India Travel Tourism Institute: Student Course E-Book

INDIA TRAVEL TOURISM INSTITUTE
STUDENT COURSE E-BOOK

TRAVEL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT
Table of Contents Page
IATA World Geography & Codes 2
Travel Documents 47
Airport Handling 62
Airline Products and Services 69
Baggage Allowance 90
Aviation & Air Ticketing 101
Hotel 115
Holiday Package Management 121
India Travel & Tourism Institute 1

IATA WORLD GEOGRAPHY & CODES

WORLD GEOGRAPHY
DESTINATION GEOGRAPHY
If a customer wants to go snorkelling on a tropical reef or shopping for precious gems in one of the
world's major cities, where do you send them? If friends tell you that the trip from Macchu Picchu to
Cuzco is a simple four-hour journey, how do you know whether they know what they are talking
about?
The answer lies in understanding destination geography, which is the study of all the properties and
characteristics of a location that influence travel. It may surprise you to learn as a student of travel,
that not all places in the world are considered travel destinations. A travel destination is a location
that a traveller chooses to visit. There are many factors that determine which locations become tourist
destinations. Some of these include the following:
• Attractions: Proximity or nearness to attractions is one of the major factors that influence a tourist's
travel decisions. Some attractions are natural, such as the Grand Canyon in the United States or the
Great Barrier Reef in Australia. Other attractions are historical, such as the Great Wall in China
or the Coliseum in Rome. Still others are “created” attractions, such as Disney World and the Epcot
Centre in Orlando, Florida.
• Accessibility: A location's geographical position, as well as the modes of transport available to reach
the location, plays a role in determining which locations become destinations. For example, it takes
less time to fly 4,000 miles from Nairobi, Kenya to London, England than it does to trek (hike) the 200
miles from Nairobi to the famous mountain gorilla reserve in Rwanda. Some travellers need comfort
and efficiency, while others enjoy the challenge of reaching a remote or exotic location. However, a
balance between convenient geographical position and a variety of available transport options will
likely make a location a more popular travel destination.
• Costs and Standards of Living: Standards of living and costs for basic goods and services vary widely
around the world. Some locations provide excellent services and luxurious goods, while others provide
only basic services and simple goods. In general, those travelling to more remote destinations can
expect that goods and services which they are accustomed to will be more expensive, less available
and in some cases completely absent.
• Culture: Just as the standard of living varies widely from one destination to another, so do cultures.
Culture is defined as the sum of characteristics of a society, including its language, religion, politics,
art, food, customs and related elements that shape and distinguish it from other societies. Travellers
will encounter a variety of cultures around the world and even different cultures within the same
geographic area.
For example, eating beef products is considered a delicacy in one culture; in another it is considered
disrespectful. Having a basic understanding of different cultures and matching potential customer
needs and desires with those cultures, will help make you a more effective travel professional.
• Climate: Travellers often mention climate as one of the most important reasons for selecting one
destination over another. Many people use the terms “weather” and “climate” as though they were
the same. The terms, however, are different.
Weather is a condition that happens at a time, whereas climate is the average weather over an
extended period. Knowing a destination's future weather on any given day is impossible but knowing
something about a destination's climate is very important for planning effective travel itineraries.

Today, several Internet websites provide accurate weather forecasts and conditions for destinations
worldwide and for a few weeks ahead, likewise you can ask Google Assistant or Alexa and the weather
report is at your glance. Finally, there are some characteristics of destinations that can change rapidly.
Some of these may be disease outbreaks, political unrest or uncertainty, natural disasters, strikes or
other labour shortages, extreme currency fluctuations or devaluations and changes in governmental
travel policy. Ultimately, however, what makes a destination is an ongoing demand by travellers to
visit an area.
Destination geography is the study of all the properties and characteristics of a location that influence
travel.
CHARACTERISTIC PERCENTAGE
Weather 57%
Sightseeing 44%
Beaches 39%
Entertainment 30%
Language spoken 28%
Restaurants 28%
Expensiveness 28%
PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY
As you read this Section please refer to an up-to-date world atlas. Look at the appropriate areas of the
atlas as you read and learn about the continents, oceans, and mountains. Here you will explore
physical geography, which can be defined as the study of the world's natural terrain and features. A
good understanding of physical geography is essential to you as a travel professional as it allows you
to know both the constraints and benefits of the natural world as experienced by travellers.
The major land masses of the world are known as continents. Geographers typically identify 7
continents, although some geographers group Asia and Europe together as one continent, Eurasia.
The 7 continents as typically described by geographers are:
Asia Australia North America Antarctica
Africa Europe South America
Some geographers also include sub-continents when describing world physical geography.
Subcontinents include Central America, Australasia and the Pacific Islands, and the Middle East. The
importance of the continents in shaping both the history and culture of geography cannot be
underestimated.
Students of geography are often amazed to learn that 71% of the earth’s surface is covered by water.
Bodies of water are extremely important in the travel industry. Many travellers seek warm weather
vacations that include stays on tropical beaches. Water also offers a variety of adventure travel
opportunities, including white-water river rafting, parasailing, water-skiing ensnarling.

It is very important to understand the world's natural terrain and features because this knowledge will
aid you in developing effective travel plans for customers.
Ocean Area (Sq. Km) Area (Sq. Mi) % of Earth’s Water Area
Pacific 16,62,41,000 6,41,69,026 46.00%
Atlantic 8,65,57,000 3,34,11,002 23.90%
Indian 7,34,27,000 2,83,42,822 20.30%
Arctic 94,85,000 36,61,210 2.60%

Note: 1 square kilometer = 0.386 square miles
CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY
In the previous two Sections we learned about aspects of destination geography and physical
geography.
In this section we will explore cultural geography, which is the study of how geography influences
people's behaviour, customs and habits.
Cultural geography is sometimes referred to as “human geography” because of intensive focus on

human behaviour.
There are many components that make up cultural geography. Some of these are religion, economics,
food, art, architecture, language, national boundaries, politics, agriculture and employment.
All these components affect patterns of travel and tourism. As we have learned, travellers visit
destinations for a variety of reasons. Many of these reasons shape an area of cultural geography
known as touristic patterns. Touristic patterns may be defined as a predictable combination of
characteristics and qualities that describe why, how and when people travel.
When tourism is at its highest point, it is known as peak season. When tourism is at its lowest point, it
is called off or low season.
Finally, travel professionals refer to the times in between peak and off-season as shoulder seasons.
Not surprisingly, a traveller can expect to pay the most for travel during peak seasons, the least during
off-seasons and a price somewhere in the middle during the shoulder season.

UNDERSTANDING AND READING MAPS
The World's Continents
Previously we identified the seven continents as Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, South America,
Australia and Antarctica. The following is a more detailed description of the continents and their
associated boundaries. As you read these Sections please refer to an up-to-date world atlas.
• EUROPE: The land mass west of the Bosporus Strait in Turkey and west of the Ural Mountains in
Russia, extending west to the Atlantic Ocean. Europe also includes the island nations of Ireland,
Iceland, Malta and the United Kingdom.
• ASIA: The land mass east of the Suez Canal in Egypt, east of the Bosporus Strait in Turkey and east
of the Ural Mountains in Russia, continuing east to the Pacific Ocean. Asia also includes the island
nations of Japan, Chinese Taipei, Indonesia, Philippines, Maldives, and Sri Lanka.
Note: Sub-continents include the Middle East.
• AFRICA: The land mass bordered by the Indian Ocean on the east, the Red Sea and Suez Canal on
the northeast, the Mediterranean Sea on the north and the Atlantic Ocean on the west. It includes the
island nations of Comoros, Mauritius, Reunion, Sao Tome and Principe, Madagascar and Cape Verde,
Seychelles and the Canary Islands.
• NORTH AMERICA: The land mass bordered by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Arctic Ocean on
the north, the Atlantic Ocean on the east and the nation of Colombia on the South. It also includes
Bermuda, the Bahamas, Greenland and the island nations of the Caribbean Sea, also known as the
West Indies.
Note: Sub-continents include Central America.
• SOUTH AMERICA: The land mass bordered by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, the Pacific Ocean on
the west and the country of Panama on the north. It also includes Galapagos Island and the Falkland
Islands.
• AUSTRALIA: The land mass bordered by the Timor Sea, the Arufura Sea and the Gulf of Carpentaria
to the north, the Indian Ocean to the west, south and northwest, the Coral Sea to the east and
northeast and the Tasman Sea to the southeast.
Note: Sub-continents include Oceania (Pacific Islands such as New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, and
tens of thousands of other Pacific islands).
• ANTARCTICA: The southernmost land mass located almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle. It
is bordered on the north by the Indian, Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

Area in Square Area in Square
Continent Percentage of Earth's Land
Kilometres Miles
Asia 4,44,85,900 1,71,71,557 30.00%

Africa 3,02,69,680 1,16,84,096 20.40%
North America 2,42,35,280 93,54,818 16.30%
South America 1,78,20,770 68,78,817 12.00%
Antarctica 1,32,09,000 50,98,674 8.90%
Europe 1,05,30,750 40,64,870 7.10%
Australia 76,82,300 29,65,368 5.20%
LONGITUDE AND LATITUDE OF MAP-READING SKILLS
One way to locate continents, countries, cities, and other geographical features is to use latitude and
longitude. Often, indexes in atlases and references in maps will be made using degrees of latitude and
longitude. Latitude is determined by a series of imaginary lines circling the globe in an east/west
direction (parallel to the Equator). A geographic feature's latitude is expressed by the number of
degrees that it is north or south of the Equator.
The climate is usually similar at latitudes that are an equal distance north or south of the equator.
Longitude is a series of imaginary lines going in north/south (pole-to-pole) direction, perpendicular to
the Equator, at intervals of 15 degrees. A geographic feature’s longitude is expressed by the number
of degrees it is east or west of the prime meridian, which runs through Greenwich, England. The
geographic feature's exact location on a map or globe can be determined by knowing its longitude and
latitude.
EXPLORING THE EARTH'S COUNTRIES
As we have learned, continents are the largest geographical land units. Continental boundaries tend
to be defined mainly by natural geographical features. Countries, which are the next smallest
geographical unit, have boundaries that are often determined by political forces as well as geographic
features. There are presently 194 independent countries in the world and this number changes with
some frequency depending on political and social forces. Here we will identify the 20 most populous
countries in the world. To maximise your learning potential, you should obtain a current world atlas is
essential.
It is important to keep up to date about information regarding world events and borders. World events
can shape the history and cultural geography of the world. These events can change rapidly and alter
the locations of borders and other geographic features.

World's 20 Most Populous Countries
India Travel & Tourism Institute
Country Official Name Continent Capital Population Currency Official Languages

China People's Republic of China Asia Beijing 1.32 billion Yuan Renminbi Mandarin
INDIA Republic of India Asia New Delhi 1.15 billion Rupee Hindi and English
USA United States of Americia North America Washington D.C. 307 million U.S. Dollar English
INDONESIA Republic of Indonesia Asia (Pacific) Jakarta 240 million Rupiah Bahasa
BRAZIL Federative Republic of Brazil South America Brasilia 198 million Real Portuguese
PAKISTAN Islamic Republic of Pakistan Asia Islamabad 174 million Pakistani Rupee Urdu
BANGLADESH People's Republic of Bangladesh Asia Dhaka 156 million Taka Bengali
NIGERIA Federal Republic of Nigeria Africa Abuja 149 million Naira English
RUSSIA Russian Federation Europe/Asia Moscow 140 million Ruble Russian
JAPAN Japan Asia (Pacific) Tokyo 127 million Yen Japanese
MEXICO United States of Mexico Southern North America Mexico City 111 million Mexican New Peso Spanish
PHILIPPINES Republic of the Philippines Asia (Pacific) Manila 97 million Philippine Peso Pilipino and English
VIETNAM Socialist Republic of Vietnam Asia Hanoi 88 million Dong Vietnamese
ETHIOPIA Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Africa Addis Ababa 85 million Birr Amharic
GERMANY Federal Republic of Germany Europe Berlin 82 million Euro German
EGYPT Arab Republic of Egypt Africa Cairo 78 million Egyptian Pound Arabic
TURKEY Republic of Turkey Asia Ankara 76 million Turkish Lira Turkish
CONGO Democratic Republic of Congo Africa Kinshasa 68 million Congolese Franc French official
IRAN Islamic Republic of Iran Asia Tehran 66 million Iranian Rial Farsi
THAILAND Kingdom of Asia Thailand Asia Bangkok 66 million Baht Thai
8
India Travel & Tourism Institute
and language spoken.

The below table lists the 25 most populous cities in the world with their location, population figures
MAJOR CITIES AROUND THE WORLD

S No City City Code Country Country Code IATA TC Area Population Language
1 Tokyo Japan 3,65,07,000 Japanese
2 Delhi India 2,17,20,000 Hindi/English
3 Sao Paulo Brazil 2,02,62,000 Portuguese
4 Mumbai India 1,99,65,000 Hindi/English
5 Mexico City Mexico 1,93,19,000 Spanish
6 New York City United States of America 1,93,00,000 English
7 Shanghai People's Republic of China 1,63,44,000 Mandarin
8 Kolkata India 1,52,94,000 Hindi/English
9 Dhaka Bangladesh 1,42,51,000 Bangla/English
10 Buenos Aires Argentina 1,29,88,000 Spanish
11 Karachi Pakistan 1,28,17,000 Urdu
12 Los Angeles United States of America 1,26,75,000 English
13 Beijing People's Republic of China 1,22,14,000 Mandarin
14 Rio de Janeiro Brazil 1,18,36,000 Portuguese
15 Metro Manila Philippines 1,14,49,000 Tagalog/Spanish
16 Osaka Japan 1,13,25,000 Japanese
17 Cairo Egypt 1,09,02,000 Arabic
18 Moscow Russia 1,05,23,000 Russian
19 Paris France 1,04,10,000 French
20 Istanbul Turkey 1,03,78,000 Turkish
21 Lagos Nigeria 1,02,03,000 English
22 Seoul South Korea 97,78,000 Korean
23 Jakarta Indonesia 91,21,000 Bahasa
24 London United Kingdom 86,15,000 English
25 Tianjin People's Republic of China 77,59,000 Mandarin
9
THREE-LETTER CITY CODES
Three-letter city codes have existed for many years. When travel professionals take notes and
complete reservations, they use these standard codes. These codes are required by all automated
reservation systems, airport check-in systems and airport baggage tracking systems that ensure
baggage is loaded on correct flights. As a travel professional, you will use three-letter city codes
everywhere. Use of these codes will save time when navigating GDS systems. When you learn to use
a computer reservations system to find information and generate an airline ticket, three-letter city or
airport codes will represent the destinations a customer will be travelling to and from.
CODING AND DE-CODING THREE-LETTER CITY AND AIRPORT CODES
Each city has at least one airport and some have more than one. For cities that have more than one
airport, there will be more than one three-letter code.
What is the difference between a city and an airport code? Well some cities have more than one
airport, so each airport gets its own code, and the city itself gets a code too.
For example, LON is the city code for London, whereas LHR is the airport code for London Heathrow,
and LGW is the airport code for London Gatwick.
The coding and de-coding of three-letter city codes is often easy. Many city codes simply represent
the first three letter characters in the city name: DEL for Delhi, ROM for Rome, FRA for Frankfurt, BAH
for Bahrain, SAO for Sao Paulo, BOG for Bogota, BRU for Brussels, MAN for Manchester and many
others.
Sometimes the city code is composed of the first letter of multiple word names, like initials: for
example, POS for Port of Spain, or PAP for Port au Prince. The same goes for airport names: DFW is for
Dallas Fort Worth Airport in Texas.

Sometimes it is more difficult: AGP represents Malaga, YMQ is for Montreal, LAX for Los Angeles, DXB
for Dubai and KWI for Kuwait. On airline tickets, airport codes are always used to display reserved
flights, although only city codes are used to display air fare calculations.
It is important to know from which airport in New York a passenger is departing or at which airport in
London the passenger is arriving at.
The air fares are published between cities, irrespective of the airport from which one departs or
arrives.
Some airport codes can be easier to decode if one knows the airport name. Tokyo's airport is named
Narita with the code NRT. LGW represents London Gatwick Airport, LHR is for London Heathrow
Airport, CDG for Charles de Gaulle Airport in Paris and JFK for John Fitzgerald Kennedy Airport in New
York City.
Normally, when a city is served by only one airport, the three-letter airport code is the same as the
city code.
Memorizing all three-letter city and airport codes will be helpful to you in studying this course and
when you work in the travel industry.
Study the following tables of city and airport codes for your course examination as you will be expected
to place countries and cities (as well as oceans) on a blank map. For countries listing more than one
city, their capital cities are marked with an asterisk.
DOMESTIC STATION CODES
S No IATA code Full Name State

1 IXA Agartala Tripura
2 IXD Allahabad Uttar Pradesh
3 IXU Aurangabad Maharashtra
4 IXB Bagdogra West Bengal
5 BEK Bareli Uttar Pradesh
6 IXG Belgaum Karnataka
7 BEP Bellary Karnataka
8 BLR Bengaluru Karnataka
9 BHU Bhavnagar Gujarat
10 BHO Bhopal Madhya Pradesh
11 BBI Bhubaneswar Odisha
12 BHJ Bhuj Gujarat
13 KUU Bhuntar Himachal Pradesh
14 BKB Bikaner Rajasthan
15 IXC Chandigarh Chandigarh UT
16 MAA Chennai Tamil Nadu
17 COK Cochin Kerala
18 CJB Coimbatore Tamil Nadu
19 IXB Bagdogra West Bengal
20 DED Dehra Dun Uttarakhand

21 DEL Delhi New Delhi
22 DBD Dhanbad Jharkhand
23 DHM Dharamshala Himachal Pradesh
24 DIB Dibrugarh Assam
25 DMU Dimapur Nagaland
26 GAY Gaya Bihar
27 GOI Goa Goa
28 GOP Gorakhpur Uttar Pradesh
29 GAU Guwahati Assam
30 GWL Gwalior Madhya Pradesh
31 HBX Hubli Karnataka
32 HYD Hyderabad Telangana
33 IMF Imphal Manipur
34 IDR Indore Madhya Pradesh
35 JLR Jabalpur Madhya Pradesh
36 JAI Jaipur Rajasthan
37 JSA Jaisalmer Rajasthan
38 IXJ Jammu Jammu and Kashmir
39 JGA Jamnagar Gujarat
40 IXW Jamshedpur Jharkhand
41 JDH Jodhpur Rajasthan
42 JRH Jorhat Assam
43 KNU Kanpur Uttar Pradesh
44 IXK Keshod Gujarat
45 HJR Khajuraho Madhya Pradesh
46 CCU Kolkata West Bengal
47 KTU Kota Rajasthan
48 CCJ Kozhikode Kerala
49 IXL Leh Jammu and Kashmir
50 IXI Lilabari Assam
51 LKO Lucknow Uttar Pradesh
52 IXM Madurai Tamil Nadu
53 IXE Mangalore Karnataka
54 BOM Mumbai Maharashtra
55 MZU Muzaffarpur Bihar
56 MYQ Mysore Karnataka
57 NAG Nagpur Maharashtra
58 PGH Pant Nagar Uttarakhand
59 IXP Pathankot Punjab
60 PAT Patna Bihar
61 IXZ Port Blair Andaman
62 PNQ Pune Maharashtra
63 PUT Puttaparthi Andhra Pradesh
64 RPR Raipur Chhattisgarh
65 RJA Rajahmundry Andhra Pradesh

66 RAJ Rajkot Gujarat
67 IXR Ranchi Jharkhand
68 SHL Shillong Meghalaya
69 SSE Sholapur Maharashtra
70 IXS Silchar Assam
71 SLV Shimla Himachal Pradesh
72 SXR Srinagar Jammu and Kashmir
73 STV Surat Gujarat
74 TEZ Tezpur Assam
75 TRV Thiruvananthapuram Kerala
76 TRZ Tiruchirappalli Tamil Nadu
77 TIR Tirupati Andhra Pradesh
78 UDR Udaipur Rajasthan
79 BDQ Vadodara Gujarat
80 VNS Varanasi Uttar Pradesh
81 VGA Vijayawada Andhra Pradesh
82 VTZ Vishakhapatnam Visakhapatnam Airport
83 TCR Tuticorin Tamil Nadu
LIST OF AIRLINES IN INDIA
S No Airline IATA Code Headquarters

1 Air India AI Delhi
2 Air India Express IX Kochi
3 Jet Airways* 9W Mumbai
4 Vistara UK Gurugram
5 Air Asia I5 Bengaluru
6 Indigo 6E Gurugram
7 Go Air G8 Mumbai
8 SpiceJet SG Gurugram
9 TruJet 2T Hyderabad
10 Air Costa* LB Vijayawada
11 Alliance Air 9I Delhi
12 Star Air OG Bengaluru
*Non-Operational Airlines

THREE-LETTER CITY AND AIRPORT CODES FOR EUROPE
Airport
Country City City Code Airport Name
Code
Austria Vienna* VIE
Innsbruck INN Innsbruck INN
Belarus Minsk MSQ
Belgium Brussels* BRU
Antwerp ANR
Bulgaria Sofia SOF
Cyprus Nicosia* NIC
Larnaca LCA
Czech Rep Prague PRG
Denmark Copenhagen CPH
Finland Helsinki HEL
France Paris* PAR Charles de Gaulle CDG
Orly ORY
Marseille MRS
Nice NCE
Lyon LYS
Germany Berlin* BER Tegel TXL
Schoenenfeld SXF
Frankfurt FRA
Munich MUC
Hamburg HAM
Dusseldorf DUS
Greece Athens* ATH
Thessaloniki SKG
Hungary Budapest BUD
Iceland Reykjavik REK Keflavik KEF
Ireland Dublin DUB
Italy Rome* ROM Fiumicino FCO
Milan MIL Linate LIN
Malpensa MXP
Naples NAP
Venice VCE
Kosovo Pristina PRN
Montenegro Podgorica TGD
Malta Valletta MLA
Moldova Chisinau KIV
Netherlands Amsterdam* AMS
Rotterdam RTM
Norway Oslo OSL

Airport
Country City City Code Airport Name
Code
Poland Warsaw WAW
Portugal Lisbon* LIS
Porto OPO
Faro FAO
Romania Bucharest BUH Otopeni OTP
Russia Moscow* MOW Sheremetyevo SVO
(West of the Urals) St. Petersburg LED
Serbia Belgrade BEG
Slovakia Bratislava BTS
Slovenia Ljubljana LJU
Spain Madrid* MAD
Barcelona BCN
Malaga AGP
Sweden Stockholm STO Arlanda ARN
Switzerland Berne* BRN
Zurich ZRH
Geneva GVA
Basle BSL
Turkey Istanbul IST
Ukraine Kiev IEV
United Kingdom London* LON Heathrow LHR
Gatwick LGW
Manchester MAN
Birmingham BHX
Edinburgh EDI
Glasgow GLA
Belfast BFS

THREE LETTER CITY CODES OF AFRICA:
Country City City Code

Algeria Algiers ALG
Angola Luanda LAD
Benin Cotonou Porto-Novo* COO
Botswana Gaborone GBE
Cameroon Yaounde* YAO
Douala DLA
Congo Brazzaville BZV
Democratic Republic of the Congo Kinshasa FIH
Côte d'Ivoire Yamoussoukro* ASK
Abidjan ABJ
Djibouti Djibouti JIB
Egypt Cairo* CAI
Alexandria ALY
Equatorial Guinea Malabo SSG
Eritrea Asmara ASM
Ethiopia Addis Ababa ADD
Gabon Libreville LBV
Gambia Banjul BJL
Guinea Conakry CKY
Kenya Nairobi* NBO
Mombasa MBA
Lesotho Maseru MSU
Liberia Monrovia MLW
Libya Tripoli TIP
Madagascar Antananarivo TNR
Mali Bamako BKO
Malawi Lilongwe LLW
Mauritania Nouakchott NKC
Mauritius Port Louis MRU
Morocco Rabat* RBA
Casablanca CAS
Marrakech RAK
Mozambique Maputo MPM

Namibia Windhoek WDH
Niger Niamey NIM
Nigeria Abuja* ABV
Lagos LOS
Rwanda Kigali KGL
São Tomé and Principe São Tomé TMS
Senegal Dakar DKR
Seychelles Victoria SEZ
Sierra Leone Freetown FNA
Somalia Mogadishu MGQ
South Africa Pretoria* PRY
Cape Town CPT
Johannesburg JNB
Sudan Khartoum KRT
Swaziland Manzini MTS
Tanzania Dodoma* DOD
Dar es Salaam DAR
Togo Lomé LFW
Tunisia Tunis TUN
Uganda Entebbe EBB
Zambia Lusaka LUN
Zimbabwe Harare HRE

THREE-LETTER CITY AND AIRPORT CODES FOR ASIA
Country City City Code Airport Name Airport Code

Afghanistan Kabul KBL
Armenia Yerevan EVN
Azerbaijan Baku BAK
Bahrain Manama BAH
Bangladesh Dhaka DAC
Bhutan Paro PBH
Bandar Seri
Brunei BWN
Begawan
Cambodia Phnom Peng PNH
China Beijing* BJS Beijing Capital PEK
Shanghai SHA
Hong Kong (SAR) HKG
Macao (SAR) MFM
Chinese Taipei* TPE
East Timor (Timor-Leste) Dili DIL
India Delhi* DEL
Mumbai BOM
Chennai MAA
Kolkata CCU
Jakarta
Soekarno-Hatta
Indonesia Jakarta* JKT CGK
International
Airport
Denpasar-Bali DPS
Iran Tehran THR
Iraq Baghdad BGW
Israel Jerusalem* JRS
Tel Aviv TLV
Japan Tokyo* TYO Narita NRT
Haneda HND
Kansai Airport KIX
Osaka OSA
Nagoya NGO
Jordan Amman AMM
Kazakhstan Astana* TSE
Almaty ALA
North Korea Pyongyang FNJ
South Korea Seoul SEL

Country City City Code Airport Name Airport Code
Kuwait Kuwait KWI
Kyrgyzstan Bishkek FRU
Laos Vientiane VTE
Lebanon Beirut BEY
Malaysia Kuala Lumpur KUL
Maldives Male MLE
Mongolia Ulaanbaatar ULN
Myanmar Yangoon RGN
Nepal Kathmandu KTM
Oman Muscat MCT
Pakistan Islamabad* ISB
Karachi KHI
Philippines Manila MNL
Qatar Doha DOH
Russia (East of the Urals) Khabarovsk KHV
Saudi Arabia Riyadh* RUH
Jeddah JED
Singapore Singapore* SIN
Sri Lanka Colombo CMB
Syria Damascus DAM
Tajikistan Dushanbe DYU
Thailand Bangkok BKK
Turkey Ankara ANK Esenboga ESB
Turkmenistan Ashgabad ASB
United Arab Emirates Abu Dhabi* AUH
Dubai DXB
Sharjah SHJ
Uzbekistan Tashkent TAS
Vietnam Hanoi* HAN
Ho Chi Minh City SGN
Yemen Sanaa SAH

THREE-LETTER CITY AND AIRPORT CODES FOR AUSTRALASIA AND PACIFIC

Australia Canberra* CBR
Sydney SYD
Melbourne MEL
Perth PER
Fiji Suva* SUV
Nadi NAN
French Polynesia Tahiti PPT
Kiribati Tarawa TRW
Marshal Islands Majuro MAJ
Nauru Island Nauru INU
New Zealand Wellington* WLG
Auckland AKL
Christchurch CHC
Palau Koror ROR
Papua New Guinea Port Moresby POM
Samoa Apia APW
Solomon Islands Honiara HIR
Tonga Nuku'Alofa TBU
Tuvalu Funafuti FUN
Vanuatu Port Vila VLI

THREE-LETTER CITY AND AIRPORT CODES FOR NORTH AMERICA
City Airport
Country City Airport Name
Code Code
Antigua and Barbuda St. John's ANU
Bahamas Nassau NAS
Barbados Bridgetown BGI
Bermuda Hamilton BDA
Canada Halifax YHZ
Ottawa* YOW
Montreal YMQ Pierre Elliott Trudeau YUL
Toronto YTO Pearson International YYZ
Calgary YYC
Vancouver YVR
Cuba Havana HAV
Dominica Roseau DOM
Dominican Republic Santo Domingo SDQ
Greenland Nuuk GOH
Grenada Saint Georges GND
Haiti Port au Prince PAP
Jamaica Kingston KIN
Mexico Mexico City* MEX
Acapulco ACA
Puerto Rico San Juan SJU
St. Kits and Nevis Basseterre SKB
Saint Lucia Castries SLU
St. Vincent and the Grenadine Kingstown SVD
Trinidad & Tobago Port of Spain POS

City Airport
Country City Airport Name
Code Code
United States
Anchorage ANC
of America
Atlanta ATL
Boston BOS
Chicago CHI O'Hare ORD
Dallas/Fort Worth
Dallas DAL DFW
International
Detroit DTT Wayne County DTW
Houston HOU Hobby Airport HOU
George Bush International IAH
Los Angeles LAX
Miami MIA
New Orleans MSY
New York City NYC John F Kennedy JFK
La Guardia LGA
Newark EWR
Orlando MCO
Salt Lake City SLC
San Francisco SFO
Washington D.C.* WAS Dulles International IAD
Ronald Reagan National DCA
THREE-LETTER CITY AND AIRPORT CODES FOR CENTRAL AMERICA
Belize Belmopan BCV
Costa Rica San Jose SJO
El Salvador San Salvador SAL
Guatemala Guatemala City GUA
Honduras Tegucigalpa TGU
Nicaragua Managua MGA
Panama Panama City PTY

THREE-LETTER CITY AND AIRPORT CODES FOR SOUTH AMERICA
Airport
Country City City Code Airport Name Code
Argentina Buenos Aires BUE Ezeiza Ministro Pistarini EZE
Bolivia La Paz LPB
Brazil Brasilia* BSB
Rio de Janeiro RIO Galeão International Airport GIG
São Paulo SAO Guarulhos International Airport GRU
Santiago de
Chile
Chile SCL
Colombia Bogota BOG
Ecuador Guayaquil GYE
Quito* UIO
French Guiana Cayenne CAY
Guyana Georgetown GEO
Paraguay Asunción ASU
Peru Lima LIM
Suriname Paramaribo PBM
Uruguay Montevideo MVD
Venezuela Caracas CCS

WORLD TIME ZONES AND ELAPSED TRAVEL TIMES

EXAMINING THE 24-HOUR TIME CLOCK
The conventional time clock expresses time as a function of 12-hour intervals with corresponding a.m.
and p.m. designations. Although this method of telling time is used commonly throughout the world,
it has significant shortcomings, particularly when applied to travel itineraries.
As a result, the travel industry uses a 24-hour time clock to eliminate confusion over a.m. and p.m.
distinctions and to facilitate easier calculation of elapsed travel times, which we will explore in the
following Units. The 24-hour clock begins each day at 00:00 (midnight) and progresses through each
hour of the day from 01:00 (1:00 a.m.) to 23:00 (11:00 p.m.).
The first two digits (before the colon) give the hour and the last two digits (after the colon) give the
minutes.
For example, 03:30 corresponds to 3:30 a.m. by the standard time clock, and 18:30 corresponds to
6:30 p.m. by the standard time clock.
24-Hour Clock System vs. the 12-Hour System
WORLD TIME ZONES
In 1884, the world's major nations agreed to create a series of

standardised time zones. The world is now divided into 24 time
zones, beginning with the prime meridian in Greenwich,
England. The prime meridian is an imaginary line running
through Greenwich that connects the north and south poles. The
time at Greenwich and all other countries in this zone is called
Greenwich Meantime (GMT) and is also referred to as Universal
Time Coordinated (UTC).

Time Zones of the World

The time in all other zones can be expressed by referring to Greenwich Meantime or Universal Time
Coordinated. The sign + (for plus) and - (for minus) are used in this context having the following
application:
• GMT + 1 (or UTC + 1) = 1 hour ahead of GMT/UTC

• GMT - 1 (or UTC - 1) = 1 hour behind of GMT/UTC
Up to GMT/UTC + 12 and GMT/UTC - 12.
This diagram illustrates a scale of hours relative to GMT/UTC.
Scale of Hours
Each of the blocks represents one hour. When trying to work out the difference between two points
on the scale, count the number of hours between them.
This theoretical system has had to be adapted, in certain cases, in order to maintain the same local
time with national boundaries or groups of islands. Such local time, fixed by law, is called Standard
Clock Time or Standard Time.
Daylight Saving Time (DST): Certain countries modify their standard time during the summer by
advancing one hour (or a fraction of an hour in some areas). This temporary change is called Daylight
Saving Time (DST).
Time charts are published in all major Airline Guides. Reproduced on the next two pages is the
complete OAG International Time Calculator. It lists all countries, with an indication against each
country of its standard time in relation to GMT/UTC.
In countries where Daylight Saving Time applies during certain periods of the year, such time is
specified together with the periods during which it applies. Standard Clock Time is expressed in hours
fast (+) or slow (-) of GMT/UTC. All examples and exercises in this Unit are based on these extracts.

The following examples illustrate this time system:
EXAMPLE 1
What is the local time in Addis Ababa (ADD), Ethiopia when it is 12:00 hours GMT?
In Ethiopia the standard time is GMT + 3 all year round. This means that the local time is 3 hours ahead
of GMT. The local time in Addis Ababa is15:00 hours when it is 12:00 hours GMT.
EXAMPLE 2
What is the local time in Caracas (CCS), Venezuela on 1st August when it is 12:00 hours GMT?
The chart indicates that in Venezuela the standard time of GMT - 4:30 applies all year. Local time on
1st August is 4 hours behind GMT and it is therefore, 07:30 hours in Caracas when it is 12:00 hours
GMT.

INTERNATIONAL TIME CALCULATOR:

OAG Time Calculator

EXAMPLE 3
What is the local time in Damascus (DAM), Syria on 10th July when it is 12:00 hours GMT?
Here, it is indicated that in Syria the daylight-saving time of GMT + 3 applies during the period from
1st April to 30th September. Therefore, the local time is 3 hours ahead of GMT, meaning that it is
15:00 hours in Damascus when it is 12:00 hours GMT.
EXAMPLE 4
In everyday work, it is often necessary to determine time differences between two places neither of
which is on GM. For instance, what is the local time in Frankfurt (FRA), Germany when it is15:00 hours
local time in Tokyo (TYO), Japan on 20th March?
In Germany, on 20th March the local time corresponds with standard time, that is GMT + 1.
In Japan, the local time is GMT + 9.
This means that the local time in Frankfurt is 8 hours (9 minus 1 = 8) behind that of Tokyo and it is,
therefore, necessary to subtract 8 hours from the local time in Tokyo (15:00 hours) to arrive at the
local time in Frankfurt, that is, 07:00 hours on the same day.
EXAMPLE 5
What is the local time in Rome (ROM), Italy when it is 02:00 in La Paz (LPB), Bolivia on 24th March?
On that date, the local time in Italy is GMT + 1 (standard time). In Bolivia the local time is GMT - 4.
This means that the local time in Italy is 5 hours (1 plus 4 = 5) ahead of that of Bolivia. It is therefore
necessary to add 5 hours to the local time in La Paz (02:00) to arrive at the local time in Rome, that is,
07:00 on the same day.

EXAMPLE 6
What would the local time in Rome be on 15th June when it is 02:00 in La Paz?
On that date, the local time in Italy is GMT + 2, since daylight saving time applies from 31st March to
26th October. The local time in Bolivia remains at GMT - 4. This means that the local time in Italy would
be 6 hours (2 plus 4 = 6) ahead of that of Bolivia. It is therefore necessary to add 6 hours to the local
time in LaPaz (02:00) to arrive at the local time in Rome, that is 08:00 on the same day.
In very large countries where territories spread over several time zones, such as Australia, Brazil,
Canada, Greenland, Indonesia, the Russian Federation, and the USA, several different standard times
have been established for application in determined areas or states. The names of these multi-time
zone countries are followed in the OAG International Time Calculator by two asterisks (**).
In the USA the standard time is GMT - 5 in the Eastern Time Zone, whereas itis GMT - 8 in the Pacific
Time Zone.
The same variations generally apply with respect to the daylight-saving time, if any.
NORTH AMERICAN TIME ZONES FROM SOME MAJOR DESTINATION CITIES EAST TO WEST
Note: Airlines' schedules are always published in Local Time. The time variation from GMT/UTC of
each city is specified in airline timetables.
North American time zones from

S No east to west Some major destination cities City Code
1 Halifax YHZ
2 Port of Spain POS
3 Atlantic Santo Domingo SDQ
4 Atlanta ATL
5 Boston BOS
6 Detroit DTT
7 Kingston KIN
8 Miami MIA
9 Montreal YMQ
10 Nassau NAS
11 New York City NYC
12 Orlando MCO
13 Ottawa YOW
14 Toronto YTO
15 Eastern Washington DC WAS
16 Acapulco ACA
17 Chicago CHI
18 Dallas DAL
19 Houston HOU
20 Mexico City MEX
21 Central New Orleans MSY
22 Calgary YYC
23 Mountain Salt Lake City SLC
24 Los Angeles LAX
25 San Diego SAN
26 San Francisco SFO
27 Pacific Vancouver YVR

The time difference between two points can be determined as follows:
(a) If the local time at both points is ahead of GMT (GMT +) or behind GMT (GMT -), deduct the smaller
from the larger figure.
EXAMPLE 7
GMT + 2 and GMT + 10

10 minus 2 = 8 hours’ time difference
(b) If the local time is ahead of GMT (GMT +) at one point and behind GMT (GMT -) at the other, add
both figures together.
EXAMPLE 8
GMT + 2 and GMT - 5

2 plus 5 = 7 hours’ time difference
Example 1
The local time in Tokyo (TYO), Japan is 18:30 hours on the 1st of March. What is the local time and
date in Sydney (SYD), NS, Australia?
TYO GMT + 9
SYD New South Wales GMT + 11 (Daylight Saving Time)
As the local time at both points is ahead of GMT (GMT +) we deduct the smaller from the larger figure.
SYD GMT + 11
TYO GMT + 9
Difference: 2 hours
The local time in Sydney is 2 hours ahead (+) of Tokyo.

18:30 hours + 2 hours = 20:30 hours on the same day (1st March).

EXAMPLE 9
The local time in Buenos Aires (BUE), Argentina is 15:25 hours on 22nd May. What is the local time
and date in Honolulu (HNL), Hawaiian Islands, USA?
BUE GMT - 3
HNL Hawaiian Islands GMT - 10 (Standard Clock Time).
As the local time at both points is behind GMT (GMT -), we deduct the smaller from the larger figure.
HNL GMT - 10
BUE GMT - 3
Difference: 7 hours
The local time in Honolulu is 7 hours behind (-) Buenos Aires.
15:25 hours - 7 hours = 08:25 hours on the same day (22nd May).
EXAMPLE 10
The local time in Madrid (MAD), Spain is 05:00 hours on 30 November. What is the local time and date
in Vancouver (YVR), BC, Canada?
MAD GMT + 1
YVR Pacific Time GMT - 8
As the local time is ahead of GMT (GMT +) at one point and behind GMT (GMT -) at the other, we add
MAD GMT + 1
YVR GMT - 8
Difference: 9 hours
The local time in Vancouver is 9 hours behind (-) Madrid.05:00 hours - 9 hours = 20:00 hours on the
previous day (November 29th).

EXAMPLE 11
The local time in Santiago (SCL), Chile is 20:25 hours on 15th February. What is the local time and date
in Karachi (KHI), Pakistan?
SCL GMT - 3 (Daylight Saving Time)

KHI GMT + 5
As the local time is ahead of GMT (GMT +) at one point and behind GMT (GMT -) at the other, we add
SCL GMT - 3
KHI GMT + 5
Difference: 8 hours
The local time in Karachi is 8 hours ahead of (+) Santiago.20:25 hours + 8 hours = 04:25 hours on the
next day (16th February).
INTERNATIONAL DATE LINE
Crossing the International Date Line makes the calculation of time differences between countries more
complicated, because travellers either gain or lose a day during the process. When a customer crosses
the International Date Line travelling west, the day changes to the following day—Wednesday would
immediately become Thursday.
Travelling the opposite direction has the opposite effect. So, a customer crossing the International
Date Line travelling east gains a day—in other words, Thursday becomes Wednesday.
It should be noted that the time of day (except at midnight) means nothing. A customer could cross
the date line at 15:00 or 02:00 and it has no effect on time of day.
The only difference is the date—the hour remains the same. The International Date Line is an
imaginary north-south line through the Pacific Ocean, east and west of which the date differs (east
being one day earlier).

LOCAL CURRENCIES AROUND THE WORLD
With the growth of international travel and the world global economy, it is very important that you
understand and identify different types of currency. As a travel agent, you will need a basic
understanding of local currencies. It is likely that you will provide information to your customers about
the different foreign currencies and their rates of exchange (ROE).
IDENTIFY DIFFERENT LOCAL CURRENCIES AND COUNTRY CURRENCY CODES
The below Table highlights currencies at the 40 top tourism destinations. As you study the table, notice
that each country has a corresponding two-letter country code, a name for the local currency, and a
three-letter code for the currency.
The currency code is composed of the country code with the first letter of the currency name. For
example, Great Britain’s currency code is derived by adding GB + P = GBP. The GB is the country code
and P represents Pound Sterling.
It is important to note that countries have different forms of coins and notes for their currency. Study
and memorize the country codes as well as the currency names and codes in the below table.
Country Country Code Currency Name Currency Code

Argentina AR Peso ARS
Australia AU Australian Dollar AUD
Austria AT Euro EUR
Bahrain BH Dinar BHD
Belgium BE Euro EUR
Brazil BR Real BRL
Bulgaria BG Leva BGN
Canada CA Canadian Dollar CAD
China CN Yuan Renminbi CNY
China, (SAR) HK Hong Kong Dollar HKD
Chinese Taipei (Taiwan, Provinance
of Taipei) TW New Chinese Dollar TWD
Croatia HR Kuna HRK
Czech Republic CZ Koruna CZK
Denmark DK Krone DKK
Dominican Republic DO Peso DOP
Egypt EG Pound EGP
France FR Euro EUR
Germany DE Euro EUR
Greece GR Euro EUR

Country Country Code Currency Name Currency Code
Hungary HU Forint HUF
India IN Rupee INR
Indonesia ID Rupiahs IDR
Ireland IE Euro EUR
Israel IL New Shekel ILS
Italy IT Euro EUR
Japan JP Yen JPY
Macao MO Macanese Pataca MOP
Malaysia MY Ringgit MYR
Mexico MX Mexican Peso MXP
Morocco MA Dirham MAD
Netherlands NL Euro EUR
Norway NO Kroner NOK
Poland PL Zloty PLN
Portugal PT Euro EUR
Republic of Korea KR Won KEW
Russia RU Ruble RUB
Saudi Arabia SA Saudi Riyal SAR
Singapore SG Singapore Dollar SGD
South Africa ZA Rand ZAR
South Korea KR Won KRW
Spain ES Euro EUR
Switzerland CH Swiss Franc CHF
Syrian Arab Republic SY Syrian pound SYP
Thailand TH Baht THB
Tunisia TN Dinar TND
Turkey TK New Lira TRY
Ukraine UA Hryvnia UAH
United Arab Emirates AE Dirham AED
United Kingdom GB Pound GBP
USA US US Dollar USD
Vietnam VN Dong VND

THE EURO (EUR) CURRENCY
In 1992 a treaty between several European countries was signed, agreeing to form a single market
which would simplify trading between participating member countries. Six European Union countries
founded the European Monetary Union (commonly known as the eurozone), agreeing to establish one
common currency: the euro (EUR). Its purpose is to facilitate the ease of business transactions
travellers can compare prices of goods sold in different EU countries that use it.
Trading between euro countries is simplified because there is no need to change money from the
currency of one EU country using the euro to that of another. The Euro is the currency used by 19 out
of 28 EU countries today. The remaining nine EU countries of Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark,
Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Sweden and the United Kingdom have not adopted the Euro and
continue to use their own national currencies. Other countries, such as Andorra, Monaco, San Marino
and the Vatican are not EU members, yet these countries have adopted the euro as their official
currency.
THE EUROPEAN UNION FLAG
The 12 stars in a circle symbolize the ideals of unity, solidarity and harmony among the peoples of
Europe.

GLOSSARY
Climate: the average weather over an extended period.
Continental drift: the lateral movement of continents resulting from motion of the earth's crustal
plates.
Cultural geography: the study of how geography influences people's behaviour, customs and habits.
Culture: the characteristics of a society including its language, religion, politics, art, food, customs and
related elements that shape and distinguish it from other societies.
Destination: a location that a traveller chooses to visit.
Destination geography: the study of all the properties and characteristics of a location that influence
travel.
Event effect: an occurrence, either positive or negative, that can disproportionately affect travel to a
geographic area.
International date line: an imaginary line that is both 12 hours ahead of and12 hours behind GMT.
Low season: the period during which tourism is at its lowest level.
Shoulder season: the period during which tourism is between low season and peak season.
Peak season: the period during which tourism is at its highest level.
Physical geography: the study of the world's natural terrain and features.
Prime meridian: an imaginary line running through Greenwich, England that connects the north and
south poles.
Touristic patterns: a predictable combination of characteristics and qualities that describe why, how
and when people travel.
Universal time coordinated (UTC): another term for Greenwich Mean Time.

TRAVEL DOCUMENTS

TRAVEL DOCUMENTS
THE PASSPORT
A passport can be defined as “an official document issued by a competent public authority to nationals
or to alien residents of the issuing country”. In addition to allowing access to another country, the
passport is used as the most official form of identification. Another purpose of the passport is to
provide evidence of legal entry into another country. Few countries allow joint passports. Joint
passports allow a parent and child to share one passport.
Example: Morocco
Minors up to and including 16 years old, travelling together with parent(s), who are registered in
parent(s) passport, do not need a separate passport. If the passport does not include a photo of
the minor, a Birth Certificate of the minor is also required.
The parent passport holder may travel alone, using the joint passport without being accompanied by
the child included on the passport. In many cases though, children will require their own passport.
Travel agents should ensure that:
• Clients understand that individuals wishing to travel to another country usually require a
passport.
• The client's passport is valid for the whole time spent travelling.
• Clients are made aware of any other regulations relating to the passport’s validity, e.g. some
countries require that a passport be valid for up to six months beyond an individual's stay in a
country.
• People who travel on a joint passport must travel together for the complete journey.
For example, for a mother and child travelling from their home country in France to Morocco on a
joint passport, the mother would not be able to continue the journey to France, for example, leaving
her child in Morocco. This is because the child would be left with no proof of legal entry into Morocco
and therefore would not be able to leave without the mother.
There are general rules useful to remember regarding the validity and other information contained
within passports. These include:
• A passport is normally valid for either five or ten years, depending on the country issuing the
document.
• A passport is normally valid for all countries unless exceptions are noted.
• A passport that has passed its period of validity (beyond date of expiration shown on the bio-
data page containing the bearer's photograph, or that has no further room for visas or
entry/exit stamps, is generally not accepted by immigration authorities, and must be replaced
by a new one.
• Check the passport expiry date (most countries require that an individual’s passport be valid
for a certain period beyond the traveller's intended length of stay).
• Children over the age of sixteen are normally required to hold a valid passport issued in their
own name.
• A passport remains the property of the issuing authority and can be withdrawn at any time.

All passports generally contain similar information. This includes:
• Family name;
• Date of issue;
• Given names;
• Authority;
• Nationality;
• Date of expiry;
• Date of birth;
• Observations;
• Children;
• Holder's signature;
• Sex;
• Holder's photograph.
• Place of birth;
Most of the above will be self-explanatory, except for Observations. This note may contain no
information or may for example state something like the following:
“This passport is issued in replacement of passport no. K7958632Q dated June 20XX reported lost”.
Machine-Readable Passports
All passports today must be machine-readable. The last two lines at the bottom of page two of
machine-readable passports contain the passport holder's personal information that is also printed on
the same page. Border and airport agents scan the coded information to quickly and accurately collect
passenger data that is required by authorities in advance of the passport holder's arrival.
Electronic Passports (E-Passports)
E-passports offer higher security. They have an electronic chip embedded in the passport book. The chip
holds a hidden photo of the passport holder that can only be seen under ultraviolet light in a scanner. It
also contains a country-specific signature that proves the passport is authentic and government issued.
E-passports also transmit passport data to destination authorities, just as machine-readable passports
do.
The addition of the electronic chip to e-passports will increase security, provide greater protection
against altering passport information and reduce the risk of fraud by adding additional layers of identity
checks within the passport, all of which must match.
If border or airport authorities are not equipped with a scanner to read the electronic chip, the passport
will still be valid. It will still contain all the security features of the current machine-readable passports.

TYPES OF PASSPORTS
Other travel documents may also use instead of passports, subject to allowance by the authorities at
origin, transit and destination. These alternative documents may include:
• National Identification cards (I/D cards);

• Travel certificates;
• Military I/D cards;
• Seaman books;
• Affidavits of Citizenship;
• Government-issued birth certificates.
The types of passport currently issued are outlined in the following section.
NORMAL PASSPORT
Most countries issue normal passports to its citizens/nationals, which comply with the definition given
in the previous section. The United Kingdom and China are exception countries because there are
different passport types for citizens.
ALIEN'S PASSPORT
This type of passport may be issued to individuals living in a country, even though they are not citizens
or nationals of that country.
CHILDREN'S IDENTITY CARD
Issued by some countries instead of a passport, e.g. the Issued by some countries instead of a passport
to minor children who have not reached a specified minimum age, e.g. the German “Kinderausweis”.
These documents are normally accepted for international travel only as the result of bilateral
agreements between governments and may not be recognized by many countries. Accordingly, travel
agents must always verify that the country to which the child is travelling will accept such cards.
DIPLOMATIC OR CONSULAR PASSPORT
Issued to diplomatic, consular and other government officials on missions entitling the bearer to
diplomatic or consular status under international law and custom. In most cases, these passports are
only permitted to be used when on Duty and not when the individual is travelling for leisure purposes.
OTHER PASSPORTS
International Red Cross and Laissez-Passer (Safe Conduct) travel documents supplied to refugees
and/or stateless persons. These passports are issued by international organizations such as the United
Nations and the International Red Cross and are generally accepted for international travel–subject to
certain additional requirements.

OFFICIAL, SPECIAL OR SERVICE PASSPORTS
Issued to government officials or other persons on government missions. The type of passport must
be specified by the issuing authority and (as with Diplomatic and Consular Passports) in most cases,
these passports are only permitted to be used when on Duty.
OTHER TRAVEL DOCUMENTS
Other, alternative documents of identity, as described above, may be permitted for international
travel in some cases. However, they may not have the same legal effect or status as passports and
may be valid only for travel between a limited number of countries and for specified purposes. The
travel agent must always verify that persons seeking to travel using a document of identity other than
a national passport comply with minimum requirements for establishing both identity and nationality
as specified by the government at destination.
THE VISA
A visa is a permit allowing a citizen of one country to enter or transit through another country. Some
countries require that citizens of other designated countries obtain a visa prior to travelling to their
country.
Therefore, you should know the citizenship of your clients and the visa (or visa on arrival)
requirements, if any, of the countries to which they intend to travel. The visa system assists
immigration authorities in keeping records of who and how many visitors are likely to travel to and
from a country. Visa regulations are drawn up in a bilateral agreement between two countries. The
definition of a visa is:
“A visa is an entry in a passport or other travel document made by an official of a government,

indicating that the bearer has been granted authority to enter or re-enter the country concerned. A
visa usually specifies the authorized length of stay, the period of validity and the number of entries
allowed during that period”.
Under normal circumstances, once a visa has been issued, then entry into the country should be
granted. Travel agents should be aware, however, that the final decision regarding entry into any
country remains with the Emigration/Immigration officials at the entry point.
An agent cannot assume that a traveller, no matter how well travelled he or she may be, knows the
regulations controlling travel to or from various countries. Agents should collect the following
information from the client in order to check visa and health requirements:
• Country of origin (where journey begins)

• Any stopover or transfer points on route
• Country of destination
• Country of destination (will the traveller return to the country of origin where a re-entry
permit might be needed?)
• What type of passport the client is traveling on, since requirements may vary according
to the type of passport (e.g. normal passport, diplomat passport, alien's passport, etc.)?
• Client's nationality or citizenship
The Agent can then consult the Travel Information Manual (TIM). TIM is updated each month and
provides airlines, agents and others working within the air transport industry with a valuable source

of information relating to government requirements for international travel. TIM also provides travel
agents with many of the answers to their client's questions on the subjects listed below:
Passport Health Airport Tax
Visa Currency Customs
TRAVEL TO THE UNITED STATES
Currently, visa-free foreigners traveling to the United States under the US Visa Waiver Program (VWP)
must hold a Machine-readable passport containing a digitalized photograph (instead of a traditional
photo affixed to the passport biodata page) in order to enter. If that otherwise VWP-eligible passenger
arrives in the United States with a valid non-machine-readable passport, but no visa, he/she may be
refused entry. This rule does not apply to travellers that hold a valid US Immigrant or Non-Immigration
visa.
WESTERN HEMISPHERE TRAVEL INITIATIVE (WHTI)
Since January 2007, as per the United States' Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative (WHTI), all
passengers are required to present a valid passport when traveling to or from the United States to
Canada, Mexico, adjacent Caribbean Island nations and other countries in the Western Hemisphere.
Certain exceptions to this requirement may apply and should be carefully considered when advising
the client as to actual documentation requirements. For the most current information on entry
requirements at their destination, travellers should contact their airline.
ADVANCED PASSENGER INFORMATION SYSTEM (APIS)
To increase security in the area of international air travel, many countries have instituted an Advanced
Passenger Information System (APIS), including the United States, that affects all flights into, and in
some cases, out of the country imposing the requirement.
In the US application, APIS is a government-run automated system capable of performing database

queries on air passengers prior to their arrival. Complete manifest data for all passengers and all
crewmembers must be submitted electronically for all flights landing at or departing from a US airport.
Carriers that do not comply with APIS data provision requirements for flights to and from the United
States may face significant financial penalties and their passengers subjected to heightened and more
time-consuming Immigration or Customs inspections.
Therefore, for all flights to the United States, the following information will currently be collected:
• Complete name
• Date of Birth
• Citizenship
• Gender
• Travel Document issuing country
• Travel Document Type
• Travel Document number
• Travel Document date of expiration
• Address where visitor will stay on first night of the intended visit (see below).

The data is collected by the air carrier during the check-in process and then submitted electronically
to Customs prior to the passengers' arrival at their destination.
LIABILITY LIMITATIONS
Airlines may reserve their right to refuse transportation of a passenger if the passenger lacks proper
documentation for the country of destination.
TYPES OF VISA
We have previously looked at the definition of a visa and its purpose, as well as points to remember
when supplying advice to clients on obtaining a visa. Now we will move on to evaluate different types
of visas and schemes inexistence and which are referred to in the TIM.
TYPES OF VISAS-EXPLANATION
Visitor visa Also referred to as: entry permit, entry visa, business visa or travel pass. It provides right
of entry to another country, subject to satisfying immigration authorities at the point of entry.
The usual conditions for obtaining a visitor's visa include:
Proof of holding enough funds for the length of stay and proof of prepaid onward travel. Some
countries ask for proof of funds and onward tickets before issuing the visa. The agent can provide a
letter stating what travel arrangements have been reserved.
Transit visa: Provides right of entry into another country purely for the purpose of making travel
connections onward to a third country. Regulations related to transit vary from country to country and
should be checked. For example, one country may stipulate that passengers who transit within eight
hours, for example, do not need a visa. Whereas another country may require a passenger to obtain
a transit visa even if they arrive and leave all within a four-hour period. The rule for agents is simply
this; always check transit regulations in TIM.
Transit without Visa: Many countries have made agreements that allow other visa (TWOV) nationals
to transit their country without the need to obtain a visa. The period of validity of a TWOV will vary
from one country to another. You will find the specific regulations regarding how long a passenger is
permitted to stay (in transit) and how many times a passenger may enter a country using the TWOV
system, in the (transit) visa text in TIM.
Re-entry permits: Where necessary; these permits entitle travellers to return to their country of
domicile.
Exit permits: They entitle travellers to leave a country. These permits may be necessary for citizens to
leave their own country of domicile. Exit permits may be required by foreign nationals to leave a
country through which they had been travelling, or by expatriates.
Schengen visa: To enable people to travel more freely, some European countries created a borderless
region called the “Schengen Area”. Within this Schengen Area travellers can travel freely from one
Schengen country to another Schengen country without any border controls for passports and visas,
eliminating immigration controls for travel within and between these countries. Traveller documents
are not checked when travelling between Schengen countries, only when they either enter or leave
the Schengen Area.

3 TYPES OF SCHENGEN VISAS:
(a) Airport specific transit visa

(b) Short period visa (3 months), which is in some cases also issued to individuals in transit
(c) Long period national visa (valid in country of issue only)
Schengen states comprise Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland.
OTHER TYPES OF VISAS INCLUDE:
• Tourist cards
• Visa Waiver Program
Not strictly visas, although they operate in much the same way as a visitor’s visa, tourist cards entitle
the holder to enter a country on a single trip for a specified period. Extensions are normally allowed.
Tourist cards are usually obtained from an authorized travel agent, tour operator or consulate. A fee
may be charged.
The Visa Waiver Program entitles citizens of specific countries to enter the U.S., for example, for
business or tourist visits of up to 90 days. Under the rules of the program foreign nationals must enter
the country by air or sea holding onward or return tickets and using an air or sea carrier that has agreed
to participate in the Visa Waiver Program.
HEALTH CERTIFICATES AND GENERAL INFORMATION
General health information is another travel formality that agents need to be able to offer advice on.
Agents should check for any compulsory vaccinations required to protect against disease and infection
whilst travelling. As well as general advice on any vaccinations and preventative health precautions
recommended for the area visited, it is necessary to check the health regulations of:
• The country of destination

• The country of origin or departure
• Any transit countries
The World Health Organization (WHO) collects and publishes individual country health requirements
in its booklet entitled International Travel and at a point of entry to a country.
HEALTH & PREVENTATIVE MEASURES FOR TRAVELLERS
HEALTH
Travel health depends on pre-departure preparations, day-to-day health care while travelling, and
how one handles any medical problem or emergency. While the list of potential dangers can seem
quite frightening, with a little luck, some basic precautions and adequate information, travellers
should experience a problem-free visit abroad.
Other than required vaccinations, agents should be able to discuss other immunizations
recommended for travellers visiting, for example, tropical regions in Asia, Africa and South America.
Travel outside urban areas may present different hazards than staying within cities. Travellers are best

advised to discuss a trip with a medical professional or visit a travel clinic. However, travel agents
should also be able to give travellers advice on general health matters based on TIM.
HEALTH PREPARATIONS
Travellers should try to make sure that they are healthy before they start travelling. Before they
embark, they should take out travel insurance. A visit to a dentist is a good idea. If travellers wear
glasses, they should take a spare pair, obtain a spare prescription or take spare lenses if they wear
contact lenses.
Similar rules apply to medical supplies; clients taking a medicine should take an adequate supply of it
and a prescription with the generic rather than the brand name, as this will make it easier to get refills.
Travellers should check the expiry date of drugs taken along and those bought overseas.
TAXES, CUSTOMS, AND CURRENCIES
TAXES
Many countries levy various types of tax on travellers. Payment is collected on hotel bills, car rentals,
by port charges on cruises and other services. A departure tax is often charged when travellers leave
the country. Various transport or airport facility taxes may have to be collected by travel agents upon
sale of a ticket. Tax relating to air travel, collected by travel agents, may be linked to the ticket price.
Any tax collected by agents must be recorded on the ticket coupon to show how much and what type
of tax has been collected. Taxes are levied for arriving, departing or transiting a country or airport and
are a direct source of revenue for the government. Further taxes are collected for security procedures,
noise pollution etc.
TIM provides information on those taxes collected at an airport. Clients should be informed of any
taxes that they are expected to pay, so local currency can be reserved for this purpose.
CUSTOMS
Customs regulations govern the transport of articles and species from one country to another. The
regulations may protect one country's population from the spread of dangerous infectious diseases.
Also, there are regulations that protect endangered species.
The import and export of certain articles may be restricted or prohibited altogether. Import and export
limits for permitted items may be exceeded, but if so, a duty must be paid. The duty collected by
customs officials is another direct source of revenue for governments.
Most countries allow concessions on certain items. Such duty-free items include tobacco, alcohol and
perfume. Personal effects, such as clothes, jewellery, cosmetics, a camera or laptop computer, etc.,
are not normally subject to restrictions, because they are for personal use.
TIM describes regulations relating to the following:
• Passenger travelling with pets

• Wild flora and fauna
• Baggage clearance
• Firearms, other weapons and small calibre ammunition

CURRENCY AND OTHER FORMS OF PAYMENT
The type of currency information available to travel agents through TIM is limited to regulations on
the import and export of local and foreign currency. Also included is the name of the currency and its
associated three-letter code.
Country Currency Name Currency Code

Argentina Argentine Peso ARS
Austria Euro EUR
Botswana Pula BWP
Bahrain Bahrain Dinar BHD
Czech Republic Czech Koruna CZK
Spain Euro EUR
Japan Yen JPY
Malaysia Ringgit MYR
Guatemala Quetzal GTQ
India Indian Rupee INR
United Kingdom Pound Sterling GBP
Russian Federation Ruble RUB
Vietnam New Dong VND
Examples of the World's Currencies and Three-Letter Codes
CASH
Cash limits on the import and export of local and foreign currencies are illustrated in TIM. In certain
countries, the amount of currency that may be imported or exported is limited. However, these limits
are usually set high enough so as not affect the average traveller.
Cash is the easiest form of payment, but it carries the most risk. Cash lost or stolen cannot be replaced
without insurance and now more and more travel insurance policies are excluding cash from their
coverage. Perhaps the best advice is never to carry cash over the limit stipulated in your insurance
policy.
TRAVELLER'S CHEQUES
Some travel agencies can arrange issue of traveller's cheques. This is one good way to earn greater
revenue through extra services for customers. Otherwise, traveller's cheques are obtained from banks
or foreign exchange agencies. Not all traveller's cheques are equally acceptable. Certain countries
prefer one brand to another. It is always wise to check a guidebook, as banks have been known to
refuse to accept lesser-known brands.
Well-known brands include American Express, Visa, Thomas Cook, Citibank, etc. Travellers should
choose those brands that offer an “instant replacement” policy. Travellers must keep a record of the
cheque numbers and the initial purchase details. Without this, you may find that the “instant” is
actually a very long time indeed! Traveller should also keep a record of cheques cashed and keep these
details separately from the cheques themselves.

CREDIT CARDS
Using a credit card can limit or even remove the need to carry traveller’s cheques. Not only can one
pay for many goods and services by card, but they can also be used to get cash advances at most banks
and larger hotels. Automated teller machines (ATMs) are more and more common in cities and are
accessible 24 hours a day. Credit cards are safe, and fees are often cheaper than using traveller's
cheques. Travellers should not rely solely on credit cards, as acceptability can vary depending on how
fast the credit card company is paying its bills. Travellers are best advised to take another form of
payment as a backup.
INTERNATIONAL TRANSFERS
If one needs to get money sent from home, nominate a large bank in a major city to receive the funds.
Avoid out-of-the-way branches, as they will be less efficient in handling overseas transactions. A fee
will always be charged by the sending bank. Telex, telegraphic or cable transfer is recommended.
Avoid sending money by mail. One will need to allow a period from several days to several weeks for
the transfer to come through. Check with the sending bank about the time required. Sometimes, for
an additional fee, funds can be transferred on the same day. One can also transfer money through
American Express or Thomas Cook.
TRAVEL INSURANCE
Travel insurance protects the traveller’s financial investment in the purchase of transportation,
accommodation and entertainment. Travel insurance pays for potential misfortunes that the traveller
might have before and while travelling. It pays for unplanned medical costs, for replacement of lost or
damaged baggage or for new reservations due to involuntary cancellation or because travel suppliers
go out-of-business. In addition to offering financial protection, travel insurance also provides extra
services such as 24-hour general or emergency assistance.
Travelers who invest in travel insurance are protecting themselves against risks such as:
• Accidents, before or during a journey

• Trip interruptions due to cancelled services
• Political or civil instability
• Theft of luggage and personal effects
• Health or loss of life
• Failure of service providers (bankruptcies)
Travelers who purchase insurance do so for these reasons:
1. To avoid absorbing the high cost of charges for medical treatment or professional help
when travelling.
2. To secure the safety of family members who are travelling.
3. To protect the money invested in the purchase of travel products and services that are
cancelled for reasons that are not in the traveller's control or power.
COMMON TRAVEL EMERGENCIES
Standard travel insurance products cover the most common emergencies. Travel insurance absorbs
all or part of the cost for emergencies. If the traveller must be hospitalized at destination, then the

cost for medical services largely increases. Without travel insurance, the traveller would have to
absorb the entire emergency cost.
THE TRAVEL PROFESSIONAL'S ROLE
Consumers have more than one option for purchasing travel insurance. They can buy insurance from:
• a travel agency
• a tour wholesaler or cruise line
• an airline website
• a travel insurance “click and quote” website
• a bank
• a credit card company
• an insurance retailer at an airport
STANDARD TRAVEL INSURANCE COVERAGE AND EXCLUSIONS
The following describes the common risks covered by standard travel insurance policies. Additional
insurance must be purchased to cover exclusions.
COMMON RISKS PROTECTED BY STANDARD TRAVEL INSURANCE (COVERAGE)
• Medical expenses
• Emergency evacuation/repatriation
• Overseas funeral expenses
• Accidental death, injury, dismemberment or disablement benefit
• Cancellation
• Delayed departure
• Loss, theft or damage to personal possessions and money (including travel documents)
COMMON RISKS NOT PROTECTED BY TRAVEL INSURANCE (EXCLUSIONS)
• Pre-existing medical conditions

• War or terrorism– (some travel insurance plans may cover this risk)
• Pregnancy-related risks–insurance is not available after 30 weeks of pregnancy
• Injury or illness caused by alcohol or drug use
SEPARATE TRAVEL INSURANCE CAN PROTECT SPECIFIC RISKS (RIDERS)
• Pre-existing medical conditions (e.g. asthma, diabetes)

• High-risk sports (e.g. skiing, scuba-diving, mountain climbing)
• Travel to high-risk countries (e.g. due to war or natural disasters or acts of terrorism)
• War and terrorism travel insurance: new to the industry and can be purchased as an add-on
or extra to the main travel insurance policy. Not all travel insurance companies have this
product or coverage available
• Pet travel insurance: some policies include trip cancellation coverage for pets if the pet
owners remain with their pets who need urgent treatment or are very ill

GLOSSARY
Accidental Death Benefit: An amount of insurance, stated in the policy, that is payable when the
proximate cause of death is accidental in nature, e.g. death by heart failure resulting from an
automobile accident would be considered an accidental death.
Age Limits: Minimum or maximum ages established by insurers for eligibility for certain kinds of
insurance offered, typically life, health and disability insurance.
Application: A request for insurance. This may be done verbally, in writing or by using a printed form
and becomes part of the insurance contract.
Baggage and Personal Effects Insurance: Insures against loss of the insured’s luggage and personal
effects. Often forms part of a travel insurance package policy where coverage is excess over that
provided by others.
Beneficiary: The person designated by the insured to receive policy proceeds, in the event of the death
of the insured.
Benefits: The amount payable to the insured person by the insurance company as described in the
insurance policy.
Bilateral agreement: An agreement between two countries or states.
Booster: A further injection after the initial vaccination and that extends the period that an individual
remains immune against the disease.
Cabin: The part of an aircraft in which passengers are seated.
Cancellation Penalty: A non-refundable amount charged to the traveller for cancelling the trip prior
to the origin departure date. This penalty is insurable by trip cancellation insurance if the trip is
cancelled for reasons listed in the insurance policy, e.g. the insured traveller is sick, or a close family
member has died.
Check-in: A procedure that all passengers go through before receiving a boarding card and being
permitted to go into the departure lounge and wait to board a flight. Check-in involves an examination
of documents (passport, ticket and visa), issue of a boarding card and acceptance of luggage by the
airline.
Claim: A request for payment by an insured person according to the insurance policy.
Claimant: An insured person who makes a claim after suffering a loss.
Conditions of an Insurance Policy: The general conditions or requirements for insurance, including
how the policy can be cancelled and what the insured should do in the event of a loss.
Contract of Insurance: There are 6 essential elements: (1) offer and acceptance, (2) consideration, (3)
legal object, i.e. purpose of the insurance must not be illegal, (4) parties to the contract must be legally
capable of contracting, (5) insurable interest, and (6) utmost good faith.
Coverage: Amount of protection purchased.

Declarations: Statements, signed by the insured, promising that information given by him is true.
Deductible: The amount paid by the insured client when submitting a claim.
Deported: This means being sent out of a country or being refused entry. Deportation results when
an individual arrives at a port of a country that he/she is not eligible to enter. The individual may not
possess the valid documents such as visas or health certificates. Deportation may occur after entering
a country if the visitor violates local laws or the conditions of his/her visa.
Duty-free: Refers to goods sold at airports, on which customs duty is not levied.
Effective Date: The start date of an insurance policy, or the date that additional coverage begins.
Eligible Expense: Expenses that can be claimed from (and paid by) the insurer.
Endorsement: A document that changes part of an insurance policy/contract.
Exclusions: Risks and emergencies not covered and paid by the insurance policy.
Expatriates: Individuals not living in their original homeland.
Expiry Date: The date on which the insurance coverage ends.
Hold: The part of an aircraft in which luggage and cargo is transported.
IATA: The International Air Transport Association.
Infected area: Refers to a country or area within a country where infectious diseases such as yellow
fever or cholera exist or have recently existed.
Injury: Any accidental bodily injury.
Insurance: A contract in which the insurer agrees to reimburse the insured for loss caused by specified
risks.
Insured: The person or group being protected by an insurance policy.
Insurer: The insurance company providing insurance coverage.
Limitations: A maximum amount of money the insurance company will pay on a permitted claim.
Long-haul: Term referring to longer flight journeys.
Permanent Disability Benefit: This coverage is for severe injuries received while travelling–such as a
loss of limbs or damage to eyes.
Policy: A legal contract that includes details of the insurance coverage including all clauses, riders,
endorsements and renewals.
Pre-existing Condition: A medical condition that exists prior to travelling and may limit or deny
insurance coverage.

Premium: The amount paid by the insured for coverage under an insurance contract for a specified
period.
Quarantine: Isolation imposed to prevent infection.
Reconfirmation: Passengers are normally required to telephone carrier and(re)confirm their intention
to fly.
Renewal: The extension of an insurance policy for another term.
Rider: A benefit not included in the standard insurance plan but can be added by paying an additional
premium.
Risk: A potential for loss.
Short-haul: A term that refers to short flights–usually domestic flights and flights between
neighbouring countries.
Statutory Conditions: Standard legal conditions in an insurance policy.
Stopover: A term that refers to an intermediate destination visited between the city of origin and the
ultimate destination.
Transit: An intermediary stop en route between the passenger's origin and ultimate destination.
Travel Insurance Application: The printed or online form provided by a Travel Agent confirming the
purchase of travel insurance.
Trip Interruption Insurance: Provides coverage from the time travel commences until the return
home. This insurance reimburses losses caused by returning earlier or later than planned for reasons
allowed by the insurance policy (e.g. a travelling companion falls sick).
Waiver: Written confirmation that one intentionally refused to purchase travel insurance.
Wild Flora and Fauna: Refers to various vegetation and species, i.e. plants and animals.

AIRPORT HANDLING

AIRPORTS
Most airports in India are controlled or maintained by the AAI and few are under the control of the
defence authorities & other agencies like GMR. They do the utmost to provide all the facilities to the
passengers in the airport.
AGENCIES OPERATING AT THE AIRPORTS
• Airports Authority of India (AAI)

• Bureau of Civil Aviation Security (BCAS)
• Central Industrial Security Force (CISF)
• Emigration / Immigration (Int. Terminal)
• Customs (Int. Terminal)
• Airlines
Airports are constantly changing to offer better services to both passengers and visitors. Cities with
several airports compete vigorously for new traffic and more passengers. To attract new business,
both in terms of more carriers, new routes, and passengers, airports around the world strive to
improve the level and range of airport facilities.
The largest airports have become mini-cities, offering first-class shopping, restaurants, in-terminal
hotels, leisure facilities and a range of transportation options. The below table identifies the volume
of passengers traveling through the largest airports each year. These numbers reflect the key role of
airports in national and local economies. It is important to know these airport locations, names and
three-letter codes.
City
Rank Airport Name City Country Country Passengers
Code
Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta United States
1 Atlanta ATL US 85907423
International Airport of America
O'Hare International United States
2 Chicago ORD US 765103
Airport of America
United
3 London Heathrow Airport London LHR GB 67915389
Kingdom
Haneda International
4 Tokyo HND Japan JP 63282219
Airport
Los Angeles International Los United States
5 LAX US 61485269
Airport Angeles of America
Dallas/Fort Worth United States
6 Dallas DFW US 5964360
International Airport of America
Paris Charles de Gaulle
7 Paris CDG France FR 53756200
Airport
8 Frankfurt Airport Frankfurt FRA Germany DE 52219412
McCarran International United States
9 Las Vegas LAS US 44280190
Airport of America
Amsterdam Schiphol
10 Amsterdam AMS Netherlands NL 4416398
Airport

The Aviation sector is governed by DGCA in India and CAA in Europe and FAA in United States of
America. Likewise, every country has their own organization to govern Aviation sector.
AIRPORT TERMINALS
Departing passengers arrive at the airport and check in at the departure terminal. Many of the larger
airports have more than one terminal building, so itis important to communicate information about
check-in terminal numbers to travel customers. Departure terminals are normally numbered at multi-
terminal airports. This information should be included in the passenger's copy of the trip itinerary. In
larger, multi-terminal airports (such as Heathrow), each terminal usually has both a departure and an
arrival area. Arrival areas are often located on the lower terminal level while departure areas are on
the upper level.
Airports serving international departures and arrivals differ in size, design and facilities. However, they
all share common processes. The end-to-end airport experience for passengers begins with airport
check-in and ends in arrival at destination. We explore departure and arrival formalities in the next
units.
The airport and the passenger experience
KERB SIDE COUNTERS
• At the major airports, a special counter has been opened which is accessible from outside the
airport and helps with passengers needing extra care such as senior citizens, unaccompanied
minors, passengers on wheel chairs and disabled passengers, passengers traveling on
stretcher, passenger requiring oxygen etc.
• Passengers can also get answers to all the queries related to reservations.
• Can also collect / purchase the tickets.
• Can get flight information.

DEPARTURE FORMALITIES
When a passenger arrives at the airport for their flight, there are four main formalities to complete
for departure.
Departure formalities
CHECK-IN
Having arrived at the correct terminal, all passengers proceed through check-informalities. Check-in is
where passengers present their electronic ticket(e-ticket) reservation code and passport/ID to the
airline check-in staff. In many cases, passengers traveling on e-tickets can check themselves for a flight
using self-service touch-screen kiosks in the airport terminal or they may even check-in online from
home. Documents and luggage are verified, and luggage is also checked-in where necessary, and a
“boarding pass” is given to the passenger to board a flight. Checked baggage is baggage that will be
loaded into the cargo hold of the aircraft.
Check-in counters
The Internet allows passengers to print their own boarding pass from their home or office, simply by
accessing an airline website and entering their-ticket reservation code. Many airlines have moved to
issuing electronic boarding passes, whereby the passenger checks in either online or on a mobile
device. The boarding pass is then sent to the mobile device as a SMS (Short Messaging Service) or e-
mail. The customer can request a mobile boarding pass by accessing his or her reservation on the
airline website.

A boarding pass can be received via mobile telephone Short Messaging Service (SMS)
Each airline has the final responsibility to the immigration authorities for ensuring that all passengers
are holding valid passports and visas to enter another country. Heavy fines are imposed on airlines for
passengers who arrive at their destination without the correct entry permits. This, however, should
rarely occur if check-in procedures are performed correctly.
PASSPORT CONTROL AND SECURITY CHECKS
After completing all check-in formalities, all passengers proceed to the airport passport control and
security checkpoint. The airport is responsible for ensuring that only passengers holding a boarding
pass enter the transit area where they wait to board their flight. The passport and security checkpoint
is staffed by airport personnel who are responsible to perform the following checks:
• The passenger is holding a boarding pass for a valid flight departure

• The passenger's passport name matches with the name printed on the boarding pass
• The passenger and his/her personal belongings are manually checked or x-rayed to ensure that
they do not carry restricted or dangerous articles.
TRANSIT AREA
The transit area is also called the airport concourse. Here departing passengers wait to board their
flight. They can take advantage of airport facilities such as duty-free shops and restaurants.
Airport duty free shop

BOARDING
The next step is “boarding.” At the boarding gate each passenger's passport and boarding pass must
be presented. This is the last check before being allowed on the aircraft.
Passengers aboard the plane in sections or by groups, by rows /seats. On the plane the flight attendant
helps you to find seat, which can be near the window, in the middle or an aisle seat.
Once the passengers reach their seat, they should place their carry-on baggage on to the overhead bin
or locker. However, on busy airports travel, due to the limited space in overhead bins, the passengers
may be asked to place their carry-on baggage under their seat. Please note, there is no baggage
allowed to place on the aisle. If still, there is no place available to place the carry-on baggage, flight crew
may help you to place the baggage in hold, without any charge.
There are some special flashing signs, which demonstrates "Fasten the belt!", "No smoking! “and so,
on and follow them. Then the captain welcomes the passengers on the board, gives all information
about the flight: Names of pilot and co-pilots, the distance to the country or city, the speed, the height
of the flight, the temperature there and so on. The stewardess reminds you to observe the rules of
safety while you are on a plane and to switch off all electronic gadgets and wishes "Enjoy your flight!".
TRANSIT AREAS
Often, passengers arriving at an airport have not yet reached their final destination and must transfer
to a connecting flight. These passengers wait for the next flight in the transit area or concourse.
Passengers waiting in the airport transit area between flights
Passengers in transit do not generally go through customs and immigration formalities. Baggage is
usually transferred from the arrival flight to the next departing flight by the airport baggage handlers.

MINIMUM CONNECTING TIME
A minimum connection time (MCT) is the minimum time needed for passengers and baggage to
transfer between two flights. Four types of connection exist:
1. The international connection: between two international flights

2. The domestic connection: between two flights within the same country
3. The international to domestic: between an arriving international flight and a departing
domestic flight
4. The domestic to international connection: the reverse of the previous
EXAMPLE:
A journey from Toronto to Birmingham via Newark using 6X and 7X.
Availability Display from YYZ to BHX
We see that in this connection, the traveller has 58 minutes to change flights.
Input: DM EWR (where EWR can be replaced by the city code NYC)
System response:
Minimum Connecting Times in Newark Airport
The MCT for international connections at Newark is one hour, so the above connection cannot be
used.
• D/D: The domestic connection: between two flights within the same country, 1 hour
• D/I: The domestic to international connection: the reverse of the previous example, 1:15
minutes.
• I/D: The international to domestic: between an arriving international flight and a departing
domestic flight, 1:30 minutes
• I/I: The international connection: between two international flights, 1 Hour
You can find this information for the national airport on the airport's main website.

ARRIVAL FORMALITIES
Upon arrival at the destination airport, all passengers experience the same formalities.
Arrival formalities at an airport
IMMIGRATION AND PASSPORT CONTROL
All arriving passengers are checked to determine whether they are authorized to enter the country. In
addition, if applicable, passengers are subject to a health inspection, which is a procedure to check for
the International Vaccination Certificate. Some countries issue visas on arrival to nationals from
specific countries.
BAGGAGE CLAIM
The passenger will pick up his checked baggage at destination in the arrival hall. All checked baggage
is delivered to the baggage claim area of the airport where passengers can reclaim their luggage. The
international baggage claim area is located after immigration and passport control but prior to
customs control. Many baggage claim areas also provide currency exchange facilities.

Directions to the baggage claim area for arrival passengers and baggage deposited on a carrousel for pick up
CUSTOMS
After reclaiming their baggage, passengers will be required to clear customs. Duty-free and tax-free
allowances are often indicated in the customs hall and import declaration forms are distributed on the
arrival flight for completion by each passenger before landing.
Directions to the customs clearance area in the arrival level of the Airport
Passengers arriving at an airport in the European Union may be offered three choices at the customs
inspection point. These are normally defined as follows:
1. The Red Channel: If passengers have goods or currency to declare, where a duty or tax is voluntarily
paid for imported goods.
Example: When goods purchased in another country exceed the personal duty-free allowance.

2. The Green Channel: For passengers who bring personal effects and goods that are not intended for
commercial purposes, and which do not exceed the duty-free allowance. Duty-free allowances,
restrictions, and lists of prohibited articles can be found in the TIM–the Travel Information Manual.
3. The Blue Channel: When traveling within the European Union (EU), passengers may use the blue
channel. Customs officers will monitor this area and spot checks are possible.
If a passenger is transiting a country it may be possible to deposit goods or baggage not destined for
the transit country in the transit customs area. On departure, the goods are reclaimed and sent on to
the passenger's destination.
IATA–SIMPLIFYING PASSENGER TRAVEL
IATA's Simplifying Passenger Travel (SPT) initiative brings together airlines, airports, governments,
travel agents and other bodies, with the aim of implementing a standardized flow of passengers
through the travel process (pre-travel, check-in, boarding, and border control), while using modern
and sophisticated security and identification procedures to ensure the highest level of security. This is
IATA's plan for the checkpoint of the future.
To maximize air travel security and reduce inconvenience to airline passengers, the International Air
Transport Association (IATA) plans a new security check process at airports. It is designed to:
• Reduce passenger queues and inconvenient waiting times

• Apply enhanced passenger screening technology that allows them to walkthrough the security
checkpoint without removing clothes and unpacking belongings
• Respect the privacy and human rights of travellers
• The new security procedures will use passport biometric data to categorize travellers as:
1. “Known travellers”: registered with government authorities with secured personal

background checks. Known travellers will complete the airport security check quickly.
2. “Normal security travellers”: is the category of most travellers.
3. “Enhanced security travellers”: are those for whom little information is available or are
randomly selected or deemed to be a security risk. These travellers will endure an
additional level of screening. Once the passenger is placed in the appropriate category,
they are directed to one of three security lanes.
IATA Checkpoint of the future

AIRLINE PRODUCTS AND SERVICES

It is important for travel professionals to know about the types of tickets and services available to their
customers who travel by air. The process of making travel arrangements includes offering these
services. Here, we look at loyalty programs for airlines and airline alliance networks as well as the
different classes of service that can be purchased. Finally, we will look at the different services that
are offered to passengers with special requirements such as assistance boarding, special meals, and
wheelchairs.
AIRLINE ALLIANCE NETWORKS
An airline alliance is an agreement between several airlines to cooperate on a marketing level. These
groups of partner airlines are called “alliance networks”. The first airline alliance was established in
1989, when Northwest Airlines and Royal Dutch Airlines agreed to code share flights on a larger scale.
Today, Northwest Airlines no longer exists, and KLM has joined the SkyTeam alliance. The three largest
airline alliance networks are Star Alliance, One world, and SkyTeam.
As many airlines have joined one of these three airline alliances, there are far too many participating
airlines in each alliance to memorize. However, you should be able to name at least the major or
founding airline members of each of the three largest alliances.
Star Alliance One World Sky Team
Year of Establishment 1997 1999 2000
Founding Airlines Air Canada American Airlines Air France
Scandinavian Airlines British Airways Aeromexico
Lufthansa Cathey Pacific Airlines Delta Airlines
Thai Airways Japan Airlines KLM Royal Dutch Airlines
United Airlines QANTAS Korean Air

Three major airline alliance groups and their founding airline members

LIST OF ALLIANCE AIRLINES:
Star Alliance Sky Team
S No Airline Code Airline Name S No Airline Code Airline Name
1 JP Adria Airways 1 SU Aeroflot
2 A3 Aegean Airlines 2 AR Aerolíneas Argentina’s
3 AC Air Canada 3 AM Aero México
4 CA Air China 4 UX Air Europa
5 AI Air India 5 AF Air France
6 NZ Air New Zealand 6 AZ Alitalia
7 NH All Nippon Airways 7 CI China Airlines
8 OZ Asiana Airlines 8 MU China Eastern Airlines
9 OS Austrian Airlines 9 CZ China Southern Airlines
10 AV Avianca 10 OK Czech Airlines
11 SN Brussels Airlines 11 DL Delta Air Lines
12 CM Copa Airlines 12 GA Garuda Indonesia
13 OU Croatia Airlines 13 KQ Kenya Airways
14 MS EgyptAir 14 KL KLM
15 ET Ethiopian Airlines 15 KE Korean Air
16 BR EVA Air 16 ME Middle East Airlines
17 LO LOT Polish Airlines 17 SV Saudia
18 LH Lufthansa 18 RO TAROM
19 SK Scandinavian Airlines 19 VN Vietnam Airlines
20 ZH Shenzhen Airlines 20 MF Xiamen Airlines
21 SQ Singapore Airlines
22 SA South African Airways
23 LX Swiss International Air Lines
24 TP TAP Portugal
25 TG Thai Airways International
26 TK Turkish Airlines
27 UA United Airlines
One world
S No Airline Code Airline Name
1 AB Air Berlin
2 AA American Airlines
3 BA British Airways
4 CX Cathay Pacific
5 AY Finnair
6 IB Iberia Airlines
7 JL Japan Airlines
8 LA LATAM Chile
9 MH Malaysia Airlines
10 QF Qantas
11 QR Qatar Airways
12 RJ Royal Jordanian
13 UL Sri Lankan Airlines
14 S7 S7 Airlines
15 JJ LATAM Brazil
Most airlines have joined one of the three major airline alliances: Star Alliance, One world and
SkyTeam.
There are two important reasons why airline alliances were established:
1. TO EXTEND SYSTEM NETWORKS:
Alliance networks provide passengers the convenience of more connection options. Alliance partners
typically code share their flights. Code sharing between alliance partners allows the airlines to sell
travel to destinations they do not serve.
In other words, through code sharing, one alliance airline can market and sell flights to destinations
served by an alliance partner to its customers–without having to operate the aircraft to the
destination. Code share flights are listed in the code share airline’s timetable with its own flight
number and two-letter code, although the flight is operated (flown) by another airline. Most alliances
are based strictly on code sharing agreements between alliance partners.
2. TO REDUCE COSTS:
Alliance partners reduce their costs by sharing expenses associated with:
• sales office rental and personnel

• airport maintenance hangars and mechanics
• operational facilities such as catering or systems
• operational staff such as ground handling and customer service personnel
• investments and purchases
Features Benefits for Airlines Benefits for Passengers
Shared operations and resources,

including: Cost reduction More amenities and services such
Staff Improved services as airport lounges
Aircraft maintenance More products Lower air fares
Airport Lounges
Increased negotiation or bargaining

power with suppliers such as:
Aircraft manufactures
Reduced costs Lower air fares
Fuel providers
Third party service providers such as
airport ground handling
More destinations in easy reach

Better schedules and more
More destinations
departures
Code sharing flights and combining served without
Shorter connecting times
networks operating more
reciprocal frequent flyer
aircrafts
programs to collect miles or
points and privileges
Benefits of airline alliances for airlines and passengers

AIRLINE LOYALTY PROGRAMS
Most airlines offer a loyalty program, also referred to as a frequent flyer program (FFP). These
programs are meant to encourage passengers to fly with them again. Passengers must enrol to
become members of an airline’s loyalty program. Normally there are no membership application or
renewal fees for travellers.
The airline issues a frequent flyer membership card with a unique account number to each member.
Many airline loyalty programs allow members to accumulate points when they purchase products and
services of the airline's partners, including alliance airlines, car rental companies, insurance companies
and hotels. Whenever a passenger makes a purchase with a program's partner, including airlines, car
rental companies, hotels, etc., points are “rewarded” or credited to the member's account. The more
a member travels with the program's airline and its partners, the more points he earns. The loyalty
program member redeems or uses the accumulated points to purchase airline tickets or class upgrades
(e.g., from economy class to business class), hotel nights and car rentals.
Airline Airline Code Frequent Flyer Program Name

American Airlines Advantage
British Airways Executive Club
Cathay Pacific Asia Miles
Delta Airlines SkyMiles
Emirates Skywards
KLM & Air France Flying Blue
Lufthansa Miles & More
Qantas Frequent Flyer
Singapore Airlines KrisFlyer
TAP Air Portugal Victoria
United Airlines Mileage Plus
Examples of airline frequent flyer program names
Some programs have established several membership tiers or levels (such as bronze, silver, gold, and
platinum) based on the number of points accumulated. A basic level member will simply be able to
accumulate points for eligible journeys and use the points to purchase future travel. When a member
has accumulated an established minimum number of points, he automatically moves up to the next
membership tier.

It is faster to accumulate points at higher membership tiers because higher levels offer the ability to
earn regular and bonus points. So, a member at an intermediate tier can earn 50% more points than
a member with a lower level membership for the same journey travelled. More privileges are also
available to higher level program members.
Loyalty programs entitle their highest-level members to privileges such as priority flight check-in and
boarding where program members can jump long queues at the airport counters and gates. Other
privileges include access to airport lounges, upgrades to travel in a higher cabin class, as well as extra
baggage allowances.
Rewards and Privileges Basic Intermediate High

Earn and redeem points for travel on partner flights X X X
Register seating and meal preferences X X X
Receive promotional discounts X X X
Earn and collect extra bonus points X X
Access to priority check-in X X
Free seat selection X X
Access to airport lounges X X
Extra baggage allowance X X
Access to special reservation services X X
Access to first class check-in and airport lounges X
No fees on reward flights X
Complimentary gifts and services X
Common rewards and privileges of loyalty programs
For example, British Airways' Executive Club Program offers four membership levels:
• Blue (basic level)

• Bronze (basic intermediate level)
• Silver (advanced intermediate level)
• Gold (highest level)
Rewards and Privileges Blue Bronze Silver Gold

Earn and redeem points for travel on BA and partner flights X X X X
Register seating and meal preferences X X X X
Collect bonus points X X X X
Priority check-in X X X X
Free seat selection within 7 days of departure X X X X
Free seat selection at any time X X
Free access to airport lounges worldwide X X
Access to first class check-in and airport lounges X
Free spa services at large hub airports X
No fees on reward flights X
British Airways' Executive Club Program rewards by level

Airline loyalty programs are valued by members. As a travel professional, you will want to keep a
record of your travel customer's loyalty program account numbers. In order for members to earn
points on the flights they travel, their frequent flyer account number must be included in the
reservation in the form of an SSR entry. To redeem points and make a flight reservation paid with
points, the reservation must be made directly with the alliance program and cannot normally be
reserved in the GDS system. This is because the member’s account is managed solely by the alliance
program. Only the program can debit points in a member's account to purchase travel.
ALLIANCES AND FREQUENT FLYER PROGRAMS
Each airline partner in an alliance manages its own independent frequent flyer program (FFP). In
general, customers of an airline's FFP can earn points when traveling on flights operated by the airline's
alliance partners. Only one airline membership is required to take advantage of privileges on alliance
partners. It is recommended to apply for an FFP account with an airline within an alliance which the
customer flies most often. The points accumulated in one airline’s program can be used to purchase
travel on any alliance airline. There is no need to join the FFP program of more than one airline alliance
in an alliance.
Alliances also offer an alliance FFP. An alliance FFP is linked to the FFP of alliance airline partners.
Alliance FFPs are status programs only and do not track points like independent airline programs do.
However, they grant privileges like independent airline frequent flyer programs, although not
necessarily the same. Unlike airline programs, there is no card or account number issued for alliance
frequent flyer programs. Alliance programs are structured in tiers or levels. Each alliance assigns a
name to FFP status levels.
Status Level Oneworld SkyTeam Star Alliance

1 Ruby Elite Silver
2 Sapphire Elite Plus Gold
3 Emerald NA NA
The cards held by members of alliance airline FFPs display the airline FFP account number as well as
the alliance FFP status level–both on one card. Travellers must first be an airline frequent flyer member
to join its alliance frequent flyer program.
ALLIANCE FREQUENT FLYER PROGRAM PRIVILEGES
PRIVILEGES COMMON TO LOWER STATUS PRIVILEGES COMMON TO HIGHER STATUS LEVELS
• Priority or guaranteed confirmation on waitlisted/sold out flights

• Preferred seat selection
• Reserved check-in desks
• Extra baggage allowance at no cost
• Priority boarding at the flight gate
• Access to airport lounges worldwide
• Priority baggage handling (baggage is first to be offloaded at the destination)
BOOKING CLASS CODES OR RESERVATION BOOKING DESIGNATORS (RBDS)
Although airlines display cabin class codes in their printed, digital and online timetables, GDS and CRS
reservation systems display booking class codes. Cabin classes refer to the three classes of service:
First Class, Business Class, and Economy class. Each cabin class comes with different amenities and
level of service. In order to reserve a seat in the right cabin class and at the right fare for a traveller,
the reservation agent must select a booking class code.
Although a flight may operate a maximum of three cabin classes of service (first, business /
intermediate and economy/coach), there may be a string of booking class codes available for each
cabin class, simply because there are a variety of air fares offered for travel in each cabin class. Each
cabin class code represents where the passenger will sit on board while each booking class code is
linked to a published fare.
In order to reserve a seat in the right cabin class and for the right fare, it is necessary to interpret
booking class codes displayed per flight in travel agency and airline reservation systems. The below
table displays a list of standard booking class codes adopted by most airlines.

RBD Cabin
P First Class Premium
F First Class
A First Class Discounted
J Business Class Premium
C Business Class
D Business Class Discounted
I Business Class Discounted
Z Business Class Discounted
W Economy Class/ Economy Premium
S Economy Class
Y Economy Class
B Economy Class Discounted
H Economy Class Discounted
K Economy Class Discounted
L Economy Class Discounted
M Economy Class Discounted
Q Economy Class Discounted
T Economy Class Discounted
V Economy Class Discounted
X Economy Class Discounted
Booking class codes displayed in GDS/CRS systems
You might have noticed in the table that there are several booking classes codes for first, business and
economy cabin classes. The standard booking class codes are, C, and Y. An airline may offer a separate
seating section in a cabin called “premium class”. Premium type seats are limited and offer extra
comfort in terms of seat width and legroom.
In other words, a seat in premium first, premium business or premium economy class will be larger
and more comfortable, but it will cost a little more than a regular cabin seat. Booking class codes are
set by the fares published by each airline and each one represents a discount level on the full fare. For
example, an airline may use code B for 30% discounted fares, code H for 40% discounted fares, and
code K for 50% discounted fares.
AIRCRAFT SEAT CONFIGURATION AND SEAT ASSIGNMENT
All commercial aircrafts have a seating plan, also referred to as the seat configuration. There normally
are three different types of seats on an aircraft if the flight offers three classes of service. Aircraft seats
are labelled by row number and seat letter. For example, seat 5B is a seat in row 5 and in B position
next to seat A in the same row.

ROWS
The aircraft image below is one of a Boeing 767 aircraft type. This is a wide-body aircraft with three-
class configuration with a total of 39 rows.
Sample seat configuration of a Boeing 767-300
AISLES
Narrow body aircrafts have one aisle and wide body aircrafts have two aisles. In above figure there
are two aisles. Aisle seats are often preferred by passengers who want the freedom to leave their seats
to go to the lavatory without disturbing other passengers.
Specific row numbers are assigned in each class of service. The first row is always at the front of the
aircraft, and the last row with the highest row number is always at the back. Rows in between are
described as rows in front of, on or behind the aircraft wings: rows 25 to 36 are positioned on the
aircraft wings. The Airbus A380 aircraft has two decks. The upper deck, reserved for economy class
seating, is the same full length of the aircraft as the lower deck.
Narrow body aircraft cabin with one aisle

Wide body aircraft cabin with two aisles
GALLEY
The galley is the small kitchen on board aircrafts. Flight attendants work in the galley to prepare food
and drinks to be served. Passengers normally prefer to sit in a seat away from the galley to avoid being
disturbed by the noise of clanging galley equipment such as trays, carts, dishes, and glassware.
Aircraft galley

LAVATORY
Lavatories are toilets which are not segregated according to gender. Men and women must use the
same lavatory facility on board. There is at least one lavatory located in each cabin class on an aircraft.
As such, business class passengers can use the lavatory located in the business class section. Seats
located near a lavatory are likely the least desirable seats. Passengers often request a seat assignment
away from a lavatory because they are disturbed by the back-and-forth movement of passengers from
their seats to the lavatory.
EXIT DOORS
Exit doors are located on both sides of any aircraft. There are more than one set of exit doors.
Sometimes a row of seats is located just beside or behind the aircraft exit doors.
Because the exit doors of the aircraft, seats cannot be blocked by the passengers. Exit row seats offer
more legroom, however, only fully mobile adults of fifteen years or more can sit in an exit row seat.
Exit row seats are normally not visible in a seat map display.

Exit row seats can only be assigned by the airline at check-in time. The airline reserves the right to
decide which passengers can sit in exit row seats. Children, elderly and incapacitated or handicapped
passengers cannot sit in exit row seats. Passengers who sit in exit row seats must agree to assist the
flight attendants in evacuating the aircraft in case of emergencies.
PASSENGERS WHO ARE NOT ALLOWED TO SIT ON THE EMERGENCY EXIT ROW SEATS ARE:
1) Pregnant Women
2) Passengers travelling with Infants
3) Children
4) Differently abled passengers
5) Senior citizens
6) Deportees
7) Prisoners
SEATS
Business and first-class seats are larger, deeper, and more comfortable than those in economy class.
In first and business class cabins of long-haul flights, seats can be converted into sleeper seats or even
beds. As the seat configuration shows, first class accommodation is always located at the front of the
plane, or sometimes on a separate upper deck, where traveling is quieter.
There might be up to three different types of seat on one aircraft, depending on the classes of service
available. The type and size of seat to which a passenger is assigned is dependent mainly on the class
of service reserved. Seats are positioned as window, centre and aisle seats. Window seats are seats
between the aircraft window and another seat.
Aisle seats are seats between the aisle and another seat. A centre seat is a seat between two other
seats.
Types of seats

A wall normally separates the different cabin classes. Seats facing cabin walls are called “bulkhead”
seats. They do not always provide more legroom than other rows. Some passengers request to be
seated in bulkhead seats because they prefer to face a cabin wall than face a row of seats in front of
them.
8 A B C D E F G H J K
Illustration of seat numbers in one row
Description of seat numbers
The seat pitch defines the amount of legroom available when sitting in the seat. Seat pitch varies
between classes of service. Seat `pitch is measured as the space or distance between one seatback
and the seatback of the seat directly in the row ahead, often measured in inches. The standard pitch
size in economy class is 30 to 32 inches (76 to 81 cm).
Seat width is the distance from armrest to armrest. In economy class, the standard seat width is
typically around 43 to 46 centimetres (17 to 18 inches).
Measurement of seat pitch and seat width

CATEGORIES OF SPECIAL PASSENGERS TYPES
Airlines extend assistance to passengers who have special requests and needs. Normal requests range
from passengers wishing to travel with a pet to others with special meal requirements. Some
passengers may require assistance to board a plane and get seated due to a medical problem.
Young passengers might require escorting around the airport or while on board, especially if they are
traveling for the first time and are unfamiliar with procedures. Such requests are made through
automated messages generated by an automated reservation system in the form of a special service
request (SSR) entry.
As airlines are on the receiving end of such messages, they read them and respond by confirming or
rejecting the request. It is the travel agent's responsibility to relay their customer's special service
requests to airlines and almost always through the customer's GDS reservation.
In very complex situations, such as when customers have serious medical conditions, the travel agent
may be required to deal directly with the airline by telephone on the customer's behalf, making
unusual arrangements for the passenger's comfort and safety. For more complicated requests, an
agent may have to telephone the airline and talk directly to airline reservations staff. Some special
passenger categories are described below.
CHILD PASSENGERS
In the airline industry, passengers are categorized as infants when under 2 years of age, as children
when they are from 2 years to less than12 years of age, and as adults when 12 years or older. All
children's ages must be advised to transporting airlines in the GDS reservation. This is done via another
Service Request entry using the standard code CHD.

EXPECTING WOMEN
An expectant mother in good health may be accepted for transportation up to and including the 32nd
week of pregnancy.
• An expectant mother in good health may be accepted for transportation up to and including
the 32nd week of pregnancy.
• At the time of making the bookings, if the pregnancy is advanced beyond 32 weeks and with
the anticipation of normal delivery, the expectant mother be accepted for travel up to and
including the 35th week of pregnancy.
• A medical certificate from the attending Gynaecologist must be obtained stating that the
passenger is fit to travel by air.
• Cases of multiple and complicated pregnancy should not be accepted after the 32nd week
• In the case of Multiple pregnancy which refers to twins, triplets etc.
• Complicated pregnancy which refers to cases where on previous occasions a mother has
experienced difficult and complicated delivery.
• In case of the pregnancy beyond 35 weeks, passenger may be accepted for transportation for
emergency purpose with a medical certificate from the attending Gynaecologist must be
obtained stating that the passenger is fit to travel by air.
FOR NEW BORN BABY
• The infant should be 14 days old before air travel.

• Exceptionally, for life saving treatment for the new born, the mother and child can be accepted
for travel, before 14 days, with a medical certificate of the Obstetrician and a Paediatrician.
These passengers have to be accompanied by a doctor. In such cases also, an Indemnity has
to be obtained from the passenger, as in the case of MEDA passengers.

INFANTS/BABIES
An infant is defined by most airlines as a child who has not yet had a second birthday. Babies are not
always entitled to a seat and must be accompanied by an adult. If two children under the age of two
are traveling with one adult, a seat must usually be purchased, and a child fare paid.
Most airlines will arrange for infant baskets/cots to be available, especially on longer flights, but should
be arranged in advance. Infant food can also be ordered in advance. A request to transport the infant
car seat or a carrycot in the cabin is possible. Special life jackets and safety belts for infants are available
on board each aircraft. The infant's date of birth must be advised to transporting airlines via another
Service Request entry in the GDS reservation with standard code INF.
MEDICAL PASSENGERS
Many airlines are able and willing to transport passengers with serious medical conditions. However,
a request to transport passengers with medical needs must be requested via a Special Service Request
entry. The 4-letter code used is MEDA, followed by a brief explanation of the passenger’s medical
condition and any requirements, such as “passenger in right leg cast”, or “passenger with
emphysema”.
Normally, travellers with medical needs will require at least one other Special Service Request entry
to request an extra service such as a wheelchair. Some medical passengers require oxygen on board
which the airline would supply. The4-letter standard code to request oxygen on board is OXYG. Some
medical passengers are immobile and must be transported by stretcher case. The 4-letter Special
Service Request code STCR is used to request acceptance of a passenger traveling on a stretcher.
SPECIAL MEALS
It is possible to arrange special meals for your passenger's journey. Many commercial airlines can serve
standard special meals for the benefit, comfort and safety of passengers, or due to special diet needs.
These may be related to medical conditions such as diabetes (DBML diabetic meal), high blood
pressure (LSML low salt meal), high cholesterol (LFML low fat meal) or food allergies (NLML no lactose
or GFML gluten free meal). Other special diet needs are related to lifestyle, cultural or religious reasons
(VGML vegetarian meal or KSML kosher meal).

Requests for specially prepared meals must be made by the agent on behalf of the passenger well in
advance of the flight, usually with more than a 48-hour notice. For reservations made in a GDS system,
requests for special meals are transmitted to booked airlines in a field called Special Service Request
(SSR).
You will learn more about the SSR field in GDS reservations. Such SSR entries require the use of a
standard 4-letter code representing the special meal type. You must understand and remember the
most common special meal codes. Keep in mind that not all airlines offer all the following special meal
types. As there is no standard special meal code for passengers with allergies to nuts and seafood,
most airlines recommend that passengers with such allergies bring their own food on board for
consumption.
Code Meal Type Explanation

ASIAN VEGETARIAN
AVML A spicy meal with no fish, shellfish and meat products
MEAL
BBML BABY MEAL A meal for infants including milk and baby foods
A meal that excludes all spices (no salt, pepper, garlic, mustard,
BLML BLAND MEAL
butter, oil)
CHML CHILD MEAL A meal with fun food for children
A meal excluding sugar and other sweet ingredients for
DBML DIABETIC MEAL
passengers who need to manage the level of blood sugar
FRUIT PLATTER
FPML A meal with only fresh fruit as an ingredient.
MEAL
GLUTEN
GFML A meal for passengers allergic to wheat and other
INTOLERANT MEAL
HNML HINDU MEAL A meal with no beef, veal and pork but may contain other meats
KSML KOSHER MEAL A meal prepared under the supervision of a Jewish rabbi
LCML LOW CALORIE MEAL A meal low in fat and sugar
A meal with high fibre ingredients prepared in low amounts of
LFML LOW FAT MEAL
fat
A meal prepared with natural herbs and spices and lacks salt
LSML LOW SALT MEAL content–normally for passengers with high blood pressure
problems
A meal with no pork or alcohol (spirits) and prepared with
MOML MUSLIM MEAL
ritually slaughtered meats
A meal prepared with no cheese, milk or other dairy products,
NLML NO LACTOSE MEAL
usually for passengers allergic to dairy ingredients
This is a code used to request a non-standard meal type. The
SPECIAL MEAL, SPML request must explain exactly what the passenger requires
SPML
SPECIFY FOOD in a special meal. Non-standard SPML meal requests have a high
chance of being denied.
VEGETARIAN VEGAN Contains none of the following ingredients: meat, fish or
VGML
MEAL seafood, eggs, cheese, milk or other dairy products
VEGETARIAN LACTO- Contains no meat, fish or seafood, but may contain dairy
VLML
OVO MEAL ingredients such as eggs, cheese and milk
Standard special meal request codes
WHEELCHAIRS
Elderly and physically incapacitated passengers often require wheelchair assistance to travel from the
check-in counter to the flight departure gate, and sometimes even to their assigned seat on board the
aircraft. Airlines provide this service on a per-request basis and are equipped with a variety of
wheelchair types.
A passenger who must be wheeled to the aircraft seat will need two types of wheelchairs: a regular
wheelchair pushed by an airline or airport passenger service agent will take the passenger from the
counter to the flight gate; the passenger must then be transferred to a narrower wheelchair that can
navigate down the aircraft aisle to the passenger's seat. Wheelchair service must be requested in
advance via a special service request entry.
Code Explanation
WCHR A wheelchair is required for airport use to travel to or from the flight gate. The
passenger can ascend and descend stairs and walk to/from the assigned seat on board.
WCHC A wheelchair is required to transport the passenger to and from the assigned aircraft
seat and must be carried up/down stairs or transported up to the aircraft door with a
lift.
WCHS A wheelchair is required to transport the passenger to the gate and up or down stairs.
The passenger is able to walk the distance from the aircraft door to the assigned seat.
WCMP Request to check in a manually operated wheelchair

WCBD Request to check in a wheelchair with a dry cell battery
WCBW Request to check in a wheelchair with a wet cell battery
WCOB Request for an on-board wheelchair to carry the passenger to and from an aircraft seat
Standard SSR wheelchair codes

Passengers may also own a wheelchair that must be transported. Wheelchairs must travel as checked
baggage and a request for the transportation of passenger wheelchairs must be made in advance via
a special service request entry.
Because wheelchairs are large and fragile, the airline must make advance arrangements to
accommodate such an item in the aircraft hold. Furthermore, battery-operated wheelchairs may pose
a danger or risk to the aircraft if they are not properly packaged and stored in the hold.
CARRIAGE OF HUMAN REMAINS
• Human remains can be carried in hermetically sealed wooden coffin coated with lead or
zinc from inside.
• Human remains will be accepted as freight only.
• Human remains will be considered as 100kg and 50% of cargo rate on weight or volume
basis would apply.
DOCUMENTS REQUIRED
• Death Certificate
• Police clearance certificate (in case of unnatural death)
• Embalming Certificate.
PRE-FLIGHT AND IN-FLIGHT PRODUCTS AND SERVICES
At the airport, one of the services that passengers may purchase is access to an airport lounge, found
in most large airport transit areas. A lounge is a closed area which is accessible only to privileged
passengers, set up as quiet waiting areas for passenger use.
They offer the following complimentary services and amenities:
Computer workstations with Wi-Fi access Television, newspapers and magazines

Complimentary beverages, snacks and sometimes hot Showers
meals served in buffet (self-service) style

Lounges are owned by airlines or airline alliances. Airlines normally offer privileged lounge access to
their first and business class passengers or highest tier frequent flyer customers on a complimentary
basis. There is a reception desk at the entrance of every airport lounge to check passenger documents
and their validity for lounge access. Some airlines sell access to their lounges to any of their passengers
who do not qualify for the privileged access.
Once on board, regardless of the class travelled, other products and services are available to
passengers. On some flights, such products and services are free or included in the ticket price.
Conversely, some airlines charge a fee for these products and services that can be reserved by the
travel agent and prepaid as an “ancillary” service. Such ancillary products or services are:
In-flight entertainment including movies and

Regular meals, beverages, and snacks
headsets
Duty-free shopping (on international routes
Toys for children
only)
Pillows and blankets Wi-Fi connection

BAGGAGE ALLOWANCE

DEFINITION OF BAGGAGE
The procedures for transporting, handling, and clearing passenger baggage are not internationally
standardized. Airlines set their own free baggage allowances and charges based on commercial
considerations. The way baggage is handled, what articles are permitted, and the amount of luggage
allowed may differ from country to country, airline to airline, class to class and between international
and domestic routes. Therefore, the information presented in this unit is a guide for travel
professionals and their customers traveling on flights operated by most international airlines.
WHAT IS A LUGGAGE/BAGGAGE?
“Articles, effects, and other personal belongings of passengers destined to be worn or used by them
or necessary for their comfort or convenience during the journey”.
Baggage or luggage
Passenger baggage is transported in two ways: as unchecked baggage stored by the passenger in the
aircraft cabin; or as checked baggage which is registered at check-in and stored by airport baggage
handlers in the aircraft hold. Each airline applies its own baggage allowance rules.
UNCHECKED BAGGAGE ALLOWANCE
In addition to the checked baggage allowance, airlines may allow passengers to hand-carry baggage
small enough for storage in the aircraft's overhead compartments (above the passenger seat) or under
a passenger seat.
Baggage overhead
compartment in aircraft cabin

Also referred to as cabin, carry-on or hand baggage, unchecked baggage remains with the passenger
during the flight. Unchecked baggage is accepted without charge, but there are limits to the quantity,
dimensions, weight and contents of unchecked baggage for every cabin class.
The generally accepted dimensions for carry-on baggage are a maximum length 56 centimetres-cm
(equivalent 22 inches-in), width 45 cm (18 in), depth25 cm (10 in). The sum of the 3 dimensions of
each carry-on bag should not exceed 115 cm (45 in) including wheels, handles and side pockets.
Baggage in excess of these measurements must be transported as checked baggage in the aircraft
hold.
Generally accepted dimensions for carry-on baggage
In general, the maximum weight limitation for cabin baggage in economy class is generally set at 5
kilograms (5 kg). Passengers traveling in higher classes may be allowed heavier carryon bags. It is
important to check with the airline to know what baggage allowances are offered to passengers. An
airline's primary concern is to ensure a high level of customer safety and comfort on board its flights.
There are strict limits on what can be transported in unchecked baggage.
Unchecked (carry-on) baggage checked at the airport's security checkpoint

There are limitations on the amount of liquid, creams, aerosols and gels that can be carried on board
to a maximum of 100 ml per container. All containers must fit into a one-litre plastic bag. Just before
approaching the security screening point at an airport, passengers carrying containers of liquids,
creams aerosols and gels must remove them from their personal carry-on baggage.
They must be presented in one clear transparent re-sealable plastic bag (measuring no more than one
litre). These must be carried separately from other carry-on items for presentation at airport security
screening checkpoints before entering the airport departure area.
Space on any aircraft is limited. There may be occasions when there is still not enough room even after
having met the size limitations. It is therefore wise to advise customers to only pack items required
during the flight in their carry-on baggage.
CHECKED BAGGAGE ALLOWANCES
Checked baggage is baggage that is too large to store in the aircraft cabin. Checked baggage is stored
and transported in the aircraft hold. The aircraft hold is the part of an aircraft located in the aircraft's
underbelly. The airline is responsible for the safe transportation of checked passenger baggage.
Checked baggage is stored in the aircraft hold, a storage area in the belly of the aircraft
Each airline sets its checked baggage allowance rules, including the maximum number, weight, and
size of checked bags they will accept. In the airline industry, the number of checked bags is expressed
as “pieces,” and so an airline that permits passengers to check 2 bags expresses this allowance as and
height.
A checked bag that measures 55 cm in length, 35 cm in width and 22 cm in height is said to have total
dimensions of 112 cm (55+35+22). Each airline publishes what is not permitted (prohibited) in checked
baggage, as well as a list of items that can substitute for a checked bag. These items consist of various
sports equipment and musical instruments.
One airline may accept ski equipment as free checked baggage while another may refuse to accept it
as free checked baggage. Each airline sets the fees for transporting extra bags or bags that exceed the
weight and size limitations. There are restrictions imposed by all airlines on the weight, length, width,

and height per bag. Extra bags or larger, heavier bags will either be refused or accepted with a fee. It
is necessary to verify checked baggage allowances with each airline.
The price of an airline ticket includes the transportation of the passenger. It sometimes includes the
transportation of the passenger's checked baggage. It is increasingly common place for a fee to be
charged for the transportation of checked baggage. Free baggage allowance varies by airline, routing
and class of fare paid. Members of airline loyalty or frequent flyer programs may be granted the
privilege of extra baggage allowances without fees. Airlines set their own passenger baggage
transportation policies on their services, deciding their own allowances and charges.
It is critical to check with individual airlines for accurate and up-to-date information. All airlines publish
their baggage allowance rules and policies on their website and in GDS systems.
An airline can publish different baggage allowance limitations for travel on Trans-Atlantic, Trans-
Pacific, intercontinental, intra-continental, and domestic routes. It is necessary to research each
airline's baggage allowance information to accurately advise a travel customer on baggage allowance.
CHECKED BAGGAGE ALLOWANCE FOR CHILDREN/INFANTS
The free baggage allowance for accompanied and unaccompanied children is normally the same as
the allowance for adults. Infants traveling for free and not occupying a seat are normally entitled to
checked baggage. Infant checked baggage allowance generally permits:
• one bag (piece) with maximum dimensions of 115 cm (45 in) and a maximum weight of 10 kg (22
lb)
• one checked or carry-on fully collapsible stroller/pushchair, infants carrying basket, or infant's
car seat, which may be carried in the passenger cabin, subject to the availability of space These
are general guidelines; it is advisable to consult the airline website to determine baggage
allowances for children and infants.
EXCESS BAGGAGE
There will be charges for checked baggage that exceed the allowed number, weight and size. Each
airline imposes a maximum of excess baggage that passengers can check in. The formula and rates for
calculating excess baggage charges are determined by each airline. Additional checked pieces may be
accepted with a fee depending on the availability of space on the aircraft.
Example 1
Journey SYD-QF-LAX
Fare Class Business Class
Loyalty Program Membership None

4 bags weighing 30 kg each and measuring 45 cm X 60 cm X 20 cm
Bags to check
each
3 pieces; maximum weight 32 kg per bag; maximum dimensions
Free Baggage Allowance (FBA)
158 cm
Excess Baggage 1 piece weighing 30 kg and measuring 45 cm X 60 cm X 20 cm

SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR TRANSPORTING ITEMS OTHER THAN LUGGAGE AS CHECKED BAGGAGE
Certain passenger categories can check in extra items, either carried in the hold or in the cabin. For
example, passenger’s dependent on a wheelchair, crutches, braces, or other prosthetic devices can
check them free of charge, in addition to their free baggage allowance.
The following items may be accepted as a substitute for one piece of checked baggage:
• Camping equipment (one sleeping bag or bedroll, one Rucksack/Knapsack/Backpack/Tent sack)

• Snow-skiing equipment (one pair of snow skis with one pair of skis poles and one pair of ski
boots)
• One golf bag, golf clubs and pair of golf shoes
• Bowling equipment
• One suitably packed bicycle (non-motorized, single seat touring or racing bicycle), provided the
handlebars are fixed sideways and pedals are removed.
• One pair of standard water skis or one slalom water ski.
• One suitably packed fishing equipment
• One surfboard within 108 inches in length
• Certain sporting firearms (subject to each airline's conditions of carriage)
• Any portable musical instrument not exceeding 100 cm (39 inches) in length
Sports equipment weighing less than 23 kg is considered normal luggage and is included in overall
luggage allowance, and should any other luggage be loaded into the hold, an excess surcharge will
apply. There is an excess baggage fee will be applicable.
TRANSPORTING PETS AS ACCOMPANIED BAGGAGE
Pets, usually limited to dogs, cats and household birds, may be accepted as checked baggage when
the transporting airline permits it. Like other check-in items, airlines restrict the size of the container
and the weight of the pet. All passengers attempting to transport their pets should check with a
veterinary doctor before planning to travel. Dogs are only transported if they are accompanied by valid
health and rabies vaccination certificates. They must be properly harnessed, muzzled and crated in a
leak-proof container. Passengers traveling with pets must make advance arrangements with the
airlines to transport them.

Airport baggage handlers load pet kennels on the belt transporting them to the aircraft hold
If accepted as checked baggage, the pet, together with its container (kennel) and food, will not be
included in the free baggage allowance of the passenger. Pet containers must be transported in the
aircraft's hold compartment–the same area where checked baggage is stored. Excess baggage charges
apply.
Dogs accompanying sight- and hearing-impaired passengers (seeing-eye or hearing-ear dogs) can be
transported free of charge and may be allowed to travel in the passenger cabin. The transportation of
pet dogs or cats in the passenger cabin is permitted by some airlines provided that:
• the pet traveling in a kennel

• the kennel is small enough to fit under the passenger seat
• the combined weight of the animal and the container do not exceed 5 kg
• the pet kennel must provide enough space for the pet
• the pat vaccination and import documents are in order
Passengers are advised to check with the airline for further details. The passenger owner assumes all
risk of injury, sickness or death of the animal. Entry permits, and other documents are also required
by countries of entry or transit.
As with passengers who are denied boarding by the airline if they do not have proper passports and
visas for their destinations, a pet may be denied boarding if veterinary and other import documents
are not in order. Moreover, the airline is not responsible if the animal is refused entry into a foreign
country or passage through any country. Upon arrival in certain countries, animals may be kept in
quarantine for a period, sometimes up to 9 months, before being allowed to live with their owner.
CHECKING BAGGAGE AT THE AIRPORT
CHECKING IN BAGGAGE AT THE SERVICE COUNTER
Check-in is normally the first procedure for departing passengers. Checked baggage is baggage
presented at the airport check-in counter at the time of collecting boarding passes. Checked baggage
is normally taken by the airline’s check-in agent who weighs each bag and produces a baggage tag
which is attached to each checked bag. The baggage tag displays the airline and flight number the
baggage will board, the passenger name and the next destination. This information is also barcoded
on the baggage tag.

Baggage weighed, and tag printed at the service counter
The airport agent also produces a corresponding baggage receipt which is the passenger’s proof of the
checked bag. The receipt is normally affixed to the passenger boarding pass or passport back cover.
This receipt displays the airline baggage tag number attached to each checked baggage. The receipt is
very important to have in case of lost baggage or for collecting it on arrival at the destination. Then
the checked bag is loaded on a moving belt to the baggage sorting and loading centre.
Machines located on the baggage belt read the bar-coded information on the baggage tag so that each
bag is directed to the correct aircraft. After check-in procedures are complete, checked baggage is not
accessible to the passenger between the time of airport check-in and arrival at the baggage claim area
of the destination airport.
CHECKING BAGGAGE AT A SELF-SERVICE KIOSK
In the same way that passengers can access their boarding passes at a check-in counter or a self-
service kiosk, the same applies to baggage. Upon scanning the passenger's passport, the kiosk
retrieves the passenger's reservation.
Seat numbers are assigned by the kiosk if they haven't already been assigned, and the kiosk will ask
whether the passenger is checking any baggage. If the passenger confirms several check-in bags, the
kiosk will print the necessary baggage tags and receipts.

The passenger would then attach a printed baggage tag to each piece of checked-in baggage. In some
airports, the kiosk will instruct the passenger to collect baggage tags from the agent supervising the
baggage drop-off counter.
The baggage drop-off counter is not able to perform check-in procedures. Rather, the baggage drop-
off counter simply checks that each bag is tagged, and places tagged baggage on a baggage belt.
Checking-in at a self-service kiosk
SAFE TRANSPORTATION OF CHECKED BAGGAGE
To minimize the risk of baggage loss and damage, the following guidelines are recommended to the
traveling public:
• Use good quality suitcases or bags to ensure safe carriage. Sufficiently rigid luggage will not be
damaged easily and will be resistant in loading and handling conditions at airports.
• Write the family name and contact address at the destination on the outside and inside of the
baggage. Luggage occasionally does get lost, and tags sometimes become detached. So, if a
passenger's contact information can be found inside a bag that is lost, it can be returned to the
owner much sooner.
• To help in identifying one's bag from others in baggage claim areas, use stickers on it that will
easily be recognized or wrap bags in belts/straps that will help the baggage stand out from
others.
• Lock the baggage or tie a strong strap around it, to keep it from opening up and losing packed
items.
• Remove all old destination tags before checking in for a next flight. Items or documents of value
such as passports, medical certificates, business documents, money, jewellery or silverware
should be carried only in hand baggage.

Baggage tags and straps reduce the risk of losing a bag or its Contents
LOST BAGGAGE
• Passenger needs to contact the Airport Duty Manager / Baggage Services Cell and get filled
Property Irregularity Report (PIR).
• PIR should be filled before leaving the premises of the airport.
• A Landing Certificate is required in case of international travel from customs.
• When the baggage is located passenger must produce the PIR to claim the baggage.
• In case the baggage is not traced by the Airline, the passenger has to send a written claim
with the original PIR and submit the claim at the station where the Baggage has been lost.
• Items of value like currency, precious metals, jewellery, negotiable instruments, securities
and personal identification documents, etc. are best carried in cabin baggage or in person,
as the Airline has no liability for the same.
DAMAGE BAGGAGE
• Passenger needs to contact the Airport Duty Manager / Baggage Services Cell and obtain the
Damaged Baggage Report (DBR).
• Passenger can also have the baggage repaired free of cost at a place of his choice.
• In case the baggage is damaged beyond repair, the airline will arrange to replace the
baggage free of cost.
• Airline is not responsible for damage of Goods inside the registered baggage.
DANGEROUS GOODS AND PROHIBITED ITEMS IN CHECKED AND UNCHECKED BAGGAGE
Every ticket purchase generates a passenger receipt with information defining dangerous or offensive
items that cannot be transported as baggage on an aircraft. It is the ticketing agent's duty to deliver
the passenger receipt to the travel customer. The following types of materials cannot be transported
in checked or unchecked baggage as they present a danger such as explosion, fire or corrosion:
• firearms and ammunition including guns and gunpowder (only hunting weapons can be
transported with advance airline clearance)
• flammable liquids such as rubbing alcohol, gasoline, paint, solvents, bleach, drain cleaners, and
adhesives
• flammable solids such as matches, lighters with lighter fuel, etc.
• flammable, non-flammable and poisonous compressed gases such as camping gas, aerosol paint
and propane
• explosive items such as fireworks
• corrosives such as acids, peroxide, lithium or wet batteries, thermometers or blood pressure
gauges with mercury. All sharp objects such as swords, scissors, box cutters, nail files, knives,
penknives, and razor blades can be carried in checked baggage only. These items will be taken
away at the airport security checkpoint if packed in unchecked baggage.
Dangerous goods which should not be carried in passenger baggage
ELECTRONIC GOODS IN CHECKED AND UNCHECKED BAGGAGE
Passengers should be advised not to pack electronic equipment in bags that are to be checked in.
Certain electronic devices affect aircraft systems and have been banned by Civil Aviation Authorities
when an aircraft is in flight. The following items may not be operated on board a flight:
radio transmitters two-way paging devices some electronic toys
Mobile phones must always be turned off during take-off and landing. In flight, they must be switched
to “airplane” mode. Airplane mode disables the mobile phone’s transmitting device. The following
items may be used when the seat belt signs are off and their wireless connection mode is turned off:
video cameras hand-held computer games radio receivers laptop computers

AVIATION & AIR TICKETING

INDUSTRY CODES, TERMINOLOGY, AND DEFINITIONS
Adult: A person who has reached his/her 12th birthday as on the date of
commencement of travel, is considered as an adult by the airlines and
pays an adult fare.
Availability: Term used to represent he number of seats remaining for purchase.
Airline Reporting System: An autonomous corporation created by domestic airlines. Appoints

travel agencies to sell airline tickets and oversees the financial details
of tracking payments to airlines and the disbursement of commissions
to travel agencies.
Alliance: A term for airlines that have grouped together – formed an alliance
to give them a stronger identity and larger market share.
ARNK: Arrival unknown. Used to indicate the land portion of an itinerary.
Baggage: Personal items carried by a traveller, such as clothes, camera

equipment, and other articles related to the journey.
Baggage Allowance: Per-person amount of baggage by total wie3ght, number of pieces or

volume that will be transported free of charge.
Baggage Claim Area: The part of the arrival airport terminal where passengers may claim
baggage checked in at the departure.
Baggage Tag: Personal identification issued by a carrier that is attached to a piece

of baggage.
Boarding Pass: Card handed over to a passenger before boarding an aircraft at the
check in counter in exchange of the flight coupon. It indicates the
class, the seat number allotted to the passenger.
Billing & Settlement Plan: A reporting system for collecting ticket payments from agent and
distributing the funds to the appropriate airlines.
Cancellation Fee: Amount to be paid by the customer who fails to use a reserved
accommodation or a flight reservation.
Charter: Hiring a whole transport vehicle for a particular journey for a specified
period of time.
Check In: Formalities undertaken on the arrival of a passenger at an airport, or

guest at hotel. These include the checking of passenger documents,
allocation of seats & issue of boarding pass and baggage tags for the
relevant flight or at hotel, the signing of the register card.
Child: Any child who has reached his/her 2 nd birthday but not his/her 12th
birthday (2-11 inclusive) as on the date of commencement of travel,
is considered as a child by the airlines and pays a child fare.

Code share Flight: A code share flight comes into operation when 2 airlines sign a
contract, whereby only one airline will operate the aircraft and will
carry the passenger of the other airline as well. The aircraft will have
2 flight numbers – one each for both the participating airlines.
Commercially
Important Person (CIP): Regular customer holding a special card enabling him to be
distinguished from the other passenger.
Computer Reservation System (CRS): A computerized system containing information about

schedules, availability, fare and related services. A CRS is means of
Communication between Agents & Airlines through which
reservations can be made and/or tickets issued and which makes
some or all of these facilities available to subscribers.
Configuration (Seating): Arrangement of seats in a transportation vehicle.
Confirmed Reservation: Oral or a written statement made by a hotel, restaurant, airline or any
other supplier that the request for the reservation has been received
and that it will be honoured.
Connecting Flight: The journey between the Origin and the Destination en-route a third
city where the aircraft change is required. The flight number may also
change.
E. g. Delhi – Kolkata – Mumbai – Delhi

The flight takes off from Delhi to Mumbai on two different airplanes.
There is change of airplane at Kolkata. There are two types of
Connecting Flights – Online Connection, on which it’s the same airline
for the entire journey and Interline Connection, on which more than
one Airline is involved for the journey.
Conjunction Ticket: Two or more tickets concurrently issued to a passenger and which
together constitute a single contract of carriage.
Direct Flight: The airplane will fly from the Origin to the Destination but will stop
en-route either for refuelling or for technical halt or for passenger
intake and exit. The flight number will remain the same.
E. g. Delhi – Kolkata – Mumbai – Delhi

The flight takes off from Delhi to Mumbai via Kolkata.
Down Grade: To move a passenger involuntarily to a lower grade class of service.

Sometimes happens when a smaller aircraft is used on a route
normally served by a larger one, or in an overbooking situation. For
example: A business class passenger downgraded to travel in the
economy cabin because all seats in business class have been taken.
Agent Debit Memo (ADM): An informal invoice from a supplier showing an additional amount
due.

Endorsement: Authority from a carrier to transfer a transportation document (E. g.
Tkt or a flight coupon to another carrier.)
Estimated Time of Arrival/Departure (ETA/ETD): ETA – Time at which an aircraft is expected to arrive
at its destination. ETD – Time at which an aircraft is expected to
depart.
Fare: Amount paid for transportation by air, rail or ship both for
international and domestic travel.
Flight Coupon: That part of an airline ticket that bears the notation “good for
passage” and contains details of the flight reserved for a passenger.
Flight Number: Specific designation of the flight expressed in letters (Airline 2 letter
code) and figures.
An alphanumeric code, made up of a 2-character airline code plus

between 1 and 4 numbers, assigned to a particular route for Example,
▪ AF 002 refers to an Air France flight, travelling from Paris to New

York.
Freedom of Air: Traffic rights bilaterally arranged between various nations.
Frequent Flyer: A frequent flyer program (FFP) is a loyalty program offered by many
airlines. Typically, airline customers enrolled in the program
accumulate frequent flyer miles (Kilometers, points, segments)
corresponding to the distance flown on that airline or its partners.
There are other ways to accumulate miles.
Gateway City: City/Airport serving the passenger as the entry or departure point in
a foreign country.
General Sales Agent (GSA): A travel intermediary who becomes an appointed exclusive
distributor for a particular travel product in a particular region or
country. Usually acts as that product’s full representative and gets an
overriding commission for meeting sales targets and servicing sales
agents.
Global Distribution System (GDS): What computer reservation systems became after the
airlines began making them available globally and also included other
features like hotels, car rentals and other products.
Guide: Someone who is licensed to take the tourists on sightseeing

excursions.
HUB and Spoke: An airport or city in which an airline has a major presence and many
flights to other destinations. As an example, Delta has a hub in
Atlanta. Many carriers use the hub and spoke system to maximize
profits by keeping the aircraft in the air as much as possible. Flights

to the hub are many, and from there, flights to many other
destinations are schedule.
Inbound Flight: A flight from destination towards the origin.
E. g. Delhi – Mumbai – Delhi.

The flight that the passenger board from Mumbai to Delhi will be the
inbound flight.
Incentive Travel: A trip offered by a commercial company, or any other organization,

to reward or encourage a member of their sales or the administrative
staff.
Inclusive Tour: Tour including various components such as air fares, hotels and
sightseeing.
Infant: A baby under the age of 2 years as on the commencement of travel is

considered as an infant. An infant does not occupy seat.
In Transit Visitor: Person who interrupts his journey for a short time, either out of
necessity or to visit a particular place en route.
Interline: Transfer between any aircraft of one airline to the aircraft of another
airline.
Interline Connection: Interline connection is in which more than one airline is involved for
the completion of journey.
Itinerary: A description of a customer’s travel plans, including all fights booked.

A paper document issued to customers with flight reservations and a
listing of all flight details. Here’s a list of the type of information that
may be included on a passenger’s itinerary; booked carrier name and
flight numbers; times of operation; airport terminal details; check-in
times; reconfirmation information; and details of any other travel
formalities that are relevant to the passenger’s journey.
Layover: A stop at a connection point necessitated by lack of immediate

connection between two services.
Loading Bridge: Covered passage way from the airport terminal building to an aircraft
for the use of the embarking and disembarking of the passengers.
Minimum Connecting Time: The shortest time interval necessary for transferring from one flight
to another. There is a standard MCT for each airport listed in OAG
Flight Guide. Travel Agents must adhere to MCT when arranging flight
itineraries.
Miscellaneous Charges Order (MCO) or Multi-Purpose Document
(MPD): A general purpose voucher issued by a carrier or its agent on receipt

of extra payments associated with a passenger’s journey. Passengers
may on occasion be required to pay MCO can also be issued as a
request for the issuing of a ticket or supplying of certain services such
as sightseeing, hotel rooms etc.
Neutral Unit of Construction (NUC): Unit of common International Value established by IATA to
calculate airfares & charges. Units against each sector published for
fare calculation by taking USD into consideration.
No-Shows: Passenger holding a confirmed reservation but who fails to use it or

cancel it.
Nonstop Flight: The airplane will fly direct from the Origin to the Destination without
stopping anywhere en-route. The flight number does not change.

The flight takes off from Delhi to Mumbai without stopping anywhere
in between.
On request: Term used to indicate that space has been requested but is not yet
confirmed.
Online: Transfer between any aircraft of one airline to another aircraft of the
same airline.
Online Connection: Online connection is in which more than one airline is involved for the
completion of journey.
One-way Ticket: A ticket entitling a passenger to travel only to his destination, without
returning.
Open Ticket: Ticket that does not specify the date on which the service is to be
performed leaving the passenger to secure a reservation at the later
date.
Origin/Destination: Origin is a point form where the journey begins. Destination is a point
where the journey ends.
E. g. Delhi – Mumbai – Delhi

Delhi is the origin and Mumbai is the Destination.
Overbooking: Reservation of more seats or hotel rooms than that is available.
Outbound Flight: A flight from Origin towards the Destination.
The flight that the passenger board from Delhi to Mumbai will be the
outbound flight.
Passenger: Person being transported or is scheduled to be transported by an air

carrier or any other vehicle excluding the crew or the driver.
Passenger Name Record: A unique computerized file. A PNR is created by the booking agent
and is used to communicate passenger details and intended flight
itinerary as well as other requests communicate passenger details
and intended flight itinerary as well as other requests and information
relevant to the carrier. Also referred to as a booking or reservation.

PNR: Passenger Name Record. A PNR is incomplete without any one of the
following fields:
P - Phone Field.
R – Received From.
I – Itinerary Field.
N – Name Field.
T – Ticketing Field.
S – Special Service Request
Reconfirmation: Procedure (Normally a telephone call to the airline) by which the

passengers confirm the intention to use the seat they have reserved
on the aircraft or any other transport vehicle.
Reservation: Written or oral communication to hold a room, seat or place for a

customer as requested by the customer. A promise of service.
Return Ticket: The flight(s) that form the total route of a specific origin and
destination. A single trip can be served by one or multiple carriers.
Revalidation: Procedure for amending previously arranged flight details. A sticker

with details of the new flight is attached to the flight coupon.
Red Eye Flight: An overnight flight that arrives at the destination early in the
morning.
Scheduled Service: Any form of transport service operated over a carrier’s certified
routes in accordance with the published schedules.
Seasonal Rates: Variation in the prices for the same services depending upon the time
of the year.
a. High Season: High season applies to busy times of the year when
lots of people choose to travel (e.g. school holidays), when ticket
prices will be at their highest.
b. Shoulder Season: Time of the year between high season and the
low season during which the intermediate fares are applied.
c. Low Season: Low season refers to periods when there are fewer
passenger travelling, when ticket prices may be lower.
Segment: Sometimes referred to as "City Pair". The operation between board

point and any subsequent off point within the same flight number.
Stand By: A passenger who does not hold a confirmed reservation, but who
waits at the airport ready to travel if a seat becomes available at the
last moment. Some airline offer cheaper fares to such type of
passengers.
Stopover Point: A city en-route the final destination where the passenger halts to visit
the city before flying onwards to the final destination.
E. g. Delhi – Kolkata – Mumbai

Kolkata is a Stopover Point. The passenger stops to visit Kolkata
before arriving at his final destination, Mumbai.
Surface Sector: When the passenger travels on his own between two points, the
sector is called as Surface Sector.
E. g. Delhi – Hyderabad/Mumbai – Kolkata – Delhi.
Delhi is the Origin, Mumbai is the turnaround point and Hyderabad,

Mumbai and Kolkata are intermediate points. The passenger is
travelling by car from Hyderabad to Mumbai. That sector is a Surface
Sector. It is denoted by two parallels.
E. g: A flight operated from Delhi to Mumbai by Jet Airways has 2
flight numbers, one for Jet Airways and the other for Spice Jet. The
flight is operated by Jet Airways and carries the passengers of Spice
Jet also.
Tax: Change levied on transportation, documents or hotel bills. The tax

may be a percentage of the fare collected at the time of ticketing or
it may be payable at the time of departure.
Terminal: Building(s) at airport or seaport where the formalities for departing

and arriving passengers are processed.
Tour: Individual or group travel consisting of transportation combined with

other services, such as hotels and sightseeing.
Tour Escort: Person employed to escort the members of the tourist group for the
entire journey.
Transfer: Service provider for arriving or departing passengers to transport

them form an air, sea or a rail terminal to their hotel. A standard
element of an inclusive tour.
Transit Point: A city en-route the final destination where journey breaks to change
` aircraft for the purpose of inward connections.
E. g. Delhi – X/Kolkata – Mumbai – Delhi
Kolkata is a Transit Point (“X/” is the industry norm to point out a

transit city. The passenger has to take a halt at Kolkata to change the
aircraft.)
Unaccompanied Minor: A child, up to the age of 12, who travels alone, not accompanied by
an adult. Airlines require travel agents to inform them of any
unaccompanied minors reserved on flights to that suitable
arrangements can be made. Occasionally, an airline may refuse to
carry unaccompanied children of any age.
Upgrade: A voluntary change to a better class of service.

Waitlist: Passengers awaiting confirmation of a requested flight(s) that is/are
currently fully booked passengers are normally listed for their
preferred.
2-CHARACTER AIRLINE CODES
Working in the travel industry requires you to be skilled at recognizing airline codes as well as codes
for cities and airports. The airline industry is highly dependent on the use of these three codes. We
learned that city and airport codes consist of 3 letters.
Rank Airline Name Airline Headquarter Country Alliance Passengers

Code Carried in
Millions
1 Ryanair FR Ireland - 79m
2 Lufthansa LH Germany Star Alliance 50m
3 easyJet U2 United Kingdom - 44m
4 Emirates EK United Arab Emirates - 37m
5 Air France AF France SkyTeam 33m
6 British Airways BA United Kingdom Oneworld 31m
7 KLM KL Netherlands SkyTeam 25m
8 United Airlines UA USA Star Alliance 24m
9 Air Berlin AB Germany Star Alliance 23m
10 Turkish Airlines TK Turkey Star Alliance 22m
11 Delta Air Lines DL USA SkyTeam 22m
12 American Airlines AA USA Oneworld 21m
13 Cathay Pacific Airways CX Hong Kong SAR Oneworld 21m
14 LAN Airlines LA Chile Oneworld 20m
15 Singapore Airlines SQ Singapore Star Alliance 18m
16 Qatar Airways QR Qatar Oneworld 17m
17 Korean Air KE South Korea SkyTeam 16m
18 SWISS LX Switzerland Star Alliance 15m
19 Thai Airways TG Thailand Star Alliance 14m
20 SAS Scandinavian Airlines SK Sweden/Denmark/Norway Star Alliance 13m
21 Air Canada AC Canada Star Alliance 13m
22 Norwegian Air Shuttle DY Norway - 12m
23 Qantas Airways QF Australia Oneworld 12m
24 China Eastern Airlines MU China SkyTeam 12m
25 China Airlines CI China Star Alliance 11m
Major airlines of the world with international routes
For many airlines, airline codes are a logical abbreviation of the airline name. For example, AF is the
code for Air France and OA is the code for Olympic Air. Other codes, however, are not so easily
decoded, like wise city codes. For instance, AY for Finnair and KA for Dragon air are not airline codes
that we could guess. SU is the code for Aeroflot and is also a logical abbreviation for “Soviet Union”,
the old name for the Russian Republic which is the airline's national country. Some 2-character airline
codes are alphanumeric, e.g., 9Y for Air Kazakhstan, or Z7 for Zimbabwe Express Airlines. The below
figure shows where you will see the 2-character airline code in an Amadeus GDS reservation (PNR).

Amadeus GDS reservation displaying the carrier code for both flight segments booked as BA–British Airways
TRANSMITTING RESERVATION INFORMATION TO AIRLINES
Travel agents use systems called GDS's (Global Distribution Systems) to research airline product
information such as flight schedules and seat availability. Reservations are made directly in the GDS
and the reservation records are known as Passenger Name Records (PNR). PNRs are also sometimes
referred to as booking files (BF). A typical GDS PNR is composed of standard fields of information
including:
PNR FIELD INFORMATION DISPLAYED: The Mandatory Elements required to create a PNR are
classified as PRINT
P Phone Field Mandatory
R Received from Field Mandatory

I Itinerary Field Mandatory
N Name Filed Mandatory
T Time Limit/Ticketing Field Mandatory
S Special Service Requirement or Request (SSR) Optional
Though SSR Field is not mandatory to create a PNR, however, it hold important value when passenger
requests such as meals, wheel chair, special assistance etc., which we will learn more in the coming
modules.
THE SERVICE INFORMATION FIELD
The service information field of a reservation (PNR) is used to transmit two types of messages to
booked airlines:
SPECIAL SERVICE REQUEST (SSR)
An SSR is a request for a special service or product to be provided to the customer by the airlines
booked, such as a special meal or wheelchair service. Travel agents can request special services that
are to be provided for their customers while on board a flight. Perhaps a passenger is diabetic and
requires a diabetic meal. If so, the booking agent should be told so that a request can be sent to carriers
booked.

Most carriers, given adequate time, will do everything possible to provide a more enjoyable flight.
Such special service requests are part of a PNR and are transmitted to booked airlines when the
reservation is completed. In order to be sure that this request is passed on to the relevant airline, the
agent must add a special service request to the passenger's electronic reservation or PNR in the form
of an SSR entry. The insertion of a special service request to a passenger PNR requires a four-letter
code representing the service required.
OTHER SERVICE INFORMATION (OSI)
An advice about the passengers to the airlines booked, such as the ages of child passengers or that a
passenger is blind. In order to be sure that this information is passed on to the relevant airline, the
agent must add an Other Service Information (OSI) entry to the passenger's electronic reservation or
PNR. The insertion of an OSI entry to a passenger PNR requires a three-letter or four-letter code
representing the service required.
Two Types of Automated Messages
To clarify, there are two different types of messages. These are described as either:
1) Special Service Requests (SSR)
SSRs are messages using a standard 4-letter code to send a request for a specific service or facility.
This type of message includes requests such as a vegetarian meal (VGML), a wheelchair (WCHS), or a
message advising that a child is traveling unaccompanied by an adult (UMNR).
SSR messages require confirmation and preparation by the airline. These services can be requested
from any airline but are never guaranteed to the passenger unless a confirmation reply is received
from the airline(s) booked in the itinerary.
When an SSR entry with a request is added to a PNR, the request has a “request” status, designated
by the status code “NN”. If the airline receiving the request accepts to provide the service requested,
the SSR entry status will change from “request” status (NN) to “confirmed” status (HK).
SSR entry in a PNR booked in the Amadeus GDS on request (NN)Status

SSR CODES
Code Description
AVML Asian vegetarian meal
BSCT Baby cot/bassinet
BBML Baby meal
BULK Bulky baggage
BLND Blind passenger
CBBG Cabin baggage (for which extra seating has been purchased) *Specify weight and size, if
known.
CHML Child meal
DEPA Deportee (accompanied by an escort)
DEPU Unaccompanied deportee
DEAF Deaf passenger *Specify if passenger can lip-read.
DBML Diabetic meal
FQTV Frequent traveller information
FRAG Fragile baggage *Specify number, weight, size, if known
LANG Language assistance required by passenger *Specify language(s) spoken.
MAAS Meet and assist (perhaps an elderly passenger needing support) *Specify details.
NSSA No-smoking aisle seat request**
NSSW No-smoking window seat request**
PETC Passenger traveling with a pet in cabin
RQST Specific seat request *Include a seat number preference.
SMSA Smoking aisle seat**
SMSW Smoking window seat **
STCR Stretcher passenger
SPML Special meal requested *Specify type of food.
TWOV Passenger in transit without a visa
UMNR Unaccompanied minor (child under 12)
VGML Vegetarian meal requested
WCHR Wheelchair required for walking distances
WCHS Wheelchair required for climbing stairs
WCHC Wheelchair required from the aircraft door to aircraft seat
XBAG Excess baggage (Specify number, weight, size, if known)
A selection of commonly used special service request (SSR) codes and their meanings
** Almost all airlines are now smoke-free. Therefore, seating in a smoking section is not an option.

Many of the codes listed above require further explanation. For example, it is not enough to use the
code SPML (special meal) without also describing the type of meal the passenger has requested.
Travel agents can request special services that are to be provided for their customers while on board
a flight. This is done by adding a “special service request (SSR)” to the PNR in the GDS. A general
information code (OTHS) can be used for any other request that does not have its own 4-letter code.
OTHS PASSENGER SPEAKS PORTUGUESE ONLY
2) Other Service Information (OSI) Messages
An OSI message differs from an SSR in that it simply provides miscellaneous information related to the
passenger that may be of interest to the airline. Therefore, no action or confirmation is required nor
expected from the airline(s) booked to transport the passengers. OSIs, for instance, are used to inform
an airline that a passenger is a VIP, such as a commercially important person, a royal traveller, or some
other famous individual or dignitary.
OSIs can also be used to inform the airline of the age of minor traveling with an adult as is the case in
the below figure Label 1 indicates that there is at least one OSI entry added to the PNR; label 2 states
exactly the OSI information that is supplied voluntarily to the airline. Although SSR codes are always
in a 4-character format, OSI codes can be either three or four characters.
OSI entry in a PNR booked in the Galileo GDS
OSI Code Description

ARR Arrival information
CONX Connection information
CTCA Contact address
CTCH Contact home telephone
PWCT Passenger will contact
CONT Continuing
CTC Contact information
CTCB Contact business telephone
CTCT Contact travel agent telephone
VIP Very important passenger
Commonly used OSI codes

Travel agents should advise airlines of information about their booked customers that can be helpful
to know. This is done by adding an “other service information (OSI)” entry to the PNR in the GDS.
MISCELLANEOUS ABBREVIATIONS
The English language is used throughout the air transport industry, and abbreviations are used
to create a common standard to facilitate the communication of requests and information. The
abbreviations in the below table are commonly used abbreviations; they are the airline
industry's shorthand.
These abbreviations are commonly used in the remark or free text fields of GDS entries. These
are used to speed up and ensure accuracy of information exchanged. However, if you are
unsure of an abbreviation, it is better to write the full word or term to avoid a
misunderstanding.
Code Description Code Description

ADT Adult INAD Inadmissible passenger
ACK Acknowledge INF Infant
ADV Advised, advising NTBA Names to be advised
AGT Agent, travel agent NOSH No show
ALTRN Alternative ORIG Origin
ARR Arrive PSGR or Pax Passenger(s)
ASAP As soon as possible PNR Passenger name record
AUTH Authorization RPT Repeat
CHG Change REQ Request
CHD Child RESSASPO Reservation soon as possible
CFY Clarify STVR Stopover
CONX Connection TKNO Ticket number
DEP Departure TRAV Travelling
DAPO Do all possible UM Unaccompanied minor
FRAV First available VIP Very important passenger
Commonly used air transport abbreviations and their meanings

Hotel
Introduction on Hotels
What is a Hotel?
A hotel is a commercial establishment offering paid lodging, meals, and personal services,generally on a
short-term basis.
Services and facilities

Earlier, hotels used to offer only basic accommodation with a bed, a cupboard, & a small table. Now,
hotel rooms are supplied with en-suite bathrooms along with a plethora of in- room amenities, which
mostly include a telephone, an alarm clock, a TV set, a DVD player, a computer, and an internet
connection. Amenities provided may also include a mini-bar fordrinks & a small refrigerator for snacks
& fruits (to be paid for on departure); and tea & coffee making facilities. State-of-the-art in-room
climate control technology has become a regular feature in many modern hotels.
Classification of Hotels
The cost & quality are often suggestive of the range & type of services available in hotels. During the
last 30 years, standards of hotels including those of smaller establishments have enormously improved,
thanks to stupendous growth in worldwide tourism. Worldwide, rating systems have been devised for
the sake of greater comparability of hotels, with the one to five stars classification being the most
common one.
Types of hotels in India:

India is home to some of the finest business & leisure hotels in the world, offering excellentservice with
typical warmth of Indian hospitality.
Business hotels
The business hotels are ideal for business travelers. These hotels are suitably located near business
centers in a city. These hotels can also be found located near airport or railway station. The amenities
include multi-cuisine restaurants for business luncheons; halls for symposiums, seminars, or trade
exhibitions; conference & meeting rooms with modern telecommunication facilities for corporate
honchos; etc.
Leisure hotels
The leisure hotels are a great place for tourists on leisure travel. Typically, these hotels are large Training
format hotels situated close to some important tourist places or wildlife parks,away from a city. The
hotel campus is also usually spacious accommodating golf courts, tennis courts, lush green gardens,
swimming pools, etc, offering a great escapade from the hurly burly of modern-day life. Leisure hotels
offer luxurious environs and the finest of modern amenities, with highly personalized service delivered
with utmost care.
Leisure hotels include heritage hotels (old palaces turned into hotels), wildlife resorts (located near
famous national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, & tiger reserves), beach resorts(along sun-laden beaches),
etc

Hotel Terminology
Adjoining Rooms
Hotel rooms that are next to each other but without common or connecting doors.
Amenities
The features and facilities of a hotel. Amenities are designed & provided to enhance aguest's
experience to encourage them to return.
Available Room Nights

The total number of hotel rooms available for occupancy, multiplied by the number of days in a
particular time period. This is the hotel's inventory
Check-in Date
The date of arrival of the guest from which the occupancy starts. The check-in time for mosthotels is
12:00 noon, unless specified otherwise.
Check-out Date
The date on which the guest will leave the hotel. The check-out time for most hotels is12:00
noon, unless otherwise specified.
Corporate Rates
Special room rates reserved for organizations having an agreement with the hotel or hotelchain.
Double Room
A hotel room designed to be occupied by 2 people. Generally, a double room has a largeking size or
queen size bed
High Season / Peak Season / On Season

A period in a year during when travel to an area peaks and hotel rates are at their highest. In most
parts of India, this is generally from October to May.
Low Season / Off Season

The particular period of year when travel to a place is at its lowest and prices are at thebottom.
Negotiated Rate
A hotel room rate or price negotiated and set through an agreement between the supplier and an
entity, such as a company, government, travel agents, etc. Negotiated rates are obtained for specific
cases for a specified period, after which the negotiated rate ceases toapply and needs to be
renegotiated.
Overbooking
It is a practice followed by many hotels to make excess reservations than what it can actually
accommodate. Hotels use their past data to calculate what percentage they can overcommit rooms.
Overcommitting is practiced by hotels to enable them to have 100 per cent occupancy.

Room Plans
Typically, four category of room plans are available - American Plan (AP), ModifiedAmerican Plan,
Continental Plan, and European Plan.
American Plan - Also called as 'full pension', this describes a type of room plan orroom rate that
includes the price of breakfast, lunch, & dinner. (AP= Room with all 3 meals.)
Modified American Plan - This is a type of room plan wherein a room rate willinclude the price of
breakfast and dinner. (MAP= Room, breakfast & dinner.)
Continental Plan - In this plan, room rate includes the price of breakfast. (CP=Room with breakfast.)
European Plan – This plan is a room-only plan, meals are ordered and paid forseparately. (EP= Room
only.)
Hotel Room Types

Single Room − A room with the facility of single bed. It is meant for single occupancy. It has an
attached bathroom, a small dressing table, a small bedsidetable, and a small writing table.
Sometimes it has a single chair too.
Double Room − A room with the facility of double bed. There are two variants in this type depending upon
the size of the bed
King Double Room (with king size double bed)

Queen Double Room (with queen size double bed)
It is equipped with adequate furniture such as dressing table and a writing table,a TV, and a small
fridge.
Single Room Double Room

Deluxe Room − They are available in Single Deluxe and Double Deluxe variants.Deluxe room is well furnished. Some
amenities are attached bathroom, a dressingtable, a bedside table, a small writing table, a TV, and a small fridge.
The floor iscovered with carpet and most suitable for small families.
• Double-Double (Twin Double) Room − This room provides two double beds with separate
headboards. It is ideal for a family with two children below 12 years.
• Twin Room − This room provides two single beds with separate headboards. It is meant
for two independent people. It also has a single bedside table shared between the two
beds.
TWIN ROOM TWIN DOUBLE ROOM HOLLYWOOD TWIN ROOM
• Hollywood Twin Room − This room provides two single beds with a common headboard. If a need
arises, the two beds can be brought together to form a double bed.
• Duplex Room − This type is composed of two rooms located on two different floors,
connected with internal stairs.
• Cabana − This type of room faces water body, beach, or a swimming pool. It generally has a large
balcony.

DUPLEX CABANA
• Studio − They are twin adjacent rooms: A living room with sofa, coffee table andchairs, and
a bedroom. It is also equipped with fan/air conditioner, a small kitchencorner, and a dining
area. The furniture is often compact.
• Lanai − This room faces a landscape, a waterfall, or a garden.
• Suite −It is composed of one or more bedrooms, a living room, and a dining area.It is
excellent for the guests who prefer more space, wish to entertain their guestswithout
interruption and giving up privacy. There are various types of suites −
o Regular Suite − Best for business travelers.
o Penthouse Suite − Luxurious than the regular suite. It is provided with the access to
terrace space above the suite. It is aloof from crowd and provides abird’s eye view of
the city. It has all the amenities and structuresimilar to a regular suite.
o Presidential Suite − The best possible suite in the hotel.

• Sico − This is a kind of multipurpose room, which can be used as a meeting roomduring the day
and as a bedroom during the night. These rooms have special beds called Murphy Bed that can be
folded entirely against a wall. This bed mayor may not have headboard. The lower face of the bed
which becomes visible after folding or placing upright, has a decorative wall paper, mirror, or a
painting.After folding the bed, the room can accommodate sitting for five to ten people.
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Holiday Package management
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DOMESTIC DESTINATIONS
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SPLENDID KASHMIR
INTRODUCTION
Situated in the northern part of India, J&K is the essence of everything that is Indian-its culture, history, tradition,
people,and natural splendor.The state was integrated as a part of India in 1948, when the ruler of Jammu &
Kashmir agreed to join the Indian federation and the state was given a special status under article 370 of the
Indian constitution. Noe thw article has been removed and it is now a Union Teratory.
LOCATION
Situated in the North India, Jammu and Kashmir is bordered by Pakistan, China, and Afghanistan from West to
East.From South to East, the boundary of the state touches Punjab and Himachal..
TOURISTS ATTRACTIONS
Jammu is the winter capital of the state and next in importance after Srinagar. Most of the tourists who come to
the Jammu region to go to Mata Vaishno Devi shrine as their destination, which is quite close by. The other major
tourist attraction is the Raghunath Temple Complex, which is the largest temple in North India devoted to Lord
Rama. The temple of Maha Kali (better known as Bahu or Bawey Wali Mata), located in the Bahu Fort, is
considered second only to Mata Vaishno Devi in terms of mystical power. The most stunning site in Jammu is the
Sheesh Mahal. The Pink Hall of the palace now houses the Dogra Art Museum, which has miniature paintings of
the various hill schools. The museum also has the handwritten Persian manuscripts of the Shahnama and
Sikandernama. The palace was once the royal residence of the Dogra kings.
HOW TO REACH BY AIR
The state has three major civil airports at Srinagar, Jammu, and Lah connected to Delhi and other places in
the country. Moreover, the longest rail route that stretches from Jammu Tawi to Kanyakumari and touches
almost all themain cities and towns of the country originates from. Few years back Indian rail has spread its
network to Katra for Vaishno Devi Temple.
SRINAGAR
INTRODUCTION
Srinagar is the summer capital of the state of Jammu and Kashmir and is the pride of the beautiful valley of
Kashmir.Srinagar is famous for its lakes and the charming rows of houseboats floating on them. It is also known
for traditionalKashmiri handicrafts and dry fruits
LOCATION
Srinagar is located in the western part of the state of Jammu and Kashmir, in the northern region of India. It is
located inthe Kashmir valley. River Jhelum passes through Srinagar city. Srinagar is 876 km north of Delhi. The
weather in Srinagar is alpine. Summers (April-June) are mild and winters are cold (November-February).
It experiences heavy snowfall in December-February.
DISTANCE
Srinagar Pahalgam-96 Kms 3 Hours
Pahalgam Gulmarg-146 Kms 4 Hours
Gulmarg Srinagar-52 Kms 2 Hours
Srinagar Sonmarg-87 Kms 3 Hours
BEST TIME TO VISIT

The best time to visit Srinagar is during summers between April and June.
The valley of Kashmir, in which Srinagar is located, is also referred to as being a heaven on earth. The Mughal
emperor Jahangir was so captivated by the beauty of this valley that he exclaimed "Gar firdaus, ruhe zamin ast,
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hamin asto, hamin asto, hamin asto" (If there is a heaven on earth, its here, its here, its here). There are a
number of tourist places inand around Srinagar. The Dal Lake is an important tourist attraction of Srinagar. It is
located on the eastern end of the city. The Dal Lake comprises of a series of lakes, including the Nagin Lake some
8 km from the city center. One can enjoy the panoramic view of the mountains surrounding Srinagar from this
lake. Travelers can enjoy taking a ride on traditional Kashmiri boats or the Shikaras to explore the intricate maze
of waterways of this lake. The other major attractions of Srinagar city are the well laid out Mughal styled gardens.
The Shalimar Bagh and the Nishat Bagh are beautiful gardens located to the far eastern side of the Dal Lake. One
can take a stroll amongst these green and attractive gardens and enjoy the waterworks within them. The temple
of Shankaracharya is another important place to visit in Srinagar. Jaluka, the son of emperor Ashoka, built it in
the 3rd century BC.
PAHALGAM
INTRODUCTION
Pahalgam is famous for its scenic beauty and is the jewel of the picturesque Liddar valley located in the high
Himalayas.It provides an ideal setting for activities like hiking, trekking, and fishing. It is also the starting point of
the annual pilgrimage to the holy cave of Amarnath.
LOCATION
Pahalgam is located in the western part of the state of Jammu and Kashmir, in the northern region of India.
Pahalgam is95 km east of Srinagar. The weather in Pahalgam is alpine. Summers (April-June) are mild while
winters (November- February) are cold. It experiences heavy snowfall from December to February.
BEST TIME TO VISIT
The best time to visit Pahalgam is during the summers, between mid-April and mid-November. It can also be
visited inJuly-August during the annual pilgrimage to the holy cave of Amarnath. Adventure lovers like to visit
during the winterseason.
The natural beauty of Pahalgam and the verdant Liddar valley attracts the traveler towards it. The sparkling water of
River Liddar, which flows near Pahalgam, has a number of picnic spots around it. Pahalgam is a part of Asia's only
saffron growing area. One can see the saffron plants in full bloom in the month of November. There are a number of
hiking and trekking trails around Pahalgam. One can even explore these places on horseback. Pahalgam provides a
panoramic view of the mighty Himalayan range with its lush green pine forests and snow-capped peaks.
ADVENTURE
The Liddar River is popular among travelers interested in angling. Stretches of this river are suitable for trout
fishing. Travelers interested in fishing have to obtain a fishing license from the Directorate of Fisheries in
Srinagar. Pahalgam isthe starting point of a number of trekking and hiking trails to the surrounding mountains.
Trekking around Pahalgam is exhilarating, as it takes the traveler through virgin pine forests, clear mountain
streams, and meadows of wildflowers.
HOW TO REACH
The nearest airport is at Srinagar, which is 95 km from Pahalgam. It is well connected by road with Srinagar. The
travel time between the two is 21/2 hours. Tourists can hire guided ponies and horses to explore Pahalgam and
the areas aroundit.
GULMARG
INTRODUCTION
Gulmarg derives its root from the meadow of flowers" and is indeed a picturesque location. Known for its
unparalleledbeauty, Gulmarg's virgin forests are a welcoming sight to all tourists.
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LOCATION
Located in the northernmost state of Jammu and Kashmir, Gulmarg is in the Baramulla district, 57 km southwest
from thecapital city of Srinagar.
From Gulmarg, a pony track leads upwards to Khilanmarg, Kongdori and Seven Springs. It takes a couple of hours
by pony, and slightly longer on foot. Khilanmarg offers an unparalleled view of the great Himalayan range. From
here, across the Apharwat-the peak that looks up from this point-is Alpather Lake, a picturesque alpine lake that
remains frozenuntil late June. It is located at a distance of about 13 km from Gulmarg. For horse riding freaks,
Alpather Lake makes an exciting day's excursion, and one has to start early morning and return by late evening.
Slightly lower than Gulmarg is the shrine of Baba Reshi (a Muslim mystic saint), which is visited by people of all
faiths.
HOW TO REACH
BY AIR - The nearest airport is in Srinagar. This airport is connected with major cities of the country.
SONMARG
INTRODUCTION
Sonmarg (literally, the meadow of gold) is a tranquil place set in a valley amongst glaciers and placid lakes. The
flower-laden meadows, panoramic view of the lofty snow-covered Himalayan peaks and a number of trekking and
hiking trails have made Sonmarg a popular tourist destination.
LOCATION
Sonmarg is located in the western part of the state of Jammu and Kashmir, in the northern region of
India.Sonmarg is 80km northeast of Srinagar. Summers (April-June) are mild and winters are cold (November-
February). It experiences heavy snowfall in December-February.
TOURIST ATTRACTION
Thajiwas Glacier, Sonamarg Overview

Thajiwas Glacier: which lies at a distance of 3 km from Sonamarg in Kashmir is an exquisite beauty situated
3000 m above sea level covered in snow all through the year. The glacier is one of the most significant
assets of Jammu and Kashmir and a must-visit for all the nature and trekking lovers. On the way to the
glacier, the tourists get to witness the beauty of the silver shining frozen lake along with all the greenery
around. In addition to all this, alpine meadows are scattered all over in the Thajiwas Glacier along with
numerous waterfalls which make the region appear like heaven on earth.
Best time to visit Thajiwas Glacier

The ideal time for tourists to pay a visit to the Thajiwas Glacier is between April and October when summers
set in, andthe climate is pleasant and cool. One can enjoy the sightseeing activities in addition to
participating in various exciting activities. Snow too can be witnessed on the mountain peaks during this
time.
How to Reach Thajiwas Glacier

Thajiwas Glacier is situated at a distance of 3 km from Sonamarg and can be easily reached on foot in about
half an hour.One can also hire cabs or ponies to reach the glacier. You can get a cab from the Sonmarg Taxi
Stand which should cost you around INR 3500 - 5500.
Sonamarg is connected to almost all the other places and can be reached by state buses or taxis.
Zoji-La Pass, Sonamarg Overview

What runs through the Kashmir valley and Ladakh bringing them and their own corners closer, is a high
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mountain pass,Zoji-La Pass at an altitude of 3528 m above the sea level. Given the altitude, and the places
it travels to, the pass is known for its extraordinarily beautiful views and landscapes. Certain parts of the
pass, especially, can be a bit of a dangerous ride, hence one must travel down this one, only with a
seasoned driver, used to such steep and playful turns and roads. Also, the pass gets closed occasionally
during the winter months.
Gangabal
It is also called Harmukh ganga, it iss sacred to hindus, it can be reached from Sonmarg via Krishnasar and
Vishnasar-atreak through enchanting sceneary.
LADAKH
OVERVIEW
Fondly called the 'Moon-land on Earth', Ladakh is a charming region in the Jammu & Kashmir state of India. Set in
the Himalayan and Karakoram mountain ranges, away from the bustling cities and ultra-modern world, Ladakh is
like a tranquil paradise on earth. Besides a beautiful countryside, Ladakh is blessed with natural treasures like
lofty snow- capped mountain peaks, crystal clear picturesque lakes, clean shimmering rivers, pleasant climate,
varied wildlife and much more. As you enter the Ladakh region, a distinct natural charm will amaze you. In fact, it
seems that the nature has created the Ladakh region with utmost eagerness. Along with its unmatched natural
beauty, the simple and ever smiling locals make Ladakh a must visit place in India. Also called 'Little Tibet', the
Ladakh region is mainly inhabited by the people of Buddhist faith who follow Tibetan culture and traditions. Meet
the locals and observe their unique lifestyle, alsosavour the traditional delicacies of the region and buy some
souvenirs for yourself or near and dear ones. The adventure options like mountaineering, trekking, rafting and
jeep safari add more thrill during a trip to Ladakh. Visit Ladakh and experience a vacation of lifetime in the lap of
nature.
Main Languages
Ladakhi & Tibetan (Purig, English, Hindi and Urdu are also widely spoken)
When to Go
The winter (November to February) in Ladakh region is quite chilly and mercury level drops below zero-degree
Celsius many times. Ladakh gets covered with snow during winter season so avoid this time. Despite its location at
high altitude,Ladakh experiences hot summers (March to May). Monsoon (June to September) season brings little
rainfall for Ladakh region. May to Sep is considered the best time to visit Ladakh, when the roads leading to the
region from Srinagar and Manali remain open.
HOW TO REACH - Nearest Metropolis: Delhi - 995 km away
Air- Leh Airport is the only airport in Ladakh region, which is served by daily flights from Delhi, Jammu and
Srinagar.Many Airlines operate flights during the main tourist season between May to October. Rest of the year
flights are operated only when the weather remains good, so you may need to reschedule trip at last minute.
Road- Ladakh is well connected by motorable roads with Jammu and Srinagar. The region is linked with Srinagar
by ZojiLa Pass (opens between June and October), while Rohtang Pass (opens between July and September)
connects Manali with Ladakh.
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LEH
OVERVIEW
Leh India is one of the favorite tourist destinations. Lapped in the snow-covered fringes of the Himalayas, Leh has
been the center of Tibeto-Buddhist culture since ages. Its colorful gompas have attracted the devout Buddhists
from all over theglobe. Besides, it is also a favorite hiking locale and is known for some of the best hikes in India.
LOCATION
The capital of the Ladakh district, Leh is towards the eastern parts of Jammu and Kashmir. It is perched at a
height of 3,505 m above sea level. The region is watered by the Zanskar River, which flows into Indus River. The
Stok mountainrange lies just south of Leh, while towards the north one can find the snow-capped Ladakh range.
In the winters, it is freezing cold with temperatures going below 0°C.
Tourist Attractions in LEH
SHANTI STUPA is a Buddhist white-domed stupa (chorten) on a hilltop in Chanspa. It was built in 1991 by
Japanese Buddhist Bhikshu Gyomyo Nakamura. The Shanti Stupa holds the relics of the Buddha at its base,
enshrined by the 14thDalai Lama himself. The stupa has become a tourist attraction not only due to its religious
significance but also due to itslocation which provides panoramic views of the surrounding landscape.
LEH PALACE overlooks the town of Leh, modelled on the Potala Palace in Lhasa, Tibet. The palace was built by
KingSengge Namgyal in the 17th century, but was later abandoned when Dogra forces took control of Ladakh in
the mid-19thcentury. The palace house Buddhist paintings on walls and artifacts. On the top of the Namgyal hill,
the palace has the Victory Tower, built to commemorate Ladakh's victory over the Balti Kashmir armies in the
early 16th century. It serves as Indian Government's archaeological conservation organization office in Leh. Leh
Palace is nine stores high; the upper floors accommodated the royal family, the stables and store rooms were in
the lower floors. The palace, a ruin, is currently being restored by the Archaeological Survey of India. The palace is
open to the public and the roof provides panoramic views of Leh and the surrounding areas. The mountain of
Stok Kangri in the Zangskar mountain range is visible across the Indus valley to the south, with the Ladakh
mountain range rising behind the palace to the north
LEH MOSQUE - The striking green and white Leh Mosque, an exquisite work of Turko-Iranian architecture., stand
in the Main Bazaar of Leh. This historical mosque was built in 1666-67 A.D. consequent to an agreement between
the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb and then ruler of Ladakh, Deldan Namgyal. The mosque is open only to men. This
is also a good place to find out about the possibility of doing voluntary work with various organizations. If
interested, inquire atthe reception centre or simply check the information board.
SOMA GONPA (JOKHANG) - The Ladakh Buddhist Association in 1957 built the small Gonpa opposite to SBI, in the
main bazaar, which is open throughout the day for visitors. The Gompa contains a statue of Joyo Rinpochey
(crowned Buddha).
SANKAR GONPA - The Sankar Gonpa is a couple of kilometers away from Leh town. It belongs to the Gelukspa
school of Tibetan Buddhism. This small Gonpa is a branch of the Spituk Monastery, founded by the first
incarnation ofSkyabje Bakula (head monk of Spituk)
PLACES AROUND LEH
SPITUK MONASTERY - The gompa stands prominently on the top of a hillock, 8 Kms. from Leh, and commands
apanoramic view of the Indus Valley for miles. Many icons of Buddha and five thankas are found in 15th
century monastery. There is also a collection of ancient masks, antique arms, and an awe inspiring image of
Mahakal.
GURUDWARA PATTHAR SAHIB - It is built in the memory of Guru Nanak, about 25 kms away from Leh, on the
Leh-Kargil road, 12000 ft above the sea level. Built by Buddhist Lamas nestled deep inside the Himalayas about
25 km from the town of Leh on the Leh-Srinagar road is a Gurudwara called Sri Prather Sahib. The Gurudwara
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Sahib was builtin the year 1517 to commemorate the visit of Sri Guru Nanak Devji. Legend says that Sri
Gurunanak Devji reached Leh via Sikkim, Nepal, Tibet and Yarkhand. The place is revered by both the local lamas
and Sikh sangat.
MAGNETIC HILL - The Leh Magnetic Hill is located on the Leh-Kargil-Baltik national highway, about 30 km from
Leh at a height of 14,000 feet. The hill has magnetic properties which attracts metallic objects, making vehicles
move upat a speed of about 20 km per hour with the engines off.
HALL OF FAME- Near Leh is worth a visit for every citizen. It is a glorious museum constructed by Indian army.
Youcan see the memorabilia, eminent defence personalities with biographies, images and weapons used during
Kargil war and belongings of enemy soldiers found at war site. Another section of this building is entirely
dedicated to Siachen and its heroes. On display are attires, multi layered shoes to keep their feet from frost bites,
their daily instruments, their day to day food mainly frozen and packed, which is heated by lighting small balls of
Hexamycin tablets, as fire is difficult toignite at a temperature dipping -30 deg to -50 deg centigrade. It is
mentioned on a board that 97% of the casualties in Siachen are due to cold and terrain
THIKSEY GOMPA - (thiksok Nambar tak pe ling) is a Tibetan Buddhist monastery of the Yellow Hat (Gelugpa) sect,
located on top of a hill, approximately 19 kilometres east of Leh. It is noted for its resemblance to the Potala
Palace in Lhasa, Tibet and is the largest gompa in central Ladakh. The monastery is located at an altitude of 3,600
metres (11,800 ft) in the Indus valley. It is a 12-storey complex and houses many items of Buddhist art such as
stupas, statues, thangkas, wall paintings and swords. One of the main points of interest is the Maitreya (future
Buddha) Temple which is installed tocommemorate the visit of the 14th Dalai Lama to this monastery in 1970. A
15 metres (49 ft) high statue of Maitreya, the largest such statue in Ladakh, covering two storeys of the building is
defied in the monastery. A nunnery is also part of the complex the Shey Monastery or Gompa and the Shey Palace
complex are structures located on a hillock in Shey,15 kilometres to the south of Leh on the Leh-Manali road. Shey
was the summer capital of Ladakh in the past. The palace, mostly in ruins now, was built first in 1655, near Shey
village, by the king of Ladakh, Deldan Namgyal, also known as Lhachen Palgyigon. It was used as a summer retreat
by the kings of Ladakh. The Shey Monastery was also built in 1655 on the instructions of Deldon Namgyal, in the
memory of his late father, Singay Namgyal, within the palace complex.
The monastery is noted for its giant copper with gilded gold statue of a seated Shakyamuni Buddha. Shakyamuni
Buddhais so named since Buddha was the sage (muni) of the Sakya people who resided in the Himalayan foothills
and their capital was Kapilvastu. It is said to be the second largest such statue in Ladakh.
EXCURSIONS FROM LEH
PANGONG LAKE - This lake is situated at a elevation of 14,000ft. In the Eastern sector of Ladakh, at a distance of
154km. from Leh across Changla pass (17,000ft.). This lake is one of the largest and most beautiful natural
brakish lakesin the Country. two thirds of the length of this lake falls in the China. In winter, the lake surface
freezes completely despite being salt water. Pangong Tso can be reached in a five-hour drive from Leh.
NUBRA VALLEY is about 150 km north of Leh. Local scholars say that its original name was Ldumra (the valley
offlowers). The Shyok River meets the Nubra or Siachan River to form a large valley that separates the Ladakh
and the Karakoram Ranges. The average altitude of the valley is about 10,000 ft. above the sea level. The
common way to accessthis valley is to travel over the Khardung La from Leh. Non-locals require an Inner Line
Permit (easily obtained in Leh town) to enter Nubra.
DISKIT MONASTERY also known as Deskit Gompa or Diskit Gompa is the oldest and largest Buddhist monastery
inthe Nubra Valley. It also belongs to the Gelugpa (Yellow Hat) sect of Tibetan Buddhism. It was founded by
Changzem Tserab Zangpo, a disciple of Tsong Khapa, founder of Gelugpa, in the 14th century. It is a sub-gompa
of the Thikse gompa. The monastery has statue of Maitreya Buddha in the prayer hall, a huge drum and several
images of fierce guardian deities. An elevated cupola of the moanstery depicts a fresco of the Tashilhunpo
Monastery of Tibet.
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SAMSTANLING GOMPA was founded by Lama Tsultrim Nima and Monastic community was introduced as
RezongGompa. About 50-60 monks are residing at this 132-year-old monastery. The Gompa has some strict
rules and regulations.
INNER LINE PERMIT is an official travel document issued by the Government of India to allow inward travel of
anIndian citizen into a protected/restricted area for a limited period. It is issued to an Indian citizen. It is
obligatory for Indian citizens from outside those states to obtain permit for entering into the protected state.
The document is an effortby the Government to regulate movement to certain areas located near the
international border of India.
ILP: It's applied in Leh after arrival; all passengers need to carry Government of India issued photo
id's/proofand 2 photographs, including for children. This needs to be handed over to the escorts. The
Application form/permit will be made available with guides/drivers before your excursion to the required
locations.
Important Insight!
Land of High Passes, Monasteries, unpredictable/in-hospitable climate, cold desert and scenic landscape not
found anywhere in the world. Welcoming you to Hermit Kingdom and highlighting few expectations from this in
this region formaking your visit a memorable one.
➢ Even if you feel healthy, first day has to be a full day rest/sleep for acclimatization
➢ Do not indulge in strenuous activities, tobacco intake in any form and alcoholism
➢ Water is heated with firewood or coal as geysers and boilers are not allowed
➢ Room heaters are not allowed and hoteliers may help you with burners/ hot water bottle
➢ Mobile connectivity is a problem in this region only BSNL, Airtel are service providers and few postpaid
connections onroaming might work
➢ Ladakh is an indifferent tourist destination and locals will not go out of the way for monetary benefits, please
refrain fromattempting affordability for extras
➢ Resources are limited, please use them economically also refrain from littering everywhere, bringing waste
back in litterbacks from your excursions
HIMACHAL PRADESH
INTRODUCTION
Himachal Pradesh is a state in Northern India. It is bordered by the Indian states of Jammu and
Kashmir on the north, Punjab on the west and south-west, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh on the south,
Uttarakhand on the south-east and by the Tibet Autonomous Region on the east. The literal
meaning of Himachal Pradesh is Region of snowy mountains.
BEST TIME TO VISIT

Winters (October to February) are very severe and heavy snowfall is recorded during this season.
April to June is delightful and comfortable at the higher altitudes.
PLACES TO VISIT
Manali: One of the most beautiful hill stations of the country , Manali is basically a small town
inthe Kullu valley of Himachal Pradesh. Termed sometimes as the cradle between the lesser
Himalayas, Manali is extremely popular with tourists for its lavish display of unspoilt natural beauty.
Rich in its scenic splendor, Manali draws a good number of tourists from within the country
and abroad every year.
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Kufri is a tiny hill station located near Shimla. It is famous for its trekking and hiking trails. Adventure-
seeking travelers’ throng Kufri in winters to enjoy skiing and tobogganing along its snow-covered
slopes. Kufri is also farnous for its nature parks and picnic spots. Kufri's proximity tothe hill
station of Shimla makes it an important placeon the tourist circuit of the state.
The Rohtang Pass, in the northern part of India, is a site where one can view the most drastic of
landscape variances. On one side, the lush green head of the Kullu Valley; to the other, an
awesomevista of bare, brown mountains, hanging glaciers and snowfields that dazzle in the
crisp daylight. It is in the district of Lahaul.
Mandi is a little town with temples and traditions in the hilly region of Himachal Pradesh.
Shimla, one of India's most famous hill stations, derives its name from Goddess Shyamala, an
incarnation of Goddess Kalii the deity of power and wrath. However, unlike its name, Shimla is a
perfect heaven for those in search of tranquility. Nature has blessed this capital city with
innumerablegifts and man has used them to make , Shimla one of India's best destinations.
Dharamshala-Set against the magnificent backdrop of the towering Dhauladhar ranges,

whichrise up to more than 4,000 meters, Dharamshala, which literally means 'the Holy Refuge', lies
perched up on the high slopes in the upper reaches of the Kangra valley. Founded in 1855, it is
one of the 80 hill resorts developed in the seventeenth century by the British to beat the heat
and dust of the sweltering plains. Today, it is famous as the abode of the Dalai Lama and is
known throughout the world as the Little Lhasa, because of the large number of Tibetans and their
'Government in
Exile', which is headquartered here.
Chail: Located in the northern state of Himachal Pradesh, the small hamlet called Chail is a place
where time stands still. Nature is at her exuberant best and words like pollution and deforestation
have never entered the dictionary of a person living in Chail. It is place worth a visit if one wants to
enjoy fresh, crisp dawns and soft, quiet dusks in the lap of nature.
HOW TO REACH
BY AIR - The three airports of the state at Bhuntar, Gaggal, and Jubbarhatti connect the state with
Delhi and Chandigarh with regular flights from Indian Airlines. There is no international airport in
Himachal Pradesh.
BY RAIL - Only few places in Himachal Pradesh are connected by trains, as the construction of new lines
are very difficult in the rugged, high altitude regions. The longest railway line is from Pathankot in Punjab to
Joginder nagar in Himachal Pradesh. Other railway tracks touch Shimla, Solan, and Una.
BY ROAD - Despite problems in constructing new roads and maintaining them, most of the important
places in the state are connected with a good road network. Some of the roads are closed during the
winter and monsoon seasons due to the heavy snowfall and landslides that occur in this region
regularly.
SHIMLA
INTRODUCTION
Shimla of Himachal Pradesh. Shimla is often referred to as the "Queen of Hills. Shimla is connected to the
city of Kalka by one of the longest narrow-gauge railway routes still operating in India, the Kalka-Shimla
Railway. Shimla is approximately 115 km (71.4 miles) from Chandigarh, the nearest major city, and 365 km
(226.8 miles) from New Delhi, the national capital.
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LOCATION
Shimla is located towards the southern parts of the north Indian state of Himachal Pradesh. It is the state
capital and is at a distance of 343 km from Delhi, 260 km from Manali, and 119 km from Chandigarh. The
temperature range is not very high and the maximum temperature rarely crosses 25°C during sum mers.
Winters are cold due to the chilly winds from the upper Himalayas. Around Christmas, Shimla experiences
snowfall. The best season to visit Shimla is between September and November.
Distance From Shimla
NEW DELHI 370

CHANDIGARH 120
KALKA 90
MANALI 270
DHARAMSHALA 235
DALHOUSI 425
PLACES TO VISIT –
The hub of Shimla is the Mall, which runs along the Ridge and is crowded with tourists. It is the city's
most famous shopping center, with shops selling all items, from clothes to junk food. The Ridge is a large
open space in the heart of the town and presents excellent views of the mountain ranges. Most of Shimla's
landmarks are located here. The Mall further joins the Ridge at the 'S candal Point' of Kipling's Shimla,
wherea statue of the nationalist leader Lala Lajpat Rai has been erected.
➢ About 2.5 km from Scandal Point is the State Museum, which has a good collection-of statues,
miniatures, coins and photos from in and around Himachal Pradesh. It was built in 1974.
➢ Another of Shimla's major landmarks is the Christ Church and St. Michael's Cathedral. It is
the second oldest church in Northern India built between 1846 and 1857. It is located just off
the Mall, below the District Center and is known for its stained-glass windows.
Jhaku Temple, dedicated to Hanumanji, the attendant of Lord Rama, is to the east of the town
center, near highest point of the Shimla Ridge. It is at a height of 8048 feet above sea level and offers a
panoramic view of the city. The temple just below the Grand Hotel is the temple dedicated to Shyamala
Devi, an incarnation of Goddess Kali.
Indira Bungalow -Kufri, is a mute witness of Shimla Pact between India & Pakistan which was signed in
1972 at this place. It also gives a perfect place for a photo shoot with traditional costumes followed by
a cupof tea/coffee.
Himalayan Zoo Kufri has an added attraction of Mini zoo amidst dense forest to the tourists where a rare
breedof wild animals and pheasant’s species commonly found in Himalayan forest region have been kept
in natural
habitat. Spread over an area of twenty hectares of land with rich flora and fauna about 140 wild animals
including few of the endangered species of Himalayan region - Snow Leapord, Tibetan wolf, Brown Bear
and Barking Beer. There are other popular wild animals’ species in the Mini zoo such as Ghoral, Samber,
Himalayan
Thar, Yak, Black Bear & number of pheasant’s varieties.
Naldhera - Located at distance of 22 km from Shimla, Naldehra (2044 m) is a heaven for

tourists. It boasts the oldest 9-hole golf course in the country. The well-groomed Golf Course is a
lovely verdant, perhaps one of the finest and sporty in India
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PLACES AROUND SHIMLA
Kufri, at distance of 16 km from Shimla and at an altitude of 2510 m above sea level, is a site
offering some famous hikes and wonderful snow for skiing. An enjoyable walk leads up to
the
Mahasu Peak. The Himalayan Nature Park here has a good collection of animals and birds
found in the region. Kufri is a tiny hill station in Shimla district of Himachal Pradesh state in
India. The name Kufri is derived from the work "Kufr" meaning a lake in the local language.
The highest point in the surrounding region, Kufri has a Himalayan Wild Life Zoo which hosts rare
Antelopes, Felines and Birds including Himalayan Monal, the state bird of Himachal Pradesh.
Narkanda, 64 km from Shimla, offers wonderful slopes for skiing. At an elevation of 2708 m ,
it has dense pine forests. Hatu peak, 8 km from Narkanda, provides a striking panorama of the
plains below.
Chail, 43 km from Shimla, is a lush green setting and was the former capital of the Patiala
State. Ithas the world's highest cricket ground at a height of 2250 m, built in 1893. It is also a
hiker's
paradise and there is a wildlife sanctuary at a distance of 3 km from here.
Sarahan is a small village worth visiting. It provides a spectacular view of Shrikhand Mahadev
and hiking opportunities to the nearby villages such as Ranwin and Bashal Peak. The Bhimakali
temple, dedicated to Goddess Durga, is the finest example of Himachali architecture.
Naldehra, at an altitude of 2050 m and 23 km from Shimla, houses the oldest and the highest golf
course in India. In the middle of the course is a temple, Mahunag Mandir. It was a favorite
pastime spot of Lord Curzon.
Tattapani, 51 km from Shimla, is a spot well known for hot sulfurous springs.
MANALI
INTRODUCTION
Manali happens to be a popular tourist destination, situated at only 570 km away from Delhi
and 280 km from Shimla. Lying in the Kullu Valley of Himachal Pradesh, the northern -most town of
Himachal Pradesh leads the traveler to the secluded valleys of Laha ul and Spiti. This hill
station atan altitude of 2050 mts in the Himalayas, is situated on the Beas River attracts loads
of tourists
during the summer as well as winter.Manali is also famous for adventure sports like skiing, hiking,
mountaineering, paragliding, rafting, trekking, kayaking, and mountain biking
LOCATION
Situated in the central parts of the northern state of Himachal Pradesh, Manali is at the head of
theKullu valley, 280 km north of the state capital Shimla and 108 km from Mandi . In winters, the
temperature can drop below freezing point when heavy woolens are required. Summer
temperatures are mild and light woolens/cottons are recommended. In Manali, one can find
high mountains
shrouded by silent snows and deep boulder strewn gorges. There are thick forests, filled with cool
breezes and bird song. There are fields of wild flowers, small picturesque hamlets and fruit -laden
orchards, especially apples.
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DISTANCE FROM KULLU
NEW DELHI 570
SHIMLA 265
DHARAMSHALA 260
CHANDIGARH 320
DALHOUSIE 405
Hadimba Devi Temple-Also known as the Hadimba Temple, is located in Manali, a hill station
inthe State of Himachal Pradesh in north India. It is an ancient cave temple dedicat ed to
Hadimbi Devi, sister of Hadimba, who was a character in the Indian epic, Mahabharata. The
temple is
surrounded by a cedar forest at the foot of the Himalayas. The sanctuary is built over a huge rock
jutting out of the ground, which was worshiped as an image of the deity. The temple is located
in the forests of deodar and is also called as Dhoongri temple. It is dedicated to Hadimba Devi.
Solang Valley-Solang valley is a nice place that offers a panoramic view of mountains and
valleys. It is located about 15 kilometers from Manali and is situated between Beas Kund
and
Solang village. The valley is an ideal place for adventure sports like parasailing, paragliding and
other adventurous activities. It also includes several adventures schools’ camps with hotels
and guest houses. If vacationers really wish to make their trip memorable, then they must visit
SolangValley.
Vashisht Hot Water Spring and Temple - Hot water spring is the most attractive place in this
region and the hot water from this spring is even provided for taking bath. On the way to
Rohtang Pass on the banks of river Beas is the place called Vashisht. This place is known for a
temple which is dedicated to Vashisht Muni. It is built in a shape of Pyramid and the uniqueness
of this temple is that it is built out of a single stone. The place has two separate baths for men
and women and also includes some stylish showers with direct supplies of hot water.
Rohtang Pass-When any one talks about Rohtang Pass, first thing that strikes any person who has
visited this place is the marvelous view of the twin Peak of Geypen. This is amongst one of
the best creations of Mother Nature. Rohtang Pass is the gateway to Leh and one can experience
the scenic beauty all around. This pass is about 50 kilometers from Manali and is open only
during the month of June to October as during other months , the pass is covered with snow and can
be dangerous for visitors. Rohtang Pass is a high mountain pass on the eastern Pir Panjal Range
of the Himalayas some 51 km (32 mi) from Manali. It connects the Kullu Valley with the Lahaul
and Spiti Valleys of Himachal Pradesh, India. In winter, the mountain slopes are snow clad and
they turn into perfect skiing slopes. This point called snow point is one of the main attractions for
tourists coming to Manali.
TIBETAN MONASTERY - The colourful Tibetan monastery is famous for its carpet -weaving unit
where the residents, the immigrants from Tibet, produce handicrafts of various kinds that
attract the tourists towards it.
ARJUN GUFA - Located at a distance of 15 km from the main Manali town area, Arjun Gufa is
another place to visit in Manali. Located near the Prini Village, the legendary gufa (cave) is an
ideal spot for a daylong visit. According to a legend, Arjuna, one of the Pandavas, used to practice
stringent meditation here to attain the powerful Pashupata Ashtra.
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JAGATSUKH - Located at a distance of 6 km from Manali, Jagatsukh is the largest village of
Kullu district. It is situated on the bank of the river Beas, and is famous for its glo rious history
aswell as the religious importance that it holds. The village has a famous temple dedicated to
Lord Shiva. The structure of the temple is of the Shikhara style. Jagatsukh also holds historical
importance as it functioned as the ancient capital of Kullu for about ten generations. In
addition, itwas here that the first and second revolutions against the Thakurs and Ranas took
place.
PLACES AROUND MANALI
Vashisht Temple-Around 3 km from Manali, also boasts a pair of old stone temples, opposit e
each other above the main square. Dedicated to the local patron saint Vashista, the smaller of
the two opens on to a partially covered courtyard, and is adorned with elaborate
woodcarvings. Those lining the interior of the shrine, blackened by years of oil-lamp and incense
smoke, are particularly fine. The temple tanks are underground hot-water/sulfur springs.
Solang Nullah, 13 km northwest of Manali, is famous for its 300 -meter ski lift. It is a
picturesque spot and offers splendid views of glaciers and the snow-capped mountains. Jagatsukh,
the former capital of Manali, is also an important spot.
ADVENTURE SPORTS –
Skiing is a major pastime in Manali. Facilities for skiing are available at Solang Nullah (January -
March) and Rohtang La (during summer). The Mountaineering Institute at Solang Nullah is a good
training institute. Heli skiing is possible at the deep snowfields. The Mountaineering Institu te and
Allied Sports, is about 3 km from the Mall and offers mountaineering and kayaking courses.
Kayaking is possible on the Beas River. There are several good hikes from Manali. The 12 -km hike
up the western banks of the Beas to the Solang Valley is noteworthy. Lama Dugh meadow is a 6 -
km hike up to the Manalsu Nala, west of Manali town. In the summers, several travel agencies
organize paragliding on the slopes of the Solang Nullah. The charges generally include
accommodation, food, equipment, and a guide, but not transport. From May to July and,
depending on the monsoons, from mid-September to mid-October, some basic rafting is possible
on the Beas. The trips generally begin at Pirdi and continue 16 km down to Jhiri.
DALHOUSIE
INTRODUCTION
Dalhousie is a gorgeous hill station located on the western border of the Dhaula Dhar Range of
the great Himalayas. It was founded in 1854 by the British Viceroy Lord Dalhousie, it was a
delightful summer retreat for the British troops and bureaucrats. Dalhousie is the most famous hill
station ofHimachal Pradesh and is located 563 kms from Delhi. Beside its breath-taking
landscapes the otherhighlights are the ancient temples, untouched beauty of Chamba & Pangi
valley, the valley of milk, honey and streams. Dalhousie is a hill resort town in the Chamba
District of Himachal Pradesh in India. Dalhousie is a quiet hill station with little night life, best
suited for people who want
to de-stress, who like the quiet, serene atmosphere, and for honeymooners, ideal for long
walks picnics and treks.
Best time to travel Dalhousie is between April and October.
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HOW TO REACH –
By Air - Gaggal (Kangra) is the nearest airport i. e. 140-km from Dalhousie. Amritsar Airport is
192 km and Jammu Airport - 190 km from Dalhousie. It is well connected to the other major
cities.
By Rail - Pathankot about 80 kms, the nearest railway station and is connected to all the major
cities.
By Road - Onward journey from Pathankot to Chamba and Dalhausie is by road. Punjab and
Himachal Roadways run services, as do private operators. Dalhousie distances: Manali 402
kms,Khajjiar 27 kms„Amritsar 188 kms, Pathankot 80 kms, Delhi 563 kms, Chandigarh 352
kms, Dharamshala 143 kms, Jammu 188 kms. Chamba 56 kms, Jalandhar 192 kms
DISTANCE FROM DALHOUSIE IN KM
NEW DELHI 555
SHIMLA 336
MANALI 405
CHANDIGARH 318
DHARAMSHALA 135
TOURIST ATTRACIONS IN DALHOUSIE
Dalhousie has four prominent churches that add beauty to this place. They are St. Andrew's
Church, St. Patrick's at Balun, St. Francis' Church at Subhash Chowk and St. John's Church at
Gandhi Chowk
SUBHASH BAOLI - Situated 1km from G.P.O, this is an enchanting place, surrounded by majestic
trees. It is.the revered place, where Subhash Chandra Bose meditated and contemplated in
1937.
KALATOPE - Situated 5 kms away from Dalhousie, this place is a wildlife sanctuary. The wildlife
includes ibex, deer, bear and leopards. This enchanting place attracts the attention of many
tourists all around the world.
SATDHARA - While going to Panjpulla, you will be thrilled to see these seven springs, which
make this place glowing with beauty. These springs are believed to have some medicinal
properties.
PANCH PULLA or Five Bridges is a beautiful destination with picture perfect looks. Gushing
streams, old bridges and lush greenery, Panch pulla is also the source of water in the region. The
waterfall from Dayan Kund goes into an underground abyss and later comes up at Panch Pulla.
You can also visit the Samadhi of Sardar Ajit Singh, a freedom fighter.
KHAJJIAR - Around Dalhousie are wealth of places which beckon those who have an eye for
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beauty or a nose for adventure. Khajjiar, just 7 kilometers from Dalhousie is an enchanting
saucer shaped meadow fringed by cedar trees of great antiquity and stateliness. In the center of
thegrassy meadow at Khajjiar lies a small lake. And on it, are two floating islands, sometimes
hidden
from view by the tall grass that grows on them. Khajjiar, known as one of the "most charming
spots in the Himalayas", derives its name it is said from its ancient, golden domed temple of Khajinag. A
nine-hole golf course is an added attraction at Khajjiar.
DHARAMSHALA
INTRODUCTION
Lying on the spur of the Dhauladhar Ranges, Dharamshala is one of those destinations that make
Himachal Pradesh a must-see for holidaymakers. Its picturesque location in the Kangra Valley
makes its simply irresistible for visitors. Dharamshala is well known for it scenic beauty,
calmness, and serenity. With dense pine and deodar forests, numerous streams, cool healthy air, attra
ctive
surroundings and the nearby slowline make Dharamshala a perfect and ultimate holiday station.
This magnificent place offers many temples, churches, monasteries, museums and ancient
towns toview and admire. It is also a home to a large Tibetan community.
Dharamsala is a hill station in Himachal Pradesh, famed for its large Tibetan community
centered around the Dalai Lama. The town is divided into two distinct areas that are
separated by a ten- minute (9 km.) bus/jeep ride: Dharamshala itself (or Lower Dharamshala), a
typical small Indian town that, other than for the bus station, is of little interest to tourists,
and Upper Dharamsala, known more commonly as McLeod Ganj (named after David McLeod, once
the British Lieutenant - Governor of Punjab). It is this upper district that is home to the Tibetan
community and the center of tourist activity. Unless specifically stated, all listings in this
article refer to McLeod Ganj. Other villages near McLeod Ganj include Forsyth Ganj, a short
hike away on the way up
from Lower Dharamshala, Bhagsu (2 km north), already a commercialized warren of concrete, and
Dharamkot, the flavour of the month. For a really quiet (and basic) experience, try Naddi (3 km)
or Talnu (11 km).
DISTANCE FROMDHARAMSHALA
NEW DELHI 520
SHIMLA 235
CHANDIGARH 252
MANALI 235
DALHOUSIE 135
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Lower Dharamsala consists of most of the government offices, Schools, Zonal Hospital, and commercial areas. It
also has a few tea gardens. One in the area of Chilgari and another just beyond Dari. One can enjoy the view
while drivingthrough.
St. John's Church: One of the most poignant memories of the British Raj is the church of St. John, situated in the
wilderness. This charmingly dressed stone church is located just 8-km from Dharamshala on the way to McLeod
Ganj.Under the shade of Doedar branches, a memorial has been made over the body of the British Viceroy, Lord
Elgin who died at Dharamshala in 1863.
McLeodganj: Originally home of the semi-nomadic Gaddi tribe, McLeodganj is today the residence of His
Holiness, the Dalai Lama. This mid 19th century place was developed as a British Garrison. The place was
developed as an important administrative point for the whole Kangra valley. Today the place has developed as
headquarters of theexiled Tibetan Government. The impressive monastery has larger than life size images of
Buddha, Padmasambhavaand Avaloketeshwara.
DHARAMSHALA AIR/RAIL/ROAD LINKS
Airport: The nearest airport is Gaggal which is located 12kms from Dharamshala.
Railway Station: The convenient railhead is Pathankot which is located at a distance of 90 kms.
Bus Station: Regular bus service is available from Delhi (520km) and Chandigarh (252km) from Dharamshala.
CHANDIGARH
INTRODUCTION
Chandigarh is a union territory of India, that serves as the capital of two states, Punjab & H a r i y a n a
In terms of attractions, the first thing that comes to mind is the monumental Capitol Complex,
which dominates the city skyline. Standing aloof, like the Greek Acropolis, at the foothills of the
city, the geometrical concrete buildings rise from the mounds as giant playful sculptures. The
three major buildings comprising the Capitol Complex are the Secretariat, the Assembly, and the
High Court. All the three are interlocked to one another as part of a subtle visual composition,
delicately balanced and enclosing grandiose spaces. Between the silhouettes of these magnificent
edifices is juxtaposed the city's most popular visible symbol: The Open Hand. Conspicuous as a
giant hand insteel, it rotates free with the whims of the winds from a high concrete pedesta l,
conveying the message: "open to give, open to receive." Next to the Capitol Complex, the most
important place to visit is Sector 17, its sleek shopping area and the city center. Planned around
four pedestrian concourses meeting at a central Chowk, it is a pedestrian's paradise, dotted
with fountains,
sculptures, and groves of tree. In summer one can move from one end of the sector to the
other under the shade of a corridor, and in winter it is nice to be out in the sun -drenched piazzas. In
the evenings, when the colorful mosaic of neon signs and the aesthetically illuminated fountains
come alive, it becomes the city's biggest outdoor club. And the people congregate there for the
thrill of the urban rub and the excitement of its shop-front glitter. A major feature of
Chandigarh is its Leisure Valley, which, like a garland of gardens, ornaments the city from one end
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to the other. A natural eroded valley of the city site with a small gurgling rivulet has been now
developed into a series of theme gardens. The most famous of these is. tlie Ro5e Garden. The
other prominent parks of the city are the Garden of Tranquility, Garden of Rare Plants, Garden of
Annuals, and the Bougainvillea Garden. No description of Chandigarh gardens can be complete
without a mention o f its most celebrated creations, The Rock Garden. Spread over 12 acres of
wooded land near the Capitol Complex of Le Corbusier, it is the creation of a humble former road
inspector: Nek Chand.Turning urban waste material into creative patterns and texture s, his
touch transformed mute rocks into art objects. Mysterious spaces with stones, rocks and
waterfalls recreate the awe and wonder of primordial nature. This unabashed realm of natural
and manmade creativity attracts people of all age groups, and from all parts of the world. Another
favorite recreation spot of the nature -loving people of Chandigarh is the Sukhna Lake. Created
by building an artificial dam on a seasonal
stream, it is spread over a large area. A two-kilometer-long promenade along the lakeshore is a
popular place for strolling. On any day, early in the morning, fitness buffs of all age groups can
beseen walking, jogging, and performing yoga or vigorous exercises at the lakefront.
UTTRAKHAND
Formerly, known as Uttaranchal, is a state located in the northern part of India. It is often referred to as the Land
of Godsdue to the many holy Hindu temples and cities found throughout the state which are some of Hinduism's
most spiritual and auspicious places of pilgrimage and worship. Known for its natural beauty, it was carved out of
Himalayan and adjoining districts of Uttar Pradesh on 9 November 2000, becoming the 27th state of the Republic
of India. It borders theTibet Autonomous Region on the north, Nepal on the east and the Indian states of Uttar
Pradesh to the south, Haryana to the west and Himachal Pradesh to the North West. The provisional capital of
Uttarakhand is Dehradun which is also a rail-head and the largest city in the region.Two of India's mightiest
rivers, the Ganges and the Yamuna take birth in the glaciers of Uttarakhand, and are fed by myriad lakes, glacial
melts and streams in the region. Indian National Parks in Uttarakhand include the Jim Corbett National Park (the
oldest national park of India) at Ramnagar in Nainital District, Valley of Flowers National Park and Nanda Devi
National Park in Chamoli District, which together are a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Rajaji National Park in
Haridwar District, and Govind Pashu Vihar National Park and Gangotri National Park in Uttarkashi District. There
are 13 districts in Uttarakhand which are grouped into two divisions. Kumaon division and Garhwal division
The Kumaon division includes six districts: -
➢ Almora
➢ Bageshwar
➢ Champawat
➢ Nainital
➢ Pithoragarh
➢ Udham Singh Nagar
NAINITAL- is a glittering jewel in the Himalayan necklace, blessed with scenic natural splendor and varied natural
resources. Dotted with lakes, Nainital has earned the epithet of 'Lake District' of India. The most prominent of the
lakes isNaini Lake ringed by hills.
NAINA DEVI TEMPLE & NAINI LAKE- Naini Lake is heart of Nainital. Whole hill city is located surrounding Naini
Lake. The nucleus of Nainital's exquisite beauty is beautiful lake. The lake offers the holiday makers ample
opportunity for boating or paddling the boat. The north end of lake is called Mallital while the southern one is
called Tallital. On the northern side of the lake is built a temple dedicated to Sati (wife of Lord Shiva, who had
jumped into the sacrificial fire to escape the humiliation of her husband by her father.)It is said that the
shimmering green waters of the Naini Lake is a reflection of the emerald green eye of Sati. 'Naina' means eyes
which symbolizes the eyes of Sati. Hence the temple is called the Naina Devi temple.
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ROPEWAY- It is one of the main attractions of Nainital. This ropeway connects Snow-View Point (at 2270 Mts.)
withNainital near flats. Aerial ropeway starts at Mallital. There are two trolleys to carry passengers .It takes few
minutes to cover one way journey by trolley.
GHODAKHAL BELL TEMPLE- Ghodakhal Temple is famous for the temple of Lord Golu worshipped by hill people. It
is the popular belief that Golu Devata dispenses quick justice to the devotee. Devotee in turn offers bells and
Sacrifice of animals after the fulfillment of wish. Thousands of bells of every size can be seen hanging over the
temple premises.
SATTAL- Literally meaning seven lakes is a group of small lakes nested together, about 23kms from Nainital
at analtitude of (1370 M) still untouched by modernization -one can see the natures beauty at its best.
NAUKUCHIATAL-Naukuchiatal literally means the nine-cornered lake. It is famous for its tranquility & for the
orchards & dense forest surrounding it. According to an ancient folk-lore, anyone who can spot each of the nine
cornersof the naukuchiatal lake attains a stage of nirvana. Lake is located approx 4 kms from Bhimtal.
BHIMTAL- Bhimtal is 22 Kms. from Nainital at an altitude of 1370 M. The pride of Bhimtal is a beautiful lake
whichoffers magnificent vistas for tourists. The lake is larger than Naini lake. Tourist enjoys here boating in lake.
There is an island amid lake a restaurant is located atop it. Tourist visit here by boats. The distance of island
from lake shore is 91 M. There is a 17th century Bhimeshwar temple complex along the 40 feet high dam.
RANIKHET- Ranikhet is a small hill station set in the Kumaon hills. It offers the tourists a panoramic view of the
mighty Himalayan peaks. The environs of Ranikhet are sylvan, peaceful and attractive. Ranikhet is located on an
altitudeof 1824 m above sea level & 59 kms from Nainital.
KAICHI TEMPLE - Kainchi Temple is a modern pilgrim centre. This place has achieved recognition owing to the
ashram of the famous Neem Karoli Maharaj. Kaichi is a term used for two sharp hairpin bends of the motor road
in localdialect hence the name. It has no relation with scissors.
CHAUBATIA GARDEN- Chaubatia essentially has fruit orchards, gardens and the Government Fruit Research
Centrewhere you can picnic quite enjoyably. However, the main draw here is the commanding 300 kilometre
view of Himalayas, Nanda Devi, Trishul, Nandaghunti and Nilkanth peaks. One can see these snow-clad peaks on
a clear morning. It is one of the largest horticulture gardens in the country spreading over 265 acres of land.
There are 36 varieties of apples grown here of which four are exported. You can buy fruits from the food depot
here.
KUMAON REGIMENT SHAHID SMARAK -The British developed Ranikhet as a hill station for their troops and
established a cantonment in 1869. Ranikhet is still a cantonment town and is the Kumaon Regimental Center.
Shahid Smarak is built in the memories of those soldiers of Kumaon Regiment who devoted their lives in battle.
It offers a peepinto our recent history & showcase.
GOLF COURSE - Golf Course is a good photo spot at Ranikhet. Widely spread golf course gives a fascinating view.
KAUSANI - Kausani is a destination for Himalayan tourists. It is located 53 km North of Almora. The altitude of
this place is about 1890 mts. This place offers a 350km view of the Himalayan peaks like Trishul, Nanda Devi and
Panchachuli. There are very few places in the Himalayas which can compare with the beauty of Kausani - a
picturesquehill station famous for its scenic splendor and its spectacular panoramic view of the Himalayas.
Kausani lies on the atopthe ridge amidst dense Pine trees overlooking Someshwar valley on one side and Garur
and Baijnath Katyuri valley on the other. Mahatma Gandhi called this place the 'Switzerland of India', due to
similarity in landscape.
ANASHAKTI AASHRAM -Anashakti Ashram, popularly known as Gandhi Ashram, is a highly revered ashram, which
was blessed with the stay of Mahatma Gandhi some days. It was during that period Mahatma Gandhi had written
the commentary on Anashakti Yog. The Ashram is a very calm and secluded location. It is placed in the backdrop
of scenic surroundings, with majestic views of Himalayan ranges all around. The Ashram and the surrounding
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locations are ideal spots for relieving the mind from physical pleasures and sufferings. One can do meditation in
the calm atmosphere of theAshram without any disturbance of the outside world.
LAKSHMI AASHRAM -Lakshmi Ashram is 1km away from the Kausani, and is a center run by Kumauni women
anddedicated for social service and upliftment of women. Gandhiji's disciple, Sarlaben (Kaitherine Heileman)
spent her lifehere doing social service and established Anashakti Ashram. Lakshmi ashram is located in a solitary
area among dense pine forest.
CORBETT PARK- Jim Corbett National Park is the first wildlife reserve of India, spread over an area of more than
500sq km in the Himalayan foothills. This park is known for its varied wildlife and as the site for the launching of
Project Tiger. The Main animals found in the national park include the Tiger, Elephant, Chital, Sambar, Nilgai,
Gharial, King Cobra, Barking Deer, wild boar, hedgehog, common musk shrew, flying fox, Indian Pangolin, and
nearly 600 species of birds.
CHARDHAM YATRAKEDARNATH
Introduction
Kedarnath is one of the four Char Dham sites of India located in Rudraprayag district of Uttarakhand. One of the
most important Hindu pilgrimage spots, Kedarnath draws thousands of pilgrims every year. Situated at an
elevation of about 3,584 metres above sea level, Kedarnath is the most remote Char Dham site but it doesn't
matter much for devotees. Keeping aside the climatic difficulties and tough trek routes, Hindus flock the town in
large numbers. Besides being a holy town for Hindus, Kedarnath is noted for its charming natural beauty that
amazes nature lovers and discerning touristsa lot. With its picture-perfect location near the origin of Mandakini
River and surroundings snow-covered peaks, Kedarnath offers an excellent opportunity to enjoy a relaxing
vacation combined with thrilling leisure activities.
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Kedarnath also makes a wonderful base for trekking expedition to verdant forests, crystal clear water-bodies
especiallyglaciers and other picturesque spots.
Best Time to Visit-
The climate of Kedarnath remains cool almost all through the year marked by chilly winters (November to
March), pleasant summers (April to June) and mild monsoon season (July to September). April to October is
considered the best time to visit Kedarnath as the temperature remains around 15 to 20 degree Celsius-
during this period. If youwish to see snow-covered peaks and enjoy the chilly weather then November to
March is perfect.
Local Transport
The small hamlet can be explored best on foot as it provides an opportunity to enjoy soothing environs. Horses and
palanquins are available on rent at Kedarnath.
Sightseeing
Kedarnath Temple is the prime attraction at the holy town of Kedarnath. Believed to be built by Adi
Sankaracharya, Kedarnath Temple can be reached by a difficult trek. Considered among the 12 Jyothirlingas,
Kedarnath Temple is alsolinked with Mahabharata fame Pandavas. Over the centuries the temple has witnessed
many renovations and currently houses a hall, a lingam (the symbol of Lord Shiva) and other objects. You can
also see the images of Pandava brothers, Lord Krishna, Veerbhadra, sacred bull Nandi and other deities inside
the temple. Remember due to extreme weather during winters Kedarnath Temple remains closed for six
months between November and April. In fact, no one stays at Kedarnath during winter and the Palki
(palanquin) of the presiding deity (Kedarnath) is transferred to a neighbouring place called Ukhimath close to
Guptakashi. Common people also proceed to nearby villages to avoid the heavy snowfall.
Adjacent to Kedarnath Temple there is Adi Shankaracharya's Samadhi that is believed to the spot where he had
taken restafter establishing the four pilgrimage sites (Char Dham) at the age of 32 years. The ancient Bhairav Nath
Temple is located close to the shrine and thronged by visitors in large numbers. Further you will come across lush
green glades and small water streams fed by glaciers like Gandhi Sarovar and Chorabari Glacier. Agastyamuni is a
famous place close to Kedarnath and known for its old temple. An architectural marvel, Agastya Temple has
beautifully carved walls with images of various Hindu gods and goddesses. Chandrashila, Chopta, Deoria Tal,
Gaurikunda, Guptkashi, Sonprayag, Triyuginarayan and Ukshimath are other places of tourist interest in and
around Kedarnath.
Activities - Pilgrims to Kedarnath spend maximum time in puja (worship), Aarti and performing other rituals at
the temple. Even some pilgrims take bath in the chilling icy waters of Mandakini River. Apart from religious
activities, visitors can pass a good time in leisurely strolls around the small hamlet. Adventure seekers as well as
leisure travellers can undertake trekking expedition to the nearby valleys. The trek routes pass through virgin
forests-and thrilling windingpaths. Don't miss the wonderful trekking experience at Kedarnath as you get a
chance to closely observe the unspoiled nature.
Excursions - Make your Kedarnath trip more happening by taking short excursions to nearby tourist spots. Just 3
km from Kedarnath is Gandhi Sarovar (Lake) - a picturesque spot that deserves a visit. Take an early morning walk
from Kedarnath for Gandhi Sarovar and also see a waterfall on your way. Renowned for its blue waters, Vasuki Tal
is another must visit spot near Kedarnath, approximately 7 km away and easily accessible on foot. Gangotri (40
km), Chamba (115km), Valley of Flowers (145 km), Pauri (150 km), Auli (180 km) and Rishikesh (200 km) are other
noted tourist destinations that you can explore along with Kedarnath.
Air-Jolly Grant Airport in Dehradun is the nearest airport from Kedarnath, which is located at distance of about 245
km..You can find taxis / cabs at the airport for Kedarnath..
Rail- The nearest railhead is situated at Rishikesh, approximately 225 km away from Kedarnath. Rishikesh Railway
Station is connected to Delhi by Garhwal Express and few other express trains. Take a taxi at the railway station.
Road-Good motorable road connects Gaurikund (the nearest bus stop from Kedarnath) with Dehradun,
Rishikesh, Haridwar and other towns of Uttarakhand. Buses of state transport and private operators ply at
regular intervals to and from Gaurikund. After Gaurikund you have to cover rest of the distance (about 16 km)
on foot or horses to reachKedarnath.
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BADRINATH
INTRODUCTION
One of the four pilgrimage sites (Char Dham) of India, Badrinath is situated in Chamoli district of Uttarakhand.
Once served as the abode of Lord Vishnu and other Hindu gods, Badrinath was established as a pilgrimage site in
the 9th century by Adi Shankara. In fact, Badrinath finds its description in mythological scriptures like Bhagavata
Purana and legends dating back to more than 1000 years. Set between Nar and Narayan mountain ranges along
the banks of Alaknanda River amidst pristine natural surroundings, Badrinath thrills visitors with its unparalleled
beauty and pleasant cool climate. The lofty Neelkanth Peak raising above 6500 meters above sea level provides a
magnificent backdrop to thequaint town of Badrinath. Besides the main shire of Badrinath dedicated to Lord
Vishnu, the holy town houses many other spots of religious importance especially for Hindus. A trip to Badrinath
not only purifies the soles of the devoteesbut it also provides a wonderful opportunity to enjoy a vacation in the
lap of nature.
MAIN LANGUAGES
Hindi along with Garhwali is widely spoken by the people of the town.
BEST TIME TO VISIT-
Badrinath enjoys a pleasant soothing climate almost all through the year. Except in winters (November to February)
whenthe mercury drops up to freezing point the maximum temperature during summers (March to June) and
monsoon season (July to October) remains around 15 to 20 degree Celsius. You can visit Badrinath any time in the
year, but the BadrinathTemple opens for devotes between May to mid November.
LOCAL TRANSPORT
Because of hilly terrain you will not find public transport at Badrinath. You can drive through the narrow
roads ofBadrinath but it needs lots of expertise. Better cover the temples and other tourist attractions of
the town on foot.
SIGHTSEEING: -
Set at an altitude of about 3,133 metres above sea level, Badrinath Temple is the principal attraction of the holy
town. A popular pilgrimage centre of Hindus, Badrinath Temple is dedicated to Lord Vishnu. Since its construction
in the ancienttime the temple has undergone renovations several times. While the Kings of Garhwal expanded
thetemple in the 17th century, the Kings of Jaipur reconstructed it in 1803 after the major earthquake. An
architectural masterpiece, Badrinath Temple looks like typical Buddhist temples. The 15-metre-high temple has a
small cupola on the top and covered with gold-gilt roof. The facade of the temple is built of stone and equipped
with arched windows.
You can reach the temple through a broad stairway that leads up to the main arched gateway. Enter inside the
mandapa (alarge pillared hall with delicately carved walls and pillars) that leads further to the main shrine (garbha
griha) which is adorned with the deity of Lord Vishnu. Darshan Mandap and Shobha Mandap are other two main
portions of the temple. Besides the shrine of Lord Vishnu, the temple complex houses the shrine of goddess
Lakshmi. You can see 15 other idolsof different Hindu gods and goddess in the temple complex. Visitors to
Badrinath spend maximum time inside the templeand worship the principal deities Vishnu and Lakhsmi.
Just outside the temple the surrounding natural beauty fascinate the visitors a lot. Enjoy a breathtaking view of
snow- covered Neelkanth Peak (6,597 metre) the overlooks the Badrinath Temple and the town below. Fondly
called the 'Queenof Garhwal', Neelkanth Peak is a favoured spot for devotees, nature lovers and adventure
enthusiasts as well. Further visitBrahma Kapal Ghat, a flat platform along the banks of Alaknanada River. Located
about 100 meters north of Badrinath shrine, Brahma Kapal Ghat is believed to be the place where Lord Brahma
resided. Mata Murthy Temple, Charanpaduka,Sheshnetra, Tapt Kuna and Narad Kund are other places of religious
significance at Badrinath. Also visit the Vasudhara Falls that cascades down from a height of 400 feet and amaze
visitors with its unmatched charm and tranquil environs.
Don't forget to include Hemkund Sahib - a Sikh pilgrimage site located en-route to Badrinath in the itinerary of
Badrinathtour.
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ACTIVITIES
Badrinath offers a fine combination of leisure and adventure activities to visitors. Close to Badrinath Temple there
is a hot spring, where you can take a dip. You can take nature walks or treks along the beautiful countryside and
experience the nature at its best. Take a trek up to Vasudhara Waterfall approximately 8 km away from Badrinath.
You can cover first 3 km by a car or bus up to Mana Village. Later on a 5 km trek takes you to the serene waterfall.
Pass relaxing moments along the fall and also meet with the locals. You can see a small water stream at Mana
Village which is believedto be the source of mythological river Saraswati.
EXCURSIONS
After exploring the temple and other attractions of Badrinath, you can pay a visit to nearby tourist destinations.
Situated ata distance of about 30 km, Auli is a famous skiing destination and thronged by adventure seekers and
discerning
travellers in large numbers. Visit Auli to enjoy skiing along the snow-covered slopes. You can take basic training on
Skiing at the government run skiing institute in Auli. Valley of Flowers (75 km) is a picturesque destination that
deservesa visit. Away from the bustling cities, Valley of Flowers is like a heaven and provides natural habitat to a
variety of floral and faunal species. Pauri (195 km), Kedarnath (210 km) and Gangotri (250 km) are other
destinations that can be explored besides Badrinath.
GETTING THERE
Air- The nearest airport from Badrinath is Jolly Grant Airport which is located close to Dehradun. Jolly Grant
Airport is served by limited flights from Delhi. Indian Airlines, Kingfisher Airways and Jet Airways offer flight
services between Delhi and Jolly Grant Airport. Taxis / cabs are available at Jolly Grant Airport for Badrinath that
costs around Rs. 3500 –4000/-
Rail-Badrinath doesn't have its own railway station, the nearest railheads are situated at Haridwar (315) and
Kotdwar (335 km). Both these stations are connected to Delhi by a number of trains. After reaching at the
railway station you cantake a cab or tourist bus for Badrinath.
Road-Badrinath is linked with the many cities of North India such as Rishikesh, Haridwar and New Delhi by public
andprivate buses. You can take a luxury or deluxe tourist bus from New Delhi to Badrinath that charges about Rs
800 — 1000 per passenger.
YAMUNOTRI - OVERVIEW
Yamunotri is a city in the Indian state of Uttarakhand - Situated amidst the Garhwal Himalayas, Yamunotri in the
state of Uttar Pradesh is naturally bestowed with abundant beauty and charm. At a hovering altitude of 3293
meters, Yamunotri lies adjacent to the Indo-Chinese border and is encircled by the lofty peaks on all sides. One the
holiest centers in the Hindu pantheon, this sacred abode of the Asti muni boast of so many unparallel vistas of
nature. Highly revered as the origin of the majestic River Yamuna, Yamunotri is famed for its glaciers, and thermal
springs that makes it one of the most important stopovers in the schedule of a Hindu pilgrim. According to Hindu
tradition, Yamuna is the sister of Yama,the god of death and a holy dip in this river secures a painless death to the
devotee. A thrilling and exhilarating location inthe footsteps of Garhwal mountain ranges, Yamunotri proffers
picturesque surroundings with the awesome shrubs, lush meadows and gushing cascades. A legendary place,
which demands lots of courage and stamina to reach, Yamunotri would be a perfect place for those who love
escapades. The trek to Yamunotri is magnificent, subjugated by mind stilling views of craggy peaks and intense
forests.
GANGOTRI - OVERVIEW
Gangotri, the origin of the River Ganges and seat of the goddess Ganga, is one of the four sites in the Char Dham
pilgrimage circuit. The river is called Bhagirathi at the source and acquires the name Ganga (Ganges) from
Devprayag onwards where it meets the Alaknanda. The origin of the holy river is at Gaumukh, set in the Gangotri
Glacier, and is a 19 km trek from Gangotri. Gangotri can be reached in one day's travel from Rishikesh, Haridwar
or Dehradun, or in two days from Yamunotri, the first site in the Char Dham circuit. More popular and important
than its sister site to the east, Gangotri is also accessible directly by car and bus, meaning that it sees many more
pilgrims than Yamunotri. This small town is centered around a temple of the goddess Ganga, which was built by
the Nepalese General, Amar Singh Thapa in the early 18th century. The temple is closed on Diwali day every year
and is reopened in May. During this time, the idol of the goddess is kept at Mukhba village, near Harsil. Ritual
duties are supervised by the Semwal family of pujaris. The aarti ceremony at the Gangotri is especially
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impressive, as is the temple, a stately affair that sits on the banks of the rushing Ganges. Adventurous pilgrims
can make an overnight 18 km trek to Gaumukh, the actual current source of the river Ganges. For a large number
of tourists, Gangotri town serves as the starting point of the Gangotri-Gaumukh- Tapovan and Gangotri-Kedartal
trekking routes. Dense forests near Tapovan surround the Bhavishya Badri. The Bhavishya Badri is at a distance of
about 17 km. east of Joshimath. Pilgrims trek beyond Tapovan up the Dhauliganga River to reach this holy spot.
The idol of narsingha (the god with the head of lion) is enshrined here. Traditionally, it is believed that a day will
come when the present route to the Badrinath will be inaccessible and the Lord Badrinath will be worshipped
here and this is why the place is called Bhavishya Badri.
MY HOLY CHARDHAM
Duration: 11 Nights / 12 Days
Delhi - Yamunotri - Gangotri - Kedarnath - Badrinath - Delhi
Day 1: Delhi/Haridwar
Embark on your transformational journey to Chota Chardham popularly known as Himalayan Chardham. En route
breakfor lunch at Midway. Arrive at Laxmi Sadan Pilgrim Habitat in time for the evening Tea. Dinner & 0vernight
at Laxmi Sadan Pilgrim Habitat.
Evening Arti at Har Ki Paudi-The evening prayer at dusk (Aarti) offered to Goddess Ganga at Har-ki-Pauri (steps
towardsGod Hari) is an enchanting experience for any visitor. A spectacle of sound and color is seen when, after
the ceremony the pilgrims float diyas (floral floats with lamps) and incense on the river, commemorating their
deceased ancestors.
Day 2: Haridwar / Janakichatti
Early morning, wake up call for Ganges bathing and Surya Namaskar at Saptrishi Ghat. After-breakfast, leave for the
journey to the first dham, Yamunotri, daughter of God Surya and Sangya. Lunch en-route at Midway. Another
journey break at Barkot before further continuing towards our final overnight destination, Janakichatti. Bonfire,
Dinner &Overnight stay in Atithi Niwas at Janakichatti. Day's Travelling Distance & Time - 210 km/ 10 hrs
Day 3: Janakichatti / Yamunotri
Leave with packed breakfast/fruits for trek to Yamunotri, the first Dham of the Himalayan Chardham. Return in
time forlunch at Janakichatti. Rest of the afternoon at leisure. In the evening, enjoy a Cultural-folk program and
bonfire followedby a dinner. Overnight stay in Atithi Niwas at Janakichatti.
Day's Travelling Distance & Time - 05 km trek / 06 hrs
Expenses Approximate - Janakichatti/ Yamunotri - Horse Rs.700 & Doli Rs.1000 (May vary)
Day's Engagement - Yamunotri, first of The Chardham: The prime attraction at Yamunotri is the temple devoted
to the Goddess Yamuna. Situated on the left bank of the River Yamuna, the temple was built by Maharaja Pratap
Shah of TehriGarhwal. It is said to be the home of an ancient sage Asit Muni.
Day 4: Janakichatti / Uttarkashi
Post breakfast, leave for Uttarkashi (Banaras/Kashi of North). En route journey break at Brahamkhal and Dharasu
Bandh.Later, reach Uttarkashi in time for lunch. Rest of the afternoon and evening free for leisure activities.
Early dinner & Overnight stay at Ekkant Resort/ Mahima Resort,
Uttarkashi.Day’s Travelling Distance & Time - 123k ms / 05 hrs
Day 5: Uttarkashi/ Gangotri / Uttarkashi
After a light breakfast, proceed for Gangotri. En route, break journey at Gangnani, the Hot Water Spring. Later,
continue for Gangotri Temple. Post Puja, lunch at Gangotri. Later, leave for Uttarkashi. Dinner & Overnight stay at
Ekkant Resort/Mahima Resort, Uttarkashi.
Day's Engagement - Gangotri, second of the Chardham: Gangotri, the origin of the River Ganges and seat of the
goddessGanga, is one of the four sites in the Char Dham pilgrimage circuit. The river is called Bhagirathi at the
source and acquires the name Ganga (Ganges) from Devprayag onwards where it meets the Alaknanda. The
origin of the holy river is at Gaumukh, set in the Gangotri Glacier (19 km trek from Gangotri).
A small town is situated around the temple of the goddess Ganga. The temple is closed on the day of Diwali every
year and is reopened in April/May. According to Hindu mythology, Goddess Ganga took the form of a river to
absolve the sinsof King Bhagiratha's predecessors, following his severe penance of several centuries.
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No other river is wound as closely with the warp and weft of Hinduism as the Ganga in India. The irresistible
attraction ofthese sacred waters is enhanced by the myths and legends woven around the river. A pilgrimage to
Gangotri, the temple dedicated to the Goddess Ganga is one of the most sanctifying experiences of a Hindu's life;
and as uplifting and inspiringfor a traveler.
Day's Travelling Distance & Time - 200 km / 8 hrs
Day 6: Uttarkashi / Kirtinagar
Post breakfast, leave for special 'Jalabhishek' at Kashi Vishwanath Temple before leaving for Kedarnath, one of
the twelve Jyotirlingas. En route, a set-up picnic lunch at Chamba. Dinner & Overnight Stay at Riverside Resorts,
Kirtinagar.
Day's Travelling Distance & Time - 164 km / 8 hrs
Day 7: Kirtinagar/ Gaurikund/ Kedarnath
After breakfast, proceed to Gaurikund with packed lunch to later trek for Kedarnath. Dinner & Overnight
stay atKedarnath.
Day's Travelling Distance & Time - 112kms by road & 14 kms trek / 10 hrs
Kedarnath - Horse: Rs. 900/-* Doli: Rs. 1300/-*
*Approximate costs based on earlier season. Actual rate may vary.
Day's Engagement - Kedarnath Temple, third of Chardham: Kedarnath, the remotest and the most magnificent
of the Chardhams, is located in Lord Shiva's own country. The sheer majesty of the shrine's natural setting - the
towering mountains mantled in snow, the tumbling streams and rivers, the green meadows and forests and the
arduous trek that gets you to it, serve to further cement the deep-rooted faith that this temple inspires in the
devout. For a devotee of LordShiva, this is the last frontier, the ultimate path to salvation.
Day 8: Kedarnath / Birahi
After breakfast, proceed to Gaurikund to continue the journey to Birahi. Lunch en route at Midway. Dinner &
Overnightstay at The Tapovan Resort & Similar.
Day's Traveling Distance & Time - 14 km trek & 143 kms by road / 10 hrs
Day 9: Birahi / Badrinath
Post breakfast, drive to Badrinath for the evening Darshan & Pooja at Badrinath Temple. Dinner & Overnight
stay atSarovar Portico, Badrinath.
Day's Engagement- Badrinath - For a newcomer, it is a journey of initiation. For those who are visiting the
shrine, thelandmarks and vistas forever provide a newer view. Journey from Rishikesh to Badrinath, to borrow
from one of Sir Edmund Hillary's expeditions, is, in many ways, a journey from the ocean to the sky, as much
mental as physical. In away, another route to heaven and spiritual liberation.
Day's Traveling Distance & Time - 90km / 4 hrs
Day 10: Badrinath / Kirtinagar
Post breakfast, leave for Kirtinagar. Lunch en route at Tapovan Resort,
Birahi.Day's Travelling Distance & Time - 185 km / 7 hrs
Day 11: Kirtinagar / Haridwar
After breakfast, proceed to Haridwar, en route visit
Rishikesh.Day's Travelling Distance & Time - 128 km / 7 hrs
Day 12: - Haridwar / Delhi
After breakfast, proceed to Delhi. Upon arrival, drop at Railway Station/Bus Stop. Tour Concludes...!!
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RAJASTHAN
Rajasthan -"Land of Kings" is India's largest state by area 342,239 square kilometres. It is located on the north
western side of the India, where it comprises most of the wide and inhospitable Thar Desert (also known as the
"Rajasthan Desert" and "Great Indian Desert") and shares a border with the Pakistani provinces of Punjab to the
northwest and Sindhto the west, along the Sutlej-Indus river valley. Rajasthan is also noted for its national parks
and wildlife sanctuaries.
There are four national park and wildlife sanctuaries: Keoladeo National Park of Bharatpur, Sariska Tiger
Reserve ofAlwar, Ranthambore National Park of Sawai Madhopur, and Desert National Park of Jaisalmer.
BEST TIME TO VISIT RAJASTHAN
October to Mar as this the peak tourist season. Temperature varies from 24-33 degrees Celsius during summers.
Duringwinters, the temperature varies from 15-28 degrees Celsius.
PLACES TO VISIT: -
JAIPUR: - Jaipur is also the largest city in the princely state of Rajasthan. Also known by the nickname ‘Pink City
of India’ which is due to the distinctive saffron or pink colour of the buildings. In the 2008 Conde Nast Traveller
Readers Choice Survey, Jaipur was ranked #7 of the best places to visit in Asia. Forts, monuments, temples,
Gardens, museumsand vast market places of Jaipur.
PLACES OF INTEREST IN JAIPUR: -
CITY PALACE- City Palace is a vast complex and includes several buildings, courtyards and gardens. Two of the
mainpalaces in the complex are the Chandra Mahal and the Mubarak Mahal. The architecture is a fusion of
Indian, Mughal, Rajput and even European styles. Red and Pink sand stone in which it is built adds a special
beauty to the palace.
AMER FORT- Amber Fort, also known as Amer Fort is one of the best tourist destinations not just in Jaipur City but
thewhole of Rajasthan. Amer and the Jaigarh Fort are regarded as a single structure and a subterranean passage
connects the two forts. The fort built in red sandstone and marble.
JANTAR MANTAR- A set of 14 massive astronomical instruments that now stand as a structure of brilliance
inarchitecture.
HAWA MAHAL- Also called as Palace of Wind in Jaipur.Hawa Mahal is five storied building and the main feature
isthe 953 small windows or jharokhas.
JAL MAHAL- Jal Mahal situated in the middle of Lake Man Sagar. Best photographed spot of the city, and
romanticboating trips across the lake will give a visitor the spectacular view of Jal Mahal in all its magnificent
glory.
JAIGARH FORT- Jaigarh means Victory Fort. The highlight of the fort is definitely ‘Jaivana’, a cannon on
wheelsmanufactured in the fort itself and was once upon a time, the world’s largest such cannon.
NAHARGARH FORT- Nahargarh means ‘abode of tigers’ and was named so after the tigers which were believed
tohave roamed around the hills.
ALBERT HALL MUSEUM- Albert Hall Museum depicts cultural legacy and antiquity of the state.
BIRLA TEMPLE- Birla Mandir in Jaipur is a marvellous structure built of marble.
SAWAI MADHOPUR: - Sawai Madhopur was built by Maharaja Sawai Madho Singh. They are the Ranthambore
Fortand the Ranthambore National Park. Ranthambore fort, which is a part of the UNESCO world heritage site.
The fort is situated in the forests of the Ranthambore National Park.
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UDAIPUR
Udaipur also known as the Venice of the East. Udaipur also known as the City of Lakes. City’s picturesque location
at thefoothills of the Aravalli Mountains.
PLACES OF INTEREST IN UDAIPUR: -

CITY PALACE: -It is located on the eastern banks of Pichola lake. Fateprakash Palace and the Shiv Niwas Palace have
now been converted into heritage hotels, which retain the previous royal architecture.
ROYAL VINTAGE CAR: -Udaipur that capture the luxurious lifestyle of the Mewar royals, the Vintage and Classic
Car Museum.
SAHELIYON KI BARI: - The sprawling garden not only has ample natural beauty, but fountains, a museum,
andmarble elephants. The garden rests on the banks of Fateh Sagar lake.
MOTI MAGRI: -The memorial shows Maharana Pratap atop his loyal horse. Chetak and even with the many
great architectural marvels of Udaipur. Situated on the banks of Fateh Sagar Lake. Maharana Pratap is a highly
revered figurein Rajasthan.
SHILPGRAM: -The lifestyle of the tribal people of Rajasthan can be witnessed at Shilpgram, the rural complex of
artsand crafts in Udaipur. Shilpgram is situated in the western part of Udaipur, under the beautiful backdrop of
the AravalliHills and lush greenery.
BAGORE KI HAVELI: -The palace is accessed from the Gangori Ghat in Lake Pichola. Beautiful glasswork and mural
paintings from Mewar adorn the walls of the palace.
MOUNT ABU
Only Hill station in the desert state of Rajasthan. Mount Abu is situated in the Aravalli mountain range. Famous
for thebeautiful scenic beauty & jain temples. Located at a distance of 164kms. from Udaipur.
PLACES OF INTEREST IN MOUNT ABU: -
SUNSET POINT: -Sunset Point, mesmerizing viewpoint near Nakki Lake.
DILWARA TEMPLES: - The temples have an opulent entranceway, the simplicity in architecture reflecting Jain
valueslike honesty and frugality. The temples are in the midst of a range of forested hills. A high wall shrouds the
temple complex.
NAKKI LAKE: -Nakki Lake is a lake situated in Aravalli Range.
ACHLESHWAR MAHADEV TEMPLE: -Dedicated to the worship of the Hindu God Shiva. It is located just outside
the premises of the Achaleshwar Fort.
JAISALMER
Called the golden city because of its view during the day. Lies in the heart of the Thar Desert. It was built as a
walled citywhich makes it one of the largest forts in the world.
PLACES OF INTEREST IN JAISALMER: -
JAISALMER FORT: -Locally called the ‘Sonar Quila’ and popularly nicknamed the ‘Golden Fort’ due to the golden
aura.
BADA BAGH: -Bada Bagh, which means Big Garden. Bada Bagh is a conglomerate of a huge dam, a tank and
thecenotaphs surrounding it.
PATWON KI HAVELI: -The Patwon Ji ki Haveli is an interesting piece of Architecture and is the most
importantamong the havelis in Jaisalmer. This is precisely because of two things, first that it was the first
haveli erected in Jaisalmer and second, that it is not a single haveli but a cluster of 5 small havelis.
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SALIM SINGH KI HAVELI: - The haveli has a distinct architecture. The roof has been constructed in the form of
Peacock. The haveli is situated beside the hills near the Jaisalmer Fort.
GADISAR LAKE: -This historic lake is located towards the south of Jaisalmer city and the entrance to the lake
isthrough Tilon-Ki-Pol, a magnificent and artistically carved yellow sandstone archway.
NATHMAL KI HAVELI: - The architecture present in this haveli is quite different from the one popular in other
partsof Jaisalmer. The workmanship of havelis is an amalgam of both Rajput architecture as well as Islamic art.
JODHPUR
Jodhpur is also called the Sun City as it enjoys a bright sunny weather all year round. Most important city of
western Rajasthan, as it lies only at a distance of 250 kilometers from the Indo-Pakistan border. Topped the
lonely planet’s list ofmost extraordinary place to stay in 2014. Houses are of blue colour only.
PLACES OF INTEREST IN JODHPUR: -
MEHRANGARH FORT: -Fort stands magnificently 400 feet above the city.
UMAID BHAWAN PALACE: -347-roomed massive palace is named one of the largest private residences in the world.
A part of the palace still serves as a residence to the former royal family, while other two parts of the palace are
convertedinto Taj Palace Hotel and museum. The museum is open to the public.
JASWANT THADA: -The mausoleum is built out of intricately carved sheets of marble. These sheets are extremely
thinand polished so that they emit a warm glow when illuminated by the sun.
AJMER: -Home of the shrine of Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti. In 2015, Ajmer was selected as a heritage site for
theHRIDAY - Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana scheme of Government of India.
PLACES OF INTEREST IN AJMER: -
AJMER SHARIF KI DARGAH: - Dargah is said to be the shrine of Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti.
TARAGARH FORT: - Taragarh Fort was built to guard the city of Ajmer.
ADHAI DIN KA JHONPDA: - The oldest Sanskriti College was later turned into a mosque by a Mughal emperor and
islocated on the slope of the Taragarh hill.
ANASAGAR LAKE: - Man made lake located in the middle of the city.
SONIJI KI NASIYAN: - The temple has an inner chamber that houses the “Swarna nagari” that are golden
platedwooden figures and idols of the Jain religion.
NORTH EAST
DARJEELING -
Darjeeling in India owes' its grandeur to its natural beauty, its clean fresh mountain air and above all, the smiling
resilientpeople for whom it is a home. Known for its natural splendor, Darjeeling's best gift to its visitors is the
dawn of a new day. The mountains awaken first with a tentative peeking of the sun. A steep ride, five kilometers
from Ghoom, or an invigorating walk up a steep incline, leads sun worshippers to Tiger Hill. The air is chilly with
darkness and damp. To theeast, a dull orange sun emerged painting the sky with brilliant strokes of magenta,
gold, orange and fuchsia. The snow- capped Everest, Kabru, Kanchenjunga, Jannu and other peaks slowly emerge
from slumber to start a new day. The sun worshippers gasp at the magnificent sight. As the fog lifts in the slowly
penetrating sun, the town gradually comes alive. Amidst brewing of tea, the sing-song Gorkhali which is the local
dialect, rises and falls like music.
BEST TIME TO VISIT - The best time to visit Darjeeling in India is from March-May or September-November. The
rains which start by May end are heavy downpours making living conditions cold and dreary. In winter there is a
drastic fall in temperature from the summer's 15 to 25 degrees centigrade to 2 to 10 degrees in winter.
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TOURISTS ATTRACTIONS OF DARJEELING IN INDIA
No visit to Darjeeling in India is complete without a visit to Ghoom which is 6 km away from the main town. The
hillockis dominated by the famous Yiga Choeling Monastery which has 15 images of the Maitreya Buddha.
Belonging to the yellow hat sect, the monastery contains many ancient palm leaf and paper manuscripts in
Tibetan script. The Museum of Natural History is where one can see a fine collection of Himalayan animals,
reptiles, birds and insects. If flora is what one enjoys, then Lloyd Botanic Garden is the place of interest. It has a
marvelous collection of alpine flora and orchids.
Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park is the only center in India for the breeding of the rare snow leopard.
The Ussurian tigers and the Himalayan black bear are also among its attractions. Neighboring the zoo is the
Himalayan Mountaineering Institute established in 1954 by the then Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, in the
wake of the conquest of Everest. Tenzing Norgay was its first Director and Advisor till his demise. A kilometer
from the zoo is the Darjeeling-Rangit Valley ropeway. Considered the longest in Asia, it is a thrilling ride with
splendid views. If one is looking for souvenirs, then the Tibetan Refugee Self Help Center. It produces excellent
Tibetan crafts like carpets, wood and leather work. Established in 1959 after the Dalai Lama and his followers fled
Tibet, it is a haven for ethnic Tibetan art.
TIGER HILL
Tiger Hill is famous for spectacular sunrise show over the Himalaya. Leveling out at 8500 ft, Tiger Hill is the
highest hillin the immediate surroundings. It is 11 km from town of Darjeeling. The first rays of the sun shoot
ahead and shed light upon the twin peaks of Kangchenjunga painting it pink and then bathing it in a beautiful
orange colour.
BATASIA LOOP
Batasia Loop is the scenic gigantic railway loop where the Darjeeling toy train makes a 360 degree turn.
Batasia Loop isabout 5 kilometers from the main Darjeeling town and was built to help the train negotiate
the steep landscape. It is perched at a perfect location to offer a panoramic view of the Himalayan
mountain range, especially Mt. Kanchenjunga.
GHOOM MONASTERY
Situated at an altitude of 8,000 feet, 8 km south of town is one of the holiest and better known of Darjeeling's
monasteries
- the Sampten Choling or the Ghoom Monastery. Built in 1875 by Lama Sherab Gyatso, one of the chief
features of themonastery is the 15 ft tall statue of the Maitreya Buddha (Coming Buddha), resplendent in
gold polish and embedded with precious stones.
HIMALAYAN MOUNTAINEERING INSTITUTE
Tenzing Norgay's ascent of Everest along with Edmund Hillary, in 1953 provided the impetus to
mountaineering as an organized sport in India, and it was to commemorate this singular success that the
Himalayan Institute (HMI) was founded in Darjeeling with the personal initiative of Late Pandit Jawahar Lal
Nehru. The Institute was established on 4thNovember 1954.The Institute is the landmark in Darjeeling and
an important center of tourist attraction. It commands a magnificent view of Kanchenjunga massif.
ZOOLOGICAL PARK
The Padmaja Naidu Mayan Zoological Park also known as Darjeeling Zoo was established in 1958 for research
and conversation of Himalayan fauna. Located below the Himalayan Mountaineering Institute on the slopes
of Jawahar Prabhat, the Darjeeling Zoo is one of the most highly regarded in India as it is a sanctuary to rare
wildlife. Except to seethe Siberian tigers (the only ones in India), red pandas, Himalayan black bears and the
Tibetian wolves. This zoo also houses a Snow Leopard Breeding Centre
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THE ROCK GARDEN & GANGA MAYA LAKE-
Rock garden as the name suggests, is a garden fully made out of rock. At a distance of 12 km, (approx.)
away fromDarjeeling town and winding its way through the narrow and enthralling hilly terrain. Ganga
Maya Park situated 2 kilometers away from rock garden has a small lake at its helm, with boating
facilities.
TIBETAN REFUGE CENTRE
The Tibetan Refugee Self-Help Centre was started in 1959. At that time, following the dramatic escape of His
holiness the Dalai Lama, thousands of Tibetans leaving hearth and home, fled into the neighboring countries
to live as free human beings. "It is no exaggeration, in fact, to say that without self-help there can be no
rehabilitation, be it economic, social, psychological, cultural or spiritual. Therefore, a ten-member
committee was formed in Darjeeling to organize a rehabilitation centre to be known as "Tibetan Refugees
Self-Help Center".
TENZING & GOMBU ROCK
Tenzing and Gombu rock also commonly known as "monkey rock" were named after late Tenzing Sherpa and
Gombu respectively. It is a challenging masterpiece of nature's oddity for the rock climbers. It is where
Tenzing Sherpa climbedthe Tenzing rock in the presence of Prime minister Jawaharlal.
PLACES AROUND DARJEELING IN INDIA
KALIMPONG - Across the river, Teesta lies lush Kalimpong. The road weaves lazily up a steep incline to
suddenly open up to an unexpected panorama. The first sight to greet the eye is the steeple of the Mac
Farlane Church. Once the headquarters of a Bhutanese Governor, the word kalim means king's minister and
pong, the stronghold. It is also called Kalimpong or the black spur by the locals. Prominent amongst the
places of interest is a school, Dr. Graham's Homes which was founded by Dr. John - G-ahman in 1900. This
has been built on the slopes of Dero Hill, three kilometers from the town. For a bird’s eye view of the
picturesque place, one has to go to Durpin Dara, an observatory points atop a hill from where one can get
an awe-inspiring view of the mighty Himalayan ranges. Numerous monasteries dot the area among which
the Pedong monastery and Thongsha Gompa are the oldest. Another monastery of interest is the Tharpa
Choling Monastery constructed in 1937 by the Yellow Hat sect which is situated at Tirpai Hill at a distance of
two kilometers from town.
About 4 km from town towards Teesta is located Kalimpong's famous Swiss Welfare Dairy. It was set up
many years agoby a Swiss missionary, father Andrea Butty. Cheese, butter and other dairy products of this
center are in great demand & the quality is comparable to the finest that is imported. The visit to Kalimpong
won't be complete several hours at the two bazaars. One on the main road, the other near 10th mile. It is a
unique experience to see villagers turning up in their local costume at the bazaar on weekly market days to
sell their farm products.
MIRIK - Set in idyllic surrounding Mirik is the place for those seeking peace and tranquility. At an altitude
of 1967 meters, the climate is cool & temperate. The Sumendu Lake at the bottom of Mirik Spur is the
most dominating featurereflecting the magnificence of the eastern Himalayas. The lake is 1.2 kilometers
long and is fed by perennial streams. Riding on the colorful boats or crossing the lake over an artistic
bridge, leads one to a charming path through forests onthe other side. Fishing is a popular past time here.
HOW TO REACH DARJEELING IN INDIA
BY AIR - There are flights from Calcutta to Bagdogra which is 90 kilometers from south.
BY RAIL-The nearest railhead is Siliguri. The Toy train runs from New Jalpaiguri/Siliguri.
SPECIAL FEATURE: JOURNEY BY TOY TRAIN IN DARJEELING IN INDIA- The narrow-gauge railway lines fondly
called the 'toy train' extend to over 4,500 kilometers mostly in the hilly nairons of India. Among these one of
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the best known is the 83 kilometers long, 610 mm gauge 'toy' railway spanning the gorgeous terrain
between Siliguri and Darjeeling. Nestled in the serene Himalayan splendor, the zigzag railway passing
through a variety of foliage, linking Siliguri in north Bengal with Darjeeling, is a marvel of 'miniature rail
engineering. The train girdles along streams and tea gardens on the way to Sukana, up a spur of the Singalele
range from where the ascent of the line begins. The train strikes the first spiral or loop followed by the
second in proximity of the 20-kilometer post, an amazing engineering feat, practically a double loop, for the
rise from Rungtong to Tindharia. The third loop is about 22 kilometers away and lends an enchanting peep
into the valley below with the Bhutan range in the east, the Teesta river and its Tiger island in the south-east.
The sensational point of the fourth spiral, the Agony Point, is reached outside the Tindharia station.
The scenic beauty along the rail line is a thing of joy forever. From those stalwart sal trees, the railway track
twists in andout of ravines, the tall cotton trees, the buttressed semul palms, the giant bamboo all entwined
with creepers and loaded with ferns and moss. There are fig tress, oak and chestnut trees, the birch, the
maple brambles and orchids, some of them interspersed with walnut trees and laurels until, in the vicinity of
Cheem, the center of the Buddhist monastery of the Yellow Sect, there is that glorious glimpse of primroses,
magnolias arid rhododendrons. This luxurious vegetation is topped with sublime landscapes of snowy
heights, more than a dozen peaks standing aloft above 6,000 meters - the renowned Kanchenjunga and the
mountains of east Nepal, Sikkim and Tibet.
SIKKIM
Sikkim is a little paradise enclosing prettiest of landscapes and natural attractions. It sits on the lap of the
mighty Himalayas, and houses ethnic Buddhist Gompas, frothy lakes maneuvering through the valleys,
opulent forests, an assortment of tribes and wide variety of wildlife species is all that your soul would have
demanded for an ultimate sojourn. Located in the north eastern part of India, Sikkim is a small state curled
between the alternation& borders ofNepal, Bhutan and China.
Climate
Winters are generally chilly, with temperature dipping to minus 4 degree Celsius, summers are pleasant and
monsoonmonths receive heavy rainfall. Sometimes it rains non-stop for several days.
Best Time to Visit
March to June and September to December.
Located in the eastern Himalayas, Sikkim is bound by Tibet (China) in the north, West Bengal in the south,
Tibet amdBhutan in the east and Nepal in the west. The state is spread below Mount Kanchanjunga
(8,534 m), the third highest peak in the world. The locals worship the mountain as a protecting deity. The
state is cut into steep escarpments in the north and except in the Lachung and Lachen valleys, is thinly
populated. In contrast to Northern Sikkim is Southern Sikkim, which is lower, more open, and fairly well
cultivated. The drainage of the rivers in the state is towards south. The Rangeet and the Teesta are the
major river systems of state.The snowline starts at around 5248m in Sikkim.
THINGS TO SEE AND DO
Gangtok
Being the capital city of Sikkim, Gangtok, provides you with a glance of what all this beautiful state has to
offer travelers.One will be mesmerized by the greenery, cloud draped peaks, orchids, monasteries, lakes,
parks and winding roads. The main attractions of the place are Do Drul Chorten, Enchey Monastery, Tsongmo
Lake, Lal Bazaar, Ganesh Tok and Hanuman Tok.
Yumthang Valley
The deserted valley of Yamthung is located in North Sikkim. It is the place of hot springs that have healing
properties.The valley is covered with beautiful and colorful flowers, specially Rhododendron and Primula.
The best time to visit here is during February/March, when the valley seems to be a flowerbed.
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Rumtek Monastery: Rumtek Monastery is the largest monastery in Sikkim. It is located in eastern Sikkim. It is a
sacred pilgrimage site for the Buddhists, which is also known as the Dharma Chakra Centre. It remained an
important seat of theKarma Kagyu lineage for several years.
Tsomgo Lake: Also known as Changu Lake, it is a place of worship for the Sikkimese, due to the presence of a Shiva
temple located close to the lake. The color of the water here was used in earlier times, to predict future, by the
Buddhistsaints. The lake and its nearby areas offer a very pleasant sight for the travelers, to spend a quiet evening.
Pelling: For an overwhelming sight of the Kanchenjunga peak, there cannot be any other place than Pelling.
From thecomforts of the resorts and hotels here, you can have a glimpse of the great Himalayan peak. Apart
from the mountain peaks, other attractions of the place are Pemayangtse Monastery, Kechepalri Lake and
Sangay Waterfall.
Tedong Hill: Tedong Hill is a famous attraction of Sikkim, known for its scenic views of the green hills and valleys
and calm atmosphere. Located in south Sikkim, Tedong Hill is mostly visited by Buddhist monks, who come here to
meditate in the peaceful surroundings. There is a numerous option available for adventure sports in Sikkim. It
would definitely be athrilling though a back breaking experience to try out mountaineering here on the Himalayan
peak of Kanchenjunga, for the trained climbers. Other less severe areas for rock climbing would include Kabru and
Sinolchu. One can also try out other sports activities like mountain biking, river rafting, hang gliding, kayaking and
other less dangerous activities like fishing, yak safari, etc. These enthralling sports will definitely satiate your thirst
for adventure.
HOW TO REACH
BY AIR – The nearest airport is Pakyong.
BY RAIL- The nearest railway stations from Gangtok are New Jalpaiguri (125 km) and Siliguri (144 km)
to Delhi,Calcutta, Guwahati, and other important cities in India.
BY ROAD-The Sikkim National Tourist Agency has daily bus services to Siliguri (5 hours), (7 hours), Kalimpong
(3 hours) and Bagdogra (41/2 hours). Share jeeps and taxis are a faster alternate to commute. Gangtok is
connected by roadto Darjeeling, Kalimpong, and Siliguri. Cars, luxury coaches & jeeps are available for hire in
the town. There are also regular bus services run by the Sikkim Nationalized Transport.
GANGTOK -
Gangtok is the capital and largest town of the Indian state of Sikkim. Gangtok is located in the Shivalik Hills of the
eastern Himalayan range. All good things in life come in small packets and Gangtok is a good illustration. Be it the
richflora, the beautiful people, or the serene Buddhist monasteries, this small town, occupies an important
position in the itinerary of tourists in search of tranquility from the humdrum of modern life.
LOCATION - The eastern state of Sikkim lies couched between the borders of Nepal and Bhutan. Gangtok became
the capital of the state in the 19th century and lies to the south of the district of East Sikkim. It is a hilly town and
spreads down the western side of a long ridge flanking the Ranipul River. The entire Kanchenjunga range can be
viewed from thetown and, in fact, it is worshipped as a local deity. It is at a distance of 721 km from Calcutta, 584
km from Patna, 140 kmfrom Darjeeling and 589 km from Guwahati. The town experiences a lot of rainfall
throughout the year and temperatures are mild.
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TOURISTS ATTRACTIONS - One of the oft-visited sites of Gangtok is the Namgyal Institute of Tibetology. It
was built in 1958 and is a research center for Mahayana Buddhism and Tibetan culture. Besides being a
museum of traditional and old artifacts, one can also buy Buddhist religious books and other objects of craft.
Nearby is a gompa for young lamas. The Tsuk-La-Khang or Royal Chapel is the main place of worship and
assembly for the Buddhists and is huge repertoire of religious relics. It is open during the Losar festival.
Another important monastery is the Enchey Gompa and is worth a visit during the festival season of January
to February.
Adjacent to the Namgyal Institute is the Orchid Sanctuary, which is the home of some 500 varieties of
orchids. There is alarger orchid sanctuary called Orchidarium, off the main road to Rangpo. Near White Hall,
there is a Flower Exhibition Center and seasonal flowers, bonsai and orchids are a delight to the eyes. From
April to June September to November, one can come here.
TASHI VIEW POINT - Tashi View Point, situated 4 km from Gangtok town. It offers a breathtaking view
of themajestic Mount Khangchendzonga and other peaks of the Himalayas.
SINGHIK VIEW POINT - Apart from the stunning view of lofty mountains, Singhik also offers a panoramic
vista ofthe contiguous places. Below this View Point, you can trace the converging point of River Teesta
and River Kanaka.
SEVEN SISTER'S WATER FALL - It is located 32 kilometers away from Gangtok on the National Highway
leadingto North Sikkim. The Waterfalls offered and awe-some sight of bountiful mother nature at its best.
The Government hasmade arrangements and set up a waiting shed and cafeteria where they can take a
break.
KABI LONGTSOK - This is situated at a distance of 25-km from Gangtok, just before Phodong is Kabi
Longstok.There is a spot amidst tall trees, where the treaty of brotherhood between, the Lepcha Chieftan
- Tetong Tek and theTibetan chief Khye Bhumsa was signed.
SHINGBA RHODODENDRON SANCTUARY -nature park located in North Sikkim. It has forty species
ofrhododendron trees.
PLACES AROUND GANGTOK - Located at a distance of 24 km from Gangtok is Rumtek Gompa, which is a
rich monastery and abode of the head of the Kagyupa order of Tibetan Buddhism. It is a very famous site
and devotees often flock to it throughout the year. Located at a distance of 35 km towards the northeast of
Gangtok is the Tsongo or Changu Lake. Special permits are required to visit this picturesque locale.
HOW TO REACH
BY ROAD - The busiest route in and out of Sikkim is the road between Gangtok and
Siliguri,also, the nearest airport and railway station.
LACHUNG
Lachung is a town in northeast Sikkim, India. It is located in the North Sikkim district and is near the border
with China. Lachung is at the confluence of the Lachen River and Lachung Rivers, tributaries of the River
Teesta. Lachung is a divineabode sited in the northern district of Sikkim. Perched at an elevation of 8,800 ft,
Lachung is an ideal place to spent beautiful moments in solitude. The way to Lachung passes through quaint
villages, scenic spots, and waterfalls. In recent times, Lachung has been made available to the tourists in an
organized manner. It would not be embroidered to say that Lachung is actually a Shangri-La on the earth. A
visit to Lachung is certainly a rare opportunity to comprehend Sikkim in the best possible manner. The term
'Lachung' literally means 'Small Mountain". Lachung is one amongst the most beautiful villages that is
adorned with the vista of snow-capped mountains, astounding waterfalls and dazzling streams.
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This place of incredible splendor has been affirmed as the "most picturesque village of Sikkim" by Joseph
Salton Hookerin 'The Himalayan Journal' (1855).
How to Reach
By Air-The nearest airport to Lachung Monastery is Pakyong
By Rail- The nearest station to Lachung Monastery is New Jalpaiguri
By Road-Main Road Highways North Sikkim Highway Lachung Gompha or Lachung Monastery is the center
of all religious and cultural activity in the village. Built in 1880, the Monastery has two huge prayer wheels
and original muralsin bright colors on one of the walls. You can also enjoy a splendid view of the mountains
and Lachung Gompha from Katao road, just across the YumthangRiver. Mt. Katao just 30 km. away is a
popular destination but only open for Indian tourists. In close proximity is the popular Shingba
Rhododendron Sanctuary, where you can take a pleasant hike.
GOA
Goa is a state in India within the coastal region known as the Konkan in India. It is bounded by Maharashtra
to the north and Karnataka to the east and south, with the Arabian Sea forming its Western coast. It is
India's smallest state by area and the fourth smallest by population. It was ranked the best placed state by
the "Eleventh Finance Commission" for its infrastructure and ranked on top for the best quality of life in
India by the National Commission on Population based on the 12 Indicators.Panaji is the state's capital, while
Vasco da Gama is its largest city. The historic city of Margao still exhibits the cultural influence of the
Portuguese, who first landed in the early 16th century as merchants and conquered it soon thereafter.Goa is
visited by large numbers of international and domestic tourists each year for its beaches, places of worship
and world heritage architecture. It has rich flora and fauna, owing to its location on the Western Ghats
range, a biodiversity hotspot. Goa is divided into two districts i.e. North Goa & South Goa. North Goa has its
headquarters at Panaji & South Goa has its headquarter at Margao.
BEST TIME TO VISIT-Temperature in summers varies from 24 to 35 degree Celsius & Temperature of winters
varies from 21 to 32 degree Celsius. Best time to visit Goa is from October to March. Goa experiences monsoon
season from Juneto September.
PLACES OF INTEREST IN GOA: -
THE BASILICA OF BOM JESUS-The Basilica is the world heritage monument. The Basilica holds the mortal
remainsof St. Francis Xavier.The church is called “Bom Jesus” meaning “good Jesus” or “Infant Jesus” to
whomIt is dedicated. Visitor Timings: 9 A.M. to 06.30 P.M. on weekdays & from 10.00 A.M.to 06.30P.M. on
weekends.
SE CATHEDERAL: -The Se Cathedral is the largest church in Old Goa & the largest in Asia with a barrel-
vaulted ceiling. The Portuguese Viceroy Redondo commissioned the Se, or St. Catherine’s Cathedral. The
church has a chapel ofthe Miraculous Cross which houses a cross found by shepherds & subsequently
doubled in size. There is a tower with huge bell called Golden Bell.
CHURCH OF ST. FRANCIS OF ASSISI: -The Church was built in 1521.The altar is decorated with painting on
wooddepicting scenes from St. Francis life. Two huge statues, one of St. Francis Assisi & the other of the
Jesus on the cross. The floor is made up of carved graved stones. The church has now been converted into a
museum by the Archaeological Survey of India in 1964.This church is the UNESCO World Heritage Site.
CHURCH OF ST.CAJETAN:-Opposite the Se Cathedral beyond is the large & beautiful church of
St.Cajetan. Thechurch of St. Cajetan was built in 1665.It was built on the design of St. Peter’s Basilica in
Rome.
North Goa beaches are famous for the exotic cuisine & pleasure of sun & sand. Water sports like Water
Scooters to WaterGliding are an all-time attraction.
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Famous beaches of North Goa: -
Anjuna Beach- It is 18 kms from Panaji. With its fluorescent painted palm trees & infamous full moon
parties, Anjuna is 8 kms. west of Mapusa.The beach is surrounded by coconut groves. Water sports like
parasailing & windsurfing are common here. A day trip to famous flea market is a must. You can shop
anything from T-Shirts, Audio-cassettes, Eatables & Trinkets at this colourful weekly fiesta.
Sinquerim Beach-It is 13 kms. from Panaji. The beach is close to the historic Fort Aguada.Sinquerim is the
first beach you will get to as you head northwest after crossing the Mandovi from Panaji. Along with
Bogmalo, it’s one of thefew beaches, where you can rent windsurfers, water skis etc.
Bambolim Beach- It is 7 kms away from Panaji. It is relatively small beach frequented by locals more than
the tourists. Bambolim is also the location of the campus of Goa University. The beach is covered with thick
coconut groves.Calangute Beach-It is located 16 kms from Panaji. The beach is called the Queen of the
beac-hes. The beach is aboutfour miles long & covered with the palm trees. Calangute beach is located
between Baga & Sinquerim Beach.There are shacks & stalls under the shades of palm trees selling
everything from fried prawns to trinkets made of seashells.
Vagator Beach- It is located 15 kms. From Panaji.The beach is known for its scenic beauty which is
enhanced byChapora Fort.The Portuguese Fort is 500 years old. Dominated by the red ramparts of Chapora
Fort, Vagator’s broad white sandy beach-Big Vagator beach is also known as “Little Vagator”. Coconut palm
trees surround the beach. Thisbeach is most photographed beach in Goa.
CASINOS IN GOA: -
Goa is one of the few states in India where gambling is legal. Casinos in Goa can be found on boats
anchored in the Mandovi River, and onshore in some up-market hotels. Most of the action, with live tables,
takes place on the floating casinos, which are entertainment destinations within themselves. The offshore
casino market is dominated by the DeltinGroup and the Pride Group. Deltin's modern and classy casinos
have higher entry fees and focus on a niche segment.
They're particularly popular with players of western games. The Pride Group, with lower entry fees. The Pride
Group alsooperates three onshore casinos -- Casino Pearl at Bogmallo, Casino Palms at Baga, and Casino
Paradise at Pororvim.
NAMES OF THE CASINOS:-
1) Deltin Royale-Goa's largest luxury floating casino, the Deltin Royale. There are floor floors, spread over
40,000 square feet, with 123 gaming tables and a gourmet restaurant. The casino has India's only dedicated
poker room, as well as an exclusive room for Indian Flush (Teen Patti). It also has an exclusive whiskey
lounge, with a magnificent selection of single malts and hand-rolled cigars. There are VIP gaming suites that
guests can stay and play in as well.
Entry Fee-Packages start from 4,000 rupees per person Monday to Thursday, and 5,000 rupees Friday
to Sunday.Unlimited food, alcoholic drinks, entertainment, and an allotment of playing chips
included.(rate may be vary)
Opening Hours- 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Entertainment begins at 7-9 p.m and concludes at
midnight or 1 a.m.
Dress- Smart casual (no shorts, sleeveless shirts, or flip-flops/chappals).
2) Deltin Caravela-The newly refurbished Caravela was relaunched in 2016 as India's first floatel casino,
combining gaming with luxurious accommodations. There are eight sprawling guest suites, including an
extravagant two-level Mansion Suite with its own private gaming tables. The suites are decorated in rich
shades of amber, mahogany and gold.The boat's casino has 17 gaming tables. Other facilities include a spa,
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on-deck Jacuzzi, and fine dining restaurant and barlocated on the sundeck.
3) Casino Pride- It attracts Indian high-rollers who come to play Teen Patti, and also hosts big poker
tournaments and has Bollywood-style live acts. There are three floors, spread over 30,000 square feet, with
a 10,000 square foot WeatherDeck (great for parties!) and around 40 gaming tables plus slot machines.
There's a special Kid's Zone with computer games to keep the children entertained.
Entry Fee-Monday to Thursday: 3,000 rupees and get one time Play Coupon worth 1,000 rupees. Friday
to Sunday: 4,000 rupees and get one time Play Coupon worth 1,000 rupees. Unlimited buffet, and
unlimited drinks (house brand)while playing at the gaming tables, included.
Opening Hours- 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Live entertainment nightly from 9.00-11.00 p.m.
4) Casino Pride 2-Previously known as Casino Carnival (owned by The Marriott Resort and Spa), this smaller
floating casino was sold to the Pride Group in February 2014 and subsequently renamed. It has 27 gaming
tables spread over twofloors. There's a VIP room for high-rollers, and live entertainment on the main gaming
floor and on the open-air deck every night. It's possible to go between Casino Pride and Casino Pride 2.
Entry Fee- Monday to Thursday: 3,000 rupees and get one time Play Coupon worth 1,000 rupees. Friday
Opening Hours-24 hours a day, seven days a week. Live entertainment nightly from 9.00-11.00 p.m.
5) Deltin Jaqk-Previously called Casino Royale, this floating casino was renamed Deltin Jaqk in August 2013.
It has three floors of gaming spread over 12,000 square feet, with 50 tables and 30 slot machines. Perfect for
beginners, there's aspecial learners' tables so you can get to know the game.
Entry Fee- Monday to Thursday: 4,000 rupees and get one time Play Coupon worth 1,500 rupees. Friday
Opening Hours-24 hours a day, seven days a week. Live entertainment nightly from 9.p.m. until midnight.
6) Chances Casino & Resort-Chances Casino and Resort is a boutique luxury hotel with 53 rooms, situated in
the scenic Vainguinim Valley not far from Panjim. The casino's claim to fame is that it's the oldest and largest
onshore one inGoa. It doesn't get as much attention as the other casinos because of its quieter south Goa
location. However, it's well known among regular gamblers and locals. A free buffet dinner is provided for
gamblers. There's also live music every Tuesday, Friday, and Saturday. Stay and Play packages are available.
Read reviews on Tripadvisor.
Opening Hours-11 a.m. until 4 a.m.
Dress: Smart casual.
CRUISES IN GOA: -
After a hectic day of sightseeing in Goa, a river cruise is indeed an ideal way to unwind and relax to the soothing
music ofa live band. River cruises contribute immensely to the state's tourism industry. The river cruise industry
in Goa is expanding day-by-day. The waters of river Mandovi serve as the perfect location for cruise tours.
GTDC operates a luxury launch, Santa Monica, which coducts evening cruises over Mandovi river. The cultural
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performances on the cruise make it even more colourful. River cruises also gives you the opportunity to spot
crocodiles and dolphins. Tourists can pick up the desired river cruise from available options - daytime,
moonlight and sunset cruise tours. The sunset cruise tour takes off at 6 pm everyday. A sunset cruise takes the
tourists to some spectacular places like the Aguada fort, the Reis Magos Fort and the Cabo Raj Bhawan. See the
cultural troops perform Goan dances such as the Dekni Temple Dance, the Corredinho Dance and the Fugdi
Dance. It is fascinating to watch the sun dip into the horizon leaving behind a crimson- hued sky. The full moon
cruise, as the name suggests, are conducted on full moon nights when the full moon sparkles amidst the dark
sky. The cruise begins from 5.30 pm.
SOUTH GOA-
Madgaon is the administrative headquarter, it is Goa’s second largest city, commercial & industrial
centre.Transport Centre for tourists staying in Colva & Benaulim Beaches. The main square is called
the Praca Jorge Baretto.From the railway station which is about 1km away from the heart of the city,
one can hire a
Motorcycle taxi or cab to get to your hotel. Deluxe buses between Madgaon & Mumbai, Bangalore & Pune. The
bus to Mumbai leaves daily from Kadamba Bus stand (16 Hrs.), Bangalore (14 Hrs.) & Pune (15 Hrs.) Margao’s
new station isabout 1.5 Kms. East of the town Centre.
FAMOUS BEACHES OF SOUTH GOA: -

➢ Bogmalo Beach- A small & deserted beach, 8 kms. south from the Vasco Da Gama & 4 kms from Goa’s Airport.
The beach is clean & not crowded, the water reasonably safe for swimming & there are plenty of places to eat,
drink & shop. An amazing array of water sports that are offered at the Bogmalo Beach. Surfing & Parasailing
are amongst the must checkouts.
➢ Majorda Beach- It is 9 kms. From Madgaon & 2 kms. From Colva. A silent beach responding to the humming
of the sea& look up to catch up the picturesque scene of the sea. A number of hotels have been built in the
vicinity of Majorda. Hirea bike for a day or two to explore the village.
➢ Betalbatim Beach-This is a small stretch beach located along the South Goa coast, south of Majorda & north
of Colva Beach. This place is calm & least commercial of Goa beaches. Betalbatim coastline is loaded with palm
trees & white sands. The long unspoilt stretches of sand are perfect for long walks & lazy holidays in the sun.
There are some great bars& restaurants which serve freshly caught seafood.
➢ Colva Beach- It is 6 kms. from Madgaon. Colva beach is less crowded. The beach has palm trees & shells along
its coast.There are many shacks lined up along the Colva beach which offers you delicious Goan cuisine.
➢ Mobor Beach- Mobor beach lies in between the Arabian Sea & Assolna River.The beautiful beach which is
famous amongthe tourists & ideal for who want to take the break from the madness of the city. Relish the
authentic Goan Cuisine & freshseafood at the beach side joints at very reasonable prices. There is provision of
beach umbrellas & reclining beach chairs for the convenience of the tourists.
➢ Palolem Beach- It is 40 Kms. from Madgaon.Palolem Beach is also known as “Paradise Beach”. The attractions
of this beach are the Dolphin cruises & fishing trips. It is surrounded by hills on both sides.
➢ Shri Mangesh Temple- It is located 26 kms. From Madgaon. This temple is dedicated to Lord Shiva & located
at Priol. Itis distinctive with its white towers welcoming at the entrance. The temple is surrounded by rolling
green hills. This templeis one of the largest, wealthiest & most frequently visited temples in Goa.
THINGS TO DO IN GOA: -
Goa offers diving & snorkeling. There are schools which offer beginner courses for diving &Snorkeling. They should
openin September. Grand Island-Close to Vasco, Angria Bank-120 kms from Bambolim Beach & Malvan Shoal-02
Hours fromPanaji are some of the best dives sites in Goa. The monsoon not being the best time to go diving, most
of schools shuts in the month of monsoon.
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BEACHES FOR WATER SPORTS: -
• Calangute
• Colva
• Palolem
• Vagator
• Baga
• Dona Paula
• Miramar
• Bogmalo
KERALA — DESTINATION INFORMATION

Kerala, a state on India's tropical Malabar Coast, has nearly 600km of Arabian Sea shoreline. It's known for its
palm-linedbeaches and backwaters, a network of canals. Popularly known as “God’s Own country”. Inland are the
Western Ghats, mountains whose slopes support tea, coffee and spice plantations as well as wildlife.
Kerala has its own traditions and culture. Kerala is the most attracted tourist destination with its beaches, hill
stations, backwaters, bird and wild life sanctuaries etc. National parks like Eravikulam and Periyar, Wayanad and
other sanctuaries, are home to elephants, langur monkeys and tigers. Kerala is blessed with its variety of flora and
fauna. Keralafestivals are attracting many tourists. Kerala is the first 100% literate state in India. The Kerala
cinema is always a symbolfor quality movies. In literary field also, Kerala is blessed with so many legends.
Kerala's Kathakali is a stylized classical Indian dance-drama noted for the attractive make-up of characters,
elaborate costumes, detailed gestures and well-defined body movements presented in tune with the anchor
playback music and complementary percussion. Kerala's Kalaripayattu is one of the oldest fighting systems in
existence. Kalaripayattu includes strikes, kicks, grappling, preset forms, weaponry and healing methods. The
National Geographic Society choseKerala as one of the 50 must see-destinations. Political Capital is
Thiruvananthapuram. Business capital is Cochin.
Best time to visit Kerala is October to May as this the peak tourist season. Temperature varies from 24-33
degreesCelsius during summers. During winters, the temperature varies from 15-28 degrees Celsius.
PLACES TO VISIT: -
COCHIN: -Kochi (Colonial Name-Cochin) is a vibrant city situated on the south-west coast of India. It is called
“Queenof the Arabian Sea”. Informally Cochin is also referred as the “Gateway to Kerala”. Cochin is proud of its
world port & international airport that link it to many major cities worldwide.
Places of Interest in Cochin-
Fort Kochi-12 Kms from Ernakulam town. You can see many European style bungalows & also enjoy a walk
along the Fort Kochi Beach. An unforgettable sight is to visit the beach at the sunset & enjoy the Chinese
fishing nets & sailingships against the back drop of the setting sun.
Jewish Synagague & Jew Town- The synagogue is a place of worship for Jews. It is finely decorated by
Chinese tiles & Belgian Chandeliers.Timings are 10:00 hours to 12:00 Hours & 15:00 Hours to 17:00 Hours.
Closed on Saturdays& Jewish Holidays.
Dutch Palace-The 17th Century palace was built by the Portuguese. The palace has fine collection of mural
paintingsdepicting scenes from Hindu epics of Mahabharata & Ramayana. Open to tourists-Saturdays to
Thursday from 10.00A.M.-05.00P.M. Closed on Fridays & National Holidays.
St. Francis Church- The church is the oldest European church in India. It is burial place of Vasco-da-
Gama. Theinfluence of European Architecture can be seen.
MUNNAR: -130 KMS. from Cochin. Approximate travel time 4 hrs by road. Munnar is a hill resort ideal for
relaxingholiday away from tropical lowlands. The tea gardens & cardamom plantations give Munnar, beautiful
look. AnaiMudi, the highest peak in South India is in these hills. The Munnar-Kodaikanal (another hill resort) road
is believed to be the steepest road in South-East Asia.
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Rajamala/Eravikulam National Park-Eravikulam National Park/Rajamal is 15 kms. from Munnar. Animals like
rare mountain goat, elephant, leopard, tiger, deer & other wild animals can be seen in natural habitat.
Visitors not allowedduring monsoon season.
Mattupetty-Mattupetty is 13 kms from Munnar situated at a height of 1700m.Mattupetty is known for its
highly specialized dairy farm where you can see over 100 varieties of high yielding cattle. The famous Echo
point is very near &you can hear your name from natural echo phenomenon here.
Kundala Dam-Kundala Dam is 20 kms. from Munnar. There is a Golf Course which belongs to Tata Tea
Ltd.Aruvikkad Waterfall is also near Kundala Dam.
THEKKADY- 100 Kms. from Munnar. The approximate time for travel by road is 4-5 hours. Enjoy the cool air of
western ghats by taking a boat ride through the waters of Periyar Lake. A wildlife sanctuary situated near the
lake. Enjoywild animals like elephants, tigers, bears, leopards, wild dogs around the lake. A morning visit to the
lake for a boat ride as it is better time to visit the jungle. You can also visit Coffee, Cardamom & Pepper
plantations which surrounded by lush green hills.
ALLEPPEY- 164 kms. from Thekkady. Approximate travel time is 4 hrs. by road. Lord Curzon called Alleppey as
“ Venice of the East”. It is famous for the backwaters & houseboats. Palm Groves & paddy fields offer a
spectacle ofrustle life from the house boat.
KUMARAKOM- 60 kms. from Alleppey. Approximate travel time is 02 hrs. by road. Kumarakom Bird Sanctuary is
spread across 14 acres. The sanctuary can be explored by boat. The best time to bird watch is between June &
August. Towatch migratory birds, November to February is the best time. The main attractions are local birds like
the waterfowl, cuckoo, owl, egret, heron & the water duck as well as migratory Siberian cranes.
KOVALAM- 176 kms. from Kumarakom. Approximate travel time is 05 hrs. Padhmanabhapuram Palace cam only
be visited when travelling to Kanyakumari. The 18th century palace is located 40 kms. from Kanyakumari. It is on
the foothills of Veli. You can see murals, coloured mica windows, secret underground passages, inner courtyards,
durbar hall,begian mirrors & granite dance halls.
BEACHES OF KOVALAM: -
➢ Light House Beach- Lighthouse beach is the longest beach in Kovalam. There is a lighthouse which
belongs to theBritish period, situated at the southern tip of the beach. It provides an unforgettable view
of the Vizhinjam Mosque.
➢ Hawah Beach-Hawah beach provides a spectacular view of local fisherman in action. The best time to visit
the beachis in the morning.
➢ Samudra Beach- Samudra beach is ideal for sunbathing. You will be able to see wooden fishing vessels at the
beach.
➢ Varkala Beach-Varkala beach has mineral springs which can be seen from the cliffs. There is a 2000-year-
old Janardana Swamy Temple at the beach. This can be included at an extra cost as a day excursion.
Approximate drivingtime is 02 hours.
POOVAR- Poovar is the small coastal village, 30 kms from Trivandrum. Poovar lies very close to Vizhiniam, a
natural harbour. Poovar has an estuary which connects with the sea during high tides. Poovar was a trading centre
of timber, sandlewood, ivory & spices. Nearest Airport- Trivandrum-18 kms. & nearest railway station is
Trivandrum Central whichis 22 kms.
TRIVANDRUM-87 kms. from Kanyakumari. Approximate travel time is 03 hrs.

PLACES TO VISIT IN TRIVANDRUM-
SHRI PADHMANABHA SWAMY TEMPLE-This temple is dedicated to Lord Vishnu. The temple has a
largecomplex with a tank beside it for ritual bathing.
PUTHEN MALIKA PALACE- The Palace contains painting & artifacts of the 18 th century Kerala life. You will
seehundreds of wooden pillars in the shape of galloping horses.
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NAPIER MUSEUM-The museum displays an assortment of historical & contemporary ornaments, temple carts,
ivory carvings & life-size figures of kathakali dancers. It also has a famous collection of 08th-18th century south-
indian bronze.
SRI CHITTIRA ART GALLERY-The art gallery is situated near Napier Museum. It has an excellent collection of
early & modern Indian art. You can see Tanjore paintings.
KANYAKUMARI-Kanyakumari also known as Cape Comorin, is a town in Kanyakumari district in the state of Tamil
Nadu, India. The name comes from the Devi Kanya Kumari Temple in the region, in Tamil it is pronounced as 'Kan-
niya-kumari'. It is the southernmost tip of peninsular India, and is surrounded on three sides by the Lakshadweep
Sea.
Kanyakumari town is the southern tip of the Cardamom Hills, an extension of the Western Ghats range. It is 87
kms. fromKovalam. Approximate travel time is 03 hours.
VIVEKANAND ROCK MEMORIAL-The memorial is located at the tip of the Indian Peninsula where the Arabian
Sea, Indian Ocean & the Bay of Bengal meets. It is built on a rock where Swami Vivekananda meditated. You can
enjoythe spectacular view of the ocean.
ANDAMAN
Andaman & Nicobar is a cluster of 572 small and large islets and rocks lying in the South Eastern Part of the
Bay of Bengal. The coastline of the islands stretches for about 100 km and dense forest stretch all across.
Islands occupy about 8,293 square kilometers. The capital city is Port Blair. This place is famous as a tourist
place due to its white sand beaches and blue waters. The Middle Andamans harbour mostly moist deciduous
forests. North Andamans is characterised by the wet evergreen type, with plenty of woody climbers. The
natural vegetation of the Andamans is tropical forest, with mangroves on the coast. The rainforests are
similar in composition to those of the west coast of Burma. Most of the forests are evergreen, but there are
areas of deciduous forest on North Andaman, Middle Andaman, Baratang and parts of South Andaman
Island. The South Andaman forests have a profuse growth of epiphytic vegetation, mostly ferns and orchids.
The Andaman forests are largely unspoiled, despite logging and the demands of the fast- growing population
driven by immigration from the Indian mainland. There are protected areas on Little Andaman, Narcondam,
North Andaman and South Andaman, but these are mainly aimed at preserving the coast and the marine
wildlife rather than the rainforests. Threats to wildlife come from introduced species including rats, dogs,
cats and the elephants of Interview Island and North Andaman.
BEST TIME TO VISIT: - Summer - 31 º C (Max) & 28 º C (Min), Winter - 24 º C (Max) & 21 º C (Min) & Best time
tovisit is between December and early April.
PLACES OF INTEREST IN ANDAMAN: -
PORT BLAIR: -It also serves as the entry point for visiting the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.Port Blair is the
capital ofthe Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a union territory of India situated in the Bay of Bengal.Name of
the airport is Veer Savakar International Airport. Port Blair has been selected as one of the cities to be
developed as a smart city under theSmart Cities Mission.
By Air: The island has its domestic airport at Port Blair, which has regular flight operations from Kolkata and
Chennai.
By Sea: Cruising through the Bay of Bengal is a delightful experience to reach Andaman. Regular passenger
ship serviceoperates to Port Blair from Chennai (60 hours), Kolkata(66hours) and Vishakhapatnam (56 hours).
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CELLULAR JAIL: - The Cellular Jail, also known as Kala Pani, was a colonial prison. The complex serves as a
nationalmemorial monument. It has a Light and Sound show which is a tribute to the martyrs of the heroic
freedom struggle.
Some more sight seeing attractions at the jail is an Art gallery and a Photo gallery. It goes down in the pages
of history asa jail that witnessed the torturous killings of the freedom fighters. The Jails gets its name owing
to its cellular design- 693cells.
VIPER ISLAND: - Viper Island derives its name from the vessel Viper in which Lt. Archibald Blair came to
Andaman& Nicobar Islands in 1789. The vessel, it is believed, met with an accident and its wreckage was
found near the island. This small island was the site of the jail where the British used to imprison convicts
and political prisoners.
JOLLY BUOY: - An island in Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park, is an ideal place for snorkelling, sea
bathing andbasking on the sun kissed beach. It offers a breath-taking underwater view of coral and marine
life.
ANDAMAN SPORTS COMPLEX: - It is situated in the north western part of the Port Blair near the Cellular Jail
and isfirst of its kind in India. It has all possible aqua sports facilities including safe water sports like paddle
boats, row boats and water cycle, and adventure water sports like wind surfing, wind skiing, water scooter.
There is an artificial waterfall as well, which is a great attraction among the visitors. A child park nearby is a
place for children to enjoy the serene environment.
SAMUDRIKA MARINE MUSEUM: -The museum is run by the Indian Navy.This museum aims to generate
awarenessabout the environment in the ocean and the marine life. The museum has five sections
presenting history of Andaman Islands, Geographical information, people of Andaman, Archaeology and
Marine life.
CHIDIYA TAPU: -It is the southern most tip of South Andaman.The lush green mangroves, forest cover with
numerouschirping birds and the sylvan sands and Munda pahar beaches make it an ideal picnic site.
NORTH BAY ISLAND: -It is a small island inhabited by a few people. Ferries operate from the Port Blair Harbor
toreach there. Here also water sports facilities like jetsky, snorkeling, under water diving are available.
CORBYN’S COVE TOURISM COMPLEX: -One of the most picturesque sea beaches, it is ideal for sea bathing and
sun-basking. It is approximately 7 km away from Port Blair.
ROSS ISLAND: -The island presently has the ruins of old buildings like Ballroom, Chief Commissioner's House,
Govt.House, Church, Hospital, Bakery, Press, Swimming Pool and Troop Barracks, reminiscent of the old British
regime.
Navy has established a museum on the Island known as Smritika depicting the history of the Island.
MOUNT HARRIET NATIONAL PARK:-The summer headquarters of the Chief Commissioner during British time,
this place is an ideal for a nice and fascinating over view of the outer islands and the sea. It is the highest peak in
the South Andamans (365 m high). One can trek upto Madhuban through a nature trail and can find rare
endemic birds, animals and butterflies.
CINQUE ISLAND: -The lure of underwater coral gardens and unspoiled beaches specially a sand bar joining
twoislands are irresistible. Super place for scuba diving, swimming, fishing and Camping.
HAVELOCK ISLAND:-The island is 41 km (25 miles) northeast of Port Blair, and it is the most popular among visitors
as it is well equipped, with government and private guest houses, and also has a well stocked main bazaar. The
island canbe reached from Port Blair by government-operated ferries and private cruises. There are also helicopter
services. A localbus connects the jetty and villages on an hourly circuit.
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PLACES OF INTEREST: -
RADHANAGAR BEACH: -Radhanagar Beach is at the western tip of the island, where dolphins and turtles can
bespotted from the long stretches of white sand.
ELEPHANT BEACH: -Elephant Beach is an ideal destination for water sports and for leisure tour. This beach
offerswater sports like diving, snorkelling, swimming, bird-watching, trekking and kayaking.
KALAPATHAR BEACH: -Kala Pathar Beach is a small but charming beach in the Havelock Island. This stunning
beach has golden sand beds and turquoise blue water. The beach lies next to the village of Kala Pathar. Hence it
derivesits name from the beach. The black rocks that lie along the seashores make a bright contrast with the
silver sand. Greendense forests surround the beach from all sides.
NEIL ISLAND: - Neil is a tiny, located 37 Kms. to the south of the Andaman Islands. Neil Island is known as the
‘vegetable bowl’ of the Andamans. The widest part of the island is about 5 km in length. You can walk the whole
islandin about two hours.
BHARATPUR BEACH: -One of the finest and most spectacular beaches of Neil Island, Bharatpur Beach attracts a
horde of tourists year-round. This beach has a sprawling stretch of sand and greenery that overlooks a vast
expanse of theblue sea.
SITAPUR BEACH: -At the tip of the island about 5km from the market lies Sitapur beach or beach No. 5. Also
knownas the ‘sunrise beach’ it is best situated to enjoy the lovely sunrise early every morning. This postcard
perfect serene beach has two curved bays and clear blue waters which tempt one to go for a swim.
LAXMANPUR BEACH: -Laxmanpur Beach lies in the village of Laxmanpur. One of the most beautiful beaches of
NeilIsland, Laxmanpur beach is ideal for activities like swimming and sun bathing. White shell sand with shallow
waters and dead corals make it perfect for snorkeling as well. The wide beaches become perfect for evening walk
and offers stunningsunset views.
HOWRAH BRIDGE: -Natural Bridge is the chief attraction of Andaman and Nicobar Island which is located on Neil
Island. It is widely known as the Howrah Bridge. The name Howrah Bridge was provided by the local Bengalis of
NeilIsland and offers a pleasant environment for its tourists.
NEIL ISLAND JETTY: -The jetty is the first place when one reaches the island. The Neil Island Jetty is mainly
connecting Neil to the rest of the Andaman. The jetty has the lovely view of the sea where like a chameleon
the seachanges its color from emerald green to brilliant blue.
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INTERNATIONAL DESTINATIONS
MAURITIUS
Mauritius, an Indian Ocean island nation, is known for its beaches, lagoons and reefs. The mountainous interior
includesBlack River Gorges National Park, with rainforests, waterfalls, hiking trails and wildlife like the flying fox.
Capital Port Louis has sites such as the Champs de Mars horse track, Eureka plantation house and 18th-century Sir
Seewoosagur Ramgoolam Botanical Gardens. Mauritius is known for its beaches, islands, traditions, cultures &
mesmerizing, natural locations for the tourist to visit. In short, Mauritius is a fusion of everything that a tourist
would expect from a holiday destination.
BEST TIME TO VISIT
Mauritius is one of those heaven like destination in the world that is suitable to visit throught out the
year. Thebeaches, night views & mesmerizing corals offers a beautiful view.
HOW TO VISIT: By air you can vist to Port Luis. Flights are available from metro cities.
Currency: Mauritian Rupee. 1 Mauritian Rupee= 2.9 Indian Rupee
• Mauritius tourist Visa from India is easily available on arrival. Just keep your passport and hotel
booking proofshandy and you are good to go.
• For Indian nationals, the passport must have a minimum of 6 months validity from the date of
departure to obtaina tourist visa for Mauritius.
• Tourist visa for Mauritius is valid for 60 days from the issuing date.
• You must carry at least USD 600 or a credit card with a limit of minimum INR 75,000 when traveling as
couple.
• US Dollar is widely accepted in Mauritius, so you can carry those as well.
Adrenaline junkies can enjoy several water sports and adventure activities in Mauritius. Take a glance at the
most sought-after ones here.
• Skydiving: Skydiving is possible if winds are favorable. Strong winds make skydiving rest, especially in
winters.
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The only operator offering skydiving in Mauritius at present is Skydive Austral Mauritius.
Charges perperson: MUR 11,500
• Underwater sea walk: Best places to try underwater sea walking in Mauritius are Trou d’eau
Douce and PortLouis. Don’t take your kids for this activity if they are below 10 years of age.
Charges per person:37 Euros
• Zip lining: You can go zip lining at Rodrigues for MUR 1000 per person; at Casela Nature Park for MUR
900 perperson; at River Galets for 65 Euros per adult and 49 Euros per child (ages 4 – 12).
• Parasailing: Savor this 20-minute ecstasy as a mandate during your Mauritius trip. Try at Grand
Bay for 35Euros, at Belle Mare 29 Euros, and at Ile Aux Cerfs for 24 Euros
• Cave Sea Kayaking – West Coast: Cave sea kayaking in Mauritius begins from Pointe Aux Sable.
Charges perperson: 79 Euros
• Water skiing: Best place to try water skiing in Mauritius is at Grand Baie. Charges per person: 48 Euro
• Windsurfing: Best spots to try windsurfing in Mauritius are Le Morne peninsula, Manawa, One Eye,
and SmallReef. Charges per person: 65 Euros
• Deep Sea Fishing: Try it at Grand Bay and Black River. Charges per person: Range from Euros 165 to
Euros19, 900
• Dolphin Spotting and Whale Watching: Try at Coast of Tamarin. Dolswim is a recommended operator.
They offer a second ride for free if you don’t encounter dolphins during the first. They charge you MUR
1200. For otheroperators, charges per person: Euros 42 to Euros 1090 approx.
PLACES OF INTEREST
GRAND BAIE-Grand Baie is a classy & a cosmopolitan town located in Riviere du Rempart district which lies
towardsnorthwest of Mauritius. Excellent beaches, scintillating nightlife & shopping. This town has everything
you need for a perfect holiday.
CHAMAREL COLOURED EARTH- Chamarel is a small village. It is a major tourist spot located in the south-western
region of the country. Seven coloured layers of sand is the main attraction. It is a unique phenomenon that
charms & attracts people from far & wide. The road to Chamarel is lined with sugarcane & pineapple plantations
leading to a valley. It is a drive straight out of a movie scene.
CASELA NATURE PARK-Casela Nature Park is the ideal location to spend a leisurely day with your family & friends.
Located in the western part of Mauritius, this park is favourite with kids. Spread over 14 hectares of land. The
Casela Nature Park is home to exotic flowers & plants, more than 150 species of birds & rare animals.
GRAND BASSIN-Ganga Talao or the grand bassin is an important pilgrimage site. It is a natural lake within an
extinct volcano crater. According to the mythological story it is believed that the water here is sourced from the
sacred Ganges river in India. Taking a dip in this lake during the Shivratri festival is considered auspicious. Main
attraction 108 feet tallstatue of Lord Shiva, which is the second largest statue in the world.
RODRIGUES-It is popularly known as the jewel in the crown of the Mascarene Islands. This mountainous island,
awayfrom the hustle-bustle of a typical tourist destination is a treat for sea lovers. Main attraction is just walk
around or rent abike. Its beautiful beyond imagination& if you are a traveller who likes to take unbeaten paths.
LE MORNE-A UNESCO World Heritage Site. Le Morne is a symbolic of history & identity of Mauritius. This place is
where slaves would hide while trying to escape & so commemorates the struggle against slavery. The scenic
beauty of this location is enchanting. It is also home to a few rare species of plants.
DOWNTOWN PORT LOUIS-The business & administrative capital of Mauritius, Port Louis is a beautiful town.
Thebustling Port Louis Waterfront offers exciting shopping & entertainment venues along with world class
hotels & restaurants overlooking the Port Louis Harbor. Enjoy a cup of coffee in Le Capitaine is make tourist to
get differentfeelings.
ILE AUX CERFS-The Ile Aux Cerfs Island also known as the Deer Islands in English. It is surrounded by the clear blue
waters of the Indian Ocean. It is home to some of the most beautiful beaches like serene lagoons & a plethora of
activities& water sports. The island also has many restaurants where you can sample delicious local cuisine. The
island is highly recommended for snorkeling as the coral reefs are very beautiful & are teaming with marine life.
Others like banana boatrides, glass bottom boat rides & golfing.
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ROCHESTER FALLS-Located towards the south of Mauritius on the Savanne river. The most fascinating feature of
theRochester falls are the lava rocks which results of years of erosion & appears like rectangular blocks glued
together.
CHAMP DE MARS, RACE COURSE-The second oldest race course in the world. Champ De Mars used to be a
military training area until the Turf Club was found here in 1812.It was at the Champ De Mars that the
Independence of Mauritius proclaimed in 1968.On the grounds of the Champ De Mars is the statue of King
Edwars VII & Malartic tomb,dedicated to a former French Governor of Mauritius.
BLUE BAY MARINE PARK- Blue Bay Marine Park is essentially an underwater park which is home to many beautiful
corals, fish & other underwater life. Possessing an extremely distinct sea bed, the marine park is also a popular
diving spot in Mauritius. The Blue Bay Marine Park boasts of 38 different varieties of coral & 72 species of fishes.
PAMPLEMOUSSES BOTANICAL GARDEN-These gardens are the one of the oldest botanical gardens in the
southern hemisphere. Spread over an area of 37 hectares. The garden is most popular for its large water lilies,
sugarcanes,ebonies & more than eight varieties of palms from Asia, Africa & Islands around the Indian Ocean.
CITADEL FORT-Perched on the top of the hill Petite Montague, the Citadel Fort is located at a height of 100
hectares. Also known as Adelaide Fort (named after the wife of William II, when the British held land in Port
Louis) The fort offers stunning views of the harbour & the entire city of Port Louis. Constructed in the 19th
Century by Colonel Cunningham to protect the British Army from the enemy .Citadel Fort has been constructed in
a Moorish Style, completewith horse shoe arches. The fort has been constructed using large rectangular blocks.
MALDIVES
The Maldives is a tropical nation in the Indian Ocean composed of 26 ring-shaped atolls, which are made up of
more than1,000 coral islands. It’s known for its beaches, blue lagoons and extensive reefs. The capital, Malé, has a
busy fish market, restaurants and shops on the main road, Majeedhee Magu, and 17th-century Hukuru Miskiy
(also known as Friday Mosque) made of carved white coral. The Maldives are the perfect place for honeymoons
and couples looking for a luxury island vacation. This country of 1,000 islands has everything a person could want
in a tropical island — clear water, white sand beaches, palm trees, warm sunny days, and lots of great diving. It’s
as close to heaven as you can get.
BEST TIME TO VISIT
July-September-It remains hot & humid throughout the year, tourist mostly prefer to visit the place
between July-September, since it is the best time to visit the city during its festive season during these
months.
February-April- The time between summers & winters are also quite pleasant for the travelers & hence they
also visitMaldives during February to April.
VISA: It is a visa on arrival, so no need to apply in advance. You will be given a landing card to fill in on the plane
andyou hand this with your passport to immigration. If you aren't given a landing card on the plane you can get
one in the arrival’s hall before immigration, just have a pen to hand.
PLACES OF INTEREST
MIRIHI ISLANDS-Mirihi Island is a quarantined island that gets its name from a local flower. This island show cases
an exclusive house reef at a coast of a beach. This is not it, Mirihi Islands also offers about 40 tourist bungalows &
resortsfor the travellers.
MALDIVES NATIONAL MUSEUM- Established on the National Day of the Maldives, the first national museum of
the country was opened on November 11, 1952, by the Prime Minister at the time, Mohamed Amin Didi.
GRAND FRIDAY MOSQUE- This mosque is an islamic centre & a work of architecture in Maldives which is a major
attraction among tourists in Male. It is one of the largest mosque in Maldives & attracts several pilgrims
worldwide alongwith the architecture lovers.
MANTA POINT- Visit this place for scuba dive. Species weighing upto to 5000 pounds & upto 25 feet tall can be
foundin significant numbers in Manta point.
ALIMATHA ISLANDS- This island lies on the eastern edge of Maldives.
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VELAA PRIVATE ISLAND-Island is located at a distance of 40 minutes flight from Male at the Baa Atoll area. Velaa
island comprises of hotels having a breath taking rooms, suites & superb natural reef nearby for snorkeling.
Activities likeswimming, strolling & many more are undertaken on this island.
SINGAPORE
Singapore officially the Republic of Singapore, is a sovereign city-state and island country in Southeast Asia.
Singapore'sterritory consists of one main island along with 62 other islets. The Singapore area comprises
mainland and other islands.The mainland of Singapore measures 50 kilometres from east to west and 27
kilometres from north to south with 193 kilometres of coastline. These figures are based on 2.515 metres (8 ft 3.0
in) High Water Mark cadastral survey boundaries. Singapore is separated from Indonesia by the Singapore Strait
and from Malaysia by the Straits of Johor.
BEST TIME TO VISIT
Feb-April: The months between the summers and winters are quite pleasant. November-January: The wettest
months arebetween November and January, when showers can last for long periods of time, while the hottest
months are May and June.
July-September: While tourists visit throughout the year, the festive season is a great time to explore the many
facets ofSingapore, especially around July when the Great Singapore Sale and the Singapore Food Festival take
place.
PLACES OF INTEREST
GARDENS BY THE BAY-An integral part of Singapore's "City in a Garden" vision, Gardens by the Bay spans a total
of 101 hectares of prime land at the heart of Singapore's new downtown - Marina Bay. Comprising three
waterfront gardens - Bay South, Bay East and Bay Central - Gardens by the Bay will be a showcase of
horticulture and garden artistry that will bring the world of plants to Singapore and present Singapore to the
World.
MERLION-Standing at 8.6 metres high and weighing 70 tonnes, the Merlion statue has a lion’s head and a fish’s
body,and is housed here in this 2,500 square metre park.
SINGAPORE FLYER- At 165 metres tall, Singapore Flyer is a masterpiece of urban architecture and engineering
thatshowcases not only the mesmerizing cosmopolitan cityscape of the tropical Lion City In addition to offering
panoramicviews of Singapore's cosmopolitan cityscape, guests can also indulge in a flute of champagne, or
savour the iconic Singapore Sling whilst hosted in a special themed capsule. Diners seeking both privacy and
luxury can opt for a multi- sensory treat unlike any other with our Premium Sky Dining Flight, complete with a
four-course dinner and an in-flighthost.
CHINATOWN-For a fascinating peek into Singapore’s Chinese culture and history, Chinatown is good place to
start. Here, you’ll enjoy a mix of heritage visits to museums, shopping as well as a good variety of food options,
sure to leave atraveller happy and satisfied at the end of the day.
BUDDHA RELIC TOOTH TEMPLE & MUSEUM- The Buddha Tooth Relic Temple and Museum (BTRTM) was founded
in 2002 by Venerable Shi Fazhao. The Temple is dedicated to the Maitreya Buddha, which means 'The
Compassionate One', and also called 'The Future Buddha'. Weekly Free Guided Tour: BTRTM is pleased to offer a 1
1/2
- 2 hrs long guided tour of the Temple every Saturdays at 2pm. The tour will be conducted free-of-charge in
English bythe temple's Volunteers guides. Limited slots are available per weekly session. Confirmed registration
is based on first-come-first-serve basis.
S.E.A.AQUARIUM-At the S.E.A. Aquarium™, you can observe more than 100,000 creatures like the leopard
shark,goliath grouper and squadrons of manta rays. Located at Sentosa Island. Operating Hours: Open daily at
10am.
SENTOSA ISLAND- On the island, Merlion Tower and Tiger Sky Tower, Images of Singapore LIVE, the Wings of
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Time show, Madame Tussauds and Sentosa 4D Adventureland for Journey 2: The Mysterious Island. An array of
wildlifeand entertainment experiences, from wax figurines to fireworks.
UNIVERSAL STUDIOS- Enjoy a blockbuster of a day at Universal Studios Singapore® on Sentosa Island. You’ll Ride
the Movies with access to the park’s high-tech attractions and shows themed around popular movies and TV
programs. Experiences include the Shrek 4-D Adventure, Jurassic Park Rapids Adventure, TRANSFORMERS The
Ride: The Ultimate 3D Battle, Madagascar: A Crate Adventure, Revenge of the Mummy and Battlestar Galactica:
HUMAN vs.
Battlestar Galactica CYLON.
NIGHT SAFARI- You’ll explore the jungle park on an open-air tram, catching sight of nocturnal animals in
authentically created habitats. Then follow a guide on a walking trail to see leopards and other wildlife up-close.
You canalso watch one of the nightly shows.
JURONG BIRD PARK- Asia's largest bird paradise and feast your senses on over 5000 colourful birds across 400
species. Spanning over 20.2 Hectares of naturalistic habitats and giant walk-in aviaries, enjoy close interactions
with thefeathered residents at daily feeding sessions and be tickled by their show-stopping antics in exciting bird
shows. Enjoy sumptuous Asian buffet lunch in the company of talented parrots and get wild and wet at the kids-
friendly bird-themed playground.
SINGAPORE ZOO- Singapore Zoo is home to over 2,800 animals from over 300 species of mammals, birds and
reptiles. The park also boasts the world's first free-ranging orangutan habitat in a zoo. Delight in an exciting
outdoor feastat Jungle Breakfast with Wildlife, an internationally acclaimed, award-winning programme that
offers exhilarating experience with orangutans. The fun is endless with interesting animal presentations,
photography with animals and more.
NATIONAL MUSEUM- National Museum of Singapore is the nation's oldest museum with a progressive mind. Its
galleries adopt cutting-edge and multi-perspective ways of presenting history and culture to redefine
conventional museum experience. A cultural and architectural landmark in Singapore, the Museum hosts
innovative festivals and events all year round-the dynamic Night Festival, visually arresting art installations, as
well as amazing performances and film screenings-in addition to presenting thought-provoking exhibitions
involving critically important collections of artefacts. The programming is supported by a wide range of facilities
and services including F&B, retail and a Resource Centre. The National Museum of Singapore re-opened in
December 2006 after a three-year redevelopment, and celebrated its 125th anniversary in 2012. The Museum
refreshed its permanent galleries and re-opened them on 19 September 2015 for Singapore's Golden Jubilee.
CHANGI MUSEUM- This museum endures the Japanese occupation of Singapore in World War II. Their stories
are told with an impressive collection of personal artifacts and news coverage. A British internee returned to the
museum decades after the war to recreate the murals he’d painted on the walls of the original chapel – a
moving insight into howthose held prisoner found hope and comfort in any way possible.
SINGAPORE CABLE CAR- The breath-taking connection between Faber Peak Singapore and Sentosa Island
Established since 1974, Singapore Cable Car is the nation's first and only cableway that links Faber Peak on
mainland Singapore to the island resort of Sentosa. Cable car rides are enjoyed across a Cable Car Sky Network of
more than 100 cabins spanning almost 5 kilometres on the Mount Faber Line and the Sentosa Line. The scenery
transforms as the cabinssoar above the forest, through a skyscraper, over the harbour and travel across the
jungle, sand and sea. Opening Hours: From 8.45am to 10pm (Last boarding: 9.30pm).
THAILAND
Thailand officially the Kingdom of Thailand and formerly known as Siam, is a country at the centre of the
Indochinese peninsula in Southeast Asia. Thailand is the world's 50th-largest country. It is the 20th-most-populous
country in the world, with around 69 million people.Its capital and most populous city is Bangkok. It is bordered to
the north by Myanmar and Laos, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and
Malaysia, and to the westby the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Myanmar. Its maritime boundaries
include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast, and Indonesia and India on the Andaman Sea to the
southwest.
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BEST TIME TO VISIT
You can visit the country throught out the year. November-April-The west coast is more favorable during the
winter months, when diving and snorkeling will be at its best. The weather on the east coast is good for most of
the year, withthe lowest rainfall in January and February and the highest in November.
PLACES OF INTEREST
BANGKOK- Bangkok, Thailand’s capital, is a large city known for ornate shrines and vibrant street life. The boat-
filledChao Phraya River feeds its network of canals. Nearby is Wat Pho Temple with an enormous reclining
Buddha and, on the opposite shore, Wat Arun Temple with its steep steps and Khmer-style spire.
PLACES OF INTEREST IN BANGKOK
GRAND PALACE & WAT PRAKEAW- The Grand Palace and Wat Prakaew command respect from all who have
walked in their sacred grounds. Built in 1782, and for 150 years the home of Thai Kings and the Royal court, the
Grand Palace continues to have visitors in awe with its beautiful architecture and intricate detail. Wat Pra Kaew
enshrines PhraKaew Morakot (the Emerald Buddha), the sacred Buddha image meticulously carved from a single
block of emerald.
WAT ARUN (TEMPLE OF DAWN)- The impressive silhouette of Wat Arun’s towering spires is one of the most
recognised in Southeast Asia. Constructed during the first half of the 19th century in the ancient Khmer style, the
stupa showcasing ornate floral pattern decked out in glazed porcelain is stunning up close. Apart from its beauty,
Wat Arunsymbolises the birth of the Rattanakosin Period and the founding of the new capital after Ayutthaya fell.
FLOATING MARKET- The pioneer of all floating markets, Damnoen Saduak continues to offer an authentic
experience despite its increasingly touristy atmosphere. Imagine dozens of wooden row boats floating by, each
laden tothe brim with farm-fresh fruits, vegetables or flowers. Food vendors fill their vessels with cauldrons and
charcoal grills,ready to whip up a bowl of ‘boat noodle’ or seafood skewers upon request.
WAT PHO- There’s more to Wat Pho than the gigantic reclining Buddha and traditional Thai massage. Wat Pho
harbours a fascinating collection of murals, inscriptions and sculptures that delve into various subjects, from
warfare to astronomy to archaeology. The vast temple complex contains a landscaped garden with stone
sculptures, stupas adornedwith glazed porcelain, a souvenir shop and the College of Traditional Medicine.
CHAO PHRAYA RIVER & WATERWAYS - One of the most scenic areas, the riverside reflects a constantly
changing scene day and night: water-taxis and heavily laden rice barges chugging upstream, set against a
backdrop ofglittering temples and luxury hotels The areas from Wat Arun to Phra Sumeru Fortress are home to
some of the oldestsettlements in Bangkok, particularly Bangkok Noi and its charming ambience of stilt houses
flanking the complex waterways.
PATTAYA- Pattaya is a resort city in Thailand. It is on the east coast of the Gulf of Thailand, about 100
kilometressouth-east of Bangkok.
PLACES OF INTEREST IN PATTAYA
SANCTUARY OF TRUTH- This one-of-a-kind teak structure is a truly awe-inspiring sanctuary to a philosophical
truth,which tells of the importance religion, philosophy and art has played in human development and the folly of
neglecting morality and spiritual contentment in the pursuit of materialism. It is a beautiful and humbling
demonstration of human endeavour and skill, particularly when you realise that none of the wood being used has
been treated or chemically protected. This means that, as one section is completed, another has succumbed to
the tropical conditions and must be replaced.
TIFFANY CABARET SHOW- Tiffany's Cabaret Show takes place in a grand theatre that, with its huge faux-marble
lobby, manages to be almost as spectacular as the dazzling costumes. Performers make their entrances dressed in
everything from long sweeping ball-gowns and plumes of feathers. A breathless hour-long riot of sound, colour
and lightensues; a show that spans the entire hemisphere through song, dance or skit. Scenes include a
Bollywood musical take on the Indian Raj, a traditional Korean fan dance, homage to China's Imperial past and
progress, Siam's history told through graceful Thai dance, Broadway show tunes, and slapstick burlesque.
UNIVERSAL STUDIOS- Enjoy a blockbuster of a day at Universal Studios Singapore® on Sentosa Island. You’ll Ride
the Movies with access to the park’s high-tech attractions and shows themed around popular movies and TV
programs. Experiences include the Shrek 4-D Adventure, Jurassic Park Rapids Adventure, TRANSFORMERS The
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Ride: The Ultimate 3D Battle, Madagascar: A Crate Adventure, Revenge of the Mummy and Battlestar Galactica:
HUMAN vs.
Battlestar Galactica CYLON.
NONG NOCH TROPICAL GARDEN- The 2.4sq.kms of Nong Nooch are full to bursting with some of the most
remarkable flowers, displays and landscaped gardens in Thailand, if not the world.The team behind them have
repeatedlywon international awards for their designs, which include 17th-century-French-style gardens, a
recreation of Stonehenge, creative topiary displays and gardens created exclusively with cacti, bonsais and
tropical palms.It is also the home of over670 native and hybrid species of orchid and regular displays of classic
Thai dancing, boxing and drumming.
CORAL ISLAND- Pattaya would probably be the last place to conjure up in your mind’s eye. Well, that would be
thecase until you’ve discovered Koh Larn (Larn Island), a little piece of paradise beyond the hustle and bustle of
Pattaya. Also known as Coral Island, Koh Larn – situated 7.5 kilometres west of Pattaya Beach.
RIPLEY’S BELIEVE IT OR NOT-Ripley’s Believe It or Not! contains over 300 exhibits which will boggle the mind.
Telling only true stories and facts, the surprising and shocking displays prove that the truth really is stranger than
fiction. Alongside this museum of the marvellous are several fun rides, a waxworks museum, a 12D Moving
Theatre andthe extremely popular Sky Rider – the yellow and white balloon which can be seen rising above
Pattaya Beach, offering unique views of the city and the surrounding area.
PHUKET- Phuket, a rainforested, mountainous island in the Andaman Sea, has some of Thailand’s most popular
beaches, mostly situated along the clear waters of the western shore. The island is home to many high-end
seaside resorts,spas and restaurants. Phuket City, the capital, has old shop houses and busy markets. Patong, the
main resort town, has many nightclubs, bars and discos.
PLACES OF INTEREST IN PHUKET
PHANG NGA BAY- Phang Nga Bay is unique. A day out here is an unforgettable experience that will definitely get
youthinking. A distinctive feature of the bay is the sheer limestone cliffs that jut vertically out of the emerald-
green waters.These islands are home to sheltered fauna that are possible to observe on certain tours. James Bond
Island and KohPanyee are just two of the more famous spots in this bay.
SPEND A DAY ON PHI-PHI ISLANDS- Phi Phi Island is Thailand's superstar island, particularly famous for its central
role in the 2000 movie The Beach. It's the topic of conversation for travellers all over Thailand. For some, it's the
only reason to touchdown in Phuket. Even with all the hype, it doesn't disappoint. Phi Phi's beauty is a large chunk
of theallure.The islands, when approached by boat, rise from the sea like a fortress. Sheer cliffs tower overhead,
then give wayto beach-fronted jungle. It's love at first sight.
PHUKET FANTASEA SHOW- It's wacky but fun and very professionally done. Trapeze artists, elephants on stage
andpyrotechnics combine in a Las Vegas-style show. You'll see nothing else like it anywhere on the planet.
Combining Thai traditional myths with humour, fantasy and a loose plotline that keeps getting more and more
amusing, FantaSea's extravaganza is a highly entertaining show, worthy of its spot in this list of the best things to
do in Phuket.
KOH SAMUI- Koh Samui, Thailand’s second largest island, lies in the Gulf of Thailand off the east coast of the Kra
Isthmus. It's known for its palm-fringed beaches, coconut groves and dense, mountainous rainforest, plus luxury
resortsand posh spas.The landmark 12m-tall golden Big Buddha statue at Wat Phra Yai Temple is located on a
tiny island connected to Ko Samui by a causeway.
PLACES OF INTEREST IN KOH SAMUI
BIG BUDDHA- The best known and most famous of all the landmarks on this island is the Big Buddha temple.
Sitting just off the corner of Koh Samui on a little tiny island is a 12 meter tall statue of Buddha in a seated
position.The local name for the temple is Wat Phra Yai and it is connected to the main island by a causeway.
Made of gold and sitting in theMara position it shows a time when Buddha was rejecting all temptations that
were forced upon him.
GO A HIKE FOR ELEPHANT ROCK- Elephant rock actually looks nothing like an elephant but the size of the rock
formation was where the name originated from, the rock is located in-between Chawang and Lamai Beach. The
rock itself is in a very peaceful area so if you feel like some time away from all the activity this is the place to go.
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There are plenty of spots to go for a hike around this area and if you climb to the summit you will be greeted
with beautiful viewsof the Gulf of Thailand.
MALAYSIA
There are two distinct parts to this country being Peninsular Malaysia to the west and East Malaysia to the east.
Peninsular Malaysia is located south of Thailand, north of Singapore and east of the Indonesian island of
Sumatra. East Malaysia is located on the island of Borneo and shares borders with Brunei and Indonesia.
Mountain ranges: The highestmountain range in Malaysia is the Crocker Range in Sabah. This range houses
Mount Kinabalu, the highest mountain in the country. Bombalai Hill in Sabah is the only active volcano in
Malaysia.
BEST TIME TO VISIT
Located near the equator, Malaysia's climate is categorized as equatorial, being hot and humid throughout the
year. Annual rainfall exceeds 2000mm a year and the average temperature is 27 degrees Celsius. Malaysia faces
two monsoonwinds seasons – from late May to September and from November to March. Can visit the country
throughout the year.
PLACES OF INTEREST
KUALA LUMPUR- Kuala Lumpur, has seen the development of a new city centre (Kuala Lumpur City Centre, KLCC)
which includes the world's tallest Twin Towers, the Petronas Twin Towers.
Places of Interest in Kuala Lumpur:-
PETRONAS TWIN TOWER – This 88 storey building is the tallest twin tower of the world. It is a commercial
building. Interconnected bridge is at 42nd floor from where one can take a bird’s eye view of the city.
BATU CAVES- 4 million years old shrine of Lord Murugan.
SUNWAY LAGOON- Sunway Lagoon theme park: Extreme park, Amusement park, Water park, Wild life park,
ScreamPark.
MENARA KL OR KL TOWER- Its height is 421 m, it is a telecommunications and broadcasting tower. It’s the 4th
tallest building in the world. Visitors can enjoy a bird's eye view of the city from either the height of the
observation deckor from the revolving restaurant which is just above that.
MERDEKA SQUARE- It was here that the Union Jack was lowered on 31st August 1957, signifying the end of
Britishcolonial rule. And at that moment, in front of thousands of thrilled Malaysians, Tunku Abdul Rahman,
Malaysia’s first Prime Minister, led the famous chant: “Merdeka! Merdeka! Merdeka!” (Independence!)
proclaiming Malaysia’s independence as a nation. A 100 m-high flagpole rising from Merdeka Square is the
tallest in the world, and marks the spot where the Malayan Flag was hoisted.
NATIONAL MOSQUE- This building had a unique star shaped dome representing the 13 states of Malaysia and the
five pillars of Islam. It has a 73 meters high minaret. Proper dress code is imposed here or you will be asked to
wear a robe and headscarves are provided. Operating hours: Open to tourist from 9:00am -12:30p, 2:00pm -
3:30pm and 5:00pm
- 6:30pm.
NATIONAL MONUMENT-Close to Parliament House stands the National Monument--a great bronze sculpture
erectedto commemorate the soldiers who gave up their lives in the triumph over the Communists. Constructed in
1966, it is reputed to be one of the world's largest free-standing bronze sculptures. Standing 15.54 meters tall, the
sculpture portrays seven men from the Malaysian Armed Forces holding the national flag, each symbolizing one of
seven qualities: leadership, unity, strength, vigilance, suffering, courage and sacrifice.
GENTING HIGHLANDS- Genting Highlands, a magnificent city on the hilltop, is but a mere 50km from Kuala
Lumpur. Besides the cool air and scenic surroundings, this hilltop city also houses the country's one and only
casino. Temperatures in Genting are a good 5-10°C lower than in Kuala Lumpur, generally staying in the 15-25°C
range. On a clear day, there are stunning views down into the valley — but when it's raining in KL, Genting is
swathed in rolling clouds and visibility drops to zero. Thanks to the walkway system, tourist almost never need to
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venture outside, but hotelrooms are unheated and can get chilly at night. All hotels in Genting (except Awana)
are connected by sheltered walkways and escalators. The entire complex is, theoretically, wheelchair accessible.
It is also accessible by the world's fastest and South East Asia's longest cable car called Genting Skyway (3.38km).
In 2006, the resort had 18.4 million visitors. Genting Highlands was founded by the late Tan Sri Lim Goh Tong in
the late 1960s. Currently, this resort is being lead by Lim Goh Tong's son, Tan Sri Lim Kok Thay who is also the
current president and CEO of Star Cruises company.
LANGKAWI- Langkawi has one of the more stable climates for an island in Malaysia. Located on the
northwestern coast of Peninsular Malaysia in the Malaccan Straits, it is shielded from major winds and storms by
the mainland on oneside and Sumatra on the other. This makes Langkawi suitable to be visited all-year-round,
with occasional rainfall and cloudy skies, but never too drastic weather.
Temperatures are fairly consistent during the day, ranging between 30°C to 35°C while at night, between 28°C -
29°C.Between April till August, the island enjoys a balance of sunshine and light rainfall, making it the best time
to visit.
PENANG- Pearl of the Orient. The architecture and buildings in Penang are more of Chinese kind. Some of the
most sightseeing are fruit and spice orchards, Bukit handicraft factory, Pulau Payar marine park which is
breeding ground of more than 90 species of fishes. Park is famous for water sports like diving, swimming,
snorkeling, etc. Taman Negara isfamous for adventure tours including trekking, canopy walk way, boat ride, etc.
TEMPLE OF RECLINING BUDDHA-Buddhist temple of Thai architecture houses a magnificent gold-plated reclining
Buddha that is said to be the third largest in the world.
SNAKE TEMPLE-Probably the only temple of its kind in the world. The multitude of pit vipers coiled around
objectson the altar are believed to be rendered harmless by the smoke of the burning incense in the temple.
Just for good measure, the snakes have also been devenomed.
EUROPE
Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere.
Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and the Mediterranean
Sea to the south. Itcomprises the westernmost part of Eurasia.German, Dutch, Danish & English language is
the most commonly used language.
BEST TIME TO VISIT:- Europe is a year-round travel destination, where any time is a good time to visit some
corner of the continent. Generally, ideal times to visit Europe are May, June and September, when prices are
reasonable. Crowdsare then smaller; the weather is typically agreeable during those months as well.
PLACES OF INTEREST IN EUROPE:-
➢ GREECE-ATHENS
➢ FRANCE-PARIS
➢ BELGIUM-BRUSSELS
➢ ITALY-MILAN
➢ ITALY-ROME
➢ AUSTRIA-VIENNA
➢ CZECH REPUBLIC-PRAGUE
➢ SPAIN-MADRID
➢ SWITZERLAND-BERN
➢ UNITED KINGDOM-LONDON
ATHENS- Athens is the capital of Greece. It was also at the heart of Ancient Greece, a powerful civilization
and empire.The city is still dominated by 5th-century BC landmarks, including the Acropolis, a hilltop citadel
topped with ancient buildings like the colonnaded Parthenon temple. The Acropolis Museum, along with the
National Archaeological Museum, preserves sculptures, vases, jewellery and more from Ancient Greece.
PLACES OF INTEREST IN ATHENS:-
NEW ACROPOLIS MUSEUM:- A main stop on any Athens tour is the New Acropolis Museum, which resides
near the base of the hill overlooking the city. It has the largest collection of Greek architecture and ancient
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sculptures includingstatues of the goddess Athena and “Kritios Boy.” The museum was originally scheduled
to be built in time for the 2004 Olympics, but its completion was delayed due to legal battles. The museum
has five floors that showcase 4,000 artifacts.
SYNTAGMA SQUARE:-A major point of interest for any traveler to Athens is the Syntagma Square. The most
famousaspect of Syntagma is the changing of the guards by the Evzones in front of the Tomb of the
Unknown Soldier. The Hellenic Parliament Building is located here as well as various buses, trolleys and tram
stops. A fountain, ancient statues and two large grassy areas offer the picture perfect place for photos and
picnics. Most major events that occur in Greece have been celebrated at the Syntagma Square. It’s also the
site of various political functions, and it was also at this square that the Military Junta government was
overthrown in 1974.
TEMPLE OF OLYMPIAN ZEUS:-The Temple of Olympian Zeus is known as the largest temple in Greece. The
massive ancient complex took nearly seven centuries to complete. Building originally began in 515 BC by
order of Peisistratos, but work stopped on the temple as it was seen as oppressive as Peisistratos and his
son were seen as tyrantsby the Athenians. Work resumed in 175 BC but was halted 10 years later when the
Roman architect Cossutius died.
Under emperor Hardian in 132 BC, the temple was finally completed and dedicated to Zeus Olympios. The
temple stands today mostly as a reminder of Greek history, but only 15 of 104 huge columns remain. The
columns each rise 17 meters (57 feet) into the air and once surrounded a cella where two large statues were
once placed.
ERECHTHEUM - The Erechtheus or Erechtheion is a temple made from Pentelic marble. It’s located on the
Acropolis,and it’s one of the legendary pieces of Greek architecture. Its construction dates back to c. 421
and 405 when the earlier temple to Athena was destroyed by the Persian invasion. The Erechtheum was
once a sanctuary dedicated to Athena Polias, Erechtheus and Poseidon.
PARIS-Paris, France's capital, is a major European city and a global center for art, fashion, gastronomy and
culture. Its19th-century cityscape is crisscrossed by wide boulevards and the River Seine. Beyond such
landmarks as the Eiffel Tower and the 12th-century, Gothic Notre-Dame cathedral, the city is known for its
cafe culture and designer boutiques along the Rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré.
PLACES OF INTEREST IN PARIS-
EIFFEL TOWER:-The first floor houses the Eiffel Tower 58 which extends over two levels, 58 meters above
the ground as its name suggests. On the second floor, the view is the best at 115 meters because you have
a diving view onthe ground below. Finally on the 3rd floor at 275 meters, you can see what the office of
Gustave Eiffel was.
NOTRE DAME CATHEDRAL:-Roman Catholic cathedral is located on the eastern half of the Ile de la Cité. It
is widely considered one of the finest examples of French Gothic architecture in France and Europe. Begun
in 1163 and completed in 1345, this cathedral is a sight with its portals surrounded by his many sculptures
and gargoyles that adornthe roof.
PALACE OF VERSAILLES:- The Château de Versailles is the most famous castle in France. Built in the 17th
centuryas a symbol of military power of France and as a demonstration of French supremacy in Europe,
Versailles was the seat of political power in the Kingdom of France from 1682 to 1789.
LOUVRE MUSEUM-The Louvre is the most visited art museum in the world. Located in the heart of Paris, this
historicbuilding is a former royal palace, with an area of 210,000 square meters including 60,600 for the
exhibitions. The
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museum is housed in the Louvre, originally a fortress built in the late 12th century under Philip II. The
remains of thefortress are visible in the basement of the museum. The collection is divided into eight
departments:
➢ Egyptian antiquities
➢ Oriental antiquities
➢ Greek, Etruscan and Roman
➢ Islamic Art
➢ Sculptures of the Middle Ages, Renaissance and Modern Times
➢ Objects of art
➢ Paintings
➢ Graphic arts
DISNEYLAND PARIS- Fans of Mickey can visit Disneyland Paris which is located 32 km from central Paris,
with aconnection to the suburban RER A. Disneyland Paris has two theme parks: Disneyland (with Sleeping
Beauty's castle)and Walt Disney Studios. Top attractions are Space Mountain, It's a Small World and Big
Thunder Mountain.
BRUSSELS-Brussels officially the Brussels-Capital Region is a region of Belgium comprising 19 municipalities,

including the City of Brussels, which is the de jure capital of Belgium. The Brussels-Capital Region is located
in the central portion of the country and is a part of both the French Community of Belgium and the Flemish
Community, but isseparate from the region of Flanders (in which it forms an enclave) or Wallonia. Compared
to most regions in Europe,
Brussels has a relatively small territory, with an area of 161 km2.The region has a population of 1.2 million and
a metropolitan area with a population of over 2.1 million, the largest agglomeration in Belgium. Brussels is
also part of a large conurbation which extends between Brussels, Ghent, Antwerp, Leuven and Walloon
Brabant and is home to over 5million people.
PLACES OF INTEREST IN BRUSSELS:-
GRAND PLACE - A delicately sculpted town square erected over centuries to become the representation of
Brussels’ history. Almost all of the buildings have a historical significance and the Hotel de Ville (Town Hall)
is still in use today.Located just down from Brussels Centrale, this historical marketplace is a must.
PEEING BOY-Just a few narrow alleyways from the Grand Place, the Peeing Boy or Manneken Pis is a
famous littlestatue. Locals celebrate many festivities at this bronze fountain and there are over 700
costumes for this little fellow. Brusselans dress him while celebrating many events of the year from many
countries around the world.
ATOMIUM-Just as Paris had warmed to the Eiffel Tower, Brussels had to The Atomium - its own legacy from
a world fair. World Expo of 1958 left behind this gigantic structure shining in the sun. Sounds interesting?
Then journey up into the Heysel area of Brussels to explore the Atomium which yields a spectacular view of
the city as well as art and scienceexhibitions and a restaurant in its 9 spheres.
PALAIS DE JUSTICE- A goliath of a structure with good view of the evening cityscapes of Brussels. With area
of 20,000 square metres and heavy architecture this grand Brussels sight stands slightly above Brussels old
town. Palais de Justice still serves its original purpose as the high courts of Brussels. It has a distinctive
golden dome and many columnsdecorating its façade. Located at Place Poelaert near Avenue Louise
shopping street.
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OPERA HOUSE- The most famous opera house in Belgium is La Monnaie (The Mint). Along with many
historical buildings in Brussels, this building has enjoyed a long history of construction, rebuilding and
refurbishment. The currentbuilding is the third on the site and at one point it hosted the best of French
theatre only second to the opera houses in Paris. Brussels opera is still highly active and the agenda is
packed. So admire the structure during the day but pay a visitto the theatre at night
MILAN-Milan, a metropolis in Italy's northern Lombardy region, is a global capital of fashion and design.
Home to thenational stock exchange, it’s a financial hub also known for its high-end restaurants and shops.
The Gothic Duomo di Milano cathedral and the Santa Maria delle Grazie convent, housing Leonardo da
Vinci’s mural “The Last Supper,” testify to centuries of art and culture.
IL DUOMO (MILAN CATHEDRAL)-The massive Cathedral of Santa Maria Nascente,is among the world's
largest (itholds up to 40,000 people) and most magnificent churches.The roof is topped by 135 delicately
carved stone pinnacles and the exterior is decorated with 2,245 marble statues.The stained-glass windows
in the nave (mostly 15th-16th centuries) are the largest in the world. It has seven-branched bronze
candelabrum by Nicholas of Verdun (c. 1200) in thenorth transept.
LEONARDO DA VINCI'S LAST SUPPER-The Gothic brick church of Santa Maria delle Grazie, in the Corso
Magenta, was begun about 1465, and its massive six-sided dome in the finest Early Renaissance style was
designed by Bramante, one of Italy's most influential Renaissance architects.An easy way to see this and the
other most famous sites in Milan is on a Milan Half-Day Sightseeing Tour with da Vinci's The Last Supper.
This 3.5-hour walking tour takes you to several key attractions and includes admission to La Scala and an
entrance ticket to see The Last Supper.
CASTELLO SFORZESCO- The 70-meter Torre de Filarete is a 1905 reproduction of the original gate-tower.
The Castello houses the Musei del Castello Sforzesco, a series of museums, one of which features
sculpture. The collectionincludes the Pietà Rondanini, Michelangelo's last masterpiece, brought here in
1953 from the Palazzo Rondanini
in Rome. Other museums feature a collection of decorative art, prehistoric and Egyptian antiquities, a
collection ofmusical history, and an armory of weapons and medieval armor. The picture gallery includes
paintings by Bellini, Correggio, Mantegna, Bergognone, Foppa, Lotto, Tintoretto, and Antonello da
Messina.
CIMITERO MONUMENTALE- Cimitero Monumentale, near Stazione Porta Garibaldi rail station, is an outdoor
gallery of Art Nouveau sculptures, many by noted Italian sculptors. Behind a monumental and flamboyant
striped marbleportico, these monuments mark the tombs of Milan's rich and famous from the late 1800s
through the mid-20th century.
ROME-Rome, Italy’s capital, is a sprawling, cosmopolitan city with nearly 3,000 years of globally influential
art, architecture and culture on display. Ancient ruins such as the Forum and the Colosseum evoke the
power of the formerRoman Empire. Vatican City, headquarters of the Roman Catholic Church, has St.
Peter’s Basilica and the Vatican Museums, which house masterpieces such as Michelangelo’s Sistine
Chapel frescoes.
PLACES OF INTEREST IN ROME-
TREVI FOUNTAIN- World famous Baroque fountain features a mythological sculptural composition of
Neptune, godof the sea, flanked by two Tritons. The location of the Trevi fountain marks the terminus of
the ancient Aqua Virgo aqueduct and is so named on account of its position at the junction of three roads.
The fountain was the setting for an iconic scene in Fellini’s film Dolce Vita starring Anita Ekberg and
Marcello Mastroianni. The legend says that one who throws a coin in the fountain shall one day return to
Rome.
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ROMAN FORUM-Located in the small valley between the Palatine and Capitoline Hills, The Roman Forum
was for centuries the teeming heart of ancient Rome: the site of triumphal processions and elections, venue
for public speeches,and nucleus of commercial affairs. The Forum today is a sprawling ruin of architectural
fragments and includes the Arches of Septimius Severus and Titus, the Temple of Antoninus Pius and
Faustina and the Temple of Saturn.
COLOSSEUM - The Colosseum is another of Rome’s major tourist attractions. Its construction was started by
emperor Vespasian of the Flavian dynasty in 72 AD and was finished by his son Titus in 80 AD. The elliptical
amphi-theatre couldhold up to 50,000 people who turned out to watch gladiators do battle, people be
publicly executed and enjoy other forms of entertainment. This stone and concrete structure, built in the first
century, was the largest amphi-theatre in the Roman Empire. It is considered one of the Romans’ greatest
architectural and engineering feats.
ST. PETER'S BASILICA - The center of the Catholic world and a major tourist attraction, the Basilica of St.
Peter is a huge church: with an interior height of 120 meter (400 feet), the space shuttle, together with its
booster rockets, could fit inside, as could the Statue of Liberty. The basilica stands on the traditional site
where Peter, the apostle who is consideredthe first pope, was crucified and buried.
PALANTINE HILLS-Palatine Hill, one of the Seven Hills of Rome, has links to Roman mythology, as it was
here a wolf allegedly found the twin boys Romulus and Remus, and cared for them until a shepherd
rescued them. Even if thislegend is not true, Palatine Hill is still the place where Rome was founded. Today
only ruins remain but during the Imperial era, the hill was completely built up with large palaces.
SAINT PETER’S SQUARE -St. Peter’s Square is the most famous square in Rome. Hundreds of thousands of
peoplegather here to hear messages from the pope. Created in the 17th century by Bernini, the square has
an elliptic shape, surrounded on two sides by colonnades before St. Peter’s Basilica. Statues sit atop the
colonnades. At the center of theellipse stands an Egyptian obelisk that was transported from Egypt to
Rome during the reign of Emperor Augustus.
VIENNA- Vienna, Austria’s capital, lies in the country’s east on the Danube River. Its artistic and intellectual
legacy was shaped by residents including Mozart, Beethoven and Sigmund Freud. The city is also known for
its Imperial palaces, including Schönbrunn, the Habsburgs’ summer residence. In the Museums Quartier
district, historic and contemporary buildings display works by Egon Schiele, Gustav Klimt and other artists.
PLACES OF INTEREST IN VIENNA-
SCHONBRUNN PALACE-The 1,441 room Schönbrunn Palace, comparable in grandeur to Versailles, is one of
the major tourist attractions in Vienna.. The Palace Park offers a lot of attractions, such as the Privy Garden,
the oldest zoo inthe world, a maze and labyrinth, and the Gloriette, a marble summerhouse, situated on top
of a 60 meter (200 feet) high hill.
HOFFBURG IMPERIAL PALACE-The Hofburg Imperial Palace has played an integral part of the Austrian
government scene since it was built in the 13th century. Today it is a museum and home to the president of
Austria. Thepalace has numerous wings and halls built by various royalty over the centuries, but only three
parts are open to the public today: the Imperial Apartments; the Sisi Museum, dedicated to Elizabeth, wife
of Emperor Franz Joseph, and theSilver Collection, a collection of Imperial household objects.
BURGARTTEN-The Burggarten is a once-royal garden that is a bit of England in Vienna, as it is patterned after
Englishgardens.One Austrian ruler, Kaiser Franz II used to work in the garden, which is now a place where
people can enjoy outdoor lunches on pleasant days. A memorial to that great Austrian composer, Mozart,
can be found in one corner of the garden, while the Palmenhaus, a magnificent glass palm house, is located
in the northern part.
PRAGUE-Prague, capital city of the Czech Republic, is bisected by the Vltava River. Nicknamed “the City of a
HundredSpires,” it's known for its Old Town Square, the heart of its historic core, with colorful baroque
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buildings, Gothic churches and the medieval Astronomical Clock, which gives an animated hourly show.
Completed in 1402, pedestrian Charles Bridge is lined with statues of Catholic saints.
PLACES OF INTEREST IN PRAGUE:-
CHARLES BRIDGE-Connecting Old Town and Lesser Town over the River Vltava is the 600 year-old Charles
Bridge,Prague’s most iconic landmark. Thirty Baroque statues line the sides of the pedestrian bridge along
with myriad vendor’sstalls, musicians, performance artists and beggars. A bustling, busy area, the bridge is
almost never empty of people. On each end of the Charles Bridge rests a tower that offers a great view of
the bridge to those who climb the steps.
PRAGUE CASTLE-The castle buildings span centuries and consists of a royal palace, a cathedral and three
churches, abasilica, a monastery, defensive towers, royal stables, a tiny lane where craftsmen worked and
magnificent gardens.The cathedral in the castle complex is a jewel in Prague’s crown, a superb example of
Gothic architecture. Kings and emperors are buried here.
TYN CHURCH-The Church of Our Lady before Tyn graces the Old Town Square. Among the most well-known
attractions in Prague, the church’s Gothic towers soar 80 meters (260 ft) into the sky and can be seen from
all parts of thecity. Tyn Church holds many works of art in Gothic, Baroque and Renaissance styles. Our Lady
before Tyn’s architects were Petr Parler and Matthias of Arras, who created many of Prague’s Gothic
buildings.
MADRID-Madrid, Spain's central capital, is a city of elegant boulevards and expansive, manicured parks
such as the Buen Retiro. It’s renowned for its rich repositories of European art, including the Prado
Museum’s works by Goya, Velázquez and other Spanish masters. The heart of old Hapsburg Madrid is the
portico-lined Plaza Mayor, and nearby isthe baroque Royal Palace and Armory, displaying historic
weaponry.
PLACES OF INTEREST IN MADRID-
PALACIO REAL-The massive size of the Palacio Real is its most imposing feature. Madrid’s Royal Palace
boasts morethan 2,500 ornately decorated rooms. Although the palace is still used for official ceremonies,
50 of the structure’s elegant rooms are open to the public, including an armory, pharmacy and the palace’s
lavish throne room, which featuresa ceiling painted by the Baroque artist Tiepolo.
PRADO MUSEUM-The Museo del Prado is one of the most popular tourist attractions in Madrid. The 18th
century structure designed by architect Juan de Villanueva houses one of the world’s finest art collections. A
2007 expansion has made the famed museum easier to navigate. With more than 7,000 works of art
representing culture and history from the12th century to the early 19th century, however, it’s impossible to
see everything in a single visit. Visitors may wish to focus on the museum’s collection of Spanish artists which
is inarguably the best collection of Spanish paintings in the world.
TEMPLE OF DEBOD-The Temple of Debod is one of the most unusual sights in Parque del Oeste, a park near
the Royal Palace. The temple to the Egyptian goddess Isis once stood on the banks of the Nile. The
construction of Egypt’s Great Dam of Aswan meant that several historical monuments had to be moved in
order to preserve them from flooding.The four-thousand-year-old building is etched with bas-reliefs
depicting the gods Ammon and Isis.
RETIRO PARK- The park is a 350-acre spread of gardens, fountains and buildings located at the edge of the
city center.A favorite spot for tourists and locals alike, the park features a large artificial pond where people
can rents kayaks and canoes. The Paseo de la Argentina, known as the Statue Walk, is ornamented with
statues from the Royal Palace depicting Spanish kings through the ages.
BERN-Bern, the capital city of Switzerland, is built around a crook in the Aare River. It traces its origins back
to the 12thcentury, with medieval architecture preserved in the Altstadt (Old Town). The Swiss Parliament
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and diplomats meet in the Neo-Renaissance Bundeshaus (Federal Palace). The Französische Kirche (French
Church) and the nearby medieval tower known as the Zytglogge both date to the 13th century.
PLACES OF INTEREST IN BERN-
THE OLD TOWN-The old town of Bern is more than worthy of its status as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Situatedon a cliff surrounded on three sides by the stunning aquamarine waters of the Aare River, the old
town has preserved much of its medieval character. The streets are cobbled and bordered by covered,
arcade sidewalks that snake on for miles. On the lower levels of the buildings are shops, cafés, bookstores,
and restaurants, while the upper floors are apartments.
EINSTEIN MUSEUM-Housed in a 130-year-old Andre-Lambert-designed building based on 15th-century
castles, theHistorical Museum of Bern combines with the Einstein Museum to form the second largest
museum in Switzerland.
Displays encompass more than half a million objects dating from the Stone Age through the Celts, Romans,
Middle Ages,Napoleonic era, and into the 19th and 20th centuries. Objects from Alpine Stone Age burials are
as impressive as 15th- century Flemish tapestries and the famous Königsfelden diptych painted for the King
of Hungary.The Einstein Museum isfocused on the life of the great scientist, demonstrating how he lived,
through dozens of old films, original objects, and letters. Einstein did some of his most impressive work while
living in Bern in the early 1900s, including the Annus Mirabilis papers on photoelectric effect, the Brownian
motion, the special theory of relativity, and E = mc2. Even his 1921 Nobel Prize certificate is on display.
CLOCK TOWER-The 800-year-old Clock Tower (Zytglogge) is one of the most famous of Bern's landmarks -
and is well worth the visit (the clock dates to 1530). Just above the western gate tower in the old section of
town, this 23-metertower is decorated with an immense astronomical clock. Beginning at just three
minutes before every hour, a circus of mechanical creatures (The Fool, The Knight, The Rooster, The Piper,
and more) come out to put on a little show.
EUROPE
Madrid(2N)-Valencia(1N)-Barcelona(3N)-Zaragoza(1N)
DAY 1: Arrival in Madrid
Welcome to the capital of Spain! Madrid is known as much for its cultural and artistic heritage as it is known
for its‘fiestas’ (parties) and appetite of fun and frolic!
DAY 2: Toledo Excursion
After breakfast, you will experience Toledo. The quaint town of Toledo is a blend of immense beauty, museums
and genuine historical Spanish monuments. Its old gothic and renaissance buildings and narrow streets and
alleys, testifies toits old days of magnificence. The old city has been considered as a National Monument and
declared a World Heritage city by UNESCO. Toledo is also named the city of three cultures, as for a long period of
time, the Christian, Islamic andJewish lived peacefully within its walls. After witnessing the beauty of Toledo, you
will get free time at Madrid City to experience the streets and shopping. Enjoy a comfortable overnight stay at
your hotel in Madrid.
DAY 3: Madrid - Valencia
After breakfast, proceed for a half-day city excursion in Madrid where you will see the Church of San Nicolas De
Los Servitas, Campo Del Moro Park & Gardens, Basilica of St. Francisco El Grande, Cervantes Statue, Clock Tower
Madrid,Crystal Palac, Edificio De Espana, Plaza Espanol, Plaza Mayor, Reina Sofia Museum and Royal Palace.After
City Tour ,you’ll leave Madrid for Valencia, the capital city of the province and home of internationally renowned
paella – A traditional Spanish dish comprising of rice, meat and vegetable dish.Overnight at hotel in Valencia.
DAY 4: Valencia - Barcelona

After breakfast you will begin with city excursion of Valencia, the Tour manager will take you on an
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orientationexcursion of Valencia where you will see Basílica De Nuestra Señora De Los Desamparados.
After city sightseeing you will embark on your journey to Barcelona in via coach. Barcelona is famous for its
vibrant andcosmopolitan feel. Overnight at hotel.
DAY 5: Barcelona
After breakfast you will be starting with city excursion of Barcelona. You will experience the Catalonia region -
definedby its quirky art and architecture, imaginative food and vibrant street life. It has medieval roots, seen in
the mazelike Gothic Quarter, but a modernist personality represented by architect Antoni Gaudí’s fantastical
Sagrada Família church. In Evening you will be taken to experience Flamenco Show. Flamenco is a Spanish art
form made up of three parts: guitar playing ("guitarra"), song ("cante"), and dance ("baile"). Flamenco originated
in the southern regions of Spain.Enjoy Indian Dinner at an Indian restaurant.Enjoy a comfortable overnight stay
at your hotel in Barcelona.
DAY 6: Barcelona (Optional Sightseeing)

After Breakfast , you can opt for an optional sightseeing excursion (own expense) of Costa Brava. Place of
entrance, transit and settlement of different cultures and civilizations, the Girona coastline was baptized 100
years ago as the CostaBrava due to its abrupt and steep terrain, the small bays surrounded by pine trees and the
crystalline waters that bathe its towns. We will disembark in Tossa de Mar, known as "The Pearl of the Costa
Brava", to discover the towns beach, openmarket & some options for water activities(own expense). You can
have lunch on your own in multiple restaurants in the area. It's best known to keep its natural setting in harmony
with tourist development. Overnight at Hotel.
DAY 7: Barcelona - Zaragoza

After Breakfast you will be transferred to new city Zaragoza. Zaragoza is the capital of northeastern Spain's
Aragon region. Overlooking the Ebro River in the city center is baroque Nuestra Señora del Pilar basilica, a
famous pilgrimagesite with a shrine to the Virgin Mary and multiple domes. Mudéjar-style landmarks,
combining Islamic and Gothic architecture, include the Aljafería, an 11th-century Moorish palace, and the
Cathedral of the Savior, begun in the 12th century. After reaching, proceed for an orientation excursion of
Zaragoza. Overnight at hotel.
DAY 8: Zaragoza - Madrid (Departure)

After a hearty breakfast at the hotel, it would be time to bid adieu to Europe and head to Madrid airport on a
seat-in-coachbasis for your flight back home, armed with an enriching experience and memories to last a lifetime.
INDONESIA
Indonesia officially the Republic of Indonesia. Situated between the Indian and Pacific oceans, it is the world's
largest island country, with more than seventeen thousand islands. Its capital is Jakarta, which is the second
most populous city in the world. The country shares land borders with eastern part of Malaysia, Singapore,
Vietnam, the Philippines, Australia, Palau, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Tourism
in Jakarta is visiting museums, churches, forts and historical colonial buildings, as well as spending some nights in
colonial heritage hotels. The popularheritage tourism attractions are Jakarta Old Town and the royal Javanese
courts of Yogyakarta, Surakarta and the Mangkunegaran.
BEST TIME TO VISIT:- Bali is a year-round destination, with a warm, tropical climate. The wet season (Oct–Mar) is
hot and humid, with frequent heavy rainfall. The dry season (May–Sep) remains hot, but with much less rain, and
lowerhumidity. The annual Nusa Dua Fiesta (Oct/Nov) features a street parade, sporting events and live music.
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PLACES TO VISIT:-
➢ BALI
➢ KUTA
➢ SEMINAYAK
➢ NUSA DUA
BALI-Nature has bestowed Bali with tropical beaches, forested volcanic mountains, colourful coral reefs and lush
rice paddies. The island has nightclubs, bars and Hindu temples, respectively. Bali island received the Best Island
award fromTravel and Leisure in 2010.The island of Bali won because of its attractive surroundings (both
mountain and coastal areas), diverse tourist attractions, excellent international and local restaurants, and the
friendliness of the local people.
PLACES OF INTEREST IN BALI:-
SEKUMPUL WATERFALL-Sekumpul Waterfall is touted as the most beautiful waterfall in Bali. It is fairly close to
Niagara Falls Lemukih, only about 2 km away.From the parking lot, you have to walk quite far away, down a dirt
road, down the hundreds of stairs, and across the river.Private Trekking Tour to Sekumpul Waterfall & the costing
for the sameis Rs.3600/- & more.
SACRED MONKEY FOREST SANCTUARY-In this unusual place of worship, mischievous simians throng among
sacred temples and lush greenery.
TIRTA GANGGA-The former royal palace of Tirtagangga (which means water of the Ganges, Hinduism's holy
river)features tiered fountains, gardens, and stone sculptures of mythical creatures spouting water into bathing
pools.Just outside the palace grounds, the views of the lush rice paddies of north-eastern Bali are stunning.
DEVIL'S TEARS-Devil's tears is the beach which is used for island hopping.Hours Today: 12:00 AM - 11:59 PM
KELINGKING BEACH-Nusa Penida has so many amazing views making it hard to pick a favorite. But when the cliffs
form in the shape of a Tyrannosaurus Rex at Kelingking Secret Point Beach it is bound to be a crowd favorite.
Kelingkingactually translates into English meaning Pinkie a term referencing the smallest finger on the hand. Just
like a pinkie promise, the land does also appear to take the form of a Kelingking or pinkie finger. However, it is the
comparison to the T-Rex that has caused this location to become so popular.
NUSA PENIDA ISLAND-Nusa Penida is an island southeast of Indonesia's island Bali and a district of Klungkung
Regency that includes the neighbouring small island of Nusa Lembongan. The Badung Strait separates the island
and Bali. The interior of Nusa Penida is hilly with a maximum altitude of 524 metres. It is drier than the nearby
island of Bali.There is very little tourist infrastructure.
BALI VOLCANO TREKKING(KINTAMANI)- Mount Batur volcano is one of the sacred mountain according to Hindu
believe. Mount Batur is located in Batur village, Kintamani District, Bali, Indonesia. Mount Batur (Gunung Batur) is
1717 m above sea level can be summited by physically fit hikers in around 2 hours.
BALI BIRD PARK-Bali Bird Park, is a tourist attraction in Bali, Indonesia. It is located at the Gianyar Regency and
hasan area of 2,000 square metres. The Bird Park houses more than 1.000 birds representing more than 250
species in an enclosed aviary.
LAKE BERATAN-Beratan lake (also called Lake Bratan or Danu Bratan) is located in the area of Bedugul,
Candikuning village, Baturiti district, Tabanan regency Bali, approximately 55 km from Denpasar city, and it's
located atan altitude ± 1240 m above sea level, the temperature in lake Beratan area (Bedugul area) at night time
± 18° c and at daytime ± 24° c. Lake Bratan has an area of about 375.6 hectares with an average depth of 22-48 m
with an area of about12 km around, Beratan lake is the second largest lake after lake Batur on the island of Bali,
Lake Bratan is very importantas a main source of irrigation in central Bali.
KUTA- Kuta is a beach and resort area in the south of the island of Bali, Indonesia. One of Bali's first tourist
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developments, it 's best known for its party-centric atmosphere and surfing in the Indian Ocean. Kuta's long,
consistentwaves make it a popular surf spot, particularly for beginners, with plenty of outfitters offering board
rentals and surf lessons.
PLACES OF INTEREST IN KUTA-
GARUDA WISNU KENCANA CULTURAL PARK-Garuda Wisnu Kencana Cultural Park or GWK, is a cultural park
located at Ungasan. Badung in the island of Bali, Indonesia about 10–15 minutes driving from Ngurah Rai
International Airport.
DREAM MUSEUM ZONE-Museum with dozens of illusionistic 3D art works where visitors can take "trick" photos
&selfies.
MUSEUM PASIFIKA-Museum Pasifika is an art museum in Bali, Indonesia. It presents the Asian Pacific’s variety
ofcultural artefacts. The museum was founded in 2006 by Moetaryanto P and Philippe Augier.
MUSEUM KAIN-Textile museum with interactive displays, rare batik cloth & historical fabrication tools.
SEMINAYAK-Seminyak is a beach resort area at the southern end of Bali, Indonesia, with many luxury hotels,
villas and spas, as well as high-end shopping and restaurants. Sleek bars and clubs with busy sunset scenes line
Seminyak andPetitenget beaches, which are wide, west-facing stretches of Indian Ocean shoreline with gray
sand and good surfing conditions.
NUSA DUA-Nusa Dua is an area in southern Bali, Indonesia. It’s known for its sandy beaches like Geger
Beach,international resorts and an 18-hole golf course.
Bali- 5days
Day 1 : Arrive Bali

Welcome to Bali! Upon arrival at the airport you will be greeted and transferred to the hotel. Spend your day at
leisure.Overnight stay at the hotel.
Day 2 : Bali
After breakfast, you can spend your morning at leisure. In the evening, you will be picked up for your tour to
Tanah LotTemple. Finish your tour with a romantic candle light dinner on the beach where indian food will be
served. Overnight stay at the hotel.
Day 3: Bali
Today you will be whisked away to Nusa Lembongan Island as you enjoy this beautiful region of Bali on the
LembonganBeach Club Cruise. During the Bali Hai Beach Club Cruise you will cruise to Nusa Lembongan aboard a
luxury catamaran. Upon arrival in Lembongan Bay you will be transferred to Mushroom bay to experience the
unspoiled charmsof a peaceful tropical island at the private Bali Hai Beach Club. Includes: Morning/afternoon tea
& coffee and snacks, BBQ Lunch in Mushroom Bay, LembonganSnorkeling equipment and tours, Beach/pool
games, Children’s Club, Unlimited banana boat rides, Lembongan Island Tour, Sea Kayaks, Semi Submersible Coral
Viewer.Overnight stay at thehotel.
Day 4: Bali
Today you will check out from your hotel in Kuta and proceed to Seminyak. Check into your villa and enjoy the
moststylish and upscale resort area. Enjoy a 02 hours auntentic balinese massage which will relax your mind
and body.
Thereafter you can explore the city on your own.Overnight stay at the hotel.
Day 5: Bali
Add an adrenaline kick to your Bali vacation with a choice of thrilling water sports and activities at the Tanjung
BenoaBeach Resort in Nusa Dua, all including hotel pick-up. Enjoy a fun banana boat ride, zip along the beach on
a jet ski ortry exhilarating water sports like parasailing.Overnight stay at the hotel.
Day 6: Bali After breakfast, proceed to the airport for your flight back home.
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HONGKONG
The name "Hong Kong", literally meaning "fragrant harbour", is derived from the area around present-day
Aberdeen on Hong Kong Island, where fragrant wood products and fragrant incense were once traded. The
narrow body of water separating Hong Kong Island and Kowloon Peninsula, Victoria Harbour, is one of the
deepest natural maritime ports in the world. There are 18 districts in HKG. Hong Kong and its 260 territorial
islands and peninsulas are located in the South China Sea. The body of water between Hong Kong Island and
Kowloon Peninsula is Victoria Harbour, one of the deepest maritime ports in the world. The landscape of Hong
Kong is fairly hilly to mountainous with steep slopes. Hong Kong is located in eastern Asia, on the southeast coast
of the People's Republic of China, facing the East China Sea. It has a total 733 km coast line. Tropical cyclones
frequent Hong Kong during the summer months between June and August typically. Landslides are common after
a rainstorms.
Best time to visit Hong Kong's climate is subtropical and monsoonal with cool dry winters and hot wet summers.
About 80% of the rain falls between May and September (monsoon). It is occasionally affected by tropical
cyclones between May and November, most often from July to September. The mean temperature of Hong Kong
ranges from 17 °C in January to 29 °C in July. Sub-zero temperatures and frost occur at times on high ground and
in the New Territories. In November and December there are pleasant breezes, plenty of sunshine and
comfortable temperatures. October to May asthis the peak tourist season. Temperature varies from 24-33
degrees Celsius during summers. During winters, the temperature varies from 15-28 degrees Celsius.
PLACES OF INTEREST:-
ABERDEEN
Some 200 years ago, Hong Kong's Aberdeen district was a haven for pirates. Located on the southern shore
of HongKong Island.
CAUSEWAY BAY
A major shopping area for tourists along with Central and Tsim Sha Tsui.
CENTRAL DISTRICT
Central is the business district of Hong Kong and is home to many fancy boutiques and shops.
REPULSE BAY
Here you will find one of the many beaches in Hong Kong. The water quality is not the best, but the views are
wonderful.
HONG KONG HERITAGE MUSEUM
This Museum is devoted to preserving Hong Kong's history, arts and cultural heritage.
HONG KONG CULTURAL CENTRE
In 1989, Prince Charles and Princess Diana officially opened this centre, located next to the Star Ferry terminal. It
includes a 2,100-seat concert hall, a Grand Theatre, a Studio Theatre and an arts library. It also incorporates the
Hong Kong Museum of Art, which has six exhibition galleries. Regular performances by high-profile international
artists are accompanied by free recital sessions performed in the afternoons, making this a venue for everyone,
no matter how smallthe budget.
HONG KONG MUSEUM OF ART
It is adjacent to the Hong Kong Cultural Centre and features some of the world's finest examples of ancient Chinese
art.
MACAU ISLAND
From Hong Kong, take the Jetfoil from the Hong Kong Macau Ferry. Macau is about 65 km from Hong Kong and is
famous for its casinos. Full of Portuguese architecture and the Portuguese language being heard on every corner it
makesfor an interesting visit.
OCEAN PARK
If you like amusement parks with culture, this is a must-see. It houses "Water World", a huge complex of
swimmingpools and other water related activities. There are also thrill rides and sea mammal shows and
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exhibits.
TSIM SHA TSUI
This is one of the major areas in Hong Kong where one finds hotels, restaurants, shopping malls and the like.
VICTORIA HARBOUR
The cheapest and easiest way to get a view of both Hong Kong Island and the Kowloon peninsula is by taking
the StarFerry.
VICTORIA PEAK
The view of Kowloon and Hong Kong is fantastic from the peak (provided it's not misty or raining). One can take
thePeak Tram to the top of the peak and then walk on the fairly flat road which rings the top of the mountain.
GO DOLPHIN WATCHING
An activity for the whole family and perhaps the most unique boat trip is offered by Hong Kong Dolphin Watch.
HONGKONG DISNEYLAND:-
Families visiting the Hong Kong Disneyland Resort will have magical journeys through four themed lands, namely
MainStreet U.S.A., Fantasyland, Adventure land and Tomorrow land, plus two Disney-style hotels. Hong Kong
Disneyland will offer a diverse range of food at various restaurants in the park. In addition there are specialty
stores selling Disney memorabilia and souvenirs in each themed land and at the two hotels.
HONGKONG
Hongkong(4N)-Macao(1N)
Day 1: Welcome to Hong Kong
On arrival in Hong Kong, there will be ferry transfer to Macau. The transfer to Macau Ferry Pier will be by the
hotelshuttle bus on SIC basis.
Day 2 : Macau City Tour

On this day, enjoy an amazing Macau city tour that covers the Ruins of St. Paul's, Old City Walls, Na Tcha
Temple, A-Ma Temple, Souvenir Shop and Mount Fortress (Indian lunch and SIC transfer included).
Day 3: Macau - Hong Kong

You will be transferred from Macau Ferry Pier by hotel shuttle bus on SIC basis. Then ferry transfer from Macau to
HongKong/Kowloon. You will then be transferred from Ferry Pier to Hong Kong hotel.
Day 4: Hong Kong City Tour

This is the day for Hong Kong city tour (including SIC transfer and Repulse Bay pass). You will get to explore Peak
Tram, Aberdeen (Sampan ride optional), Victoria Peak, Jewellery Factory and Stanley Market before you return to
thehotel.
Day 5: Adventures at Ocean Park

On day 5, you will go on a full day tour to Ocean Park (with entry ticket and return transfers on SIC basis).
Enjoyexciting theme rides and fun activities at this theme park.
Day 6: Departure
This is the last day of your tour. You will be transferred to the airport on SIC basis for your journey back home.
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DUBAI
Dubai is a city in the United Arab Emirates known for luxury shopping, ultramodern architecture and a lively
nightlife scene. Burj Khalifa, an 830m-tall tower, dominates the skyscraper-filled skyline. At its foot lies Dubai
Fountain, with jets and lights choreographed to music. On man-made islands just offshore is Atlantis, the Palm, a
resort with water and marine-animal parks. Currency - Dirham, Language Spoken -Arabic , Visa- Indian Passport
holders do not get a visa on arrival in UAE, this has to be obtained before travel. Not sure if Emirates will help
since usually they would expect you to arrive into UAE through EK. You can however apply through an authorized
hotel, or a friend or relative who can sponsor you. Cost of Dubai visa from Nigeria. The tourist visa (30 days visa)
costs $82, the 14 days visa costs $110, and the 96 hours visa costs $69. Note that all the fees are inclusive of
service charges and tax. Departure Tax- Dubai Airports chiefexecutive Paul Griffiths said the airport had average
monthly traffic of nearly 6.5 million passengers. DUBAI-Airline passengers flying from Dubai are paying a Dh35
departure tax for all flights taking off after June 30.Time Difference- India is 1 hour and 30 minutes ahead of Dubai
- United Arab Emirates.
BEST TIME TO VISIT- The best time to visit Dubai is from November to March. Weather-wise, Dubai really only
experiences two seasons: hot and hotter. During the winter months, the city sees blue skies and primo beach
weather.However, this is also peak tourist season, so expect plenty of company on Jumeirah Beach.
PLACES OF INTEREST-
BURJ KHALIFA- The Burj Khalifa , Arabic for "Khalifa Tower“ known as the Burj Dubai before its inauguration, is a
megatall skyscraper in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. It is the tallest structure in the world, standing at 829.8 m
(2,722 ft).Construction of the Burj Khalifa began in 2004, with the exterior completed in 2009. The primary
structure isreinforced concrete. The building was opened in 2010 as part of a new development called
Downtown Dubai. It is designed to be the centre piece of large-scale, mixed-use development. The decision to
build the building is reportedly based on the government's decision to diversify from an oil-based economy, and
for Dubai to gain international recognition. The building was named in honour of the ruler of Abu Dhabi and
president of the United Arab Emirates, Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan; Abu Dhabi and the UAE government lent
Dubai money to pay its debts. The building broke numerous height records, including its designation as the
tallest tower in the world.
SKI DUBAI- is an indoor ski resort with 22,500 square meters of indoor ski area. It is a part of the Mall of the
Emirates,one of the largest shopping malls in the world, located in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. It was
developed by Majid Al Futtaim Group, which also operates the Mall of the Emirates. Opened in November 2005,
the indoor resort features an 85-metre-high indoor mountain with 5 slopes of varying steepness and difficulty,
including a 400-metre-long run, the world's first indoor black diamond run, and various features (boxes, rails,
kickers) that are changed on a regular basis. A quad lift and a tow lift carry skiers and snowboarders up the
mountain. Adjoining the slopes is a 3,000-square-metre Snow Park play area comprising sled and toboggan runs,
an icy body slide, climbing towers, giant snowballs and an ice cave. Ski Dubai also houses a number of penguins
who are let out of their enclosures several times a day. Penguin encounters can be booked, allowing the public to
interact directly with the penguins. Winter clothing, ski and snowboardequipment are included in the price of
admission.
IBN BATUTA MALL- The Ibn Battuta Mall is a large shopping mall on the Sheikh Zayed Road in Dubai close to
Interchange 6 for Jebel Ali Village. Having more than 270 shops, 50 restaurants, a 21-screen cinema and over
4,500 parking spaces on a total of 521,000 square meters, Ibn Battuta is the world’s largest themed shopping
mall. On May 262013 Nakheel announced the tender for Ibn Battuta Mall expansion – a new, 28,000 square
meter retail hub for another 150 shops. It consists of six courts, each of whose designs are inspired by some of
the countries visited by the great Moroccan Berber explorer, Ibn Battuta:
➢ Egypt Court
➢ India Court
➢ China Court
➢ Andalusia Court
➢ Persia Court
➢ Tunisia Court
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WILD WADI WATER PARK- The Wild Wadi Water Park is an outdoor water park in Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
Situated in the area of Jumeirah, next to the Burj Al Arab and the Jumeirah Beach Hotel, the water park is
operated by Jumeirah International, a Dubai-based hotelier. Wild Wadi has a heated/cooled wave pool, multiple
water slides and two artificial surfing machines. In addition, the park had the largest water slide outside of North
America, but it has since beenremoved to make space for two other rides. Another feature of the park is an 18 m
(59 ft) waterfall that goes off every ten minutes. The water park also has two gift shops, three restaurants and two
snack stands.It was featured in The Amazing Race 5 and The Amazing Race Asia 1, in which teams had to slide
down a 21 m (69 ft) drop. It was later featured in The Amazing Race Australia 2, but instead, the teams had to ride
the Surf Machine and use boogie boards to surf their way to the end where they got their next clue.
BURJ AL ARAB- The Burj Al Arab (Arabian Tower) is a hotel located in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. It is the third
tallest hotel in the world; however, 39% of its total height is made up of non-occupiable space. Burj Al Arab stands
on anartificial island 280 m (920 ft) from Jumeirah beach and is connected to the mainland by a private curving
bridge. The shape of the structure is designed to mimic the sail of a ship. It has a helipad near the roof at a height
of 210 m (689 ft) above ground.
PALM JUMEIRAH- The Palm Jumeirah is an artificial archipelago in United Arab Emirates, created using land
reclamation by Nakheel, a company owned by the Dubai government, and designed and developed by Helman
Hurley Charvat Peacock/Architects, Inc. It is one of three planned islands called the Palm Islands (Palm Jumeirah,
Palm Jebel Aliand Palm Deira) which would have extended into the Persian Gulf, increasing Dubai's shoreline by a
total of 520 kilometres (320 mi). The Palm Jumeirah is the smallest and the original of three Palm Islands originally
under development by Nakheel. It is located on the Jumeirah coastal area of the emirate of Dubai, in the United
Arab Emirates(UAE).
DUBAI ZOO- Dubai Zoo is a 1.5-kilometre (0.93 mi) located in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. It was originally built in
1967 by a Dubai resident when H. H. Sheikh Rashid bin Maktoum, the late Ruler of Dubai, permitted Otto J. Bulart
to build a zoo on a two hectare plot in Jumeirah. It is still the oldest zoo in the Arabian Peninsula. It was
considered a Dubai landmark in the late 1960s as it indicated the "town's end".In 1971 the management of the
Dubai Zoo was taken over by the Dubai Municipality. During the first couple of years of its existence, the Dubai
Zoo housed only a few animals like the big cats, monkeys and hoofed-animals. There was also a small aquarium
with some fishes and reptiles. From May 1986 to May 1989, a part of the zoo was redesigned and rebuilt. From
June 1989 to the present there has been constant re-designing and renovation. Dubai zoo is the first Arabian zoo
to breed the rare chimpanzee and the Arabian or Gordon's wildcat (Felis silvestris gordoni).
DESERT SAFARI- A desert safari is peculiar to Dubai and the UAE. it is a trip that lasts a couple of hours as you
move through the sand dunes, ending with a dinner and belly dance. Dubai is an excellent place to savor a desert
safari. You canbook one with any of the tour operators available, which I dare say are plentiful. All tour operators
will follow a set route and time schedule. You will be picked up from your hotel or place of stay in a group of six in
the morning. All the vehicles assemble at a starting point and proceed together. No single vehicle is allowed to
move out on its own. This is for the safety of the occupants as disorientation in the desert is common and that can
bring disaster. Generally the desert safari will drive on in a group into the desert and converge on a camel farm.
This is a unique experience with a camel ride thrown in.
DHOW CRUISE- Cruising down Dubai creek is a novel experience, one which you cannot miss when in Dubai.
Imagineyourself on having dinner on a Dhow Cruise with the fascinating lights of Dubai creek with Music and
Tanura Dance show with a sip of your favourite drink and BBQ buffet dinner . Romance for never so easy to
find...Cruising down
Dubai creek is a novel experience, dinner on a Dhow Cruise with the fascinating lights of Dubai creek with
music andbelly dancing with a sip of your favourite drink and BBQ buffet dinner . Romance for never so easy to
find...
TIMING DETAILS
19:00 hrs - Pick Up
20:00hrs- Boarding time
20:30-22:30hrs – return after two hours of sailing on the Dubai Creek.
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DUBAI
Dubai(7N)
Day 1: Arrive in Dubai
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After completing the Dubai immigration formalities our tour representative will take you to your hotel. Overnight
stay atthe hotel.
Day 2: City Tour & Burj khalifa & Dubai Fountain Show + Marina Dhow Dinner Cruise
Enjoy breakfast at the hotel. After breakfast, you will be taken for a half-day city sightseeing tour of Dubai. We will
take you to your hotel, you can have lunch & rest till ( 1700hrs) and then our driver will come to pick you up for a
visit to the Burj Khalifa and the Dubai fountain show and later take you for a Marina Dinner cruise, you'll enjoy your
evening while cruising over the New Dubai and the palm jumeirah island and watching some nice family
entertainment shows on board. The tour will end with international buffet dinner. We will then drop you back to
your Hotel for an overnight stay.
Day 3: Leisure in the Morning + Evening Desert Safari
After enjoying breakfast at the hotel, you will be at leisure, you can visit the malls and have some shopping, or
even visitthe beach. After lunch, enjoy a Thrilling Desert Safari. The tour will end with a BBQ dinner, belly dancing,
camel ridingand an overnight stay at the hotel.
Day 4: Abu Dhabi City Tour with Ferrari World
After breakfast, you will be taken for a full-day city sightseeing tour of Abu Dhabi. Abu Dhabi is the capital city of
UAEand it is beautiful & modern city as Dubai is, you'll spend approx 4 hours on the tour( lunch included). You
will proceed to the Ferrari world for four hours. Tickets provided. At 1700-1800hrs, we will drop you off to your
hotel. You can havedinner at some nearby good restaurants
Day 5: Beach and Leisure
After enjoying breakfast at the hotel, you will be at leisure & Overnight stay at the hotel.
After enjoying breakfast at the hotel, you will be at leisure, overnight stay at the hotel.
After enjoying breakfast at the hotel, you will be at leisure, an overnight stay at the hotel.
Day 8: Drop off to Airport
After enjoying breakfast at the hotel, you can go for some last-minute shopping (as per your flight schedule).
Check-outand our driver will drop you to the airport for your return flight.
EGYPT
Egypt, a country linking northeast Africa with the Middle East, dates to the time of the pharaohs. Millennia-
old monuments still sit along the fertile Nile River Valley, including the colossal Pyramids and Sphinx at Giza
and thehieroglyph-lined Karnak Temple and Valley of the Kings tombs in Luxor. The capital, Cairo, is home
to Ottoman landmarks such as Muhammad Ali Mosque.
BEST TIME TO VISIT:- The best time to visit Egypt is from October to May. Though it is the peak travel season,
whenmost travellers come, the temperatures are a lot better for those not used to the heat.
GIZA MEROPOLIS- The Pyramids of Giza, situated in the immediate vicinity of the southwestern suburbs of Cairo
arethe undisputable top attractions in Egypt. The pyramids at Giza were built over the span of three generations –
by Khufu, his second reigning son Khafre, and Menkaure. The Great Pyramid of Khufu is an awe-inspiring 139
meters (455 feet) high making it the largest pyramid in Egypt, although nearby Khafre’s Pyramid appears to be
larger as it is build at a higher elevation.
KARNAK- It is the largest ancient religious site ever built, and represents the combined achievement of many
generations of Egyptian builders. The Temple of Karnak actually consists of three main temples, smaller enclosed
temples, and several outer temples located about 2.5 kilometers north of Luxor. One of most famous structures
of Karnakis the Hypostyle Hall, a hall area of 5,000 m2 (50,000 sq ft) with 134 massive columns arranged in 16
rows.
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RED SEA REEF- The Red Sea, off the coast of Egypt, is one of the most beautiful places in the world to go diving.
Thewaters of the Red Sea are renowned for their spectacular visibility and features some of the most exotic
seascapes. With its wide expanse of coral formation on the reefs, it is home to thousands of different sea
creatures.
VALLEY OF THE KINGS- The Valley of the Kings near Luxor is a valley where, for a period of nearly 500 years from
the 16th to 11th century BC, tombs were constructed for the kings and privileged nobles of the New Kingdom. The
valleycontains 63 tombs and chambers, ranging in size from a simple pit to a complex tomb with over 120 chambers.
RIVER NILE CRUISE- Cruising the Nile is a popular way of visiting upper Egypt. The Nile River has been Egypt’s
lifeline since ancient times and there is no better way to trace the passage of Egypt’s history than to follow the
course ofthe Nile. Almost all Egyptian cruise ships travel the Luxor-Aswan route which is safe, scenic and
terminates at two of Egypt’s most important towns.
ABU SIMBEL- Abu Simbel is an archaeological site comprising two massive rock-cut temples in southern Egypt on
thewestern bank of Lake Nasser. The twin temples were originally carved out of the mountainside during the
reign of Pharaoh Ramesses The Great in the 13th century BC, as a lasting monument to himself and his queen
Nefertari.
EGYPTIAN MUSUEM- The Egyptian Museum is one of Cairo’s top attraction. There are two main floors of the
museum, the ground floor and the first floor. On the ground floor there is an extensive collection of papyrus
and coins used in by the ancient Egyptians. On the first floor there are artifacts from the final two dynasties of
Ancient Egypt andalso many artifacts taken from the Valley of the Kings.
DAHAB- Dahab is located some 85 km (53 miles) north of Sharm el-Sheikh on the Gulf of Aqaba, near the southern
tip of Sinai. Once an isolated coastal village, Dahab turned into a hippie hangout in the 1980’s and became
something of an“alternative resort”, mixing cheap accommodation with a laid back lifestyle. Activities such as wind
surfing, snorkeling,scuba diving and camel and jeep trips make it one of the most popular destinations along the
Red Sea.
MOSQUE OF IBN TULUN- Built between 876 and 879 AD, the Mosque of Ibn Tulun is one of the oldest mosques
inCairo. It was commissioned by Ahmad ibn Ţūlūn, the Abbassid governor of Egypt. The mosque is constructed
around acourtyard, with one covered hall on each of the four sides. Parts of the James Bond film The Spy Who
Loved Me were filmed at the Mosque of Ibn Tulun.
EGYPT
Luxor(1N)-Nile River Cruise(3N)-Aswan Cairo(2N)
Day 1: Arrival in Luxor
Arrive Luxor @11:45 AM and transfer to check in on the Nile Cruise (5 stars deluxe) and enjoy Lunch on board
(vegetarian and a variety of Indian and International food will be available). Then start your tour to the East bank,
enterthe Karnak Temple Complex, a vast area of temples, chapels, pylons and the Great Temple of Amun. Walk
down the avenue of ram headed sphinxes that connect the Precinct of Mut, the Precinct of Amun-Re and the
Luxor Temple.
Overnight on your Cruise Boat.
Day 2: Luxor - Nile River
Early start @ 6 AM to cross to the west bank. As you enter the Valleys of the Kings and you will pass Deir El
Madina,MadinetHabou and the Colossi of Memnon. Visit the colonnaded temple that was uniquely dedicated
to a Queen Hatshepsut. Lunch on board, rets of the day of your own to enjoy on the cruise. Overnight on your
Cruise Boat.
Day 3: Nile River - Aswan
Cruise onward, stop at Kom Om boand ,explore its doubleTemple ,dedicated to the gods Sobekand Horus. You will
arrivein Aswan late in the evening. Overnight on your Cruise Boat.
Day 4: Day at Leisure on Cruise
This day is at Leisure on cruise at River Nile. Overnight on your Cruise Boat.
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Day 5: Aswan - Cairo
Breakfast on board. Check out from the cruise. This morning, take a short ferry across the Nile to Agilika Islands
Philae Temple, a beautiful dedication to the goddess Isis, marvel at Aswans dams - the Old and the High.Transfer
to the airport for your flight to Cairo @ 18:10 PM. Arrive Cairo @ 19:35 and transfer to your hotel and
overnight.Early or late eveningperformance of this spectacular sound and laser light show is a must to see while in
Cairo. The voice of the great Sphinx tells you the story of Pharaohs and their life's story and how the great
pyramids were built. (The show is in many differentlanguages).
Day 6: Cairo
After breakfast at the hotel we will visit the Great Pyramid at Giza. It was the tallest man made structure in the
world forover 3,800 years. Our expert guide will accompany you to The Pyramids and Sphinx at Giza, and then
you will stand in communion with the magnificent treasures of the Egyptian Museum. - including Tutankhamuns
fabulously famous GoldMask, lunch during the tour. Transfer back to your hotel and overnight at the hotel.
Day 7: Cairo - India
Breakfast at the hotel rest of the day at leisure on your own.Note-You can take an Optional tour of Cairo City - In
the Morning you will be guided to the city of Islamic areas — including the Citadel of Saladdin and its Alabaster
Mosque ofMohammed Ali. Next the citys oldest area; Coptic Cairo awaits you. Here El Muallaqa, the Hanging
Church, was built into the walls of the Roman fortress of Babylon. On to St Sergius — said to be a resting-place of
the Holy Family .LaterTransfer to the airport for your departure flight @16.00PM.
SRILANKA
Sri Lanka (formerly Ceylon) is an island nation south of India in the Indian Ocean. Its diverse landscapes range
from rainforest and arid plains to highlands and sandy beaches. It’s famed for its ancient Buddhist ruins, including
the 5th- century citadel Sigiriya, with its palace and frescoes. The city of Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka's ancient capital,
has many ruins dating back more than 2,000 years. Currency:- Sri Lankan Rupee, Language Spoken:-Sinhala,
English & Tamil. Allarrivals into Sri Lanka from 01 January 2012 onwards, will now require an Electronic Travel
Authorisation (ETA) The ETA fee will be: US$50 for tourist visas up to 30 days (Double entry), US$60 for business
visas (multiple entry) for 30 days.
BEST TIME TO VISIT:- The weather in Sri Lanka is dictated by two monsoon seasons which bring rain to the west
and south-west coasts from May to September; and the east coast and northern region between October and
February. Therest of the year is sunny and dry.
COLOMBO- Colombo, the capital of Sri Lanka, is a bustling city and a hopping-off point for beaches in the island
nation's south. It has a long history as a port on ancient east-west trade routes, ruled successively by the
Portuguese, Dutch and British. That heritage is reflected in its spicy cuisine as well as its architecture, mixing
colonial buildings withhigh-rises and shopping malls.
KANDY- Kandy is a large city in central Sri Lanka. It's set on a plateau surrounded by mountains, which are home to
teaplantations and biodiverse rainforest. The city's heart is scenic Kandy Lake (Bogambara Lake), popular for
strolling. It's famed for its sacred Buddhist sites, including the Temple of the Tooth (Sri Dalada Maligawa) shrine,
and for its Esala Perahera annual procession.
YALA NATIONAL PARK- Yala National Park is the most visited and second largest national park in Sri Lanka. The
park consists of five blocks, two of which are now open to the public, and also adjoining parks. The blocks have
individual names such as, Ruhuna National Park(block 1) and Kumana National Park or 'Yala East' for the adjoining
area.It is situated in the southeast region of the country, and lies in Southern Province and Uva Province. The park
covers 979 square kilometres (378 sq mi) and is located about 300 kilometres (190 mi) from Colombo. Yala was
designated as
a wildlife sanctuary in 1900, and, along with Wilpattu was one of the first two national parks in Sri Lanka, having
beendesignated in 1938. The park is best known for its variety of wild animals. It is important for the
conservation of Sri Lankan elephants, Sri Lankan leopards and aquatic birds.
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NUWARA ELIYA- Nuwara Eliya is a city in the hill country of the Central Province, Sri Lanka. Its name means "city
on the plain (table land)" or "city of light". The city is the administrative capital of Nuwara Eliya District, with a
picturesque landscape and temperate climate. It is at an altitude of 1,868 m (6,128 ft) and is considered to be
the most important location for tea production in Sri Lanka. The city is overlooked by Pidurutalagala, the tallest
mountain in SriLanka. Nuwara Eliya is known for its temperate, cool climate,the coolest area in Sri Lanka.
JAFFNA- Jaffna is the capital city of the Northern Province of Sri Lanka. It is the administrative headquarters of the
Jaffna district located on a peninsula of the same name. With a population of 88,138, Jaffna is Sri Lanka's 12th
largestcity.
BENTOTA- Bentota is a coastal town in Sri Lanka, located in the Galle District of the Southern Province, governed
by an Urban Council. It is approximately 65 kilometres (40 mi) south of Colombo and 56 kilometres (35 mi) north
of Galle.Bentota is situated on the southern bank of the Bentota River mouth, at an elevation of 3 metres (9.8 ft)
above the sea level. The name of the town is derived from a mythical story which claims a demon named 'Bem'
ruled the tota or river bank.
POLONNARUWA- Poḷonnaruwa is the main town of Polonnaruwa District in North Central Province, Sri Lanka.
Kaduruwela area is the Polonnaruwa New Town and the other part of Polonnaruwa remains as the royal ancient
city of the Kingdom of Polonnaruwa. Badulla is a major city situated in the lower central hills of Sri Lanka. It is the
capital cityof Uva Province and the Badulla District.
WILPATTU NATIONAL PARK- Wilpattu National Park is a park located on the island of Sri Lanka. The unique
feature of this park is the existence of "Willus" - Natural, sand-rimmed water basins or depressions that fill
with rainwater.
SRILANKA
Kandy(1N)-Nuwara Eliya(1N)-BentoTA(1N)-Colombo(1N)
DAY 1: Airport - Kandy (120 Kms/ 3 hrs)
Spend a perfect holiday in Sri Lanka which commences upon arrival at the Colombo airport. Thereafter make way
to Kandy which is 116 kilometres from Colombo. Lying amidst the hills, Kandy is the last capital of the ancient
kings of SriLanka. With its luxuriant prairie, picturesque lake, longest river of the country and misty mountains,
Kandy mesmerizes every visitor. Before check-in, at the hotel, head for the Kandy city tour. During the four hours
journey from Colombo to Kandy, stop at Pinnawala Elephant Orphanage to enjoy the exceptional experience of
feeding and bathing elephants.
After creating some wonderful memories, continue your drive to Kandy. When in Kandy, head for the Kandy city
tour which includes visit one of the world heritages as well as a sacred place for the Buddhists all over the world;
namely the Temple of tooth Relic known to the Sri Lankans as Dalada Maligawa. If time permits, you may
proceed to the Kandy Lake where you can enjoy a leisure walk.Your next visit will be to the Peradeniya Botanical
Gardens which is a paradisefor nature lovers. This beautiful flower Eden is restored with over 300 different
varieties of orchids, other spices, medicinal plants and Palm trees. Every year more than 1.2 million people are
enchanted by the beauty of these 147 acre flower gardens.The real evidence of the richness will be affirmed by
your visit to the Gem Museum. Sri Lanka produces the finest quality of gems in the world. In the evening you will
witness a traditional cultural dance show.
DAY 2: Kandy - Nuwara Eliya (90 Kms/ 3 Hrs)
Check-out from the Kandy hotel after relishing a delicious breakfast and embark on a ride to Nuwara Eliya. When
in Nuwara Eliya, visit the main attractions of the town like a golf course, trout streams, Victoria Park and boating
or fishingon Lake Gregory. Your next visit is to a working tea factory where the slow-growing tea bushes of this
highland region produce some of the world's finest Orange Pekoe tea. Later Proceed for Seetha Eliya which is
believed to be the spot where Sita was held captive by the demon king Rawana (own expense). This was the place
where Sita used to pray daily
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for Rama to come and rescue her. You could also consider visiting Haggala, a temperate hill-country
garden.After theexcursion, head to the hotel for an overnight stay.
DAY 3: Nuwara Eliya - Bentota (140 Kms/6 hrs)
After treating yourself to a delicious breakfast, check-out from the hotel and embark on a 140 kilometre long ride
to reachBentota which is home to some of the finest beaches in the Sri Lanka’s south-west coast. This
quintessential laid-back seaside gateway is just the perfect places to laze around and take part in water sports
activities. When in Bentota, enjoy Madhu river safari (at an additional cost) to watch the unique tradition of stilt
fishing. Experience the natural rhythms while passing by islets forested with mangroves. For more exclusive
experience, head for an excursion to Turtle Hatchery, a sea turtle conservation project operated by the Wildlife
Protection Society of Sri Lanka to see all the volunteers work to save baby turtles. After being fed, the baby turtles
are taken to the sea and released when they are 2-4 days old, usually during the safer hours of darkness. After the
excursion, check-in at the hotel for an overnight stay.
DAY 4: Bentota - Colombo (50 Kms/ 3 Hr)
Start your day with a delicious breakfast and embark on a ride to Colombo, the largest city in Sri Lanka featuring
colonialarchitecture, buzzing nightlife scene, good museums, manicured parks and beautiful Buddhist temples.
Upon arrival, headfor Colombo sightseeing tour which includes an excursion to Galle Face Green, the
Viharamahadevi Park, National Museum, Twin World Trade Center towers, Old Parliament Building, Fort district,
Independence Hall at Independence Square and prominent Buddhist, Hindu, Islam and Christian places of
worship.For shopping, you may visit Odel, House of Fashion, Beverly Street, Majestic City, Noritake, etc. After an
action-packed day, check-in at the hotel to enjoy a relaxed overnight stay.
DAY 5:Colombo - Airport (2 Hr/ 50 Kms)

Check-out from the hotel and board the comfortable vehicle which would take you directly to the airport for your
onwardjourney.
AUSTRALIA
Australia officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the
Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the largest country in Oceania and
the world's sixth-largest country by total area. The neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and
East Timor to the north; the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east; and New Zealand to the south-east.
Australia's capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney. English language is the most commonly used
language.
BEST TIME TO VISIT:- Summer in Australia is by far the most popular time to take your journey. It’s the busy time
ofthe year for Australia for tourism as well as when a lot of Kiwis take some time off to rest and enjoy living
paradise.
December, January & February are the best time.
SYDNEY- Sydney, capital of New South Wales and one of Australia's largest cities, is best known for its harbour
front Sydney Opera House, with a distinctive sail-like design. Massive Darling Harbour and the smaller Circular
Quay port arehubs of waterside life, with the arched Harbour Bridge and esteemed Royal Botanic Garden nearby.
Sydney Tower’s outdoor platform, the Skywalk, offers 360-degree views of the city and suburbs.
PLACES OF INTEREST IN SYDNEY:-
SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE:- The Sydney Opera House is a multi-venue performing arts centre in Sydney. UNESCO-
World Heritage Site in 2005. It is one of the most famous place performing arts in the world. Over 3000 events
performedeach year.It took 7 years to build the model of the opera house & 17 years to complete the actual
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building.It has Concert Hall, Opera Theatre, Play House, Studio.
HARBOUR BRIDGE:- The Sydney Harbour Bridge is a steel through arch bridge across Sydney Harbour. Carries rail,
vehicular, bicycle & pedestrian traffic between the Sydney Central Business District & the North shore. The
nickname ofthe bridge is “The Coathanger” because of its arc- based design. One of the most famous architecture
feature of the bridgeis the arc at the top.
KINGS CROSS:- Kings Cross is an inner-city locality of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It is located
approximately 2 kilometres east of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of the
City ofSydney.
BONDI BEACH:- It is a popular beach and the name of the surrounding suburb in Sydney.Bondi Beach is one of
themost visited tourist sites in Australia.
CANBERRA- Canberra is the capital city of Australia. it is Australia's largest inland city and the eighth-largest city
overall. The city is located at the northern end of the Australian Capital Territory (ACT), 280 km south-west of
Sydney,and 660 km north-east of Melbourne. A resident of Canberra is known as a "Canberran".
PLACES OF INTEREST IN CANBERRA:-
OLD PARLIAMENT HOUSE:-Old Parliament House, known formerly as the Provisional Parliament House, was the
seat of the Parliament of Australia from 1927 to 1988. The building began operation on 9 May 1927 after
Parliament's relocation from Melbourne to the new capital, Canberra.
NEW PARLIAMENT HOUSE:-Parliament House is the meeting place of the Parliament of Australia, located in
Canberra, the capital of Australia. The building was designed by Mitchell/Giurgola & Thorp Architects and
opened on 9May 1988 by Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia. It cost more than A$1.1 billion to build.
NATIONAL GALLERY:-The National Gallery of Australia (originally the Australian National Gallery) is the national
art museum of Australia as well as one of the largest art museums in Australia, holding more than 166,000 works
of art.
WAR MEMORIAL:-The Australian War Memorial is Australia's national memorial to the members of its armed
forcesand supporting organisations who have died or participated in wars involving the Commonwealth of
Australia. The memorial includes an extensive national military museum.
MELBOURNE- Melbourne is the coastal capital of the southeastern Australian state of Victoria. At the city's
centre is the modern Federation Square development, with plazas, bars, and restaurants by the Yarra River. In
the Southbank area,the Melbourne Arts Precinct is the site of Arts Centre Melbourne – a performing arts complex
– and the National Galleryof Victoria, with Australian and indigenous art.
PLACES OF INTEREST IN MELBOURNE:-
PENGUIN PARADE- The Penguin Parade is Australia’s most popular wildlife attraction and home to the largest Little
Penguin colony in the world.Every sunset, the hundreds to over a thousand wild Little Penguins emerge from the
sea and march across the beach to their sand dune burrows.The Little Penguin is the world’s smallest (and cutest)
penguin and thePenguin Parade is the best place to experience this completely natural phenomenon.
12 APOSTLES AT GREAT OCEAN ROAD- The Twelve Apostles are giant rock stacks that rise majestically from the
Southern Ocean and are the central feature of the rugged Port Campbell National Park.The Twelve Apostles have
been created by constant erosion of the limestone cliffs of the mainland that began 10–20 million years ago. The
stormy Southern Ocean and blasting winds gradually eroded the softer limestone, forming caves in the cliffs.The
caves eventually became arches and when they collapsed rock stacks up to 45 metres high were left isolated from
the shore.Sunrise and sunset offer particularly impressive views as the Twelve Apostles change colour from dark
and foreboding in shadow to brilliant sandy yellow under a full sun.
PENINSULA HOT SPRINGS:- Peninsula Hot Springs is the first natural hot springs & day spa centre in Victoria
around 1.5Hrs from Melbourne. Natural thermal mineral waters flow into the pools and private baths providing
the idyllicsetting for relaxation and rejuvenation. Peninsula Hot Springs makes it possible to bathe in the naturally
healing waters ofmineral rich thermal pools. Opening Hours. Daily 7.30am – 10.00pm.
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GOLD COAST- The Gold Coast is a metropolitan region south of Brisbane on Australia’s east coast. It's famed for its
long sandy beaches, surfing spots and elaborate system of inland canals and waterways. It’s also home to theme
parks such as Dreamworld, Sea World and Wet’n’Wild. Inland, hiking trails crisscross Lamington National Park’s
mountain ridges and valleys, home to rare birds and rainforest.
PLACES OF INTEREST IN GOLD COAST:-
YOU BETTER BELIEVE IT…. OR NOT-Get your weird on at Ripleys Believe It Or Not! Odditorium. From shrunken
heads and the world’s tallest man to a spinning vortex tunnel and a fantasy dance room, around every corner of
your self-guided adventure you’ll find things that make you go “ahh”, “wow” and most definitely “ewwww”.
GOLD COAST ON ICE-We might not have a snow season, but that doesn’t mean you can’t escape to a winter
wonderland. Year-round you can get your skater boy/girl on at the Planet Chill ice-skating rink. There’s also an
awesome‘Chill Zone’ with ice-hockey, foos ball and snowboarding. The fun just never ends.
CAIRNS- Cairns, considered the gateway to Australia's Great Barrier Reef, is a city in tropical Far North
Queensland. ItsTjapukai Aboriginal Cultural Park tells the stories of indigenous Aboriginal and Torres Strait
Islander people with music and dance. Cairns Esplanade, lined in bars and restaurants, has a swimming lagoon.
Northwest of the city, Daintree National Park spans mountainous rainforest, gorges and beaches.
PLACES OF INTEREST IN CAIRNS:-
THE GREAT BARRIER REEF-No visit to Cairns is complete without spending time at the Great Barrier Reef, the
world’s largest coral reef system — made up of nearly 3000 individual reefs over an area of 344,400 square
kilometres(133,000 square miles), it’s even visible from outer space.
RAINFOREST TREKS- Explore Australia’s largest continuous area of tropical rainforest, the Daintree, which is also
the oldest lowland rainforest on Earth at 135 million years old. Hidden in the diverse range of lush vegetation
you’ll see awide variety of rare creatures, like the tree-dwelling kangaroo and the endangered cassowary.
AUSTRALIA
Melbourne(3N)-Sydney(3N)-Gold Coast(2N)
DAY 1: Arrive at Melbourne
Australia is a divine medley of sky touching buildings, gigantic mountains, pristine sandy beaches, colourful reefs
and shimmering desert. Experience the culture, romance and dreamy architecture of Australia's coolest
destinations with this package, commencing upon arrival in Melbourne. With the art galleries, theatres,
landscapes, gardens, parks, Victorian- era architecture and museums, Melbourne is the cultural hub of Australia.
Upon arrival at Melbourne Airport, clear your immigration formalities and meet the MMT representative at the
waiting hall. From the airport, hop in a shared bus/coach(seat-in-coach) to reach the hotel. After relaxing for a
while in the comfortable hotel room, make your way to an Indian restaurant for a homely dinner, just a short walk
away from the hotel. Later have a comfortable overnight stay.
DAY 2: Melbourne - Great Ocean Road
Begin your day with a scrumptious breakfast and prepare to embark on one of Australia's most scenic drives on
the Great Ocean Road in a comfortable shared vehicle/coach (seat-in-coach). Begin your journey from Melbourne
and set out on anexciting drive through lush forests flanked by stunning beaches. One never knows what they
may see at the next turn: it may be a cliff-hugging curve, expansive seascapes, rainforest, koalas and even
kangaroos. Witness the lush Otways Rainforest on your smooth drive. During the drive, you would get an
opportunity to explore attractions like Geelong Torquay Torquay, Lorne, Apollo Bay, Port Campbell and 12
Apostles. Enjoy more incredible coastal views, before you return to Melbourne, approximately within 12 Hours.
Enjoy a delicious dinner at an Indian Restaurant and then retire to sleep in the comfortable hotel room.
DAY 3: Melbourne City Tour
After a hearty breakfast has begun your day, set out to explore the city of Melbourne. Head to the corner of
Flinders & Russell Street at Federation Square - the departure point for the Melbourne City Tour. Join your coach
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for the morning tour of Melbourne, which includes a visit to Melbourne Cricket Ground (outside), Queen Victoria
Market, Federation Square, Flinders Station, Lygon Street, Parliament House, Fitzroy Gardens and
Chinatown.Thereon you can spend the rest of the day exploring the vibrant city at your own pace. You could make
the most of your free time by going on an excursion to Phillip Island (optional tour). Journey south-east to visit
Maru Koala and Animal Park which exhibits koalas,kangaroos and native Australian birds. View spectacular coastal
scenery at the Nobbies (do note that Nobbies viewing is seasonal and dependent on daylight hours). From the
walkways you may be able to catch a glimpse of Australia’s largest population of fur seals frolicking along the
coastline. Browse through the Phillip Island Visitors Information Centre to learn about the penguins and their life
on this island. See the Little Penguins up-close as they return to their nests to greet their young families. Stop in
Cowes for dinner (own expense) before returning to Melbourne. The tour would conclude inapprox. 5 - 6 hours.At
night, make your way to an Indian restaurant for dinner, which would be a walk away from the hotel. Later have a
comfortable overnight stay.
DAY 4: Melbourne to Sydney
Check-out from your hotel as you leave behind the stunning beauty of Melbourne. Make your way to Brisbane
Airport to board a flight to Sydney - the cosmopolitan hub of Australia. A fun and charismatic city for gastronomes,
art lovers and outdoorsy people, Sydney is just the perfect place to be for a relaxing holiday. You will land in
Sydney and head for somesight-seeing.Explore the Sydney Aquarium and encounter over 13,000 marine species
like the shark, platypus, dugong, and penguin. Take a walk through the extraordinarily themed zones of the
Sydney Aquarium - Jurassic Seas, Great Barrier Reef, Bay of Rays and Dugong Island (just to name a few) and
discover the majestic underwater world. Visit the Sydney tower to catch a bird's-eye view of the bustling city
below and then enjoy a 4-D movie about the city's famous landmarks. Enjoy the water sprinkling about from the
Sydney Harbour and allow the sea breeze to rejuvenate you. In the evening, be transferred from the airport to
your place of stay in the central district on a shared basis in a bus/coach (seat-in-coach).
DAY 5: Sydney City Tour
Begin your day with a filling breakfast and prepare for a Sydney City Tour. You will be picked up from your hotel
in a shared vehicle/coach (seat-in-coach basis) and travel through the famous attractions of Sydney. Witness the
renowned Bondi Beach, Sydney Harbour Bridge and Botanical Garden. During the tour, you would also get to
explore Kings Crossand Paddington. Take a guided tour of the Opera House, a 20th century architectural
masterpiece, within the halls of which some of the greatest Opera in the world has been performed and
witnessed. This will last for approximately 8 Hours.After relaxing for a while in the comfortable hotel room, spend
the rest of your day at leisure. You could make the most of your free time by going on a tall ship cruise (optional
tour). Once at the dock, you would be boarding a ship to sail around the beautiful Sydney Harbour. As the wind
fills the sails, glide past the Opera House and experience the magical twilight views of Sydney's harbour. The tour
would conclude in approximately 2 Hours.
DAY 6: Sydney - Day at Leisure (add Blue Mountain)
Wake up to a scrumptious breakfast and spend the day as you please. You could head out on a scenic ride to the
Blue Mountains (optional tour), they are named such because of the distant bluish haze caused by vapours of the
eucalyptus tree. Admire the beautiful Three Sisters rock formation in the Jamison Valley.Wind your way along Cliff
Drive and witness the spectacular Jamison Valley before arriving at a vantage point with magnificent views of the
Three Sisters – a trio of rocky pinnacles. Stop over at Scenic World and enjoy 360° views of the Jamison Valley. You
could take a ride on the famous Railway, Cableway and Skyway, or embark on a scenic walk for spectacular views
over the Jamison Valley. Encounter cuddly koalas and kangaroos at Featherdale Wildlife Park, located on seven
acres of natural bush setting, here you will be also able to hand-feed kangaroos (extra price). The tour would
conclude in about 12 - 14 Hours. At night, takethe short stroll to an Indian restaurant near the hotel for a
scrumptious dinner and head back to your room for a comfortable overnight stay.
DAY 7: Sydney to Gold Coast with Sea World
Enjoy Breakfast and leave for the airport for your flight to Gold Coast. Post check in, board your coach & make
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your wayto Sea world ,make a new Animal friend at Sea World Heart stopping action to the grace of our delightful
dolphins, there is something for the whole family to enjoy.
DAY 8: Gold Coast - Day at Leisure (add Movie World)
Begin your day with a scrumptious breakfast and spend the rest of your day at leisure. You could make the most
of your leisure time by visiting the Warner Bros. Movie World (optional tour) to indulge in some thrilling activities.
Enjoy a fierce battle of life on the Justice League 3D ride, jump into combat gear and grab your laser gun to battle
evil villains and aliens alongside Superman, Batman and various other superhero armies. Take your children to
Kids’ WB to get a picture clicked with cartoon characters like Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Tweety, Sylvester, etc. The
tour would conclude inapproximately 8 Hours
DAY 9: Departure from Gold Coast
After a sumptuous breakfast at hotel, check out of the hotel and board your coach for your transfer to India.
NEW ZEALAND
New Zealand is a country in the south western Pacific Ocean consisting of 2 main islands, both marked by volcanoes
andglaciation. Capital Wellington, on the North Island, is home to Te Papa Tongarewa, the expansive national
museum.
Wellington’s dramatic Mt. Victoria and the South Island’s Fiordland and Southern Lakes stood in for mythical
Middle Earth in Peter Jackson’s "Lord of the Rings" films. Wellington, New Zealand is 6 hours and 30 minutes
ahead of India.
BEST TIME TO VISIT:- The warmest months of the year are from September through to April. December, January
andFebruary are the three hottest months of the year (Summer). Spring is from September - November. Autumn
(fall) is fromMarch - May and the Winter season runs from June - August.
VISA INFORMATION:-
➢ Passport that is valid for at least three months beyond your intended departure date.
➢ Many people will qualify for visa-free entry, but depending on your country of origin, some will need
to apply fora visa before they travel.
➢ Visa processing takes about 15 working days and all applications must be lodged through TT Services,
which has offices in Mumbai, Bangalore, Chennai, Kolkata, Ahmedabad, Kochi, Chandigarh, Hyderabad
and New Delhi. TTServices is contracted to accept applications on behalf of Immigration New Zealand.
➢ Travel tickets or evidence of onward travel arrangements.
➢ Evidence that you can support yourself in New Zealand (approximately NZ$1000 per month per
person).
➢ Departure tax of NZ$25 must be paid at the airport when you leave New Zealand.This tax is only
included in yourticket price if you are departing from Auckland.Children under 12 years of age are
exempted.
Visa or permit to visit New Zealand is not required:-

➢ A New Zealand/Australia citizen or Resident Permit holder.
➢ An Australian citizen travelling on an Australian passport.
➢ British citizen and or British passport holder who can produce evidence of the right to reside
permanently in theUK (you can stay up to six months).
➢ A citizen of a country which has a visa waiver agreement with New Zealand (you can stay up to three
months).
AUCKLAND- Auckland, based around 2 large harbours, is a major city in the north of New Zealand’s North Island.
Incentral Queen Street, the iconic Sky Tower has views of Viaduct Harbour, which is full of superyachts and lined
with bars and cafes. Auckland Domain, the city’s oldest park, is based around an extinct volcano and home to
the formalWinter gardens. Mission Bay Beach is minutes from Downtown.
PLACES OF INTEREST IN AUCKLAND:-
SKY TOWER :- The Sky Tower is an observation and telecommunications tower located at the corner of Victoria
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andFederal Streets in the Auckland.
WAITEMATA HARBOUR:- Waitematā Harbour is the main access by sea to Auckland, New Zealand. For this
reasonit is often referred to as Auckland Harbour and is crossed by the Auckland Harbour Bridge, despite the fact
that it is one of two harbours surrounding the city.
AUCKLAND ART GALLERY:- Auckland Art Gallery Toi o Tāmaki is the principal public gallery in Auckland, New
Zealand, and has the most extensive collection of national and international art in New Zealand. It frequently
hosts travelling international exhibitions.
ALBERT PARK, AUCKLAND:- Albert Park is a public park in central Auckland, bounded by Wellesley Street East,
Princes Street, Bowen Avenue and Kitchener Street.
ONE TREE HILL:- One Tree Hill is a 182-metre volcanic peak in Auckland, New Zealand. It is an important memorial
place for both Māori and other New Zealanders. The suburb around the base of the hill is also called One Tree
Hill.
ROTORUA-Rotorua, a town set on its namesake lake on New Zealand's North Island, is renowned for its
geothermal activity and Maori culture. In Te Puia’s Whakarewarewa Valley, there are bubbling mud pools and
the 30m-tall PohutuGeyser, which erupts many times daily. It’s also home to a living Maori village and the New
Zealand Maori Arts and Crafts Institute, with traditional wood carving and weaving schools.
PLACES OF INTEREST IN ROTORUA:-
RAINBOW SPRINGS KIWI WILDLIFE PARK:- It is home to a programme geared up to make sure this unique little
New Zealand bird doesn't become extinct.
SKYLINE SKYRIDES - LUGE & GONDOLA:- Skyline Rotorua is the name of this fun park that has numerous activities
to do nowadays (I won't go into them all here). In addition to luging there's the Sky Swing, Zoom Ziplines and,the
Gravity Park for mountain biking - all accessed via a gondola ride.
WAIMANGU VOLCANIC VALLEY:- It has left over craters filled with hot thermal waters, and mud, of course. These
craters are aptly named Echo Crater, Inferno Crater, Black Crater, Fairy Crater and Raupo Pond Crater.
ROTORUA AGRODOME:- It is a farm house where one can watch sheep shows. There's a process for getting the
wooloff the sheep's back.It has such wonderful natural properties that can be made into knitting wool to keep us
warm amongst other things. sheep shearing process with live demos, and afterwards get to see how the shearing
sheds looked back in the fifties.
QUEENSTOWN- Queenstown, New Zealand, sits on the shores of the South Island’s Lake Wakatipu, set against
the dramatic Southern Alps. Renowned for adventure sports, it’s also a base for exploring the region’s vineyards
and historicmining towns. There's bungee jumping off Kawarau Gorge Suspension Bridge and jet-boating on the
Shotover and Dart rivers. In winter, there's skiing on the slopes of The Remarkables and Coronet Peak.
PLACES OF INTEREST IN QUEENSTOWN:-
THE REMARKABLES:- A famous mountain range for skiing, the Remarkables are a mere half an hour drive from
downtown Queenstown. There are various ski terrains to cater to the requirements of all levels, from beginners
to thepros.
LAKE WAKATIPU:- Lake Wakatipu is New Zealand's third largest lake. Surrounded by mountains on all sides, it's
aspectacular setting for boat rides or relaxing on the shore.
CORONET PEAK:- Coronet Peak was New Zealand's first commercial ski field. Coronet peak is frequented by
manythroughout the ski season for some fun and exhilarating action. It has got top class facilities, and is known
for it's stunning weaving terrains suited to the requirements of all difficulties.The snowmaking on the peak is
also pretty intensive throughout the ski season.
AJ HACKETT BUNGY:- AJ Hackett provide some fantastic adventure activities in the entire country, and none
better than those here in Queenstown. The town is home to the highest bungy jump in New Zealand, and also
has 2 other jumpsof varying heights. Not just that, Queenstown also has the world's biggest rope swing, has a
bridge climb, and even a tandem zip ride.
FRANZ JOSEF- Franz Josef / Waiau is a small town in the West Coast region of the South Island of New
Zealand. Whataroa is 32 kilometres to the north-east, and the township of Fox Glacier is 23 kilometres to the
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south-west. StateHighway 6 runs through the town.
PLACES OF INTEREST IN FRANZ JOSEF:-

CALLERY GORGE WALK:- The track narrows through the rainforest, and follows alongside an old gold mining
water race. The water race and some rusty relics are among the last visual reminders of the gold mining era.
PETERS POOL WALK:- This fully-accessible walk winds through the rainforest to a small kettle lake, which was
formed by ice melting amongst glacial moraine about 200 years ago. Enjoy the reflective views of the glacier
and mountain peaks in this tranquil setting.
FRANZ JOSEF GLACIER:- Franz Josef Glacier is a 12 km long temperate maritime glacier located in Westland Tai
Poutini National Park on the West Coast of New Zealand's South Island. Together with the Fox Glacier 20 km to
the south, and a third glacier, it descends from the Southern Alps to less than 300 metres (980 ft) above sea
level. Coronet Peak was New Zealand's first commercial ski field.
WEST COAST WILDLIFE CENTRE:- This incredible wildlife attraction is home to the official hatching facility for the
world's 2 rarest kiwis – the Rowi & Haast Tokoeka. See live kiwi during the day inside our nocturnal house,
discoverthe interactive glacier attraction and West Coast storytelling areas and see live kiwi chicks and meet the
friendly kiwi ranger staff.
CHRIST CHURCH- Christchurch, known for its English heritage, is located on the east coast of New Zealand’s
SouthIsland. Flat-bottomed punts glide on the Avon River, which meanders through the city centre. On its banks
are cycling paths, the green expanse of Hagley Park and Christchurch Botanic Gardens. In 2010 and 2011,
earthquakes destroyed many of the historic centre's stone-built buildings.
PLACES OF INTEREST IN CHRIST CHURCH:-
AKAROA:- Originally an island formed by two volcanic cones, the peninsula has two dominant craters which
formLyttelton and Akaroa Harbours. The peninsula was named for botanist Joseph Banks, who sailed with
Captain JamesCook on the Endeavour. The best way to explore Akaroa is on foot.
LAKE TEKAPO:- Lake Tekapo is about three hours drive south-west of Christchurch in the Mackenzie Basin. The
township faces north across the remarkable turquoise coloured lake to the mountainous drama of the Southern
Alps. LakeTekapo gets its intense milky-turquoise colour from the fine rock-flour (ground by glaciers) which is
suspended in the water.
CHRISTCHURCH BOTANIC GARDENS:- Over the years natural wetlands and sand dunes have been transformed
into an elegantly cultivated 21 hectare park with more than 10 different gardens framed by mature trees and
expansive lawns, which are mostly contained within a loop of the Avon River.
MOUNT SOMERS CONSERVATION AREA:- The mountain's extensive volcanic formations of andesite and rhyolite
can be explored in the Mount Somers Conservation Area. The premier walking experience here is the Mount Somers
Sub-Alpine Walkway.
NEW ZEALAND
Christchurch(1N-)Dunedin(1N)-Queenstown(3N)- Franz Josef Glacier(1N)-Christchurch(1N)
Day 1 :Arrive in Christchurch
Arrive at Christchurch, pick up your rental car from the airport and drive to your hotel. A city with brilliant artwork
and pocket gardens all around. Spend the evening at leisure in this Garden City. Other than popular art
institutions, there is Hagley Park- the largest urban open space in Christchurch that you must visit. Other places
on your itinerary should be the Botanic Garden and the Christchurch City Center. For a memorable experience,
take an Edwardian punt ride on the Avon River. Historically rich and significant, a cycling tour through the city is
also a great way of enjoying its beauty andlearning about its rich history. After the eventful day, return to the
hotel for an overnight stay.
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Day 2: Christchurch - Dunedin
On this day, travel to Dunedin, a city known for its Scottish heritage and quirky vibe. Drive through the
Canterbury Plains to reach Ashburton. Then, take the coastal road to reach the port city of Timaru. From there,
head straight to Oamaru and witness the spectacular stone buildings on your way. Once you reach the city of
Dunedin, spend the rest of the day at leisure. When here, explore the city center - Octagon. Chinese Gardens is a
must-visit place in Dunedin, whichis a fitting reminder of the city’s Chinese industrial past. The Otago Harbour,
perfect for kayaking, rowing, windsurfing, fishing, and yachting, is a popular spot for tourists. End the day in the
comfort's of your hotel room.
Day 3: Dunedin - Queenstown
In the morning, board the historic Taieri Gorge Train to Pukerangi to take one of the most of the scenic train
routes in theworld. Witness the magnificent stone, wrought iron viaducts, bridges, and beautiful rivers on your
way. Disembark at Pukerangi and continue your journey to Queenstown by car. Reach Queenstown and stay at
your designated hotel for thenight.
Day 4: Queenstown
After enjoying a delicious breakfast at the hotel. Begin this day by driving towards Milford Sound and board your
Milford Sound Cruise. A once-in- a-lifetime kind of an experience, the cruise takes you through this mesmerizing
fjord intender vessels or kayaks and behold the picturesque beauty of Mitre Peak. Watch fur seals lazing on the
rocks and a wide variety of seabirds, and witness some beautiful waterfalls on your way. Return to the hotel in
the evening and spend the rest of the time at leisure and then retire in your room for a comfortable night's sleep.
Day 5: Queenstown
On this day, enjoy a variety of optional activities at Queenstown. If you are an adventure junkie, take part in the
excitingShotover Jet boat ride. Prepare yourself for the ultimate jet boating experience. Try bungee jumping at
Ledge Bungy, which is sure to take your breath away. Other optional activities are skydiving or sky swing and
river rafting. Make the most of this opportunity and conquer your fears. After this adventurous day, get back to
your hotel and take rest.
Day 6: Queenstown - Franz Josef Glacier

This day marks the beginning of exploring the glacier regions of New Zealand. Today, make your way to New
Zealand and travel past Lake Wanaka, Lake Hāwea, Haast Pass, and Westland National Park. Westland National
Park is a part ofWorld Heritage Area with snow-capped mountains, glaciers, forests, tussock grasslands, lakes,
rivers, wetlands, and beaches. Drive north to arrive at Fox and Franz Josef Glaciers. Witness the beauty of huge
valleys of ice that extend wellbelow the snowline, almost to the sea. After this, return to your hotel and retire for
the day.
Day 7: Glacier region – Christchurch (via Tranz alpine train)
Another scenic train route awaits you today as you travel north to Greymouth and board the world famous
TranzAlpine Train from there. Greymouth is a town with a history of jade hunting, gold mining, and dramatic river
floods. Travel through the beech forests and the alpine village of Arthur’s Pass (the highest pass over South Alps),
and pass by the mountain range of Southern Alps. Arrive at Christchurch, crossing the fertile Canterbury Plains.
Retire in the comforts ofyour hotel room and rest well for the final day of your trip.
Day 8: Departure
Your tour ends on this day. Head straight to Christchurch airport and drop the car at airport branch and board
your flightfor onward journey. Return home with some special memories from this exciting trip.
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CANADA
Canada is a North American country stretching from the U.S. in the south to the Arctic Circle in the north. Major
cities include massive Toronto, west coast film centre Vancouver, French-speaking Montréal and Québec City,
and capital cityOttawa. Canada's vast swaths of wilderness include lake-filled Banff National Park in the Rocky
Mountains. It's also home to Niagara Falls, a famous group of massive waterfalls.
Canada is a country located in the northern part of North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend
from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering 9.98 million square kilometres
(3.85 million squaremiles), making it the world's second-largest country by total area.
BEST TIME TO VISIT:- Early May to the end of June. Mid-May to late June is a great time to visit Canada. July and
August. July-August is peak tourist season right across Canada, from Halifax to Vancouver, especially from mid-
July tomid-August.
NIAGARA FALLS-Niagara Falls is the collective name for three waterfalls that straddle the international
border between the Canadian province Ontario and the American state of New York. They form the southern
end ofthe Niagara Gorge. From largest to smallest, the three waterfalls are the Horseshoe Falls, the
American Falls and
the Bridal Veil Falls. The Horseshoe Falls lies on the border of the United States and Canada[1] with the American
Fallsentirely on the United States' side, separated by Goat Island. The smaller Bridal Veil Falls are also on the
United States' side, separated from the other waterfalls by Luna Island.
PLACES OF INTEREST IN NIAGARA FALLS:-
CAVE OF THE WINDS-Cave of the Winds offers a close up, and somewhat wet, look at the falls. Visitors descend into
the Niagara Gorge and walk up several sets of stairs to the Hurricane Deck.
AQUARIUM OF NIAGARA-The Aquarium of Niagara offers a variety of marine animals, including sea lions,
penguins and otters. Some of the highlights include seal, shark, and penguin feedings, and the sea lion training
sessions.
NIAGARA'S WAX MUSEUM OF HISTORY-this museums is both fun and educational, presenting historical facts
related to the falls, along with the wax figures. Some of the displays are a little dated but interesting
nonetheless.
MAID OF THE MIST-THE Maid of the Mist is a long running tour boat, and one of the most popular ways to
experience the falls. The boat takes visitors up close to the base of the falls. So close in fact, passengers are
given raincoats to protect against the heavy mist and spray from the falls. It passes directly in front of the falls
and enters theHorseshoe Basin. White water surrounds the double-decker boat while the water plunges down
right in front of you.
TORONTO-Toronto, the capital of the province of Ontario, is a major Canadian city along Lake Ontario’s north-
westernshore. It's a dynamic metropolis with a core of soaring skyscrapers, all dwarfed by the iconic, free-
standing CN Tower.
Toronto also has many green spaces, from the orderly oval of Queen’s Park to 400-acre High Park and its trails,
sports facilities and zoo.It is located within the Golden Horseshoe in Southern Ontario on the northern shore of
Lake Ontario. With 2,731,571 residents in 2016, it is the largest city in Canada and fourth-largest city in North
America by population.
PLACES OF INTEREST IN TORONTO:-
CN TOWER-It is 553-meter CN Tower, one of the city's must see attractions and also the most impossible to miss.
Towering above the downtown, the structure can be seen from almost everywhere in the city. Visitors have the
option ofsimply appreciating the building from the ground, or taking a trip up to one of the observation areas or
restaurants for fabulous views of the city and Lake Ontario.
ROYAL ONTARIO MUSEUM-It houses an outstanding collection and also features major exhibitions from around
theworld. A controversial expansion of the facility saw a modern wing featuring glass and sharp angles added on
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to a very traditional older building. The museum contains collections covering a great variety of periods from all
over the world.
CASA LOMA-Casa Loma is an extraordinary building somewhat reminiscent of a medieval castle. With close to 100
rooms, including three dozen bathrooms, the house is now a museum. Visitors can take a look back in time to a
period of European elegance and splendor. Canada's foremost castle is complete with decorated suites, secret
passages, an 800-foottunnel, towers, stables, and five acres of estate gardens.
ENTERTAINMENT DISTRICT-Toronto Entertainment District comes to life in the evenings. This is the place to
come to see major theatre productions with the latest shows and musicals, concerts, and other performing
arts.
OTTAWA- Ottawa is Canada’s capital, in the east of southern Ontario, near the city of Montréal and the U.S.
border. Sitting on the Ottawa River, it has at its centre Parliament Hill, with grand Victorian architecture and
museums such asthe National Gallery of Canada, with noted collections of indigenous and other Canadian art.
The park-lined Rideau Canal is filled with boats in summer and ice-skaters in winter.It stands on the south bank
of the Ottawa River in the eastern portion of southern Ontario.
PLACES OF INTEREST IN OTTAWA:-
PARLIAMENT HILL-The Parliament Buildings, in all their splendor of Victorian Gothic sandstone, are quite an
imposing sight on a 50-meter-high hill looking out over the Ottawa River. The Parliamentary Library, at the back
of thebuilding opposite the entrance, is a wonderfully furnished octagon that was untouched in the 1916 fire.
CANADIAN WAR MUSEUM-It is a modern museum explores Canada's military past, from the fighting between
French and Iroquois people in the 16th century through the Canadian contribution to the First and Second
World Warsand the role of modern peacekeepers.
NATIONAL GALLERY OF CANADA-National Gallery of Canada is an architectural masterpiece with prism-like glass
towers that echo the lines of the nearby Parliament Buildings. The glass contrasts with the mock medieval
ChâteauLaurier.
NOTRE DAME BASILICA-Notre Dame is a beautiful Catholic basilica consecrated in 1846. It is particularly noted for
the interior mahogany carvings by Philippe Parizeau and figures of the four evangelists, prophets, and apostles by
Louis- Philippe Hébert. The stained glass windows are particularly fine. The series of 17 windows picturing scenes
from the lifeof Christ and the Virgin Mary were completed between 1956 and 1061, the work of Montreal artist
Guido Nincheri.
MONTREAL- Montréal is the largest city in Canada's Québec province. It’s set on an island in the Saint Lawrence
Riverand named after Mt. Royal, the triple-peaked hill at its heart. Its boroughs, many of which were once
independent cities, include neighbourhoods ranging from cobblestoned, French colonial Vieux-Montréal – with
the Gothic Revival Notre- Dame Basilica at its centre – to bohemian Plateau.
PLACES OF INTEREST IN MONTREAL:-
MONT ROYAL-Mont Royal rises 233 meters above the city and is the green lung near the city center. A stroll
through this lovely park enables the visitor to see monuments to Jacques Cartier and King George VI, to spend
some time by Lac-aux-Castors, and to have a look at the cemeteries on the western slope where the city's
different ethnic groups have rested in peace together for centuries.
OLD MONTREAL-Old Montréal is a remarkable concentration of buildings dating from the 17th, 18th, and 19th
centuries. The district has the delightful feel of a Parisian-style quarter, situated as it is between the
waterfront and thebusiness hub.
PARC JEAN DRAPEAU- The building is designed in the shape of a sphere and is the largest such structure in
theworld. A remnant of the 1967 world fair, the Biosphere is now a museum dedicated to ecological issues.
PLACES JACQUES-Cartier-A gathering point in Old Montréal that's especially lively in summer, Place Jacques-
Cartieris a popular tourist spot surrounded by historic buildings, pretty gardens, public services, and restaurants.
At the uphill end, there is a Nelson's Column and the impressive Montréal City Hall.
BANFF- Banff is a resort town in the province of Alberta, located within Banff National Park. The peaks of Mt.
Rundle and Mt. Cascade, part of the Rocky Mountains, dominate its skyline. On Banff Avenue, the main
thoroughfare, boutiques and restaurants mix with château-style hotels and souvenir shops. The surrounding 6,500
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square kilometres of parkland are home to wildlife including elk and grizzly bears. Banff is a town within Banff
National Park in Alberta, Canada. It is located in Alberta's Rockies along the Trans-Canada Highway.
PLACES OF INTEREST IN BANFF:-
THE TOWN OF BANFF-Located in the south end of Banff National Park, this little town, surrounded by mountains,
is a main tourist destination in Alberta. It is devoted to the tourism industry with all kinds of accommodation,
interesting shops, and restaurants that range from casual to high end. In the summer, the streets are packed with
tourists from all overthe world who come to see the Canadian Rockies, and in winter, the town maintains its lively
atmosphere as skiers descend on Banff to enjoy the nearby slopes.
SULPHUR MOUNTAIN-Visitors can take the Sulphur Mountain Gondola up Sulphur Mountain. On a clear day,
thereis a splendid view from the three terrace decks and the mountain-top restaurant. At the top are a number
of walking options, including the Banff Skywalk (Vista Trail), an easy one-kilometer trail that leads to the Cosmic
Ray Station National Historic Site of Canada and the Sanson's Peak Meteorological Station.
LAKE LOUISE-The jewel of Banff National Park is Lake Louise with its shimmering turquoise green water and
surrounding snow-capped mountains rising up to 3,000 meters high. Although the water is too cold for bathing, it
is idealfor canoeing. At the western end of Lake Louise, Mount Victoria (3,469 meters), rises in majestic splendor.
JOHNSTON CANYON-A trail leads through the canyon, with bridges along the steep cliff walls allowing visitors to
geta feel for being in one of these unique canyons. The path continues on some six kilometers on the far side of
the canyon, leading up to the Ink Pots, a group of springs. Two of these are particularly striking because of the
bluish-green colour of the water.
VANCOUVER- Vancouver, a bustling west coast seaport in British Columbia, is among Canada’s densest, most
ethnically diverse cities. A popular filming location, it’s surrounded by mountains, and also has thriving art,
theatre andmusic scenes. Vancouver Art Gallery is known for its works by regional artists, while the Museum of
Anthropology houses preeminent First Nations collections.
PLACES OF INTEREST IN VANCOUVER:-
STANLEY PARK-Stanley Park is a lush peninsula park of huge trees adjacent to Downtown Vancouver. A
paved seawall path encircles the green space, and most visitors take the time to explore on foot or by
bicycle.
GRANVILLE ISLAND-Granville Island is now a thriving centre of activity with a relaxed and distinctive atmosphere.
Artists and retailers have moved into converted warehouses alongside houseboats, theaters, galleries, and
restaurants.
The Granville Island Public Market is one of the most popular attractions selling fruit and vegetables, seafood, and
a greatvariety of other specialties as well as ready-to-eat items.
GROUSE MOUNTAIN-Grouse Mountain offers an unmatched panorama in clear weather. That's especially so in
theevenings when the city lights are on. A gondola operates daily running from street level to the summit,
where dining, activities, and wildlife await mountaintop explorers year-round.
KITSILANO BEACH-The sandy shoreline of Kitsilano Beach defines the laid-back, fun-loving Vancouver lifestyle. It's
a place locals hang out with friends or take a dip in the outdoor heated seawater swimming pool, and visitors
come to admire the mountain backdrop. Views from Kitsilano over the city center are wonderful.
WHISTLER- Whistler is a town north of Vancouver, British Columbia, that's home to Whistler Blackcomb, one of
the largest ski resorts in North America. Besides skiing and snowboarding, the area offers snowshoeing,
tobogganing and skijumping at the Olympic Park, a venue for the 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympics. The hub of
Whistler is a compact, chalet-style pedestrian village at the base of Whistler and Blackcomb mountains.
WHISTLER- Whistler is a town north of Vancouver, British Columbia, that's home to Whistler Blackcomb, one of
the largest ski resorts in North America. Besides skiing and snowboarding, the area offers snowshoeing,
tobogganing and skijumping at the Olympic Park, a venue for the 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympics. The hub of
Whistler is a compact, chalet-style pedestrian village at the base of Whistler and Blackcomb mountains.
PLACES OF INTEREST IN WHISTLER:-
GARIBALDI PROVINCIAL PARK- Garibaldi Provincial Park, also called Garibaldi Park, is a wilderness park located in
British Columbia, Canada, about 70 kilometres north of Vancouver. The park is located to the east of the Sea to
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Sky Highway between Squamish and Whistler.
WHISTLER BLACKCOMB- Whistler Blackcomb is a ski resort located 121 km north of Vancouver, in British
Columbia, Canada. By many measures it is the largest ski resort in North America and has the greatest uphill lift
capacity.Renowned year-round resort known for skiing, snowboarding, biking & more, plus spas, shops & cafes.
SHANNON FALLS PROVINCIAL PARK- Shannon Falls Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada.
It is located 58 kilometers from Vancouver and 2 kilometers south of Squamish along the Sea to Sky Highway.
AUDAIN ART MUSEUM- Displays at this modern hub range from works & masks of early area peoples
tocontemporary pieces.
KAMPLOOPS- Kamloops is a Canadian city in British Columbia, where the North and South Thompson rivers meet.
Sun Peaks Resort’s hiking trails, bike park and numerous ski runs lie to the northeast. Cougars and bears inhabit
the British Columbia Wildlife Park east of town. West, above Kamloops Lake are clay hoodoos (or spires). The
riverside Secwepemc Museum & Heritage Park features the remains of a 2,000-year-old village.
PLACES OF INTEREST IN KAMPLOOPS:-
BIG LITTLE SCIENCE CENTRE- It is dedicated to developing a passion for science in our community. Started in
February 2000 by Gordon R. Gore, this retired science teacher has dedicated his life to teaching science in an
interactiveenvironment. With over 140 hands-on stations, visitors can experiment on their own or see
demonstrations.
ART GALLERY- The Kamloops arts and culture scene is positively bursting at the seams with local artists. From
largescale productions to grassroots performances, there is always a provocative, electrifying and entertaining
experience awaiting you. Be one with the audience, witness a story unfold. Allow your perspectives to shift, your
mind to change, your mood to lift.
RIVERSIDE PARK BEACH- Located on the South Thompson River Downtown. With an easy walking distance from
Downtown Kamloops, this park is the top spot in the summer and shoulder season fro beach access and kid friendly
playtime. The beach has marked swimming areas, lifeguards on duty, playground, water park, outdoor kitchens,
tennis, lawn bowling, concession and in the summer months it's the home of Music in the Park.
CANMORE- Canmore is a town in Alberta’s Rocky Mountains, west of Calgary. It’s known for craggy summits like
theThree Sisters and Ha Ling Peak. In nearby Canmore Nordic Centre Provincial Park, the Grassi Lakes Trail weaves
past a waterfall to 2 turquoise blue lakes. The park also features cross-country ski and mountain-bike trails. East,
Grotto Canyon’s steep limestone walls flank a narrow creek bed leading to a cave.
PLACES OF INTEREST IN CANMORE:-
BOW VALLEY PROVINCIAL PARK- Bow Valley Provincial Park is a provincial park located in Alberta, Canada.
Established in 1959 in the arch of Bow River, at the confluence with Kananaskis River, the park is one park of
many within the Kananaskis Country park system.
HA LING PEAK- Ha Ling Peak is a peak at the northwestern end of Mount Lawrence Grassi — a mountain
locatedimmediately south of the town of Canmore just east of the Spray Lakes road in Alberta's Canadian
Rockies.
SPRAY LAKES RESERVOIR- Spray Lakes Reservoir is a reservoir in Alberta, Canada. The Spray Lakes were a string
of lakes formed along the Spray River, a tributary of the Bow River. With the damming of the river, the lakes were
united in the Spray Lakes Reservoir.
GROTTO MOUNTAIN- Grotto Mountain is a mountain located in the Bow River valley, across from Canmore,
Alberta, Canada. It is a popular hiking spot among locals and is home to the Rat's Nest Cave. The mountain was
namedfor a grotto-like cave with it.
CALGARY- Calgary, a cosmopolitan Alberta city with numerous skyscrapers, owes its rapid growth to its status as
the centre of Canada’s oil industry. However, it’s still steeped in the western culture that earned it the nickname
“Cowtown,”evident in the Calgary Stampede, its massive July rodeo and festival that grew out of the farming
exhibitions once presented here.
PLACES OF INTEREST IN CANMORE:-
CALGARY ZOO AND PREHISTORIC PARK- Founded in 1912, the Calgary Zoo sits on St. George's Island in theBow
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River. The zoo is home to many examples of rare and threatened species of animals, as well as botanical
gardens. Spring is always a fun time at the zoo with the arrival of newborn animals.
HERITAGE PARK- Heritage Park in Calgary is a typical village from the pioneering period, with dozens of
reconstructed historical buildings and lively costumed interpreters from four different time periods - ranging
from an1860 fur-trading fort to a 1930s town square.
CANADA OLYMPIC PARK- In the foothills of the mountains to the west of the city, rise the strange-looking
towersof Calgary Olympic Park. In 1988, this was the primary site for the XV Olympic Winter Games. Today, the
hill is still open to skiing and snowboarding, and there are opportunities to bob sled, zip-line, toboggan, and
mountain bike.
PRINCE'S ISLAND PARK- Prince's Island Park is a large green space in downtown Calgary, set on an island in the
Bow River. The park is adjacent to Eau Claire Market, and many tourists make a joint visit to these two
attractions. Thepark offers walking and biking areas, as well as outdoor concerts and plays during the summer
months.
CANADA
Toronto(2N)-Niagara Falls-Ottawa(1N)-Quebec-Montreal(2N)
Day 1: Fly to Toronto

Welcome to Toronto!!!! Your pick up will be done by our airport representative (Baggage claim for Domestic
passengers.Check into Hotel (Check in time 3 PM).Meet and greet with tour manager at 6 pm in the hotel lobby.
Your Tour Director prepares you for your upcoming adventure. Please note that if your flight is coming in late, you
will miss the itinerary schedules for today. Enjoy a fabulous Indian Dinner with an array of mouthwatering dishes
laid in buffet style at a Indian restaurant. Depart for the CN Tower, where you’ll enjoy incredible views of the city
and harbour below you. Overnight stay at the hotel.
Day 2: Day Trip to Niagara Falls
After breakfast at the hotel , proceed Guided City Tour of Toronto. After lunch on own proceed to visit the Niagara
Falls.Drive around the “Golden Horseshoe” of Lake Ontario and through vineyards and rich farmlands. Then, board
a Niagara Falls sightseeing CRUISE for a thrilling boat ride to view the thundering falls from river level and then
proceed to the Journey behind the Falls. Enjoy the brand new Hornblower Incline Railway to view the panoramic
views of the Great Gorge, Niagara River, American and Horseshoe Falls during their descent provided by the new
state-of-the-art glass- enclosed railway cars designed to optimize the guest viewing experience After Dinner at
Indian Restaurant drive back towards Toronto and overnight stay at the hotel.
Day 3: Toronto to Ottawa
Checkout of the hotel after breakfast and drive towards Ottawa( about 3 hrs drive).On the way stop at Kingston .
Explorethis town on own and an early lunch on own. Board the cruise at Rockport to view the spectacular views
of the 1000 Islands. After the cruise drive towards Ottawa. Enjoy the guided city tour of Ottawa. Dinner at Indian
restaurant and overnight stay in Ottawa.
Day 4: Ottawa to Montreal
Checkout of the hotel after breakfast. Take the guided tour of the Parliament and discover the history, functions
and art of Canada’s Parliament! Visit to the Royal Canadian Mint to learn how coins are made by joining an
interactive guided tour.After lunch drive towards Montreal. Visit the Notre-Dame Basilica of Montreal. This tour is
an ideal introduction to the
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history of Notre-Dame Parish, the building of the church, key architectural features and the many works of art
that adornthe building. Continue with the Guided City Tour of Montreal. End the day with a delicious dinner at
Indian restaurant and overnight stay at Montreal
Day 5: Quebec City Day Trip
After breakfast drive towards Quebec city (about 3 hrs drive).After lunch on own , preceed to the guided city tour
of Quebec city. Québec City, a UNESCO World Heritage Treasure is surrounded by gorgeous landscapes.
Historical, cultural and outdoor activities, exquisite food as well as international events await. Old Québec and
nature splendours, just minutes from town, are sumptuous in every season!Quick photo stop at the
Montmorency Falls.With its 83 meters high (30 meters higher than Niagara Falls),Montmorency Falls dominates
the landscape. Drive back to Montreal. Dinnerat Indian restaurant and overnight stay at Montreal.
Day 6: Fly back

Today after breakfast, check out from the hotel (check out time is 11 am). The hotel offers complimentary shuttle
to the airport. Please check with the bell desk regarding shuttle timings. If you have any early flight & no shuttle
is operational,please take a cab on own.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
The U.S. is a country of 50 states covering a vast swath of North America, with Alaska in the northwest and Hawaii
extending the nation’s presence into the Pacific Ocean. Major Atlantic Coast cities are New York, a global finance
and culture centre, and capital Washington, DC. Midwestern metropolis Chicago is known for influential
architecture and on the west coast, Los Angeles' Hollywood is famed for filmmaking. Currency is US Dollars.
Tourism in the United States isa large industry that serves millions of international and domestic tourists yearly.
Tourists visit the US to see natural wonders, cities, historic landmarks, and entertainment venues.
BEST TIME TO VISIT:- The best time to visit is late spring in May & it has pleasant temperatures and sunny
days,coupled with greater accessibility into national parks but without the crowds of the summer season.
SAN FRANSCISCO- San Francisco, in northern California, is a hilly city on the tip of a peninsula surrounded by the
Pacific Ocean and San Francisco Bay. It's known for its year-round fog, iconic Golden Gate Bridge, cable cars and
colourful Victorian houses. The Financial District's Transamerica Pyramid is its most distinctive skyscraper. In the
bay,sits Alcatraz Island, site of the notorious former prison.
PLACES OF INTEREST IN SAN FRANSCISCO:-
GOLDEN GATE BRIDGE-It is one of the seven wonders of the modern world. This magnificent bridge, perhaps
SanFrancisco's most famous landmark, opened in 1937 after a four-year struggle against relentless winds, fog,
rocks and treacherous tides. Spanning 1.7 miles from San Francisco to the Marin headlands.
GOLDEN GATE PARK- Golden Gate Park stretches for three miles on the western edge of San Francisco and its 1,017
acres are a tonic for mind and body. Two major museums, splendid gardens and facilities for more than 20 sports
confirmthat this is a playground in every sense of the word.
ALCATRAZ ISLAND- Alcatraz was the site of the first lighthouse in the Western United States but became a
federal penitentiary from 1934-1963, housing famous convicts such as Al Capone and George "Machine Gun"
Kelly. Now, thisonce infamous prison island is part of the Bay Area’s 80,000-acre Golden Gate National
Recreation Area.
SAN FRANCISCO MUSEUM OF MODERN ART (SFMOMA)-Founded in 1935 as the first West Coast museum
dedicated to modern and contemporary art, a transformed SFMOMA reopened on May 14, 2016. The Snohetta-
designedexpansion includes 170,000 square feet of new and renovated galleries, enabling SFMOMA to display
more than 32,000modern and contemporary artworks and an entire floor dedicated solely to photography.
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LOS ANGELES-Los Angeles is a sprawling Southern California city and the center of the nation’s film and
televisionindustry. Near its iconic Hollywood sign, studios such as Paramount Pictures, Universal and Warner
Brothers offer behind-the-scenes tours. On Hollywood Boulevard, TCL Chinese Theatre displays celebrities’
hand- and footprints, theWalk of Fame honors thousands of luminaries and vendors sell maps to stars’ homes.
PLACES OF INTEREST IN LOS ANGELES:-
UNIVERSAL STUDIOS HOLLYWOOD- Universal Studios Theme Park has a variety of mind-blowing rides based on
movie themes, but is also a working movie studio. The main attraction for most people is usually the rides, which
range from simulators to roller coasters. Favorite movie and TV-themed rides and sets include The Wizarding
World of Harry Potter, The Walking Dead, The Simpsons, and Transformers.
GRIFFITH PARK AND GRIFFITH OBSERVATORY- Griffith Park, in the eastern part of the Santa Monica
Mountains, and covering an area of 4,210 acres, is the largest state park in California. The park is home to
the Los Angeles Zoo, the Griffith Observatory, a planetarium, a Greek theater, a riding center created for the
1984 OlympicGames, golf courses, tennis courts, hiking trails, and other attractions.
HOLLYWOOD- Hollywood is a destination in itself, with its own unique history and iconic sites. The attractions
inHollywood are closely associated with the film industry and the glamour of the silver screen. The hillside
Hollywoodsign, Hollywood Boulevard, the Walk of Fame, and the Chinese Theatre can easily fill a day or two of
sightseeing.
NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM- Natural History Museum has numerous galleries and an extensive permanent
collection that covers a range of topics, it is best known for its collection of dinosaurs. The 14,000-square-foot
Dinosaur Hall has an awesome display of dinosaur skeletons, including a series of Tyrannosaurus rex fossils,
known as the growthseries, featuring three full skeletons that range from baby to adult.
LAS VEGAS-Las Vegas, in Nevada’s Mojave Desert, is a resort city famed for its vibrant nightlife, centered around
24- hour casinos and other entertainment options. Its main street and focal point is the Strip, just over 4 miles
long. This boulevard is home to themed hotels with elaborate displays such as fountains synchronized to music as
well as replicas of an Egyptian pyramid, the Venetian Grand Canal, and the Eiffel Tower.
PLACES OF INTEREST IN LAS VEGAS:-
THE STRIP-The 2.5-mile-long central section of Las Vegas Boulevard, which runs through the city from northeast
tosouthwest, known as the Strip, is lined with huge entertainment palaces, many built with a defining theme and
home toperformance venues, luxury hotel rooms, and fine dining. The Strip is particularly impressive at night,
when the city isilluminated by an endless succession of glittering neon signs.
BELLAGIO RESORT AND FOUNTAIN SHOW- The Bellagio Resort in Las Vegas is a massive, high-end hotel complex,
with a wide variety of attractions, including the Bellagio Gallery of Fine Art, the Conservatory & Botanical
Gardens, a spa and salon, and some of the finest restaurants in Las Vegas. The most impressive and famous
feature is thefountain show.
HIGH ROLLER FERRIS WHEEL ON THE LINQ- The High Roller Ferris wheel is at the far end of the Linq
Promenade, just off the Strip. This huge Ferris wheel stands 550 feet high and takes thirty minutes for one full
rotation,providing outstanding views over the strip and surrounding area from the capsules.
CAESAR'S PALACE AND THE COLOSSEUM- Caesar's Palace is a massive complex in the middle of the Strip,
complete with every imaginable entertainment option. The hotel is closely associated with shows held in its huge
concertvenue known as "The Colosseum.
WASHINGTON DC- Washington, DC, the U.S. capital, is a compact city on the Potomac River, bordering the states
ofMaryland and Virginia. It’s defined by imposing neoclassical monuments and buildings – including the iconic
ones that house the federal government’s 3 branches: the Capitol, White House and Supreme Court. It's also
home to iconic museums and performing-arts venues such as the Kennedy Centre.
PLACES OF INTEREST IN WASHINGTON DC:-
WHITE HOUSE- It is where the President works and lives with his family. It is also the symbol of the United States
tothe rest of the world. It is where the President officially meets with leaders of foreign nations and hosts them
at state dinners. The site for the White House was selected by George Washington, first president of this new
nation, but President John Adams was the first to live in it.
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WASHINGTON MONUMENT- The Washington Monument is probably one of the best-known obelisks on earth.
Builtduring the 19th century, it is a monument to the military achievements of George Washington during the
Revolutionary War. Standing more than 550 feet (170 meters) high, it is the most prominent structure in
Washington, D.C.
LINCOLN MEMORIAL-The Lincoln Memorial is a stunning tribute to the 16th president of the United States,
Abraham Lincoln, who was assassinated as he attended a theatre performance. A mammoth statue of the seated
presidentis surrounded by a Greek Doric style temple.
NATIONAL AIR AND SPACE MUSEUM- The museum is a treasure trove about America’s air and space programs.
Exhibits include everything from the 1903 Wright Flyer to the Apollo 11 moon-landing expedition to exhibits on
how scientists are exploring space today.
NEW YORK- New York City comprises 5 boroughs sitting where the Hudson River meets the Atlantic Ocean. At its
core is Manhattan, a densely populated borough that’s among the world’s major commercial, financial and
cultural centres. Its iconic sites include skyscrapers such as the Empire State Building and sprawling Central Park.
Broadway theatre is staged in neon-lit Times Square.
PLACES OF INTEREST IN NEW YORK:-
STATUE OF LIBERTY- The Statue of Liberty was France's gift to America. Built in 1886, it remains a famous world
symbol of freedom and one of the greatest American icons. It is one of the world's largest statues, standing just
under 152feet tall from the base to the torch, and weighing approximately 450,000 pounds.
CENTRAL PARK- A walk, peddle, or carriage ride through the crisscrossing pathways of Central Park is a must-do
onanyone's New York City itinerary. In winter, you can even lace up your skates and glide across Wollman Rink.
EMPIRE STATE BUILDING- The Empire State Building is one of New York's most famous landmark buildings. The
381-meter-tall, 102-storey building was the tallest in the world until the 1 World Trade Centre tower rose higher,
41 yearslater.
9/11 MEMORIAL & MUSEUM- The World Trade Centre's twin 110-storey towers once dominated the
Manhattan skyline, but were destroyed by suicide-piloted jetliners on September 11, 2001, with a tragic loss of
life. Where the twotowers of the World Trade Centre once stood, now stand two square reflecting pools, each
one acre in size.
ORLANDO- Orlando, a city in central Florida, is home to more than a dozen theme parks. Chief among its claims
to fame is Walt Disney World, comprised of parks like the Magic Kingdom and Epcot, as well as water parks.
Another major destination, Universal Orlando, offers Universal Studios and Islands of Adventure, with the
Wizarding World ofHarry Potter straddling both.
PLACES OF INTEREST IN ORLANDO:-
WALT DISNEY WORLD- Walt Disney World is Florida's most popular family attraction and has been for many years.
Magic Kingdom, Animal Kingdom, Epcot Theme Park, and MGM Studios are just some of the highlights. Additions
suchas Downtown Disney now cater to a more adult crowd, with shopping, restaurants, theatres, and music
venues.
SEAWORLD- Orlando's SeaWorld, with its huge aquariums, dolphin and whale shows, touch pools, and extensive
list ofrides, draws a large family crowd. World’s largest marine park.
UNIVERSALSTUDIOS- Universal Studios offers a look at the film studio of Universal studios, but also offers all
kindsof other attractions and entertainment. This combination theme park and working studio was designed in
consultation with Steven Spielberg. There are two different theme parks at Universal; Universal Studios Florida,
and Universal's Islands of Adventure. The first offers a look at the studios and Islands of Adventure.
ISLANDS OF ADVENTURE- Located at Universal Orlando, Islands of Adventure has five unique islands, each
designed in their own theme, complete with rides and various other forms of entertainment.
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United States of America
New York 2 N/Washington 2N/Niagara 2N
Welcome to New York. On Arrival, you are requested to approach SuperShuttle desk located at your
terminal/ground transportation counter or one of the agents for directions. Private pick up is also available at an
additional cost if pre booked. Check into hotel. Meet your tour manager at 7 pm in the hotel lobby to start the
tour. Enjoy a wonderful buffet dinner at Indian restaurant (walking distance). After dinner, enjoy free time at
Times Square on own to see the city inaction at night. Overnight at Hotel.
Day 2: New York
Depart from the hotel at 8 am in the morning for your breakfast at an American restaurant. After breakfast,
proceed to goon to the Statue of Liberty Ferry from Battery park. View the world famous iconic Statue
symbolizing the country’s freedom. Lunch on own. Make a pit stop to see the “NY BULL” on Wall St. This bronze
statue weighs 3200 kgs & is a symbol of financial optimism & prosperity. Enjoy a scenic view from the top of
Freedom tower observation deck. This isnow the tallest building on the Western Hemisphere and stands in place
of Twin towers. We will make a photo stop at Ground Zero (entrance to 9/11 memorial is not included). Get
down to get a closer look at Rockefeller center comprising of 19 high rise commercial buildings. Declared a
national historic monument, you will be able to get quick photos of this landmark. Explore Souvenir shopping to
take some excellent mementos back home. See New York at its best from a double-decker bus. In “The City that
Never Sleeps,” the best sightseeing happens after the sun goes down. Discover the brilliant lights, stunning views
and vibrant nightlife with double-decker Night Tour. Overnight at hotel.
Day 3: Washington
Get an early start to your day & drive to Philadelphia (approximately 2 hours’ drive without traffic. Enjoy an
entertainingtour of the largest city in Pennsylvania state (guided city tour). Our entertaining tour guide is a history
buff, and he will relate the love of the city and a real sense of Philadelphia’s place in history to the group. Lunch
on own. Drive to the beautiful city of Baltimore (2 hours’ drive approximately) Enjoy free time on own at
Baltimore’s inner harbor offering a wide variety of restaurants, shopping, street performances and much more
abroad Water Taxi. Drive to outskirts of DC to check into your hotel (approximately one hour’ drive). Dinner
enroute. Check into the hotel.
Day 4: Washington
Today after breakfast, Enjoy city tour of DC with a specialized guide covering all the major landmarks. See all the
key attractions in DC and learn about the history and trivia that surrounds Washington on this interactive tour of
the capital city. You will visit the major monuments on this quick and efficient.At the end of the city tour, you will
be given time atAir & space museum (1 hour and 30 minutes) to view all the different exhibits related to space &
Aeronautics. Lunch onown. You will also be given time to visit museum of Natural history (1 hour and 30
minutes) Proceed to Hershey’s Chocolate world & enjoy a ride depicting the various stages of chocolate making.
Dinner at Indian restaurant & check into Hotel.
Day 5: Niagara
After breakfast, proceed to do the Pennsylvania Capitol tour (if open for tours) & drive to Corning Glass museum
(approximately 3 hours) to view over 40,000 objects representing more than 3500 years’ of glass making. Lunch
on own.Proceed to Niagara Falls (approximately 2 hours of drive). Dinner at Indian restaurant enroute. View the
illumination of falls at night. This illumination includes a range of colors that alternate throughout the evening
and shine over all of Niagara Falls & stay overnight at hotel.
Day 6: Niagara
Today after breakfast, enjoy a 30 minute IMAX movie at the Niagara adventure theatre. To view you next
attraction, Cave of the Winds, you will take an elevator ride- 175 feet below to get to a feel the power of Falls
first hand. Geared-upin a souvenir rain poncho and specially designed sandals, guests follow wooden walkways
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along Niagara River to the Hurricane Deck. Do not forget to take extra pair of clothes as you will definitely get
wet. You will also take a closer lookat the Bridal veil falls in a boat ride abroad Maid of the mist. Lunch on own.
Evening Free on own. Dinner at Indian restaurant & overnight at hotel.
Day 7: Departure
After breakfast, our representative will pick you up from the hotel for airport transfer based on your individual
flights(please note that check out time is 11 am).
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INDIA TRAVEL TOURISM INSTITUTE

STUDENT COURSE E-BOOK

India Travel & Tourism Institute 1

India Travel & Tourism Institute 2

India Travel & Tourism Institute 3

Language spoken 28%

Asia Australia North America Antarctica

Africa Europe South America

India Travel & Tourism Institute 4

Pacific 16,62,41,000 6,41,69,026 46.00%

Atlantic 8,65,57,000 3,34,11,002 23.90%

Indian 7,34,27,000 2,83,42,822 20.30%

Arctic 94,85,000 36,61,210 2.60%

Cultural geography is sometimes referred to as “human geography” because of intensive focus on

India Travel & Tourism Institute 5

The World's Continents

Note: Sub-continents include the Middle East.

Note: Sub-continents include Central America.

India Travel & Tourism Institute 6

Asia 4,44,85,900 1,71,71,557 30.00%

LONGITUDE AND LATITUDE OF MAP-READING SKILLS

EXPLORING THE EARTH'S COUNTRIES

India Travel & Tourism Institute 7

Country Official Name Continent Capital Population Currency Official Languages

and language spoken.

MAJOR CITIES AROUND THE WORLD

CODING AND DE-CODING THREE-LETTER CITY AND AIRPORT CODES

India Travel & Tourism Institute 10

DOMESTIC STATION CODES

S No IATA code Full Name State

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India Travel & Tourism Institute 12

LIST OF AIRLINES IN INDIA

S No Airline IATA Code Headquarters

India Travel & Tourism Institute 13

India Travel & Tourism Institute 14

India Travel & Tourism Institute 15

Country City City Code

India Travel & Tourism Institute 16

India Travel & Tourism Institute 17

Country City City Code Airport Name Airport Code

India Travel & Tourism Institute 18

India Travel & Tourism Institute 19

Country City City Code

India Travel & Tourism Institute 20

India Travel & Tourism Institute 21

THREE-LETTER CITY AND AIRPORT CODES FOR CENTRAL AMERICA

Country City City Code

Belize Belmopan BCV

Costa Rica San Jose SJO

El Salvador San Salvador SAL

Guatemala Guatemala City GUA

Honduras Tegucigalpa TGU

Nicaragua Managua MGA

Panama Panama City PTY

India Travel & Tourism Institute 22

India Travel & Tourism Institute 23

India Travel & Tourism Institute 24

24-Hour Clock System vs. the 12-Hour System

WORLD TIME ZONES

In 1884, the world's major nations agreed to create a series of

India Travel & Tourism Institute 25

India Travel & Tourism Institute 26