8.5 to 10.0 C
B x = y > z
C y > x > z
70 A weak acid is titrated with a strong alkali.
D y < x < z C
Which of the following concerning the pH at the
equivalence point is correct?
68 The following table shows some information
on mixing sulphuric acid and sodium hydroxide A pH > 7.0
solution: B pH < 7.0
Part B
C pH = 7.0
Temperature D pH = 4.4 A
Mixture
rise (°C)
3 –3
25 cm of 1 mol dm H2SO4(aq) 71 Which of the following curves represents the
+ w change in pH as 0.1 mol dm–3 NH3(aq) is added
3 –3
25 cm of 2 mol dm NaOH(aq) to 0.1 mol dm–3 HCl(aq)?
50 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 H2SO4(aq)
+ x A B
3 –3
25 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm–3 H2SO4(aq)
+ y Q) Q)
3 –3
50 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm–3 H2SO4(aq)
7PMVNFPG 7PMVNFPG
+ z
3 –3 /) BR
BEEFE /) BR
BEEFE
C D
Which of the following concerning the values of
temperature rise is correct?
Q) Q)
A w > x > y > z
B w = x > y = z
C w > x = y > z
7PMVNFPG 7PMVNFPG
D w > x > y = z B /) BR
BEEFE /) BR
BEEFE
50
72 When alkali B is titrated with hydrochloric acid, the (2) Phosphoric acid can be used to remove
variation of pH with volume of acid added near rust.
the equivalence point is shown in the following (3) Nitric acid is used as a drying agent.
graph.
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) A

Q) 75 Which of the following statements concerning

citric acid is correct?

(1) Solid citric acid is a covalent compound.
(2) Citric acid is produced in human
stomach.
7PMVNFPG)$M BR
BEEFE DN
(3) Solid citric acid gives hydrogen gas with
magnesium.
The table lists the pH ranges for colour change
A (1) only
of three acid-alkali indicators:
B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
Indicator pH range
Bromocresol green 3.8 to 5.4
Methyl red 4.8 to 6.0
dilute sodium hydroxide solution is / are
Phenolphthalein 8.2 to 10.0 correct?
Part B
(1) It gives ammonia when warmed with
Which of the indicators is / are suitable for the
ammonium chloride.
titration?
(2) It gives a colourless solution with
A Bromocresol green only phenolphthalein.
B Phenolphthalein only (3) It can absorb carbon dioxide.
C Bromocresol green and methyl red only
A (1) only
D Methyl red and phenolphthalein only C
B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
73 Which of the following items are alkaline?
D (2) and (3) only C
(1) Glass cleanser
(2) Perm solution 77 Which of the following substances can react with
(3) Limewater magnesium to give a colourless gas which burns
A (1) and (2) only with a ‘pop’ sound?
B (1) and (3) only (1) Vinegar
C (2) and (3) only (2) Grapefruit juice
D (1), (2) and (3) D (3) Solid citric acid
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
acids are correct?
C (2) and (3) only
(1) All acids are covalent compounds when D (1), (2) and (3) A
pure.
51
78 Which of the following solutions will give a (3) It can be absorbed by sodium hydroxide
precipitate with dilute aqueous ammonia? solution.
(1) Aluminium nitrate solution A (1) and (2) only
(2) Iron(III) sulphate solution B (1) and (3) only
(3) Potassium chloride solution C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) C
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
sulphuric acid is / are correct?
D (1), (2) and (3) A
(1) Pure sulphuric acid is a covalent
79 In a certain experiment, solid citric acid was compound.
added to an aqueous solution of sodium (2) Sulphuric acid is a strong acid only in very
hydrogencarbonate. Which of the following concentrated solutions.
statements concerning the experiment is / are (3) Concentrated sulphuric acid gives an acid
correct? mist in air.
(1) Effervescence occurred. A (1) only
(2) Citric acid reacted with sodium ions to B (2) only
give hydrogen gas. C (1) and (3) only
(3) The same reaction occurred when solid D (2) and (3) only A
citric acid was added to solid sodium
hydrogencarbonate. 83 In an experiment, 10 cm 3 of 1 mol dm –3
hydrochloric acid were added slowly to 10 cm3
A (1) only
of 1 mol dm–3 aqueous ammonia. Which of the
B (2) only
Part B
following statements concerning this experiment

C (1) and (3) only
is / are correct?
(1) The temperature of the mixture increases.
80 Which of the following statements concerning (2) A white precipitate is formed.
concentrated hydrochloric acid are correct? (3) The mixture does not conduct electricity
at the end of the experiment.
(1) It is made by dissolving hydrogen chloride
gas in water. A (1) only
(2) It is volatile. B (2) only
(3) It turns phenolphthalein red. C (1) and (3) only
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
sulphuric dioxide are correct?
D (1), (2) and (3) A
(1) It is denser than air.
81 Which of the following statements concerning (2) It can be absorbed by sodium hydroxide
carbon dioxide are correct? solution.
(3) It is added to wine as a flavour
(1) It can be effectively prepared by the
enhancer.
action of dilute sulphuric acid on calcium
carbonate. A (1) and (2) only
(2) Its aqueous solution can conduct B (1) and (3) only
electricity. C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) A
52
85 Which of the following chemicals can be used 89 Which of the following tests can be used to
to dry ammonia gas? distinguish between ammonium nitrate solution
and potassium chloride solution?
(1) Anhydrous calcium chloride
(2) Calcium oxide (1) Observing their colours
(3) Concentrated nitric acid (2) Heating each solution with dilute sodium
hydroxide solution
A (1) only
(3) Adding silver nitrate solution
B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only A (1) and (2) only
D (2) and (3) only B B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
86 Which of the following pairs of solutions will give D (1), (2) and (3) C
a precipitate when mixed?
90 Which of the following can be used to distinguish
(1) Barium nitrate solution and potassium
between dilute hydrochloric acid and dilute nitric
chloride solution
acid?
(2) Lead(II) nitrate solution and calcium chloride
solution (1) Copper(II) oxide
(3) Sodium carbonate solution and copper(II) (2) Silver nitrate solution
sulphate solution (3) Sodium hydrogencarbonate solution
A (1) and (2) only A (1) only
B (1) and (3) only B (2) only
D (1), (2) and (3) C D (2) and (3) only B
Part B
87 Which of the following pairs of substances can 91 Which of the following pairs of solutions would
be distinguished by using dilute sulphuric acid? form a precipitate when they are mixed?
(1) Magnesium and silver (1) NaOH(aq) and CuSO4(aq)
(2) Barium nitrate solution and potassium (2) NH3(aq) and Mg(NO3)2(aq)
nitrate solution (3) (NH4)2CO3(aq) and NiCl2(aq)
(3) Zinc carbonate and zinc chloride
A (1) and (2) only
A (1) and (2) only B (1) and (3) only
B (1) and (3) only C (2) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only D (1), (2) and (3) D
D (1), (2) and (3) D
92 In which of the following experiments would a
88 Which of the following pairs of aqueous solutions gas be produced?
can be distinguished by using dilute hydrochloric
(1) Adding copper(II) oxide to dilute sulphuric
acid?
acid
(1) Zinc bromide and zinc iodide (2) Adding wataer to a solid mixture of citric
(2) Lead(II) nitrate and magnesium sulphate acid and sodium hydrogencarbonate
(3) Ammonium carbonate and sodium (3) Adding solid ammonium carbonate to
hydrogencarbonate dilute hydrochloric acid
A (1) only A (1) only
B (2) only B (2) only
D (2) and (3) only B D (2) and (3) only D
53
93 Which of the following reagents would form a 97 Which of the following pairs of solutions, when
precipitate with lead(II) nitrate solution? mixed, would give a neutral solution?
3 –3
(1) Ammonium carbonate solution (1) 100 cm of 1 mol dm HNO3(aq) and
(2) Dilute sulphuric acid 100 cm3 of 1 mol dm
–3
KOH(aq)
(3) Magnesium chloride solution (2) 100 cm3 of 1 mol dm
–3
H2SO4(aq) and
100 cm3 of 1 mol dm
–3
NaOH(aq)
A (1) and (2) only
(3) 100 cm3 of 1 mol dm
–3
H2SO4(aq) and
B (1) and (3) only
100 cm3 of 2 mol dm
–3
KOH(aq)
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) D A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
94 Which of the following methods are suitable for C (2) and (3) only
preparing magnesium sulphate? D (1), (2) and (3) A
(1) Adding excess magnesium to dilute

98 25 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid were
sulphuric acid
mixed with 25 cm 3 of 1 mol dm –3 sodium
(2) Adding excess magnesium carbonate to
hydroxide solution in a plastic cup. The maximum
dilute sulphuric acid
temperature rise was recorded. Which of the
(3) Adding excess magnesium oxide to dilute
following pairs of solutions, upon mixing, would
sulphuric acid
produce a similar temperature rise?
A (1) and (2) only
(1) 25 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 nitric acid and 25
B (1) and (3) only
cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 aqueous ammonia
C (2) and (3) only
(2) 25 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 nitric acid and 25
D (1), (2) and (3) D
cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 potassium hydroxide
solution
Part B
95 Which of the following apparatus should

(3) 50 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 ethanoic acid and
be washed with distilled water only before
titration?
solution
(1) Conical flask
A (1) only
(2) Burette
B (2) only
(3) Pipette
C (1) and (3) only
A (1) only D (2) and (3) only B
B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only 99 Beaker A contains 100 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 HCl(aq)
D (2) and (3) only A while beaker B contains 50 cm3 of 2 mol dm–3
HCl(aq). Equal masses of marble chips (excess)
96 W h i c h o f t h e f o l l o w i n g p ro c e s s e s a re are added to the two beakers.
exothermic?
Which of the following statements is / are
(1) Adding calcium to water correct?
(2) A d d i n g d i l u t e s u l p h u r i c a c i d t o
(1) Equal masses of marble chips remain in
limewater
the two beakers after reaction.
(3) Mixing hydrochloric acid and sodium
(2) The same amount of gas is produced in
hydroxide solution
both cases.
A (1) and (2) only (3) Calcium chloride solutions of the same
B (1) and (3) only concentration are produced in both
C (2) and (3) only beakers.
D (1), (2) and (3) D
54
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) A
100 To study the reaction of magnesium ribbon

with acids, a student carried out the following
experiments.
Beaker Reactants
2 g of Mg
1
+ 90 cm3 of 1.2 mol dm–3 HCl(aq)
2 g of Mg + 120 cm3 of
2 –3
0.9 mol dm CH3COOH(aq)

Which of the following statements concerning
the experiments are correct?
(1) The acids in both beakers reacted
completely.
(2) The same amount of gas was produced
in both cases.
(3) The two reactions took the same time to
complete.
Part B
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) A
101 When a beaker of concentrated sulphuric acid Concentrated sulphuric acid is hygroscopic. A
is left in air, the volume of the liquid inside the
beaker increases gradually.
55
102 Nitric acid is used to dry moist gases. Nitric acid is a common drying agent. D
103 Concentrated hydrochloric acid gives an acid Concentrated hydrochloric acid is volatile. A
mist in air.
104 Sodium hydroxide can absorb suphur dioxide Sodium hydroxide is deliquescent. B
gas.
105 Citric acid is an electrolyte. When solid citric acid is dissolved in water, B
citric acid molecules become mobile.
106 Copper(II) hydroxide is soluble in both excess Copper(II) hydroxide forms complex salts in D
sodium hydroxide solution and excess aqueous excess sodium hydroxide solution and excess
ammonia. aqueous ammonia.
107 Dilute hydrochloric acid can be used to Dilute hydrochloric acid gives a white A
distinguish between magnesium nitrate solution precipitate with silver nitrate solution but no
and silver nitrate solution. observable change with magnesium nitrate
solution.
108 Ethanoic acid is a non-electrolyte. Ethanoic acid is a weak acid. C
109 The basicity of ethanoic acid (CH3COOH) and Molecules of methanoic acid and ethanoic C
propanoic acid (C2H5COOH) is different. acid contain different numbers of hydrogen
atoms.
Part B
110 Ammonia is a strong alkali. Ammonia dissociates completely in water. D
111 1 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid and 1 mol dm–3 Both acids contain the same concentration of D
ethanoic acid give the same colour when the hydrogen ions.
same quantity of universal indicator is added.
112 In a concentrated solution of ethanoic acid, Ethanoic acid is a strong acid when in very D
almost all the molecules dissociate to give ions. concentrated solutions.
113 Solid citric acid gives hydrogen with copper. Citric acid is a strong acid. D
114 The amount of hydrogen produced by the 5 mol dm–3 H2SO4(aq) is a stronger acid than D
reaction between 10 cm3 of 5 mol dm–3 1 mol dm–3 H2SO4(aq).
H2SO4(aq) and excess zinc granules is greater
than that between 50 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3
H2SO4(aq) and excess zinc granules.
115 Adding 10 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 CH3COOH(aq) 1 mol dm–3 CH3COOH(aq) and 1 mol dm–3 D
to 10 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 HCl(aq) in a beaker HCl(aq) have the same pH.
would NOT result in a change in pH.
56
116 1 mol dm–3 NaOH(aq) gives a precipitate with NaOH(aq) is a strong alkali while NH3(aq) is C
MgCl2(aq) while 1 mol dm–3 NH3(aq) does not. a weak alkali.
117 Calcium carbonate is widely used as an active Calcium carbonate can react with hydrochloric C
ingredient in antacids nowadays. acid.
118 Some antacids use magnesium hydroxide as an Magnesium hydroxide can neutralize dilute B
active ingredient. nitric acid.
119 Sodium hydrogensulphate solution has a pH Sodium hydrogensulphate is an acid salt. B

less than 7.
120 When 50 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 NaCl(aq) are added NaCl(aq) is a neutral solution. C
to 50 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 HCl(aq), the pH of
the acid remains unchanged.
121 One mole of any acid can neutralize one mole One mole of hydrogen ions reacts with one C
of any alkali completely. mole of hydroxide ions to give one mole of water.
122 When 10 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 HCl(aq) are added When 10 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 HCl(aq) are C
to 10 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 NaOH(aq), the added to 10 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 NaOH(aq),
concentration of Na+(aq) ions remains unchanged. the only chemical change is the reaction
between H+(aq) ions and OH–(aq) ions to give
water.
Part B
123 Universal indicator can be used to detect the Universal indicator gives different colours for C
end point of the titration of 0.1 mol dm–3 different pH values.
NaOH(aq) with 0.1 mol dm–3 HCl(aq).
124 The temperature rise for mixing 25 cm3 of When HCl(aq) and NaOH(aq) are mixed, the C
1 mol dm–3 HCl(aq) with 25 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 only chemical change is the reaction between
NaOH(aq) is the same as mixing 25 cm3 of H+(aq) ions and OH–(aq) ions.
2 mol dm–3 HCl(aq) with 25 cm3 of 2 mol dm–3
NaOH(aq).
125 Ethanedioic acid crystals can be used to prepare Ethanedioic acid is a covalent compound. B
standard solutions.
57
Short questions
126 Write chemical equations for reactions of dilute acids. (8 marks)
Reaction between Chemical equation
a) Zinc and dilute hydrochloric acid Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g) (1)
b) Iron and dilute sulphuric acid Fe(s) + H2SO4(aq) FeSO4(aq) + H2(g) (1)
c) Zinc carbonate and dilute hydrochloric acid ZnCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) ZnCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) (1)
d) Sodium carbonate solution and dilute

Na2CO3(aq) + H2SO4(aq) Na2SO4(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) (1)
sulphuric acid
e) Lead(II) carbonate and dilute nitric acid PbCO3(s) + 2HNO3(aq) Pb(NO3)2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) (1)
f) Sodium hydrogencarbonate solution and

NaHCO3(aq) + HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) (1)
dilute hydrochloric acid
g) Sodium hydrogencarbonate solid and dilute
2NaHCO3(s) + H2SO4(aq) Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l) + 2CO2(g) (1)
sulphuric acid
h) Magnesium hydroxide solid and dilute nitric
Mg(OH)2(s) + 2HNO3(aq) Mg(NO3)2(aq) + 2H2O(l) (1)
acid
127 Write ionic equations for the following reactions. (5 marks)

Part B
Reaction between Ionic equation
a) Magnesium and sulphuric acid Mg(s) + 2H+(aq) Mg2+(aq) + H2(g) (1)
b) Sodium carbonate solution and dilute

CO32–(aq) + 2H+(aq) H2O(l) + CO2(g) (1)
hydrochloric acid
c) Sodium hydrogencarbonate solution and
HCO3–(aq) + H+(aq) H2O(l) + CO2(g) (1)
dilute nitric acid
d) Iron(III) hydroxide and dilute nitric acid Fe(OH)3(aq) + 3H+(aq) Fe3+(aq) + 3H2O(l) (1)
e) Dilute sodium hydroxide solution and dilute – +

OH (aq) + H (aq) H2O(l) (1)
hydrochloric acid
58
128 Write ionic equations for reactions of solutions of alkalis. (11 marks)
Reaction between Ionic equation(s)

a) Solution containing calcium ions and dilute
Ca2+(aq) + 2OH–(aq) Ca(OH)2(s) (1)
sodium hydroxide solution
b) Solution containing aluminium ions and Al3+(aq) + 3OH–(aq) Al(OH)3(s) (1)
–
dilute sodium hydroxide solution Al(OH)3(s) + OH (aq) [Al(OH)4]–(aq) (1)
c) Solution containing magnesium ions and
Mg2+(aq) + 2OH–(aq) Mg(OH)2(s) (1)
dilute sodium hydroxide solution
d) Solution containing iron(II) ions and dilute
Fe2+(aq) + 2OH–(aq) Fe(OH)2(s) (1)
sodium hydroxide solution
e) Solution containing iron(III) ions and dilute 3+ –
Fe (aq) + 3OH (aq) Fe(OH)3(s) (1)
aqueous ammonia
f) Solution containing copper(II) ions and Cu2+(aq) + 2OH–(aq) Cu(OH)2(s) (1)
dilute aqueous ammonia Cu(OH)2(s) + 4NH3(aq) [Cu(NH3)4]2+(aq) + 2OH–(aq) (1)
2+ –
g) Solution containing zinc ions and dilute Zn (aq) + 2OH (aq) Zn(OH)2(s) (1)
2+ –
aqueous ammonia Zn(OH)2(s) + 4NH3(aq) [Zn(NH3)4] (aq) + 2OH (aq) (1)
h) Solution containing ammonium compound
and dilute sodium hydroxide solution (with NH4+(aq) + OH–(aq) NH3(g) + H2O(l) (1)
heating)
129 Complete the table which shows the tests on some ions in solution. (5 marks)
Part B
Name of ion in solution Reagent(s) added to the solution Result
dilute sodium hydroxide solution /
Copper(II) ion a blue precipitate
dilute aqueous ammonia (1)
dilute nitric acid followed by silver
Chloride ion (1) a white precipitate
nitrate solution
Iron(II) ion / nickel(II) ion (1) dilute sodium carbonate solution a green precipitate
Lead(II) ion / barium ion (1) dilute sulphuric acid a white precipitate
warm with sodium hydroxide solution / a gas that turns moist red
Ammonium ion
calcium hydroxide solution (1) litmus paper blue is given off
130 Give the name and formula of the salt obtained from each of the following chemical reactions. (5 marks)
Reaction Name of salt Formula of salt
Calcium hydroxide and dilute hydrofluoric acid calcium fluoride CaF2 (1)
Magnesium oxide and dilute sulphuric acid magnesium sulphate MgSO4 (1)
Dilute sodium hydroxide solution and carbonic sodium hydrogencarbonate /
NaHCO3 / Na2CO3 (1)
acid sodium carbonate
Iron(II) carbonate and dilute hydrochloric acid iron(II) chloride FeCl2 (1)
Lead(II) oxide and dilute nitric acid lead(II) nitrate Pb(NO3)2 (1)
59
131 For each of the following experiments, (i) state the expected observable change(s) and (ii) write ionic equation(s)
for the reaction(s) involved.
a) Adding magnesium to lemon juice. (2 marks)
Gas bubbles are given off. / Magnesium dissolves. (1)
+
Mg(s) + 2H (aq) Mg2+(aq) + H2(g) (1)
b) Adding copper(II) oxide to dilute hydrochloric acid. (2 marks)
Copper(II) oxide dissolves in the acid. / A blue solution forms. (1)
+
CuO(s) + 2H (aq) Cu2+(aq) + H2O(l) (1)
c) Adding nickel(II) carbonate to dilute sulphuric acid. (2 marks)
Effervescence occurs. / Nickel(II) carbonate dissolves in the acid. / A green solution forms. (1)
+
NiCO3(s) + 2H (aq) Ni2+(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) (1)
d) Mixing dilute sodium hydroxide solution and lead(II) nitrate solution. (3 marks)
A white precipitate forms; the precipitate dissolves in excess dilute sodium hydroxide solution to give a colourless
solution. (1)
2+ –
Pb (aq) + 2OH (aq) Pb(OH)2(s) (1)
Pb(OH)2(s) + 2OH–(aq) [Pb(OH)4)]2–(aq) (1)

Part B
e) Mixing ammonium carbonate solution and calcium chloride solution. (2 marks)
A white precipitate forms. (1)
2+ 2–
Ca (aq) + CO3 (aq) CaCO3(s) (1)
f) Mixing lead(II) nitrate solution and sodium chloride solution. (2 marks)
A white precipitate forms. (1)
2+ –
Pb (aq) + 2Cl (aq) PbCl2(s) (1)
g) Mixing iron(II) sulphate solution with dilute aqueous ammonia. (2 marks)
A green precipitate forms. (1)
2+ –
Fe (aq) + 2OH (aq) Fe(OH)2(s) (1)
h) Mixing dilute sodium hydroxide solution and dilute sulphuric acid. (2 marks)
The solution mixture warms up. (1)
+ –
H (aq) + OH (aq) H2O(l) (1)
60
132 a) What is the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution of pH 3.40? (2 marks)
pH of solution = –log10[H+] = 3.40
+
i.e. log10[H ] = –3.40 (1)
+ –3.40
[H ] = 10
= 3.98 x 10–4 mol dm–3 (1)
b) 40.0 cm3 of zinc chloride solution contains 1.80 x 10–2 moles of Cl–(aq) ions. What is the molarity of the
solution? (2 marks)
One mole of ZnCl2 contains 2 moles of Cl– ions.
–
i.e. concentration of Cl ions = 2 x concentration of ZnCl2 solution
– 1.80 x 10–2 mol

Concentration of Cl ions in solution =
( 40.0
1 000)dm3
= 0.450 mol dm–3 (1)

0.450 –3
∴ concentration of ZnCl2 solution = mol dm
2
= 0.225 mol dm–3 (1)
Part B
c) Solution X is prepared by mixing 100.0 cm3 of 2.00 mol dm–3 K2CO3(aq) with 150.0 cm3 of 0.500 mol dm–3
KCl(aq). What is the concentration of K+(aq) ions in X? (3 marks)
One mole of K2CO3 contains 2 moles of K+ ions.
+
i.e. number of moles of K ions from K2CO3(aq) = 2 x molarity of solution x volume of solution
100.0
= 2 x 2.00 mol dm–3 x dm3
1 000
= 0.400 mol (1)
+
One mole of KCl contains 1 mole of K ions.
+
i.e. number of moles of K ions from KCl(aq) = molarity of solution x volume of solution
150.0
= 0.500 mol dm–3 x dm3
1 000
= 0.0750 mol (1)
+
Total number of moles of K ions in X = (0.400 + 0.0750) mol
= 0.475 mol
61
+ number of moles of K+ ions
Concentration of K ions in X =
volume of solution
0.475 mol
=
( 100.0 + 150.0
1 000 ) dm3
= 1.90 mol dm–3 (1)
d) 400.0 cm3 of 8.00 mol dm–3 sulphuric acid are diluted to 25.0 dm3.
i) What is the molarity of the diluted acid? (2 marks)
(MV) before dilution = (MV) after dilution, where M = molarity, V = volume

400.0
8.00 x = M x 25.0
1 000 (1)
M = 0.128 (1)
–3
∴ molarity of the diluted acid is 0.128 mol dm .
–3
ii) What is the concentration of the diluted acid in g dm ? (1 mark)
Part B
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, O = 16.0, S = 32.1)
Molar mass of H2SO4 = (2 x 1.0 + 32.1 + 4 x 16.0) g mol–1
= 98.1 g mol–1
Concentration of diluted acid = 0.128 mol dm–3 x 98.1 g mol–1
= 12.6 g dm–3 (1)
Structured questions
133 Explain each of the following observations.
a) When solid citric acid is added to sodium hydrogencarbonate solution, the mixture fizzes. (2 marks)
When solid citric acid dissolves in water, the molecules dissociate to give hydrogen ions. (1)
Hydrogencarbonate ions react with hydrogen ions to give carbon dioxide gas. Effervescence occurs. (1)
62
b) When a beaker of concentrated sulphuric acid is allowed to stand in the air for several days, the volume
of the acid in the beaker increases. (1 mark)
Concentrated sulphuric acid is hygroscopic. (1)
c) Concentrated sulphuric acid should NOT be used to dry ammonia gas. (1 mark)
Concentrated sulphuric acid reacts with ammonia gas. (1)
d) The electrical conductivity of 0.1 mol dm–3 sulphuric acid is higher than that of 0.1 mol dm–3 carbonic
ethanoic acid. (3 marks)
Sulphuric acid is a strong acid. It almost completely dissociates in water to give hydrogen ions. (1)
Carbonic acid is a weak acid. It only partially dissociates in water, forming very few hydrogen ions. (1)
–3
Hence 0.1 mol dm sulphuric acid has a higher concentration of mobile ions than 0.1 mol dm–3 carbonic acid. (1)
–3
Thus the electrical conductivity of 0.1 mol dm sulphuric acid is higher than that of 0.1 mol dm–3 carbonic acid.
e) Before titration, the conical flask should be washed with distilled water only, NOT the solution it is going
Part B
to contain. (1 mark)
The conical flask should not be washed with the solution it is going to contain because the additional amount of solute
remaining in the flask will affect the titration results. (1)
134 For each of the following pairs of substances, suggest a chemical test to distinguish one substance from the
other and state the expected observations.
a) Zinc oxide and zinc carbonate (3 marks)
Add dilute hydrochloric acid to both solids. (1)
Effervescence occurs for zinc carbonate. A gas that turns limewater milky is given off. (1)
The zinc oxide just dissolves in the acid. (1)
b) Magnesium sulphate solution and sodium sulphate solution (3 marks)
Add dilute sodium hydroxide solution / dilute aqueous ammonia to the solutions. (1)
Magnesium sulphate solution gives a white precipitate (1)
while there is no observable change for sodium sulphate solution. (1)
63
c) Barium nitrate solution and potassium nitrate solution (3 marks)
Add dilute sulphuric acid to the solutions. (1)
Barium nitrate solution gives a white precipitate (1)
while there is no observable change for potassium nitrate solution. (1)
d) Zinc sulphate solution and lead(II) ethanoate solution. (3 marks)
Add dilute hydrochloric acid to the solutions. (1)
Lead(II) ethanoate solution gives a white precipitate (1)
while there is no observable change for zinc sulphate solution. (1)
135 Sulphurous acid is a weak acid.
H (aq) + HSO3–(aq)
+
H2SO3(aq)
a) Explain the term ‘weak acid’. (1 mark)
A weak acid is an acid that only partially dissociates in water. (1)

Part B
b) A sample of sulphurous acid has a pH of 1.41. What is the concentration of hydrogen ions in the
sample? (2 marks)
pH = –log10[H+] = 1.41
+
i.e. log10[H ] = –1.41 (1)
+ –1.41
[H ] = 10
= 3.89 x 10–2 mol dm–3 (1)
c) Sulphurous acid can be converted to sulphuric acid. Calculate the pH of a 0.100 mol dm–3 sulphuric
acid. (2 marks)
H2SO4(aq) 2H+(aq) + SO42–(aq)
–3
0.100 mol dm ? mol dm–3
According to the equation, 1 mole of H2SO4 dissociates to give 2 moles of hydrogen ions.
–3
i.e. concentration of hydrogen ions = 2 x 0.100 mol dm = 0.200 mol dm–3 (1)
pH of acid = –log10(0.200) = 0.700 (1)
64
d) Describe and explain the results of an experiment which would show that sulphurous acid is a weaker
acid than sulphuric acid of the same concentration. (3 marks)
Any one of the following:
• Measure the pH using universal indicator / pH meter (1)
The pH of the sulphuric acid is lower than that of the sulphurous acid. (1)
This shows that the sulphuric acid has a higher concentration of hydrogen ions than the sulphurous acid does. (1)
• Test with magnesium / zinc / sodium carbonate (1)
The sulphuric acid reacts more quickly than the sulphurous acid. (1)
This shows that the sulphuric acid has a higher concentration of hydrogen ions than the sulphurous acid does. (1)
• Measure the electrical conductivity (1)
The electrical conductivity of the sulphuric acid is higher than that of the sulphurous acid. (1)
This shows that the sulphuric acid has a higher concentration of mobile ions than the sulphurous acid does. (1)
136 A student proposed the following methods to accomplish four tasks, (a), (b), (c) and (d). The proposed
methods were all considered inappropriate.
a) Task: To choose an active ingredient for an antacid.
Part B
Proposed method: Use sodium hydroxide as the active ingredient.
i) State ONE reason why the method is inappropriate. (1 mark)
Sodium hydroxide is corrosive. (1)
ii) Suggest an appropriate method to accomplish the task. (1 mark)
Use weak bases such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminium hydroxide. (1)
b) Task: To prepare solid copper(II) chloride from an acid.
Proposed method: Add copper to dilute hydrochloric acid.
There is no reaction between copper and dilute hydrochloric acid. (1)
Use the reaction between copper(II) oxide / copper(II) hydroxide / copper(II) carbonate and dilute hydrochloric acid (1)
65
c) Task: To treat a hand when some potassium hydroxide solution was split onto it.
Proposed method: Use vinegar to neutralize the potassium hydroxide solution on the affected area.
A lot of heat is released when vinegar reacts with potassium hydroxide solution. This will cause skin burn. (1)
Wash the hand with plenty water. (1)
d) Task: To dry a sample of moist ammonia.
Proposed method: Use concentrated sulphuric acid to dry the gas.
Concentrated sulphuric acid will react with ammonia. (1)
Use calcium oxide. (1)

Part B
137 Consider the following information on three reactions involving magnesium ribbons of the same shape:
Reaction mixture
Reaction 1 1.5 g of Mg + 100 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm–3 HCl(aq)
Reaction 2 1.5 g of Mg + 100 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm–3 CH3COOH(aq)
Reaction 3 1.5 g of Mg + 100 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm–3 H2SO4(aq)
a) Write a chemical equation to show the dissociation of each of the following acids in water:
i) hydrochloric acid; (1 mark)
HCl(aq) H+(aq) + Cl–(aq) (1)
ii) ethanoic acid. (1 mark)
CH3COOH(aq) H+(aq) + CH3COO–(aq) (1)
66
b) Calculate whether magnesium or hydrochloric acid was in excess in Reaction 1. (3 marks)
Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)

mass of Mg
Number of moles of Mg present =
molar mass of Mg
1.5 g
=
24.3 g mol–1
= 0.062 mol (1)
Number of moles of HCl used = molarity of solution x volume of solution

–3 100
= 1.0 mol dm x dm3
1 000
= 0.10 mol (1)
According to the equation, 1 mole of Mg reacts with 2 moles of HCl. During Reaction 1, 0.10 mole of HCl reacted
with 0.050 mole of magnesium. Therefore magnesium was in excess. (1)
c) Reaction 1 required 200 s to complete.
i) How could you know when the reaction was complete? (1 mark)
Part B
No more gas bubbles were given off. (1)
ii) Would you expect the time required for the completion of Reaction 2 to be shorter or longer than
that for Reaction 1? Explain your answer. (4 marks)
The time required for the completion of Reaction 2 would be longer. (1)
During the reaction between magnesium and the acids, magnesium would react with hydrogen ions in the acids.
Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid that completely dissociates in water. (1)
On the other hand, ethanoic acid is a weak acid that only partially dissociates in water. (1)
Therefore hydrochloric acid has a higher concentration of hydrogen ions than ethanoic acid. (1)
The reaction rate between magnesium and ethanoic acid is thus lower and the reaction takes a longer time to
complete.
67
d) Besides their reactions with magnesium, suggest ONE other method to distinguish between 1.0 mol dm–3
HCl(aq) and 1.0 mol dm–3 CH3COOH(aq). State also the expected observations. (2 marks)
• Measuring their pH (1)
The pH of 1.0 mol dm–3 HCl(aq) is lower than that of 1.0 mol dm–3 CH3COOH(aq). (1)
• Measuring their electrical conductivity (1)
–3
The electrical conductivity of 1.0 mol dm HCl(aq) is higher than that of 1.0 mol dm–3 CH3COOH(aq). (1)
e) Explain why the initial rate of Reaction 3 was higher than that of Reaction 1. (2 marks)
Sulphuric acid is a dibasic acid while hydrochloric acid is a monobasic acid. (1)
–3
Therefore 1.0 mol dm sulphuric acid has a higher concentration of hydrogen ions. (1)
The initial rate of Reaction 3 is thus higher than that of Reaction 1.
138 An aqueous solution X is known to contain the following four cations:
NH4+(aq), K+(aq), Cu2+(aq) and Pb2+(aq)

Part B
The flow diagram below outlines a series of tests that can be used to detect the presence of two of the
above cations in X:
TPMVUJPO9
FYDFTT)40 BR
QSFDJQJUBUF" TPMVUJPO#
FYDFTT/B0) BR
QSFDJQJUBUF$ TPMVUJPO%
a) Write an ionic equation for the formation of A from X. (1 mark)
Pb2+(aq) + SO42–(aq) PbSO4(s) (1)
68
b) Draw an experimental set-up that can be used to separate A from B. (3 marks)
HMBTTSPE
NJYUVSF
GJMUFSQBQFS
QSFDJQJUBUF"
GJMUFSGVOOFM
TPMVUJPO#
(1 mark for correct set-up; 1 mark for labelling filter funnel and filter paper; 1 mark for labelling precipitate A and solution
B; 0 mark if the set-up is not workable) (3)
c) Write an ionic equation for the formation of C. (1 mark)
Cu2+(aq) + 2OH–(aq) Cu(OH)2(s) (1)
d) D still contains two of the above-mentioned cations. Is it possible to show experimentally the presence
of each of these cations in D? Explain your answer. (2 marks)
The presence of NH4+(aq) ions can be shown by warming solution D. An alkaline gas will evolve. (1)
Part B
+
The presence of K (aq) ions cannot be shown. As in flame test, the lilac flame of potassium will be masked by the
golden yellow colour of sodium. (1)
e) Based on the above information, suggest a colour for X. Explain your answer. (2 marks)
Blue (1)
2+
Cu (aq) ions are blue in colour while the other ions in solution X are colourless. (1)
69
139 Study the following reaction scheme of metal A.
IFBUJOBJS EJMVUFOJUSJDBDJE DPMPVSMFTT

NFUBM" ZFMMPXTPMJE#
TPMVUJPO$
TPEJVNDBSCPOBUF EJMVUFTPEJVN
TPMVUJPO IZESPYJEFTPMVUJPO
XIJUF XIJUF
QSFDJQJUBUF% QSFDJQJUBUF&
FYDFTTEJMVUFTPEJVN
IZESPYJEFTPMVUJPO
DPMPVSMFTTTPMVUJPO
DPOUBJOJOHDPNQMFYJPO'
a) Give the name of A, B, C, D, E and F. (3 marks)
A: lead (0.5)
B: lead(II) oxide (0.5)
C: lead(II) nitrate solution (0.5)
D: lead(II) carbonate (0.5)
E: lead(II) hydroxide (0.5)

Part B
F: plumbate ion (0.5)
b) Write an equation for each of the following reactions:
i) A is heated in air; (1 mark)
2Pb(s) + O2(g) PbO(s) (1)
ii) B is added to dilute nitric acid; (1 mark)
PbO(s) + 2HNO3(aq) Pb(NO3)2(aq) + H2O(l) (1)
iii) C is mixed with sodium carbonate solution; (1 mark)
Pb2+(aq) + CO32–(aq) PbCO3(aq) (1)
iv) C is mixed with dilute sodium hydroxide solution to give E; (1 mark)
Pb2+(aq) + 2OH–(aq) Pb(OH)2(s) (1)
v) E dissolves in excess dilute sodium hydroxide solution to give F. (1 mark)
Pb(OH)2(s) + 2OH–(aq) [Pb(OH)4]2–(aq) (1)
c) Suggest an industrial method from which A can be obtained from B. (1 mark)
Carbon reduction (1)
70
140 Each of five reagent bottles lablled A, B, C, D and E contained one of the following solutions:
AgNO3(aq), Al2(SO4)3(aq), HCl(aq), NH3(aq), NaOH(aq)
In an attempt to identify the solutions in the bottles, series of tests were conducted by mixing pairs of the
solutions. The table shown below lists the observations in these tests.
Solutions being mixed Observations
A and C A white precipitate was formed.

A white precipitate was formed initially, and the precipitate dissolved when E
A and E
was in excess.
B and E Only heat was liberated.
B and D A white precipitate was formed.
Identify, with explanation and appropriate equations, the solutions in the five reagent bottles based on the
observations. (9 marks)
A was Al2(SO4)3(aq) as it reacted with C and E to give a white precipitate (Al(OH)3): (1)
Al3+(aq) + 3OH–(aq) Al(OH)3(s) (1)
C and E are alkalis because Al2(SO4)3(aq) reacted with the alkalis to give a white precipitate. As the precipitate dissolved
when E was in excess, E was NaOH(aq). The white precipitate dissolved due to the formation of complex ions: (1)
–
Al(OH)3(aq) + OH (aq) [Al(OH)4]–(aq) (1)
Part B
Thus C was NH3(aq). (1)
B was HCl(aq) as it underwent neutralization with E and heat was liberated. (1)
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) (1)
–
D was AgNO3(aq) as it reacted with Cl (aq) ions (in B) to give a white precipitate (AgCl): (1)
+ –
Ag (aq) + Cl (aq) AgCl(s) (1)
71
141 A student carried out titrations using 25.00 cm3 portions of dilute sulphuric acid of unknown concentration,
titrating against 0.180 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide solution.
The results are shown in the table.
Burette reading Titration

3
(cm ) 1 st (trial) 2nd 3rd 4th
Final reading 22.80 45.00 24.30 47.20
Initial reading 0.00 22.80 2.00 25.00
a) Briefly describe how a 25.0 cm3 portion of the acid should be transferred to a clean conical flask.
(4 marks)
Wash a 25.0 cm3 pipette first with distilled water and then with the sulphuric acid. (1)
Using a pipette filler, suck up the acid until the meniscus is 2 – 3 cm above the graduation mark. (1)
Use the forefinger to control the flow. Release the solution until the meniscus reaches the graduation mark. (1)
Transfer the solution into a conical flask. Allow the tip of the pipette to touch the side of the conical flask. (1)
b) Explain why the student carried out four titrations. (1 mark)

Part B
To obtain consistent results. / To obtain three titres within 0.1 cm3. (1)
c) Calculate a reasonable average for the volume of sodium hydroxide solution required to neutralize 25.0 cm3
of the acid. (1 mark)
Average volume of sodium hydroxide solution required for neutralization

22.2 + 22.3 + 22.2
= cm3
3
= 22.2 cm3 (1)
d) Determine the molarity of the sulphuric acid. (3 marks)
2NaOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)
–3
0.180 mol dm ? mol dm–3
22.2 cm3 25.0 cm3
Number of moles of NaOH in 22.2 cm3 solution = molarity of solution x volume of solution
22.2
= 0.180 mol dm–3 x dm3
1 000
= 0.00400 mol (1)
According to the equation, 1 mole of H2SO4 requires 2 moles of NaOH for complete neutralization.
72
0.00400
i.e. number of moles of H2SO4 in 25.0 cm3 solution = mol
2
= 0.00200 mol (1)

number of moles of H2SO4
Molarity of sulphuric acid =
volume of solution
0.00200 mol
=
( )
25.0
1 000
dm3
= 0.0800 mol dm–3 (1)
–3
∴ the molarity of the sulphuric acid is 0.0800 mol dm .
e) Another student carried out the same exercise but overshooted the end point on the first titration, and
did not rinse out the conical flask after emptying it. This flask was then used for the next titration.
State and explain what effect, if any, this would have on the next titre. (2 marks)
The next titre would be lower. (1)
Some alkali remained in the conical flask. (1)
Part B
142 A household ammonia solution was analyzed to determine its ammonia content. 9.97 g of the household
ammonia solution was placed in a volumetric flask and made up to 250.0 cm3 of solution.
Four portions of the diluted solution of volume 25.0 cm3 each were titrated against 0.150 mol dm–3 hydrochloric
acid using methyl orange as indicator. The table below lists the titration results obtained:
Titration
1 2 3 4
Burette reading
Final reading (cm3) 19.50 19.80 22.00 23.90
Initial reading (cm3) 0.00 1.00 3.20 5.20
a) A 25.0 cm3 portion of the above diluted solution was transferred to a clean conical flask. Briefly describe
how the titration of this portion of the diluted solution should be carried out. (3 marks)
Use a burette to contain the hydrochloric acid. (1)
Wash the burette with distilled water and then with the hydrochloric acid. (1)
Add the indicator to the conical flask, and then the acid from the burette until the indicator changes from yellow to
red. (1)
73
b) Based on the titration results, calculate
i) a reasonable average for the volume of the hydrochloric acid used, and (1 mark)
18.8 + 18.8 + 18.7
Average volume of hydrochloric acid used = cm3
3
= 18.8 cm3 (1)
ii) the percentage by mass of ammonia in the household ammonia solution. (3 marks)
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, N = 14.0)
NH3(aq) + HCl(aq) NH4Cl(aq)
–3
9.97 g 0.150 mol dm
250.0 cm3 18.8 cm3
(used) 25.0 cm3
Number of moles of HCl in 18.8 cm3 solution = molarity of solution x volume of solution
18.8
= 0.150 mol dm–3 x dm3
1 000
= 0.00282 mol
Part B
According to the equation, 1 mole of NH3 requires 1 mole of HCl for complete neutralization.
3
i.e. number of moles of NH3 in 25.0 cm of the diluted solution = 0.00282 mol (1)
3
Number of moles of NH3 in 250.0 cm of the diluted solution
= number of moles of NH3 in the original household ammonia solution

250.0 cm3
= 0.00282 mol x
25.0 cm3
= 0.0282 mol
Mass of NH3 in the original household ammonia solution = number of moles of NH3 x molar mass of NH3
= 0.0282 mol x 17.0 g mol–1
= 0.479 g (1)
Percentage by mass of NH3 in the original household ammonia solution

0.479 g
= x 100%
9.97 g
= 4.80% (1)
∴ the percentage by mass of ammonia in the houseold ammonia solution is 4.80%.
74
c) During the analysis, each item of glassware is washed. For each item below, choose the liquid that should
be used to wash it immediately before use. (2 marks)
Original
Diluted household Standard
Distilled water household
ammonia solution hydrochloric acid
ammonia solution
i) 250.0 cm3 volumetric flask ✔ (0.5)
3
ii) 25.0 cm pipette for
delivering the diluted ✔ (0.5)
household ammonia solution
iii) Conical flask ✔ (0.5)
iv) Burette ✔ (0.5)
143 Potassium hydroxide solution is used to peel peaches commercially. The peaches are placed in a 7% solution
(7.00 g per 100.0 cm3 of solution) for 3 minutes. The peaches are then washed, cut in half and frozen.
a) Calculate the concentration, in mol dm–3, of the potassium hydroxide solution. (2 marks)
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, O = 16.0, K = 39.1)
Molar mass of KOH = (39.1 + 16.0 + 1.0) g mol–1
= 56.1 g mol–1
mass
Number of moles of KOH in 100.0 cm3 solution =
molar mass
Part B
7.00 g
=
56.1 g mol–1
= 0.125 mol (1)

number of moles of KOH
Concentration of potassium hydroxide solution =
volume of solution
0.125 mol
=
( 100.0
1 000 ) dm3
= 1.25 mol dm–3 (1)
b) The concentration of the potassium hydroxide solution must NOT fall below 1.00 mol dm–3. This is checked
at intervals by the titration of 25.0 cm3 of the solution with 0.600 mol dm–3 sulphuric acid.
i) 250.0 cm3 of the 0.600 mol dm–3 sulphuric acid are prepared by diluting 6.00 mol dm–3 sulphuric
acid.
Describe how the dilution process should be carried out by using suitable apparatus. (3 marks)
25.0 cm3 of 6.00 mol dm–3 sulphuric acid are needed for the dilution.
3
Wash a 25.0 cm pipette first with distilled water and then with the acid. (1)
75
Deliver exactly 25.0 cm3 of the original acid into a 250.0 cm3 volumetric flask using the pipette and pipette filler. (1)
Add distilled water to the flask until the meniscus reaches the graduation mark.
Stopper the flask. Turn it upside down several times to mix the solution well. (1)
ii) Calculate the lowest acceptable titre before more potassium hydroxide must be added to the
solution. (3 marks)
2KOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) K2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)
–3
1.00 mol dm 0.600 mol dm–3
25.0 cm3 ? cm3
Number of moles of KOH in 25.0 cm3 solution = molarity of solution x volume of solution
25.0
= 1.00 mol dm–3 x dm3
1 000
= 0.0250 mol (1)
According to the equation, 2 moles of KOH require 1 mole of H2SO4 for complete neutralization.
0.0250
i.e. number of moles of H2SO4 = mol
2
= 0.0125 mol (1)

Part B

Volume of sulphuric acid required for neutralization =
molarity of solution
0.0125 mol
=
0.600 mol dm–3
= 0.0208 dm3
= 20.8 cm3 (1)
3
∴ the lowest acceptable titre is 20.8 cm .
c) Suggest a safety check that should be made before the peaches are frozen. Why is this check
necessary? (2 marks)
To check that the peaches are free from potassium hydroxide. (1)
because potassium hydroxide is corrosive. (1)
76
144 Ethanedioic acid crystals, (COOH)2•2H2O, is sometimes used to standardize sodium hydroxide solutions. In
one experiment, 4.95 g of ethanedioic acid were dissolved in distilled water. Then the solution was made up
to 250.0 cm3. 25.0 cm3 of the solution were titrated against a sodium hydroxide solution, using a suitable
indicator. 29.2 cm3 of the sodium hydroxide solution were required to reach the end point.
a) Give ONE reason why sodium hydroxide solutions need to be standardized. (1 mark)
Sodium hydroxide solutions absorb moisture from air. So their masses change. (1)
b) Give TWO properties that ethanedioic acid crystals should have so that the acid is suitable for the
standardization purpose. (2 marks)
Any two of the following:
• It is obtainable in a very pure form. (1) • It has a known chemical formula. (1)
• It dissolves in water completely at room temperature. (1) • It is stable and does not absorb moisture from the air. (1)
• It has a high molar mass. (1)
c) Describe briefly how you would prepare a burette containing sodium hydroxide solution for the
experiment. (3 marks)
Wash the burette first with distilled water and then with the sodium hydroxide solution. (1)
Clamp the burette vertically in a stand. Close the stopcock. Fill the burette with dilute sodium hydroxide solution. (1)
Part B
Open the stopcock for a few seconds so as to fill the tip of the burette with solution. (1)
d) Suggest a suitable indicator for the titration, and state the expected colour change at the end point.
(2 marks)
Phenolphthalein (1)
From colourless to red / pink (1)
e) Calculate the concentration of the sodium hydroxide solution. (3 marks)
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, C = 12.0, O = 16.0)
(COOH)2(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) (COONa)2(aq) + 2H2O(l)
–3
4.95 g ? mol dm
250.0 cm3 29.2 cm3
3
(used) 25.0 cm
77
Molar mass of (COOH)2•2H2O = [2 x (12.0 + 2 x 16.0 + 1.0) + 2 x (2 x 1.0 + 16.0)] g mol–1
= 126.0 g mol–1
3 mass
Number of moles of (COOH)2•2H2O in 250.0 cm solution =
molar mass
4.95 g
=
126.0 g mol–1
= 0.0393 mol (1)

3 25.0 cm3
Number of moles of (COOH)2•2H2O in 25.0 cm solution = 0.0393 mol x
250.0 cm3
= 0.00393 mol
According to the equation, 1 mole of (COOH)2 requires 2 moles of NaOH for complete neutralization.
i.e. number of moles of NaOH = 2 x 0.00393 mol = 0.00786 mol (1)

number of moles of NaOH
Molarity of NaOH solution =
volume of solution
0.00786 mol
=
( 29.2
1 000 ) dm3
= 0.269 mol dm–3 (1)
–3
∴ the molarity of the sodium hydroxide solution is 0.269 mol dm .
Part B
145 Grapes contain a weak acid, tartaric acid. The molar mass of tartaric acid is 150.0 g mol–1. A student carried
out the following experiment to determine the basicity of tartaric acid.
Stage 1 9.90 g of a sample of the acid was weighed.
Stage 2 The sample of acid was dissolved in some distilled water and then made up to 250.0 cm3 with
distilled water.
Stage 3 25.0 cm3 of the solution obtained in Stage 2 were titrated against 0.500 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide
solution using a suitable indicator. 26.4 cm3 of the sodium hydroxide solution were required to
reach the end point.
a) Briefly describe how the 250.0 cm3 solution was made up in Stage 2. (3 marks)
Transfer the solution into a 250.0 cm3 volumetric flask. (1)
Wash the beaker, the glass rod and the filter funnel with a little distilled water several times. Pour all the washings into
the flask. (1)
78
b) Suggest a suitable indicator for the titration, and state the expected colour change at the end point.
(2 marks)
Phenolpthalein (1)
From colourless to red / pink (1)
c) i) Calculate the number of moles of sodium hydroxide used in the titration. (1 mark)
26.4
= 0.500 mol dm–3 x dm3
1 000
= 0.0132 mol (1)
ii) Calculate the basicity of tartaric acid. (2 marks)
Let n be the basicity of tartaric acid, so we can represent the acid by HnX.
HnX(s) + nNaOH(aq) NanX(aq) + nH2O(l)

mass
Number of moles of HnX =
molar mass
9.90 g
=
150.0 g mol–1
Part B
= 0.0660 mol (1)
3 25.0 cm3
Number of moles of HnX in 25.0 cm solution = 0.0660 mol x
250.0 cm3
= 0.00660 mol
Number of moles of acid 1
=
Number of moles of NaOH n
0.00660 mol
=
0.0132 mol
n= 2 (1)
∴ the basicity of tartaric acid is 2.
d) In the titration, the 0.500 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide solution was used as a standard solution.
i) What does the term ‘standard solution’ mean? (1 mark)
A solution of accurately known concentration. (1)
79
ii) Comment whether it is appropriate to prepare a standard solution of sodium hydroxide by the following
procedure:
‘Weigh a sample of solid sodium hydroxide, dissolve it in some distilled water and make up to a
known volume of solution.’ (1 mark)
Not appropriate as sodium hydroxide absorbs moisture in air readily. (1)
e) Suggest another method for detecting the titration end point without the use of any acid-alkali
indicator. (1 mark)
Use a pH meter / pH sensor. (1)
146 The following experiment was carried out to determine the molar mass of a metal hydroxide (MOH).
1.26 g of the metal hydroxide were dissolved in distilled water. Distilled water was added to make the solution
up to exactly 250.0 cm3 in a volumetric flask. Four portions of the solution of volume 25.0 cm3 each were
titrated against 0.155 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid using methyl orange as indicator. The table below lists the
titration results obtained:
Titration
1 2 3 4
Burette reading
Final reading (cm3) 21.40 41.60 20.30 40.50

Part B
a) Give ONE reason why the metal hydroxide was dissolved in distilled water and then made up to 250.0 cm3
of solution, rather than just dissolved in 250.0 cm3 of distilled water. (1 mark)
The final volume of the solution would be more than 250.0 cm3 as the solute has volume. / The exact volume of the
solution would not be known. (1)
b) Draw a labelled diagram of the experimental set-up for this titration experiment. (3 marks)
EJMVUFIZESPDIMPSJDBDJE
CVSFUUF
DPOJDBMGMBTL
TPMVUJPOPGNFUBMIZESPYJEF
NFUIZMPSBOHF
(1 mark for correct set-up; 0.5 mark for each correct label; 0 mark if the set-up is not workable) (3)
80
c) What was the colour change of the indicator at the end point? (1 mark)
From yellow to red (1)
d) Based on the titration results, calculate
i) a reasonable average for the volume of the hydrochloric acid used. (1 mark)
20.2 + 20.3 + 20.2 3
Average volume of hydrochloric acid used = cm
3
= 20.2 cm3 (1)
ii) the molar mass of the metal hydroxide. (3 marks)
MOH(aq) + HCl(aq) MCl(aq) + H2O(l)
1.26 g
3
250.0 cm
(used) 25.0 cm3
Let m g mol–1 be the molar mass of MOH.

mass
Number of moles of MOH in 250.0 cm3 solution =
molar mass
1.26 g
=
m g mol–1
1.26 25.0 cm3
Number of moles of MOH in 25.0 cm3 solution =
Part B
mol x
m 250.0 cm3
1.26 1
= x mol
m 10
20.2
= 0.155 mol dm–3 x dm3
1 000
= 0.00313 mol (1)
According to the equation, 1 mole of MOH requires 1 mole of HCl for complete neutralization.
3
i.e. number of moles of MOH in 25.0 cm solution = 0.00313 mol (1)
1.26 1
Number of moles of MOH in 25.0 cm3 solution = x mol = 0.00313 mol
m 10
m = 40.3 (1)
∴ the molar mass of the metal hydroxide is 40.3 g mol–1.
81
147 This question refers to the following titration experiment carried out by a student.
Step 1 Place 25.0 cm3 of 0.600 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide solution in a clean conical flask.
Step 2 Add a few drops of indicator to the sodium hydroxide solution.
Step 3 Fill a burette with dilute sulphuric acid.

Step 4 Run the acid into the sodium hydroxide solution.
15.0 cm3 of the acid are required to completely neutralize the alkali.
a) What piece of apparatus is usually used to place the sodium hydroxide solution in the conical flask?
(1 mark)
Pipette (1)
b) Suggest how the piece of apparatus in (a) should be cleaned before the delivery of sodium hydroxide
solution. (1 mark)
Wash the pipette with distilled water and then with sodium hydroxide solution. (1)
c) Describe briefly how you would prepare a burette containing dilute sulphuric acid for the experiment.
(3 marks)
Wash the burette first with distilled water and then with the sulphuric acid. (1)
Part B
Clamp the burette vertically in a stand. Close the stopcock. Fill the burette with the acid through a filter funnel. (1)
Open the stopcock for a few seconds so as to fill the tip of the burette with acid. (1)
d) Suggest a suitable indicator for the titration, and state the expected colour change at the end point.
(2 marks)
• Methyl orange (1); from yellow to red (1) • Phenolphthalein (1); from red / pink to colourless (1)
e) During the titration some drops of sulphuric acid drip down the inside of the conical flask. To make sure
that these drips go into the sodium hydroxide solution the student washes the inside of the flask with
distilled water.
His friend tells him that he should not do this because it will dilute the sodium hydroxide and lead to
an error in the titration result.
Explain why his friend is wrong. (1 mark)
Extra water in the conical flask will not change the number of moles of solute it holds. (1)
82
f) Calculate the concentration of the sulphuric acid. (3 marks)
H2SO4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)
–3
? mol dm 0.600 mol dm–3
15.0 cm3 25.0 cm3
25.0
= 0.600 mol dm–3 x dm3
1 000
= 0.0150 mol (1)
According to the equation, 2 moles of NaOH require 1 mole of H2SO4 for complete neutralization. 1 mole of Na2SO4 is
produced.
0.0150
i.e. number of moles of H2SO4 = mol
2
= 0.00750 mol (1)

Molarity of sulphuric acid =
volume of solution
0.00750 mol
=
( 15.0
1 000 ) dm3
= 0.500 mol dm–3 (1)
Part B
–3
∴ the concentration of the sulphuric acid is 0.500 mol dm .
g) What is the concentration of sodium sulphate in the resulting solution. (1 mark)
Number of moles of Na2SO4 produced = 0.00750 mol

Concentration of sodium sulphate in the resulting solution
number of moles of Na2SO4
=
volume of solution
0.00750 mol
=
( 25.0 + 15.0
1 000 ) dm3
= 0.188 mol dm–3 (1)
–3
∴ the concentration of sodium sulphate in the resulting solution is 0.188 mol dm .
83
h) Given the same dilute sodium hydroxide solution and dilute sulphuric acid, describe how you would
prepare a pure, dry sample of sodium sulphate crystals. (4 marks)
Mix 25.0 cm3 of dilute sodium hydroxide solution and 15.0 cm3 of dilute sulphuric acid. (1)
Heat the sodium sulphate solution gently to obtain a concentrated solution.
Set the concentrated solution aside to cool and crystallize. (1)
Filter the crystals from the remaining solution. (1)
Wash the crystals with a little cold distilled water. Dry the crystals using filter paper. (1)
3
148 The graph below shows the variation of pH when 25.0 cm of an aqueous solution of a monobasic acid
HA were titrated against 0.100 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide solution using a pH meter. The pH was recorded
throughout, and the results were plotted as shown below.
Part B

Q)

m
7PMVNFPGNPMEN /B0) BR
DN
84
a) Draw a labelled diagram of the experimental set-up used in the experiment. (4 marks)
TPEJVNIZESPYJEF
TPMVUJPO
FMFDUSPEFPGQ)
NFUFS
Q)NFUFS
YYY

DN PGBRVFPVTTPMVUJPO
NBHOFUJDTUJSSJOHCBS
PGNPOPCBTJDBDJE)"
NBHOFUJDTUJSSFS
(1 mark for showing the burette and beaker; 1 mark for showing the pH meter and stirrer; 2 marks for 6 correct labels)
(4)
b) What is the meaning of the term ‘monobasic acid’? (1 mark)
An acid that can produce one hydrogen ion per molecule. (1)
Part B
c) i) Use the graph to determine the pH of the aqueous solution of the acid HA. (1 mark)
3.2 (1)
ii) Calculate the concentration of hydrogen ions in the aqueous solution of the acid HA. (2 marks)
pH of HA = –log10[H+] = 3.2
+
i.e. log10[H ] = –3.2 (1)
+ –3.2
[H ] = 10
= 6.3 x 10–4 mol dm–3 (1)
d) Calculate the concentration of the acid HA used. (3 marks)
HA(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaA(aq) + H2O(l)
–3
25.0 cm3 28.0 cm3
28.0
= 0.100 mol dm–3 x dm3
1 000
= 0.00280 mol (1)
85
According to the equation, 1 mole of HA requires 1 mole of NaOH for complete neutralization.
i.e. number of moles of HA in 25.0 cm3 solution = 0.00280 mol (1)

number of moles of HA
Molarity of acid HA =
volume of solution
0.00280 mol
=
( 25.0
1 000 ) dm3
= 0.112 mol dm–3 (1)
∴ the concentration of the acid HA is 0.112 mol dm–3.
e) The table lists the pH range for colour change of three acid-alkali indicators:
Indicator pH range
Bromophenol blue 3.0 – 4.6
Methyl red 4.8 – 6.0
Thymol blue 8.0 – 9.6

Part B
Choose, from the above table, a suitable indicator for the titration. Explain your answer. (2 marks)
Thymol blue is a suitable indicator (1)
because the indicator changes colour within the pH range of the vertical part of the titration curve. (1)
149 A titration was carried out by adding 0.0980 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide solution from a burette to 25.0 cm3
of butanedioic acid, (CH2COOH)2. Phenolphthalein was used as indicator.
(CH2COOH)2(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) (CH2COONa)2(aq) + 2H2O(l)
TPEJVNIZESPYJEF
TPMVUJPO
DNPG
CVUBOFEJPJDBDJE
QIFOPMQIUIBMFJO
86
a) A preliminary (rough) titration showed that between 27.0 cm3 and 28.0 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution
are required to react with the butanedioic acid.
Describe the procedure you would follow, using the apparatus shown above, for a second, accurate
titration. Include in your description the colour change at the end point. (4 marks)
Add the sodium hydroxide solution quickly to 27 cm3. Swirl the conical flask when adding the alkali. (1)
Adjust the stopcock of the burette to add one drop of alkali at a time. Swirl the flask after each addition. (1)
Continue adding the alkali until the colour of the indicator just changes from colourless to red / pink. (1)
As the titration approaches its end point, wash down any solution sticking to the inside of the conical flask with small
amount of distilled water. (1)
b) After several titrations, the average titre was found to be 27.6 cm3.
Calculate the concentration of the butanedioic acid. (3 marks)
(CH2COOH)2(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) (CH2COONa)2(aq) + 2H2O(l)
–3
Part B
25.0 cm3 27.6 cm3
27.6
= 0.0980 mol dm–3 x dm3
1 000
= 0.00270 mol (1)
According to the equation, 1 mole of (CH2COOH)2 requires 2 moles of NaOH for complete neutralization.
0.00270
i.e. number of moles of (CH2COOH)2 = mol
2
= 0.00135 mol (1)

number of moles of (CH2COOH)2
Concentration of butanedioic acid =
volume of solution
0.00135 mol
=
( 25.0
1 000 ) dm3
= 0.0540 mol dm–3 (1)
–3
∴ the concentration of the butanedioic acid is 0.0540 mol dm .
87
c) Most burettes are capable, if read correctly, of giving a reading which is ±0.05 cm3 of the true value.
Suggest why the experiment is designed to give a titre of between 20 to 30 cm3, rather than 5 to 10 cm3.
Justify your answer. (1 mark)
Error is less with a large titre. (1)
d) In the titration, the 0.0980 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide solution was used as a standard solution.
i) What does the term ‘standard solution’ mean? (1 mark)
A solution of accurately known concentration. (1)
ii) Comment whether it is appropriate to prepare a standard solution of sodium hydroxide by the following
procedure:
‘Weigh a sample of solid sodium hydroxide, dissolve it in some distilled water and make up to a
known volume of solution.’ (1 mark)
Not appropriate as sodium hydroxide absorbs moisture in air readily. (1)
150 a) Hydrochloric acid is classed as a strong acid but it can have both concentrated and dilute solutions. Explain
why this is so. (3 marks)
Part B
A strong acid is an acid that almost completely dissociates in water. (1)
3
Concentration refers to the number of moles (or amount) of acid in a unit volume of solution / 1 dm of solution. (1)
Concentrated and dilute refer to the relative values of mol dm–3. (1)
b) Barium chloride crystals (BaCl2•2H2O) can be prepared from dilute hydrochloric acid by the following
steps.
Step 1 Add excess barium carbonate to 50.0 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid in a beaker.
Step 2 Remove the excess barium carbonate from the solution obtained.
Step 3 Evaporate the solution until it becomes saturated.
Step 4 Allow the saturated solution to cool down to obtain barium chloride crystals.
Step 5 Separate the crystals from the saturated solution.
Step 6 Dry the crystals obtained.
88
i) Write a chemcial equation for the reaction between barium carbonate and dilute hydrochloric acid.
(1 mark)
BaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) BaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) (1)
ii) Explain why excess barium carbonate should be added in Step 1. (1 mark)
To make sure that all the hydrochloric acid has been reacted. (1)
iii) Draw a labelled diagram for the experimental set-up used in removing the excess barium carbonate
from the solution obtained in Step 2. (3 marks)
HMBTTSPE
NJYUVSFPGCBSJVN
DBSCPOBUFBOETPMVUJPO
GJMUFSQBQFS
CBSJVNDBSCPOBUF
GJMUFSGVOOFM
TPMVUJPO
Part B
(1 mark for correct set-up; 1 mark for labelling filter funnel and filter paper; 1 mark for labelling barium carbonate
and solution; 0 mark if the set-up is not workable) (3)
iv) Explain why crystals would be obtained when the saturated solution is allowed to cool down in Step
4. (2 mark)
The solubility of barium chloride decreases when the temperature of the solution drops. (1)
As the saturated solution cools, the solvent cannot hold all the solutes. The extra solutes separate out as crystals. (1)
v) For Step 6,
(1) explain why the crystals obtained should NOT be dried by heating; and (1 mark)
Anhydrous barium chloride will form. / The water of crystallization will be removed. (1)
(2) suggest an appropriate method to dry the crystals. (1 mark)
Absorb the water by filter paper. / Place the crystals in a desiccator. (1)
89
vi) Calculate the theoretical mass of crystals which can be obtained. (3 marks)
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, O = 16.0, Cl = 35.5, Ba = 137.3)
BaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) BaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
–3
1.00 mol dm
50.0 cm3
50.0
= 1.00 mol dm–3 x dm3
1 000
= 0.0500 mol (1)
According to the equation, 2 moles of HCl react with 1 mole of BaCO3 to give 1 mole of BaCl2.
0.0500
i.e. number of moles of BaCl2 = mol
2
= 0.0250 mol (1)
Mass of BaCl2•2H2O = number of moles x molar mass
–1
= 0.0250 mol x 244.3 g mol
= 6.11 g (1)
∴ 6.11 g of barium chloride crystals can be obtained.

Part B
vii) Suggest a reason why it is unlikely to obtain this mass of crystals in practice. (1 mark)
• Some crystals may be lost when the crystals are washed with distilled water. (1)
• Little splashes may cause some of the solution and hence the crystals to lose. (1)
• Some BaCl2 may remain in the solution and do not crystallize out. (1)
151 The diagram below shows a truck with a storage tank for transporting concentrated nitric acid.
DPODFOUSBUFEOJUSJDBDJE
90
a) Draw a hazard warning label that should be posted on the storage tank. (1 mark)
PS
(1)
b) The storage tank contains 86 400 kg of concentrated nitric acid, which occupies a volume of 80 m3. If
the percentage by mass of HNO3 in the acid is 70.0%, calculate the molarity of the acid. (2 marks)
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, N = 14.0, O = 16.0)
Mass of HNO3 in 80 m3 acid = 86 400 000 g x 70.0%
= 60 480 000 g
mass
Number of moles of HNO3 =
molar mass
60 480 000 g
=
63.0 g mol–1
= 960 000 mol (1)

number of moles of HNO3
Molarity of nitric acid =
volume of solution
960 000 mol
=
80 000 dm–1
= 12.0 mol dm–3 (1)
Part B
c) Given the following apparatus, briefly describe how a 0.240 mol dm–3 nitric acid can be prepared from
the concentrated nitric acid. (4 marks)
distilled water
10.0 cm3 pipette
100.0 cm3 volumetric flask, 250.0 cm3 volumetric flask and 500.0 cm3 volumetric flask
(Only one of these flasks should be used.)
The 10.0 cm3 pipette should be used to deliver the concentrated nitric acid.
3 –3
Suppose V cm of 0.240 mol dm nitric acid can be obtained.
(MV) before dilution = (MV) after dilution, where M = molarity, V = volume

10.0 V
12.0 x = 0.240 x
1 000 1 000
V = 500.0
3
Volume of dilute nitric acid obtained = 500.0 cm
Hence use the 500.0 cm3 volumetric flask for the dilution. (1)
3
Wash the 10.0 cm pipette first with distilled water and then with the original acid. (1)
91
Deliver exactly 10.0 cm3 of the original acid into the 500.0 cm3 volumetric flask using the pipette and pipette filler. (1)
d) Ammonium nitrate can be made by neutralizing nitric acid with aqueous ammonia.
i) Calculate the pH of 0.1 mol dm–3 nitric acid. (2 marks)
pH of acid = –log10 (0.100) (1)
= 1 (1)
ii) On the grid given below, draw a curve to show the changes in pH which occur when 40.0 cm3 of
0.100 mol dm–3 aqueous ammonia is added to 25.0 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm–3 nitric acid. (2 marks)
Part B

Q)

m
7PMVNFNPMEN
BRVFPVTBNNPOJBBEEFE DN
(0.5 mark for curve starting from pH 1; 0.5 mark for vertical part of curve between pH 2 – 6; 0.5 mark for showing
equivalence point at 25 cm3; 0.5 mark for curve finishing between pH 9 – 10, extending to 40 cm3) (2)
iii) Select, from the table below, an indicator which is suitable for this acid-alkali titration. Explain your
answer. (2 marks)
Indicator pH range
Meta-cresol purple 1.2 – 2.8
Chloro-phenol red 4.8 – 6.4
Thymol blue 8.0 – 9.6
Brilliant cresyl blue 10.8 – 12.0

92
Chloro-phenol red (1)
because the indicator changes colour within the pH range of the vertical part of the titration curve. (1)
152 In an experiment to investigate the reaction between phosphoric acid (H3PO4) and sodium hydroxide, 10.0 cm3
of the acid was first diluted to 250.0 cm3 with distilled water.
Four portions of the diluted solution of volume 25.0 cm3 each were titrated against 1.10 mol dm–3 sodium
hydroxide solution using phenolpthalein as indicator. The table below lists the titration results obtained:
Titration
1 2 3 4
Burette reading
Final reading (cm3) 21.00 21.00 25.40 25.20
a) The phosphoric acid has a density of 1.27 g cm–3 and contains 85.0% of the acid by mass.
What is the concentration of the phosphoric acid in mol dm–3? (3 marks)
Consider 1 000 cm3 (i.e. 1.00 dm3) of the sample.
3 –3 3
Mass of 1 000 cm of the sample = 1.27 g cm x 1 000 cm
Part B
= 1 270 g
3 3
Mass of H3PO4 in 1 000 cm of sample = mass of 1 000 cm of sample x percentage by mass of H3PO4 in sample
= 1 270 x 85.0%
= 1 080 g (1)
–1
Molar mass of H3PO4 = (3 x 1.0 + 31.0 + 4 x 16.0) g mol
= 98.0 g mol–1
mass
Number of moles of H3PO4 in 1.00 dm3 of sample =
molar mass
1 080 g
=
98.0 g mol–1
= 11.0 mol (1)

number of moles of H3PO4
Molarity of phosphoric acid =
volume of solution
11.0 mol
= 3
1.00 dm
= 11.0 mol dm–3 (1)
93
b) Suggest what you would do if some concentrated phosphoric acid splashed onto your hand. (1 mark)
Wash the hand with plenty of water. (1)
c) A 25.0 cm3 portion of the above diluted acid was transferred to a clean conical flask. Briefly describe
how the titration of this portion of the diluted acid should be carried out. (3 marks)
Use a burette to contain the sodium hydroxide solution. (1)
Wash the burette with distilled water and then with the sodium hydroxide solution. (1)
Add the indicator to the flask, and then the alkali from the burette until the indicator changes from colourless to red /
pink. (1)
d) Based on the titration results, calculate
i) a reasonable average for the volume of the sodium hydroxide soltuion used. (1 mark)
20.0 + 20.1 + 20.0
Average volume of sodium hydroxide solution used = cm3
3
= 20.0 cm3 (1)
ii) the number of moles of NaOH required to react with 25.0 cm3 of the diluted acid; and (1 mark)
Part B
Number of moles of NaOH required = molarity of solution x volume of solution

20.0
= 1.10 mol dm–3 x dm3
1 000
= 0.0220 mol (1)
3
iii) the number of moles of NaOH required to react with 10.0 cm of the original phosphoric acid.
(1 mark)
250.0 cm3
Number of moles of NaOH required = 0.0220 mol x
25.0 cm3
= 0.220 mol (1)
e) There are three possible reactions of NaOH with H3PO4, shown by the equations below.
NaOH + H3PO4 NaH2PO4 + H2O equation 1
2NaOH + H3PO4 Na2HPO4 + 2H2O equation 2
3NaOH + H3PO4 Na3PO4 + 3H2O equation 3
94
Based on calculations, suggest which equation best describes the reaction that occurs in the titration.
(3 marks)
3
Number of moles of H3PO4 in 10.0 cm solution = molarity of solution x volume of solution
10.0
= 11.0 mol dm–3 x dm3
1 000
= 0.110 mol (1)

Number of moles of NaOH 0.220 mol
=
Number of moles of H3PO4 0.110 mol
= 2 (1)
∴ equation 2 best describes the reaction occurring in the titration. (1)
153 A student proposed the following method to determine the concentration of citric acid in a sample of lemon
juice by titration with sodium hydroxide solution.
Step 1 Prepare a standard sodium hydroxide solution by dissolving a known mass of sodium hydroxide
pellets in distilled water and make it up to 250.0 cm3.
Step 2 Transfer a known volume of the sample of lemon juice to a clean conical flask using a measuring
cylinder.
Step 3 Fill a burette, which has been rinsed with distilled water beforehand, with the standard sodium
hydroxide solution prepared.
Part B
Step 4 Titrate the lemon juice in the flask with the standard sodium hydroxide solution using a suitable
indicator.
Step 5 Using this titration result, calculate the concentration of citric acid in the sample.
a) Point out FOUR inappropriate practices in the method and explain why they are inappropriate. (8 marks)
Step 1 — Should not prepare the standard sodium hydroxide solution using the method described. (1)
This is because sodium hydroxide is deliquescent and would absorb moisture from the air. (1)
Step 2 — Should not use a measuring cylinder to transfer the lemon juice. (1)
This is because a measuring cylinder cannot give accurate measurements of liquid volumes. (1)
Step 3 — Should not rinse the burette with distilled water only. (1)
This is because water that remains in the burette would dilute the sodium hydroxide solution. (1)
Step 5 — Should not perform the calculation using only one titration result. (1)
This is because errors may occur in the titration. (1)
95
b) For each inappropriate practice, suggest an appropriate action. (4 marks)
Step 1 — Standardize the sodium hydroxide solution before use. (1)
Step 2 — Use a pipette to transfer the lemon juice. (1)
Step 3 — Rinse the burette with distilled water and sodium hydroxide solution before use. (1)
Step 5 — Repeat the titration at least 3 times to obtain consistent results. Use the mean titre for the calculation. (1)
154 Barium sulphate, a white precipitate, can be made by the reaction between barium hydroxide solution and
sulphuric acid. The progress of the reaction between 100.0 cm3 of barium hydroxide solution and sulphuric
acid can be followed by measuring the electrical conductivity of the reaction mixture.
TVMQIVSJDBDJE
DPOEVDUJWJUZ
NFBTVSJOHEFWJDF
TUJSSFS
Part B
DNPGCBSJVN
IZESPYJEFTPMVUJPO
During the experiment, the sulphuric acid was added 1.0 cm3 at a time. The conductivity was measured after
each addition.
The results obtained are shown in the graph below.
IJHI
$POEVDUJWJUZ
MPX

7PMVNFPGTVMQIVSJDBDJEBEEFE DN
96
a) Why did the electrical conductivity of the reaction mixture fall to almost zero? Explain your answer with
the help of an appropriate equation. (3 marks)
As sulphuric acid was added, it removed both the barium ions (by precipitation) and hydroxide ions (by neutralization).(1)
Ba(OH)2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) BaSO4(s) + 2H2O(l) (1)
At the equivalence point, all the barium ions and hydroxide ions had been removed. Hence the electrical conductivity
of the reaction mixture fell to almost zero. (1)
b) What was the volume of sulphuric acid required to neutralize 100.0 cm3 of barium hydroxide solution?
(1 mark)
15.0 cm3 (1)
c) The concentration of the sulphuric acid was 1.00 mol dm–3. What was the concentration of the barium
hydroxide solution? (3 marks)
Ba(OH)2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) BaSO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)
? mol dm–3 1.00 mol dm–3
100 cm3 15.0 cm3
Part B
Number of moles of H2SO4 in 15.0 cm3 solution = molarity of solution x volume of solution
15.0
= 1.00 mol dm–3 x dm3
1 000
= 0.0150 mol (1)
According to the equation, 1 mole of Ba(OH)2 requires 1 mole of H2SO4 for complete neutralization.
3
i.e. number of moles of Ba(OH)2 in 100.0 cm solution = 0.0150 mol (1)
number of moles of Ba(OH)2
Molarity of barium hydroxide solution =
volume of solution
0.0150 mol
=
( 100.0
1 000 ) dm3
= 0.150 mol dm–3 (1)
–3
∴ the concentration of the barium hydroxide solution is 0.150 mol dm .
97
d) Hospital patients are given a ‘barium meal’ before an X-ray of their stomach is taken. The ‘barium meal’
contains pure barium sulphate.
Write down ONE reason why the above method is suitable for preparing barium sulphate for medical
use. (1 mark)
Only barium sulphate and water are produced in the reaction. Barium sulphate can be obtained by filtration. (1)
155 The drug tablets shown below can relieve stomach ache. It contains aluminium hydroxide, Al(OH)3, as the
only active ingredient.
FORMULA: Each tablet contains Aluminium Hydroxide Dried Gel 200 mg, Magnesium Hydroxide 200mg,
Dimethylpolysiloxane 20mg. DOSAGE: 2 tablets to be well chewed 30 minutes after meals, at bedtime, when
symptoms occur or as directed by physician. Do not take more than 24 tablets in a 24 hour period. CAUTION: It is
dangerous to exceed the stated does. Keep this drug out of the reach of children. Do not take this product if you are
taking antibiotic drug containing Tetracycline.
'03.6-"&BDIUBCMFUDPOUBJOT
BMVNJOJVNIZESPYJEFYYH
a) Explain how the drug tablets can relieve stomach ache with the help of an equation. (2 marks)
Aluminium hydroxide in the tablet neutralizes the excess hydrochloric acid in the stomach. (1)
Al(OH)3(s) + 3HCl(aq) AlCl3(aq) + 3H2O(l) (1)

Part B
b) Explain why the drug tablets should be chewed before swallowing. (1 marks)
Chewing breaks down the tablets into smaller pieces. This increases the surface area of the tablets and thus increases
the reaction rate (brings faster relief of pain). (1)
c) A student performed the following experiment to determine the amount of aluminium hydroxide contained
in the drug tablet.
Step 1 A drug tablet was dissolved in 50.0 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid to form a
solution.
Step 2 The solution was placed in a volumetric flask and then diluted to 250.0 cm3 with distilled
water.
Step 3 25.0 cm3 of the diluted solution were titrated with 0.190 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide solution
using a suitable indicator. 18.1 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution were needed to reach the end
point.
98
i) Suggest a suitable indicator for the titration in Step 3, and state the expected colour change at the
end point. (2 marks)
Methyl orange: from red to yellow / Phenolphthalein: from colourless to red or pink (2)
ii) Calculate the number of moles of excess hydrochloric acid in 25.0 cm3 of the diluted solution from
the data obtained in the titration. (2 marks)
NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
–3
0.190 mol dm
18.1 cm3
18.1
= 0.190 mol dm–3 x dm3
1 000
= 0.00344 mol (1)
According to the equation, 1 mole of HCl requires 1 mole of NaOH for complete neutralization.
3
i.e. number of moles of excess HCl in 25.0 cm diluted solution = 0.00344 mol (1)
Part B
iii) Calculate the number of moles of hydrochloric acid that was added in Step 1. (1 mark)
Number of moles of HCl added in Step 1 = molarity of solution x volume of solution

50.0
= 1.00 mol dm–3 x dm3
1 000
= 0.0500 mol (1)
iv) Hence calculate the mass of aluminium hydroxide in one drug tablet. (2 marks)
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, C = 12.0, Al = 27.0)
Number of moles of HCl left over after reaction with drug tablet in Step 1
250.0 cm3
= 0.00344 mol x
25.0 cm3
= 0.0344 mol
Number of moles of HCl reacted with Al(OH)3 in drug tablet = (0.0500 – 0.0344) mol
= 0.0156 mol (1)
Al(OH)3(s) + 3HCl(aq) AlCl3(aq) + 3H2O(l)
According to the equation, 1 mole of Al(OH)3 requires 3 moles of HCl for complete neutralization.
99
0.0156
i.e. number of moles of Al(OH)3 in drug tablet = mol
3
= 0.00520 mol
Molar mass of Al(OH)3 = (27.0 + 3 x 1.0 + 3 x 16.0) g mol–1
= 78.0 g mol–1
Mass of Al(OH)3 in drug tablet = number of moles x molar mass
–1
= 0.00520 mol x 78.0 g mol
= 0.406 g (1)
∴ the drug tablet contains 0.406 g of aluminium hydroxide.
v) During the experiment, the student washed each item of glassware. For each item below, choose the
liquid that should be used to wash it immediately before use. (2 marks)
Liquid used for washing immediately before use
(1) 250.0 cm3 volumetric flask used in Step 2 distilled water (0.5)
Part B
3
(2) 25.0 cm pipette used for delivering the
diluted solution (0.5)
diluted solution in Step 3
(3) Conical flask for containing the diluted
distilled water (0.5)
solution in Step 3
(4) Burette for containing the sodium hydroxide
sodium hydroxide solution (0.5)
solution
156 A student John performed the following experiment to determine the relative atomic mass of magnesium.
Step 1 0.900 g of magnesium were added to 100.0 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid.
Step 2 The resulting solution was then diluted to 250.0 cm3 with distilled water.
Step 3 25.0 cm3 of the diluted solution were titrated with 0.125 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide solution using
phenolphthalein as indicator. 20.8 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution were needed to reach the end
point.
a) Describe how the dilution process in Step 2 should be performed by using suitable apparatus. (3 marks)
Transfer the resulting solution into a 250.0 cm3 volumetric flask. (1)
Wash the beaker, the glass rod and the filter funnel with a little distilled water several times. Pour all the washings into
the flask. (1)
100
b) i) Calculate the number of moles of excess hydrochloric acid in the 25.0 cm3 of the diluted solution
from the data obtained in the titration. (2 marks)
NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
–3
0.125 mol dm
20.8 cm3
20.8
= 0.125 mol dm–3 x dm3
1 000
= 0.00260 mol (1)
According to the equation, 1 mole of HCl requires 1 mole of NaOH for complete neutralization.
3
i.e. number of moles of excess HCl in 25.0 cm diluted solution = 0.00260 mol (1)
Part B
ii) Calculate the number of moles of hydrochloric acid that was added in Step 1. (1 mark)
Number of moles of HCl added in Step 1 = molarity of solution x volume of solution

100.0
= 1.00 mol dm–3 x dm3
1 000
= 0.100 mol (1)
iii) Hence calculate the relative atomic mass of magnesium. (2 marks)
Number of moles of HCl left over after reaction with magnesium in Step 1
250.0 cm3
= 0.00260 mol x
25.0 cm3
= 0.0260 mol
Number of moles of HCl reacted with magnesium in Step 1
= (0.100 – 0.0260) mol
= 0.074 mol (1)
Mg(aq) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)
According to the equation, 1 mole of Mg requires 2 moles of HCl for complete reaction.
101
0.074
i.e. number of moles of Mg in sample = mol
2
mass of Mg
=
molar mass of Mg
mass of Mg
∴ molar mass of Mg =
0.074
mol
2
0.900 g
=
0.074 mol
2
= 24 g mol–1 (1)
∴ the relative atomic mass of Mg is 24.
c) Another student Mary carried out the same experiment as John did, except that she used an ‘old’ sample
of magnesium ribbon that had been left out in the laboratory for several weeks.
Suggest how her results would compare with that of John. Justify your suggestion. (3 marks)
Oxide layer would cover the surface of magnesium. (1)

Part B
The oxide would react with hydrochloric acid, just as magnesium did. (1)
The oxide layer would not cause any difference to the value of the titre because magnesium oxide would react with the
same volume of acid as magnesium. (1)
157 Nickel(II) sulphate and potassium carbonate solutions react as shown in the equation below.
NiSO4(aq) + K2CO3(aq) NiCO3(s) + K2SO4(aq)
a) Which element is responsible for the colour in both the reactants and the products? (1 mark)
Nickel / Ni (1)
b) Rewrite the equation as an ionic one, including state symbols. (1 mark)
Ni2+(aq) + CO32–(aq) NiCO3(s) (1)
102
c) i) What volume of 0.100 mol dm–3 NiSO4 solution would react exactly with 20.0 cm3 of 0.250 mol dm–3
K2CO3 solution? (3 marks)
Number of moles of K2CO3 in 20.0 cm3 solution = molarity of solution x volume of solution
20.0
= 0.250 mol dm–3 x dm3
1 000
= 0.00500 mol (1)
According to the equation, 1 mole of K2CO3 requires 1 mole of NiSO4 for complete reaction.
i.e. number of moles of NiSO4 = 0.00500 mol (1)

number of moles of NiSO4
Volume of NiSO4 solution =
molarity of solution
0.00500 mol
=
0.100 mol dm–3
= 0.0500 dm3
= 50.0 cm3 (1)
3 3 –3
∴ 50.0 cm of NiSO4 solution would react exactly with 20.0 cm of 0.250 mol dm K2CO3 solution.
Part B
ii) Describe in detail how you would obtain pure, dry potassium sulphate from the resulting mixture.
(4 marks)
Remove the nickel carbonate by filtration. (1)
Heat the potassium sulphate solution to evaporate about half of the water. Set the concentrated solution aside to
cool and crystallize. (1)
103
158 Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow.
New sulphuric acid plant

Owing to increased demand for sulphuric acid worldwide, chemicals manufacturing company Chemical ABC
plans to build a new sulphuric acid plant.
Chemical ABC plans to manufacture sulphuric acid by the contact process, which consists of three main stages:
Stage 1 Burning sulphur to obtain sulphur dioxide
Stage 2 Converting sulphur dioxide to sulphur trioxide
Stage 3 Converting sulphur trioxide to sulphuric acid
All the processes in the sulphuric acid production are exothermic. The energy will be used to power all of the
plant’s energy requirements.
Chemical ABC would install scrubbers to reduce sulphur dioxide emissions. In scrubbers, quicklime reacts with
sulphur dioxide to form calcium sulphite.
a) A major use of sulphuric acid is to make ammonium sulphate which is used as fertilizer.
i) Suggest how ammonium sulphate is prepared from sulphuric acid. (1 mark)
By the reaction between sulphuric acid and aqueous ammonia. (1)

Part B
ii) Write a chemical equation for the reaction suggested in (i). (1 mark)
H2SO4(aq) + 2NH3(aq) (NH4)2SO4(aq) (1)
iii) Ammonium sulphate can dissolve in water. Why is it important that a fertilizer can dissolve in
water? (1 mark)
So the fertilizer can be taken in by the roots of plants. (1)
b) Besides fertilizer manufacture, suggest another use of sulphuric acid. (1 mark)
Used in car batteries (1) / manufacture detergents (1) / manufacture paints (1)
c) i) What is the meaning of an ‘exothermic’ process? (1 mark)
A process in which heat is released to the surroundings. (1)
ii) Besides the processes in sulphuric acid production, give ONE other example of exothermic process.
(1 mark)
Diluting concentrated sulphuric acid / any specific neutralization reaction (1)
104
d) i) Draw a hazard warning label that should be displayed on a storage tank of concentrated sulphuric
acid. (1 mark)
(1)
ii) Suggest TWO safety precautions to take when working with concentrated sulphuric acid in a school
laboratory. (2 marks)
Any two of the following:
Wear safety glasses / protective gloves. (1)
Never add water to the acid. (1)
In case any acid is split on the skin or clothes, wash the affected area with plenty of water. (1)
iii) Suggest ONE safety precaution to take when storing concentrated sulphuric acid. (1 mark)
• Keep container tightly closed. (1)
• Store in a dry area. (1)
• Keep away from heat sources / combustible materials / reducing agents / bases / metals / organic materials /
Part B
oxidizing agents. (1)
e) In scrubbers, quicklime reacts with sulphur dioxide to form calcium sulphite.
i) Write a chemical equation for the reaction involved. (1 mark)
CaO(s) + SO2(g) CaSO3(s) (1)
ii) Name the type of reaction involved. (1 mark)
Neutralization reaction (1)
f) i) Give ONE example of the effect of sulphur dioxide on human health. (1 mark)
Attack the respiratory system / lungs. (1)
ii) What first aid treatment should be given to a student who has accidentally inhaled an excessive
quantity of sulphur dioxide in the laboratory. (1 mark)
Move the student to a well ventilated area / open space. (1)
105
Cleansers at home
Drains run slower and slower as grease and fats build up on the inner walls of drain pipes and eventually cause
blockage.
The grease and fats can be removed by alkalis. Hence many drain cleansers contain sodium hydroxide as an
active ingredient.
The following drain cleanser contains solid sodium hydroxide together with a little aluminium powder.
%SBJO
DMFBOTFS
DPOUBJOJOH
TPEJVN
IZESPYJEF

BMVNJOJVN
When this cleanser is poured down the drain, it comes into contact with water and the following reaction occurs:
aluminium + hydroxide ion + water aluminate ion + hydrogen

Part B
This reaction is very exothermic and at the high temperature reached, the grease blocking the drain melts. The
cleaning action of the sodium hydroxide is much more effective. The process is aided by the hydrogen bubbles
produced.
a) i) Write down the chemical formula of an aluminate ion. (1 mark)
[Al(OH)4]– (1)
ii) Transcribe the above word equation into a chemical equation. (1 mark)
2Al(s) + 2OH–(aq) + 6H2O(l) 2[Al(OH)4]–(aq) + 3H2(g) (1)
b) Besides the one mentioned in the passage, suggest ONE other specific example of exothermic process.
(1 mark)
Diluting concentrated sulphuric acid / any specific neutralization reaction (1)
106
c) The following label is displayed on the drainer cleanser shown above:
,FFQPVUPGSFBDIPGDIJMESFO
%P/05NJYXJUIBDJEJDTVCTUBODFT
i) Explain why the cleanser should be kept out of reach of children. (1 mark)
The cleanser is corrosive. (1)
ii) Explain why the cleanser should NOT be mixed with acidic substances. (2 marks)
An acidic substance would react with the sodium hydroxide and aluminium in the cleanser, making the cleanser
ineffective. (1)
A great amount of heat and gas would be generated. (1)
This may cause a violent eruption from the drain. The mixing may cause severe injury to the user as well as damage
to porcelain tubs and toilets.
Part B
iii) Draw a hazard warning label that should be displayed on the bottle of drain cleanser. (1 mark)
(1)
d) Sodium hydroxide is a strong alkali. What is the meaning of the term ‘strong alkali’? (1 mark)
A strong alkali is an alkali that almost completely dissociates to give hydroxide ions (OH–(aq)) in water. (1)
e) i) Suggest how sodium hydroxide is prepared in industry. (1 mark)
By electrolysis of concentrated sodium chloride solution (1)
ii) Suggest ONE use of sodium hydroxide other than in drain cleansers. (1 mark)
Manufacture of bleach / manufacture of soaps and detergents (1)
107
How are light bulbs frosted?

In 1925 Kyozo Fuwa (Toshiba) developed the first frosted glass light bulb, generally regarded as one of the
five greatest light bulb inventions. The softer light created by a frosted light bulb is accomplished through a
chemical reaction with the inner surface of the bulb.
The interior of a frosted light bulb is obtained by etching with hydrofluoric acid. Hydrofluoric acid reacts
with silicon dioxide, the major component of most glass, via an overall reaction which can be summarized
by the following word equation:
silicon dioxide + hydrofluoric acid fluorosilicic acid (H2SiF6) + water
A white substance which coats the interior surface of the bulb is produced in the reaction.
Hydrofluoric acid is also present in many metal cleansers and rust removers.
a) Transcribe the word equation summarizing the reaction between silicon dioxide and hydrofluoric acid into
a chemical equation. (1 mark)
SiO2(s) + 6HF(aq) H2SiF6(aq) + 2H2O(l) (1)
b) Suggest how you can etch decorative patterns on a piece of glass using hydrofluoric acid. (2 marks)
Coat the glass with layers of beeswax. Then trace the patterns with a metal needle. (1)
Part B
Dip the glass into hydrofluoric acid to attack the unprotected glass surface. (1)
c) Hydrofluoric acid is a weak monobasic acid.
i) What is the meaning of the term ‘monobasic acid’? (1 mark)
An acid that can produce one hydrogen ion per molecule. (1)
108
ii) Arrange the following acids in the order of increasing pH. Explain your answer.
0.1 mol dm–3 hydrofluoric acid, 0.1 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid, 0.1 mol dm–3 sulphuric acid
(4 marks)
0.1 mol dm–3 sulphuric acid < 0.1 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid < 0.1 mol dm–3 hydrofluoric acid (1)
Both sulphuric acid and hydrochloric acid are strong acids. They dissociate completely in water. (1)
Sulphuric acid is dibasic while hydrochloric acid is monobasic. (1)
–3
Hence 0.1 mol dm sulphuric acid contains a higher concentration of hydrogen ions than 0.1 mol dm–3 hydrochloric
acid.
Hydrofluoric acid is a weak acid. It only partially dissociates in water. (1)
–3
Hence 0.1 mol dm hydrofluoric acid has a lower concentration of hydrogen ions than 0.1 mol dm–3 hydrochloric
acid.
d) Sand (an impure form of quartz) and limestone are raw materials used for making glass.
Part B
i) Name the main chemical constituent of limestone. (1 mark)
Calcium carbonate (1)
ii) Suggest ONE reason why glass has been used by mankind for a long time. (1 mark)
The materials for making glass are readily available / abundant in the Earth’s crust. (1)
e) i) What is the chemical nature of rust? (1 mark)
Hydrated iron(III) oxide (1)
ii) Write a chemical equation for the reaction occurring when hydrofluoric acid removes rust. (1 mark)
Fe2O3(s) + 6HF(aq) 2FeF3(aq) + 3H2O(l) (1)
109
161 Consider 1 mol dm–3 H2SO4(aq) and 1 mol dm–3 HCl(aq). Suggest THREE methods based on their different
chemical properties to distinguish these two acids. You need to describe the processes used and the expected
observations in your answers. (9 marks)
(For this question, you are required to give answers in paragraph form.)
Any three of the following:
• Add barium chloride solution / barium nitrate solution to the acids. (1)
–3
1 mol dm H2SO4(aq) gives a white precipitate while 1 mol dm–3 HCl(aq) gives no precipitate. (1)
• Add dilute nitric acid followed by silver nitrate solution to the acids. (1)
–3
1 mol dm HCl(aq) gives a white precipitate while 1 mol dm–3 H2SO4(aq) gives no precipitate. (1)
• Add calcium carbonate to excess acids. (1)
–3
Calcium carbonate disappears after reaction when added to 1 mol dm HCl(aq).
–3
Calcium carbonate does not react completely with 1 mol dm H2SO4(aq) due to the formation of insoluble calcium
sulphate on its surface. (1)
• Titrate equal volumes of the acids with sodium hydroxide solution. (1)
–3
1 mol dm H2SO4(aq) requires more sodium hydroxide solution to reach the end point than 1.0 mol dm–3 HCl(aq) as
H2SO4(aq) is dibasic while HCl(aq) is monobasic. (1)

Part B
(3 marks for organization and presentation)
110
162 Describe how large crystals of sodium chloride can be prepared from dilute sodium hydroxide solution and
dilute hydrochloric acid. (9 marks)
Titrate dilute sodium hydroxide solution with dilute hydrochloric acid until the end point is reached. (1)
Mix the same volumes of alkali and acid as in the previous experiment. Do not use any indicator this time. (1)
Heat the resulting solution to obtain a concentrated solution. (1)
Set the concentrated solution aside to cool and crystallize. (1)
Part B
111
163 Four labels have come off four reagent bottles. (9 marks)
"MVNJOJVNTVMQIBUF "NNPOJVNTVMQIBUF
"M 40
/)
40
.BHOFTJVNTVMQIBUF 1PUBTTJVNTVMQIBUF
.H40 ,40
Describe and give the results of the chemical tests that you would do to identify which bottle contained
which substance.
Carry out flame test on all the solids. (1)
Only potassium sulphate gives a lilac flame. (1)
Dissolve the remaining three solids separately in water. Then add dilute sodium hydroxide solution until excess. (1)
Aluminium sulphate solution gives a white precipitate which is soluble in excess alkali. (1)
Magnesium sulphate solution gives a white precipitate which does not dissolve in excess alkali. (1)
Ammonium sulphate solution gives no observable change. (1)

Part B
OR
Dissolve some of each solid in water separately. Then add dilute sodium hydroxide solution until excess. (1)
Aluminium sulphate solution gives a white precipitate which is soluble in excess alkali. (1)
Magnesium sulphate solution gives a white precipitate which does not dissolve in excess alkali. (1)
Ammonium sulphate solution and potassium sulphate solution give no precipitate. (1)
Warm each of the two solutions. (1)
The solution containing ammonium sulphate gives a gas that turns moist red litmus paper blue (ammonia).
There is no observable change for the solution containing potassium sulphate. (1)
112
164 You are given four unlabelled, colourless, dilute solutions. (9 marks)
AgNO3(aq) CaCl2(aq) K2SO4(aq) KCl(aq)
You are provided with a labelled bottle of sodium chloride solution, test tubes and droppers but no other
chemicals, test papers or apparatus.
Plan a series of chemical tests to identify the four unlabelled solutions.
Begin by adding sodium chloride solution to each of the four colourless solutions.
In your answers, describe the observations you expect in your planned tests.
Add sodium chloride solution to all the four solutions.
The solution that gives a white precipitate is silver nitrate solution. (1)
Add silver nitrate solution to the remaining three solutions. (1)
Both calcium chloride solution and potassium chloride solution give a white precipitate, (1)
while there is no observable change with potassium sulphate solution. (1)
Add potassium sulphate solution to calcium chloride solution and potassium chloride solution. (1)
The solution that gives a white precipitate is calcium chloride solution. (1)
Part B
113

4 Supplementary Exercise Acids and Bases

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4 Supplementary Exercise Acids and Bases

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Topic 4 Acids and Bases

Part A Unit-based exercise

Unit 14 Acids and alkalis 12 The basicity of hydrochloric acid is 1. Therefore

Fill in the blanks

4 Most dilute acids have a sour taste. b) carbonate + dilute acid

6 Phenolphthalein appears colourless in acids d) acid + metal hydroxide

7 Hydroxide and oxides of metals are called e) acid + metal oxide

21 Concentrated sulphuric acid can absorb water

absorbed. It is a deliquescent substance. soda.

37 Aqueous ammonia is commonly used as F

True or false the active ingredient in toilet bowl

29 Ethanoic acid is a covalent compound T 44 Concentrated nitric acid tends to F

30 Phosphoric acid is a dibasic acid. F 45 Concentrated sulphuric acid can be used F

Which of the following combinations of state Reactant X Reactant Y

A Concentrated hydrochloric acid A Magnesium and ethanoic acid

C Concentrated aqueous ammonia hydrochloric acid

75 W h i c h o f t h e f o l l o w i n g s u b s t a n c e s i s D Magnesium and steam B

A Ammonium carbonate A Heating sodium carbonate

90 Which of the following statements concerning

excess dilute aqueous ammonia?

103 Which of the following pairs of solutions would

1st statement 2nd statement

106 Ethanoic acid is a non-electrolyte. Ethanoic acid is a covalent compound when C

Fill in the blanks True or False

3 The pH of a neutral solution is 7.

5 As the concentration of hydrogen ions in a

7 Besides water molecules and hydroxide ions, weak alkali.

9 Dilute aqueous ammonia contains four main

B 200 cm3 of 2.5 mol dm–3 NaOH(aq)

(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, O = 16.0, 3

(2) 0.100 mol dm–3 HCl(aq) be?

51 Consider the following processes which occur in

53 Which of the following is the best description of

(1) the acids are equally strong.

1st statement 2nd statement

68 Adding 1 mol dm–3 NaCl(aq) to 50 cm3 of The pH of 1 mol dm–3 NaCl(aq) is 7. C

Unit 16 Salts and neutralization

Fill in the blanks

8 Neutralization reactions are exothermic T

12 Sodium sulphate is a normal salt. T

Decide whether each of the following statements is

Which of the following is correct?

B Gas bubbles are evolved.

48 The table below shows the results of two tests

Test Observation  "NPVOUPGBDJE  "NPVOUPGBDJE

A Adding lead to dilute sulphuric acid A 4.

(3) Lead(II) nitrate solution

76 Phosphoric acid is a tribasic acid. Which of the

1st statement 2nd statement

81 Sodium chloride is a normal salt. Sodium chloride solution has a pH value of 7. B

Fill in the blanks

13 In a titration experiment, a pipette is T (Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, C = 12.0,

indicator in the titration of 0.1 mol dm–3

17 Methyl orange is a suitable indicator for F –3

A 1.50 mol dm–3

36 What volume of water is required to dilute

B 400 cm3 acid X. B

45 0.182 g of sodium metal was added to a large

Which of the following deductions is correct? (Relative atomic mass: Na = 23.0)

A Acid A is stronger than acid B. A 16.5 cm3

of 2 mol dm–3 NaOH(aq) D 0.220 mol dm

1 Transfer 25.0 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution

sodium hydroxide solution until the indicator  

Test Observation "NPVOUPGBDJE "NPVOUPGBDJE

sodium hydroxide solution until the indicator

51 Which of the following pieces of apparatus should

81 Which of the following titrations always results

Directions: Questions 56 and 57 refer to the following

The formula of a solid dibasic acid is H2X. 4.51 g of the

Q) 75 Which of the following statements concerning