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भारतीय मानक IS 2911 (Part 3) : 2021

Indian Standard

पाइल नींवों का डिजाइन

और निर्माण — रीति सहं िता
भाग 3 अंडर-रीम्ड पाइल
(  दसू रा पनु रीक्षण )

Design and Construction of Pile

Foundations — Code of Practice
Part 3 Under-Reamed Piles

( Second Revision )

ICS 91.100.30, 93.020

© BIS 2021

भारतीय मानक ब्रयू ो

B U R E A U O F I N D I A N S TA N D A R D S
मानक भवन, 9 बहादरु शाह ज़फर मार्ग, नई िदल्ली – 110002
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI-110002
   www.bis.gov.in  
www.standardsbis.in

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Soil and Foundation Engineering Sectional Committee, CED 43

FOREWORD
This Indian Standard (Second Revision) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after the draft finalized
by the Soil and Foundation Engineering Sectional Committee had been approved by the Civil Engineering
Division Council.
Piles find application in foundations to transfer loads from a structure to competent subsurface strata having
adequate load-bearing capacity. The load transfer mechanism from a pile to the surrounding ground is complicated
and is not yet fully understood, although application of pile foundations is in practice over many decades.  Broadly,
piles transfer axial loads either substantially by friction along its shaft and/or by the end bearing. Piles are used
where either of the above load transfer mechanism is possible depending upon the subsoil stratification at a
particular site. Construction of pile foundations require a careful choice of piling system depending upon the
subsoil conditions, the load characteristics of a structure and the limitations of total settlement, differential
settlement and any other special requirement of a project. The installation of piles demands careful control on
position, alignment and depth, and involve specialized skill and experience.
Under-reamed piles are of bored cast in-situ and bored compaction concrete types having one or more bulbs
formed by suitably enlarging the borehole for the pile shaft. With the provision of bulb(s), substantial bearing or
anchorage is available. These piles find application in widely varying situations in different types of soils where
foundations are required to be taken down to a certain depth in view of considerations like the need,
a) to avoid the undesirable effect of seasonal moisture changes as in expansive soils;
b) to reach competent strata;
c) to obtain adequate capacity for downward, upward and lateral loads and moments; or
d) to take the foundations below scour level/liquefiable strata.
However, the construction feasibility of under-ream/bulb should be examined as per soil characteristics,
particularly in case of clean/river sands.
When the ground consists of expansive soil, for example black cotton soil, the bulb of the under-reamed pile
provides anchorage against uplift due to swelling pressure apart from the increased bearing. In case of filled-up
or otherwise weak strata overlying the firm strata, enlarged base in the form of under-reamed bulb in firm strata
provides larger bearing area and piles of greater bearing capacity can be made. In loose to medium pervious sandy
and silty strata, bored compaction piles can also be used, as the process of driving reinforcement cage in the
freshly filled concrete in the bore increases the load carrying capacity of the piles. Under-reamed piles may also
be used under situations where the vibration and noise caused during construction of piles are to be avoided. The
provision of bulb(s) is of special advantage in under-reamed piles to resist uplift and they can be used as anchors.
The recommendations made in this standard are based on the general principles applicable to pile foundations and
the experience of construction of a large number of engineering works.
IS 2911 (Part 1) was originally published in 1964 and included provisions regarding driven cast in-situ piles,
precast concrete piles, bored piles and under-reamed piles including load testing of piles. Subsequently the portion
pertaining to under-reamed pile foundations was deleted and covered in IS 2911 (Part 3) : 1980 ‘Code of practice
for design and construction of pile foundations: Part 3 Under-reamed pile foundations (first revision)’. At that
time, it was also decided that the provisions regarding other types of piles should also be published separately
for ease of reference and to take into account the recent developments in this field. Consequently, Part 1 of this
standard was revised in 1979 into three sections. Later, in 1984, a new section as (Part 1/Sec 4) was introduced in
this part of the standard to cover the provisions of bored precast concrete piles. IS 2911 (Part 1/Sections 1 to 4)
were again revised in 2010. The portion relating to load test on piles has been covered in a separate part, namely,
IS 2911 (Part 4) : 2013 ‘Design and construction of pile foundations — Code of practice: Part 4 Load test on piles
(second revision)’.
Considerable assistance was provided by CSIR-Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee, for including the
provisions on under-reamed piles in the first version of this standard, and thereafter in bringing out the separate
standard for under-reamed piles in 1980. This revision of the standard (Part 3) has been brought out to bring it in
line with other parts of this standard which have since been revised in 2010 and to align the provisions with the
design and construction practices prevalent in the field.

(Continued to third cover)

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IS 2911 (Part 3) : 2021

Indian Standard
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF PILE
FOUNDATIONS ― CODE OF PRACTICE
PART 3 UNDER-REAMED PILES

( Second Revision )

1 SCOPE IS No. Title

1.1 This standard (Part 3) covers the design and
construction of under-reamed piles having one or more 1892 : 2021 Subsurface investigation for
bulb(s) formed along the pile shaft. foundations — Code of practice
(second revision)
1.1.1 This standard covers under-reamed piles of 1893 (Part 1) : Criteria for earthquake resistant
maximum depth up to 10 m. 2016 design of structures: Part 1
General provisions and buildings
2 REFERENCES
(sixth revision)
The Standards listed below contain provisions which 2720 Methods of test for soils
through reference in this text, constitute provision of
this standard. At the time of publication, the editions   (Part 5) : 1985 Determination of liquid and
indicated were valid. All standards are subject to plastic limit (second revision)
revision, and parties to agreements based on this   (Part 40) : 1977 Determination of free swell
standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility index of soils
of applying the most recent editions of the standards: 2911 Design and construction of pile
IS No. Title (Part 4) : 2013 foundations — Code of practice:
Part 4 Load test on piles
(second revision)
269 : 2015 Ordinary Portland cement —
Specification (sixth revision) 2974 Code of practice for design
(Part 1) : 1982 and construction of machine
455 : 2015 Portland slag cement — foundations: Part 1 Foundation
Specification (fifth revision) for reciprocating type machines
456 : 2000 Plain and reinforced concrete ― (second revision)
Code of practice (fourth revision) 4968 Method for subsurface sounding
875 Design loads (other than (Part 2) : 1976 for soils: Part 2 Dynamic method
(Part 3) : 2015 earthquake) for buildings and using cone and bentonite slurry
structures — Code of practice: (first revision)
Part 3 Wind loads (third revision) 6403 : 1981 Code of practice for
1489 Portland pozzolana cement ― determination of bearing
Specification capacity of shallow foundations
  (Part 1) : 2015 Fly ash based (fourth revision) (first revision)
  (Part 2) : 2015 Calcined clay based 8041 : 1990 Specification for rapid
(fourth revision) hardening Portland cement
(second revision)
1498 : 1970 Classification and identification
of soils for general engineering 8043 : 1991 Hydrophobic Portland cement ―
purposes (first revision) Specification
1786 : 2008 High strength deformed steel 12330 : 1988 Specification for sulphate
bars and wires for concrete resisting Portland cement
reinforcement ― Specification 12600 : 1989 Portland cement, low heat ―
(fourth revision) Specification

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IS 2911 (Part 3) : 2021

3 TERMINOLOGY It may be formed either vertically or at an inclination

(batter pile) and may be required to resist uplift forces.
For the purpose of this standard, the following
definitions shall apply. If the pile supports the load primarily by resistance
developed at the pile tip or base, it is called ‘End bearing
3.1 Allowable Load ― The load which may be
pile’ and, if primarily by friction along its surface, then
applied to a pile after taking into account its ultimate
‘Friction pile’.
load capacity, group effect, the allowable settlement,
negative skin friction and other relevant loading 3.13 Multi-Under-Reamed Pile ― An under-reamed
conditions. pile having more than one bulb. The pile having two
bulbs is known as double under-reamed pile.
3.2 Anchor Pile ― An anchor pile means a pile meant
for resisting pull or uplift forces. 3.14 Net Displacement ― The net vertical movement
of the pile top after the pile has been subjected to a test
3.3 Batter Pile (Raker Pile) ― The pile which is
load and subsequently released.
installed at an angle to the vertical using temporary
casing or permanent liner. 3.15 Routine Load Test ― A working pile is subjected
to load testing for a test load up to 1.5 times the safe
3.4 Bored Cast in-situ Pile ― Piles formed by boring
load.
a hole in the ground by percussive or rotary method
with the use of temporary/permanent casing or drilling 3.16 Safe Load ― It is the load derived by applying a
mud and subsequently filling the hole with reinforced factor of safety on the ultimate load capacity of the pile
concrete. or as determined from load test.
3.5 Bored Compaction Pile — A bored cast in-situ 3.17 Ultimate Load Capacity ― The maximum load
pile with or without bulb(s) in which the reinforcement which a pile can carry before failure, that is, when the
cage is driven by suitable method in the freshly filled founding strata fails by shear as evidenced from the
concrete in the bore. If the pile is with bulb(s), it is load settlement curve or the pile fails as a structural
known as ‘under-reamed bored compaction pile’. member.
3.6 Cut-off Level — It is the level where a pile is 3.18 Under-Reamed Pile — A bored cast in-situ
cut-off to support the pile caps or beams or any other or bored compaction concrete pile with an enlarged
structural components at that level. bulb(s) made by either cutting or scooping out the soil
or by any other suitable process.
3.7 Elastic Displacement— This is the magnitude
of the displacement of the pile head during rebound 3.19 Working Load ― The load assigned to a pile as
on removal of a given test load. This comprises two per design.
components,
3.20 Working Pile ― A pile forming part of the
a) elastic displacement of the soil participating in
foundation system of a given structure.
load transfer; and
b) elastic displacement of the pile shaft. 4 NECESSARY INFORMATION
3.8 Factor of Safety ― It is the ratio of the ultimate 4.1 For the satisfactory design and construction of bored
load capacity of a pile to the safe load on the pile. cast in-situ and bored compacted under-reamed piles
and pile foundation, the information on the following
3.9 Gross Displacement ― The total movement of the aspects is necessary:
pile top under a given load.
a) Site investigation data as laid down in IS 1892 or
3.10 Initial Load Test ― In this test, a test pile is tested any other relevant Indian Standard. Sections of
to determine the load carrying capacity of the pile by trial borings, supplemented wherever appropriate
loading either to its ultimate load or to two and half by penetration tests, should incorporate
times the estimated safe load. data/information down to depth sufficiently below
the anticipated level of founding of piles but this
3.11 Initial Test Pile ― One or more piles, which are should generally be not less than 5 m beyond
not working piles, may be installed if required to assess the pile founding level. Adequacy of the bearing
the load-carrying capacity of a pile. These piles are strata should be ensured by supplementary tests,
tested either to their ultimate load capacity or to two if required.
and half times the estimated safe load.
b) The nature of the soil both around and beneath the
3.12 Load Bearing Pile ― A pile formed in the ground proposed pile should be indicated on the basis of
for transmitting the load of a structure to the soil by the appropriate tests of strength, compressibility, etc.
resistance developed at its tip and/or along its surface. Ground water level and conditions such as artesian

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conditions, if any, should also be recorded. Results 5.2 A typical list of equipment for manual construction is
of chemical tests to ascertain the sulphate, chloride given in Annex B.
and any other deleterious chemical content of soil
and water should be indicated. 5.3 Bore holes may be made by earth augers. In case of
manual boring, an auger boring guide shall be used to
c) A qualitative indication of the degree of keep the bores vertical or to the desired inclination and
expansiveness of soil is given in Annex A. The in position.
free swell index of soil should be determined in
accordance with IS 2720 (Part 40). After the bore is made to the required depth, enlarging
d) In case rock is encountered, adequate description of the base shall be carried out by means of an
of the rock to convey its physical conditions as under-reaming tool.
well as its strength characteristics should be 5.4 Stabilization of bore holes may be done either
indicated. by circulation or by keeping bore full of drilling mud
In case of weathered rock, adequate physical (bentonite).
description and its expected physical behaviour
on boring should be indicated. 5.5 In ground with high water table having unstable pile
bores, boring and under-reaming may be carried out
e) General plan and cross-section of the building
using a suitable drilling mud. Requirements for bentonite
showing type of structural frame, including
drilling mud are given in 8.4. In normally met soil strata,
basement, if any, in relation to the proposed pile
drilling mud can be poured from top while boring and
cap top levels.
under-reaming can be done by normal spiral earth auger
f) The general layout of the structure showing and under-reamer. The level of drilling mud should
estimated loads and moments at the top of pile always be about one metre above water table or the
caps but excluding the weight of the piles and caps level at which caving in occurs. In case of very unstable
should be provided. The top levels of finished pile strata with excessive caving in, continuous circulation
caps shall also be indicated. of drilling mud using suitable pumping equipment and
g) All transient loads due to seismic, wind, water tripod, etc, alongwith modified auger and under-reamer
current, etc, are to be indicated separately. may be used.
h) Sufficient information about structures existing 5.6 To avoid irregular shape and widening of bore hole
nearby should be provided. in very loose strata at top, a casing pipe of suitable length
j) In soils susceptible to liquefaction during may be used temporarily during boring and concreting.
earthquake which shall be ascertained as per
IS 1893 (Part 1), appropriate analysis may be 5.7 For improved control over the inclination of batter
done to determine the depth of liquefaction and piles, a tripod hoist with fixed pulley should be used for
consider the pile depth accordingly. lowering in of under-reaming tools.

4.2 As far as possible, all information in 4.1 shall be 5.8 For placing the concrete in bore holes full of drilling
made available to the agency responsible for the design mud or subsoil water, tremie pipe of not less than
and/or construction of piles and/or foundation work. 100 mm diameter should be used.

4.3 The design details of pile foundation shall give 5.9 For batter under-reamed piles, the reinforcement
the information necessary for setting out and layout cage should be placed guiding it by a chute or any other
suitable method. If concreting is not done by tremie, it
of piles, cut-off levels, finished cap level, layout and
should be done by chute.
orientation of pile cap in the foundation plan and the
safe capacity of each type of pile, etc. 5.10 In under-reamed bored compaction piles, suitable
devices should be used for guiding the movement of drop
4.4 Due note shall be taken of the experience of
weight and specified core assembly for its driving. For
under-reamed and other piles in the area close to the
operating the drop weights, suitable winch of adequate
proposed site and any soil strata report thereof.
capacity with hoisting attachment should be used.
5 EQUIPMENT AND ACCESSORIES 5.11 Kentledge
5.1 The selection of equipment and accessories would Kentledge should be used as dead weight for applying
depend upon the type of under-reamed piles chosen for a test load on a pile.
job after giving due considerations to the subsoil strata,
6 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
ground water condition, types of founding material and
the required penetration therein. Also it will depend on 6.1 General
economic considerations and availability of manually
or power operated equipment. Under-reamed pile foundations shall be designed in
such a way that the load from the structure they support,
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IS 2911 (Part 3) : 2021

can be transmitted to the sub-surface with adequate IS 2974 (Part 1) may be used as a guide for studying
factor of safety against shear failure of sub-surface qualitatively the effect of vibration on persons and
and without causing such settlement (differential or structures.
total), which may result in structural damage and/or
functional distress under permanent/transient loading. 6.1.10.2 In case of deep excavations adjacent to piles,
The pile shaft should have adequate structural capacity proper shoring or other suitable arrangement shall be
to withstand all loads (vertical compression, uplift, made to guard against undesired lateral movement of
lateral) and moments which are to be transmitted to the soil.
subsoil and shall be designed according to IS 456. 6.2 Design of Piles
6.1.1 In expansive soils, the minimum length of piles The load carrying capacity of under-reamed piles
shall be 3.5 m below ground level. In case of expansive depends mainly on the pile dimensions and soil strata.
soil deposits of shallow depth overlying non-expansive Axial load on a pile is transmitted by point bearing at the
competent strata or rock, piles of shorter length can tip and the projected area of the bulb(s), and skin friction
also be provided. along the pile shaft. Depending upon the nature of soil
However, in case of high to very high expansive soils, and pile geometry, in addition to the skin friction on
due care shall be taken to establish the minimum depth shaft, friction can develop on the soil cylinder between
of pile with the top-most (first) bulb located below the the extreme bulbs. In under-reamed bored compaction
level of significant moisture variations/active zone. piles, the mechanism of load transfer remains the same
but soil properties along the shaft improved by the
6.1.2 The diameter of under-reamed bulbs may vary process are considered. In uplift load, point bearing
from 2 to 2.5 times shaft diameter depending upon the component at tip is absent but unlike other straight shaft
feasibility of construction and design requirements. piles, point bearing on an annular projection of the bulb
In bored cast in-situ under-reamed piles and is present. Lateral load and moment are sustained by
under-reamed bored compaction piles, the bulb horizontal soil reaction developed along the pile length,
diameter shall be normally 2.5 and 2 times the shaft which depends on several factors.
diameter, respectively. The design of piles shall be such that it has an adequate
6.1.3 The spacing of bulbs should not be less than factor of safety,
1.5 times the diameter of bulb. a) as a structural member to transmit the imposed
loads;
6.1.4 The first bulb should be at a minimum depth of
b) against failure of strata due to reaching ultimate
2 times the bulb diameter below ground level or cut-off
strength. Further, it should ensure that the desired
level, whichever is lower.
limit of settlement is not exceeded;
6.1.5 Under-reamed piles with more than two bulbs are c) the pile capacities shall be established/confirmed
not advisable without ensuring their feasibility in strata by initial load tests as per IS 2911 (Part 4).
needing stabilization of boreholes by drilling mud.
The number of bulbs in case of under-reamed bored 6.2.1 Pile as a Structural Member
compaction piles should not exceed two in such strata. The pile should have adequate strength to sustain the
6.1.6 The minimum diameter of pile shaft shall be design loads. The pile cross-section should be checked
250 mm. However, in case of strata/ground water for combined effect of vertical loads (compressive and
consisting of excessive chemicals such as sulphates and uplift) and/or lateral loads and moments. The pile shaft
chlorides, or piles with tremie concreting, the minimum should be designed as a short/long column considering
diameter of the pile shaft shall be 300 mm. both concrete and steel (see 6.2.2) as per IS 456, unless
otherwise specified in this standard. In case of latter,
6.1.7 Under-reamed batter piles in dry soil conditions the permissible increase in stresses shall be taken for
can be constructed with batter not exceeding 15°. wind load and seismic forces [see IS 875 (Part 3) and
IS 1893 (Part 1)].
6.1.8 The construction feasibility of
under-ream/ bulb should be examined as per soil 6.2.2 Reinforcement in Piles
characteristics, particularly in case of clean/river sands. 6.2.2.1 The design of reinforcement depends upon the
6.1.9 For guidance, typical details of bored cast in-situ installation conditions. The nature of the subsoil and
under-reamed pile foundations are shown in Fig. 1. the nature of load to be transmitted by the shaft-axial,
or otherwise. The design shall be in accordance with
6.1.10 Adjacent Structures 6.2.1. However, the minimum area of longitudinal
reinforcement shall be 0.4 percent of the cross-sectional
6.1.10.1 When working near existing structures, care area of the pile shaft and shall be provided throughout
shall be taken to avoid damage to such structures. the length.

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IS 2911 (Part 3) : 2021

All dimensions in millimetres.

Fig. 1 Typical Details of Bored Cast in-situ Under-Reamed Pile Foundations

6.2.2.2 The main reinforcement of the pile shall extend 6.2.2.4 Clear cover to all reinforcement including rings
above cut-off level for at least the development length in pile shaft shall be not less than 50 mm, which shall be
to be embedded into the pile cap/grade beam. increased to 75 mm in case of aggressive environment
of sulphates, etc. In addition, the clear cover of the
6.2.2.3 The minimum diameter of the rings shall be main reinforcement from the pile tip shall be 75 mm
8 mm and the spacing of the rings shall be not less
to 100 mm.
than 150 mm. Stiffener rings of suitable diameter and
spacing should be provided in the reinforcing cage to 6.2.3 Safe Load
impart adequate rigidity to the reinforcing cage during
handling and installation. Stiffener rings preferably of Safe load on a pile shall be taken as the least of the
12 mm diameter at every 1.5 m centre to centre spacing following,
should be provided along the entire length of the cage. a) By calculating ultimate load from soil properties
Minimum 6 numbers of vertical bars shall be used for and applying suitable factor of safety;
a circular pile and minimum diameter of vertical bar
b) By load test on pile as provided in IS 2911
shall be 12 mm. The minimum clear horizontal spacing
(Part 4); and
between the adjacent vertical bars shall be four times
the maximum aggregate size in concrete. If required, c) By working out safe load as per Annex C
the bars can be bundled to maintain such spacing. considering soil data.

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6.2.3.1 Ultimate load capacity (using the static formula) b) Granular soils
The ultimate load capacity of a pile can be calculated For granular soils the following expression be
from soil properties. The soil properties required are used,
strength parameters, cohesion, angle of internal friction 1  1
and soil density. If these properties are not available Qu  Ap . .D..N   .d f .N q   Aa .Du .n..N 
directly from laboratory and field tests, they may be  2  2
r n
indirectly obtained from in-situ penetration test data  .N q d r  . .D. .K tan    d12  d f2  d n2 
1
[see IS 4968 (Part 2) and IS 6403]. The success of the   r 1 2
approach essentially depends how realistically the soil   where
properties are determined or deduced.
Ap = π/4 D2, in m2 (where D is shaft
a) Cohesive soils diameter, in m);
For cohesive soils the ultimate load carrying Aa = π/4 (Du2 – D2), in m2 (where
capacity of an under-reamed pile may be worked
Du is the under-reamed bulb
out from the following expressions:
diameter, in m);
Qu = Ap.NcCp + Aa.Nc.C'a+C'a.A's + α.Ca.As
n = number of under-reamed
where bulbs;
Qu = ultimate load capacity of pile, in kN; γ = average unit weight of soil
Ap = cross-sectional area of pile tip, in m2; (submerged unit weight in
strata below water table), in
Nc = bearing capacity factor, may be taken
kN/m3;
as 9;
Nγ and Nq = bearing capacity factors
Cp = average cohesion at pile tip, in kN/m2;
depending upon the angle of
Aa = π/4 (Du2 – D2) where Du and D are the internal friction (see Notes 3
under-reamed and shaft diameter, in m, and 4);
respectively; dr = depth of the centre of different
C'a = average cohesion of soil around the under-reamed bulbs below
under-reamed bulbs, in kN/m2; ground level, in m;
α = adhesion factor layer depending on the df = total depth of pile below
consistency of soil (see Note 4); ground level, in m;
Ca = average cohesion of the soil along the pile K = earth pressure coefficient
shaft, in kN/m2; (usually taken as 1.75 for
As = surface area of the shaft (to be taken above sandy soils);
under-reamed bulb), in m2; and δ = angle of wall friction (may
A's = surface area of the cylinder circumscribing be taken equal to the angle of
the under-reamed bulbs, in m2. internal friction Ø);
The above expression holds for the usual spacing d1 = depth of the centre of first
of under-reamed bulbs spaced at not more than under-reamed bulb, in m; and
one-and-a-half times their diameter. dn = depth of the centre of the last
NOTES under-reamed bulb, in m.
1 The first two terms in formula are for end bearing and the last NOTES
two for friction components.
1 The first two terms in the formula are for bearing

2 If the pile is with one bulb only, the third term will not
component and the last one for friction component.
occur.
3 For calculating uplift load, first term will not occur in 2 For uplift bearing on tip, will not occur.

formula. 3 Nγ factor can be taken for general shear failure according

4 The value of adhesion factor α depends on the undrained to IS 6403.
shear strength of the clay, and may be obtained from Fig. 2. 4 Nq applicable for bored piles are given in Fig. 3.

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IS 2911 (Part 3) : 2021

UNDRAINED SHEAR STRENGTH, Cu (kN/m2)

(For Cu< 40 kN/m2, take α = 1)

Fig. 2 Variations of α with Cu

Nq

Fig. 3 Bearing Capacity Factor, Nq

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c) Soil strata having both cohesion and friction of pile and rated capacity of pile in each type (mode)
In soil strata having both cohesion and friction of loading. The number of tests may be increased if the
or in layered strata having two types of soil, the strata is erratic and for important structures.
bearing capacity may be estimated using pile
6.2.3.3 Safe load as per Annex C
capacity derived from both the formula. However,
in such cases the load tests will be a better guide Safe load should be worked out as per Annex C
[see IS 2911 (Part 4)]. considering the soil data.
d) Under-reamed bored compaction piles in NOTE — Safe loads as given in the above referred table are
sandy/silty (non-plastic/low plastic) strata symptomatic. Safe load carrying capacity of pile shall be
worked out as per 6.2.3.
For under-reamed bored compaction piles in
sandy/silty (non-plastic/low plastic) strata, the 6.2.3.4 Permissible increase over safe vertical
formula in 6.2.3.1 (b) shall be applicable but the compression load on piles
modified value of ∅ will be used as given below: a) Overloading
Ø1 = (Ø + 40)/2 When a pile in a group, designed for a certain safe
where load is found, during or after execution, to fall just
Ø = angle of internal friction of virgin soil. short of the load required to be carried by it, an
The values of Nγ, Nq and δ are taken corresponding overload up to 10 percent of the pile capacity may
to Ø1. be allowed on each pile. The total overloading
on the group should not, however, be more than
The value of the earth pressure coefficient K will 10 percent of the capacity of the group subject to
be 3. the increase of the load on any pile being not more
e) Factors of safety than 25 percent of the allowable load on a single
Factor of safety should be chosen after considering, pile.
1) the reliability of the calculated value of b) Transient loading
ultimate load capacity of a pile, The maximum permissible increase over the safe
2) the types of superstructure and the type of load of a pile, as arising out of wind loading, is
loading, and 25 percent. In case of loads and moments arising
3) allowable total/differential settlement of out of earthquake effects, the increase of safe load
the structure. on a single pile may be limited to the provisions
contained in IS 1893 (Part 1). For seismic forces,
When the ultimate load capacity is determined under-reamed piles shall be treated as point
from static formula, the factor of safety would bearing piles. The seismic and wind forces shall
depend on the reliability of the formula and the not be considered to act simultaneously. For
reliability of the subsoil parameters used in the transient loading arising out of superimposed
computation. The minimum factor of safety on loads, no increase is allowed.
static formula shall be 3. The final selection of a
factor of safety shall take into consideration the 6.2.4 Negative Skin Friction or Drag Down Force
load settlement characteristics of the structure as a When a soil stratum through which a pile shaft has
whole at a given site. penetrated into an underlying hard stratum, compresses
Higher value of factor of safety for determining as a result of either it being unconsolidated or it being
the safe load on piles may be adopted, where, under a newly placed fill or as a result of remoulding
i) settlement is to be limited or unequal during installation of the pile, a drag-down force
settlement avoided, is generated along the pile shaft up to a point in
ii) large impact or vibrating loads are depth where the surrounding soil does not move
expected, and downward relative to the pile shaft. Existence of such
a phenomenon shall be assessed and the allowable
iii) the properties of the soil may deteriorate load shall be suitably reduced, subject to the condition
with time. that the under-ream/bulb is provided below the strata
6.2.3.2 Pile load tests susceptible to negative skin friction.
The safe load on pile(s) in compression, uplift and 6.2.5 Lateral Load on Piles
lateral shall be determined by carrying out load test on A pile may be subjected to lateral force from a number
piles in accordance with IS 2911 (Part 4). There should of causes, such as wind, earthquake, earth pressures,
be a minimum of two numbers of initial pile load tests effect of moving vehicles, plant and equipment, etc.
for first 200 piles and additional one test for every The lateral load carrying capacity of a single pile
additional 200 piles and part thereof. The frequency of depends not only on the horizontal subgrade modulus
testing stipulated above is applicable for each diameter

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IS 2911 (Part 3) : 2021

of the surrounding soil but also on the structural under-reamed bored compaction piles is generally
strength of the pile shaft against bending consequent 1.5 times the bulb diameter (1.5 Du).
upon application of a lateral load. While considering
lateral load on piles, effect of other co-existent loads 6.2.8 Pile Groups
including the axial load on the pile should be taken into
6.2.8.1 In order to determine the load-carrying
consideration for checking the structural capacity of
capacity of a group of piles, a number of efficiency
the shaft. The method for pile capacity analysis under
equations are in use. However, it is difficult to
lateral load is given in Annex D.
establish the accuracy of these efficiency equations
Because of limited information on horizontal subgrade as the behaviour of pile group is dependent on many
modulus of soil and pending refinements in the complex factors. It is desirable to consider each case
theoretical analysis, it is suggested that the adequacy separately on its own merits.
of a design should be confirmed by pile load tests. In
the zone susceptible to liquefaction which shall be 6.2.8.2 The load-carrying capacity of a pile group may
determined in accordance with IS 1893 (Part 1), the be equal to or less than the load-carrying capacity of
lateral resistance of the soil shall not be considered. individual piles multiplied by the number of piles in
the group.
6.2.5.1 Fixed and free head conditions
A group of three or more pile connected by a rigid pile 6.2.8.3 In load bearing walls, piles should generally
cap shall be considered to have fixed head condition. be provided under all wall junctions to avoid point
Caps for single piles must be interconnected by grade loads on beams.
beams in two directions and for twin piles by grade 6.3 Grade Beams
beams in a line transverse to the common axis of the
pair so that the pile head is fixed. In all other conditions 6.3.1 The grade beams supporting the load bearing
the pile shall be considered as free head condition. walls shall be designed taking due account of arching
effect due to masonry above beam. The beam with
6.2.6 Batter Piles (Raker Piles)
masonry due to composite action behaves as a deep
Raker piles are normally provided where vertical piles beam.
cannot resist the required applied horizontal forces.
For the design of grade beams, maximum bending
In the preliminary design, the load on a raker pile is
moment of wl 2/30, where w is uniformly distributed
generally considered to be axial. The distribution of
load between raker and vertical piles in a group may load per metre run and l is the effective span in metres,
be determined by graphical or analytical methods. shall be considered. For considering composite action,
Where necessary, due consideration should be made the minimum height of wall shall be 0.6 times the pile
for secondary bending induced as a result of the pile spacing. The brick strength should not be less than
cap movement, particularly when the cap is rigid. Free 3 N/mm2. For concentrated loads and other loads
standing raker piles are subjected to bending moments which come directly over the beam, full bending
due to their own weight or external forces from other moment should be considered.
causes. Raker piles, embedded in fill or consolidating 6.3.2 The minimum overall depth of grade beams
deposits, may become laterally loaded owing to the shall be 200 mm. An equal amount of reinforcement
settlement of the surrounding soil. shall be provided at the bottom and top of the beam.
Under-reamed piles can be constructed with batter not The longitudinal reinforcement both at bottom and top
exceeding 15° with vertical. should not be less than three bars of 12 mm diameter
with clear cover of 50 mm. Spacing of stirrups of
6.2.7 Spacing of Piles 8 mm diameter bars should not be more than the depth
6.2.7.1 Spacing of piles shall be considered in relation to of grade beam.
the nature of ground, the types of piles and the manner 6.3.3 In expansive soils, the grade beams and 75 mm
in which the piles transfer the load to the ground. levelling concrete course shall be provided over 40 mm
6.2.7.2 Generally, the centre to centre spacing for cast down gravel layer/mechanically stabilized mix (MSM)
in-situ under-reamed piles in a group is two times layer having a minimum compacted thickness of
the bulb diameter (2Du), however, it shall not be less 300 mm and minimum width equal to five times the
than 1.5 Du. The maximum spacing of piles should width of grade beams (see Fig. 4).
generally not exceed 3 m. If the adjacent piles are of 6.3.4 In case of exterior beams over piles in expansive
different diameter, the value of larger bulb diameter soils, plinth protection with proper slope shall be
shall be considered. The centre to centre spacing for provided.

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GRADE BEAM
WIDTH OF WALL / BEAM (B)
GRADE BEAM
F.G.L
WIDTH OF WALL / BEAM (B)
F.G.L REINFORCEMENT

200 mm
REINFORCEMENT
200 mm

MAY BE ELIMINATED IN
CASE OF VERTICAL CUTS
MAY BE ELIMINATED IN
75 mm

CASE OF VERTICAL CUTS

LEVELLING COURSE
75 mm

LEVELLING COURSE

4A GRADE BEAM IN NON - EXPANSIVE SOILS

4A GRADE BEAM IN NON - EXPANSIVE SOILS

4A Grade Beam in Non-Expansive Soils

TO BE FILLED AND COMPACTED IN

LAYERS BY NON - SWELLING SOIL
GRADE BEAM WIDTH OF WALL / BEAM
UPTO 95 PERCENT OF PROCTOR
(B) TO BE FILLED AND COMPACTED IN
DENSITY
F.G.L LAYERS BY NON - SWELLING SOIL
GRADE BEAM WIDTH OF WALL / BEAM
UPTO 95 PERCENT OF PROCTOR
(B)
REINFORCEMENT DENSITY
F.G.L

2B
REINFORCEMENT 2B
50 50

2B 2B LEVELLING
75 mm COURSE
50 50
LEVELLING
75 mm
300 mm, Min COURSE
( 40 mm DOWN AGGREGATE
OF QUALITY COMPLYING
TO ISMin
300 mm, 383 )
( 40 mm DOWN AGGREGATE
OF QUALITY COMPLYING
TO IS 383 )
All dimensions in millimetres

4B4B GRADE
Grade BEAMinINExpansive
Beam EXPANSIVESoils
SOILS

Fig. 4 Typical
FIG.4 Sections
All dimensions
TYPICAL SECTIONS of
OF Grade
in millimetres Beam
GRADE BEAM

4B GRADE BEAM IN EXPANSIVE SOILS

6.4 Design of Pile Cap 6.4.3

FIG.4 TYPICAL SECTIONS The pile
OF GRADE cap
BEAM should be rigid enough so that the
imposed load could be distributed on the piles in a
6.4.1 The pile caps may be designed by assuming group equitably.
that the load from column or pedestal is dispersed at
45° from the top of the cap to the mid depth of the 6.4.4 In case of a large cap, where differential settlement
pile cap from the base of the column or pedestal. The may occur between piles under the same cap, due
reaction from piles may also be taken to be distributed consideration for the consequential moment should be
at 45° from the edge of the pile, up to the mid-depth given.
of the pile cap. On this basis, the maximum bending
moment and shear forces should be worked out at 6.4.5 The clear overhang of the pile cap beyond the
critical sections. The method of analysis and allowable outer most pile in the group shall be a minimum of
stresses and structural design should be in accordance 150 mm.
with IS 456. 6.4.6 The cap is generally cast over a 75 mm thick
6.4.2 The pile cap shall be deep enough to allow levelling course of concrete. The clear cover for main
for necessary anchorage of the column and pile reinforcement in the pile cap shall not be less than
reinforcement. 60 mm.

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6.4.6.1 In expansive soils, the pile cap and 75 mm concrete, the requirements specified in IS 456 shall
levelling concrete course shall be provided over 40 mm be followed. The minimum cement content shall be
down gravel layer/mechanically stabilized mix (MSM) 400 kg/m3 in all conditions. The concrete for piles in
layer having a minimum compacted thickness of aggressive surroundings due to presence of sulphates,
300 mm and extending minimum 150 mm beyond the etc, should have a concrete mix of appropriate type of
pile cap. cement in suitable proportion as per IS 456.
6.4.7 The embedment of pile into cap should be 75 mm. 7.3.4 For the concrete, water and aggregates
specifications laid down in IS 456 shall be followed in
7 MATERIALS general.
7.1 Cement 7.3.5 For tremie concreting, aggregates having nominal
The cement used shall be any of the following and the size more than 20 mm should not be used.
type selected should be appropriate for the intended 7.3.6 For under-reamed bored compaction piles rapid
use: hardening cement (see 7.1) shall not be used.
a) Ordinary Portland cement conforming to IS 269,
b) Rapid hardening Portland cement conforming to 8 CONSTRUCTION
IS 8041,
8.1 Under-reamed piles may be constructed by selecting
c) Portland slag cement conforming to IS 455, suitable installation techniques at a given site depending
d) Portland pozzolana cement (fly ash based) on subsoil strata conditions and type of under-reamed
conforming to IS 1489 (Part 1), pile and number of bulbs. The construction feasibility
e) Portland pozzolana cement (calcined clay based) of under-ream/bulb should particularly be examined in
conforming to IS 1489 (Part 2), case of sand, clean/river sands.
f) Hydrophobic cement conforming to IS 8043, 8.2 In construction with the equipment given in 5,
g) Low heat Portland cement conforming to initially boring guide is fixed with its lower frame
IS 12600, and levelled for making desired angular adjustment for
h) Sulphate resisting Portland cement conforming to piles at batter. Boring is done up to required depth and
IS 12330. under-reaming is completed.
The other requirements as specified in IS 456 shall also 8.2.1 In order to achieve proper under-reamed bulb, the
be complied with. depth of bore hole should be checked before starting
under-reaming. It should also be checked during
7.2 Reinforcement under-reaming and any extra soil at the bottom of
The reinforcement shall be high strength deformed steel bore hole removed by auger before reinserting the
bars conforming to IS 1786. The other requirements as under-reaming tool.
specified in IS 456 for reinforcing bars shall also be
complied with. 8.2.2 The completion of desired under-reamed bulb is
ascertained by,
7.2.1 For under-reamed bored compaction piles, the a) the vertical movement of the handle; and when no
reinforcement cage shall be fabricated by spot welding further soil is cut; or
the rings with main reinforcement to withstand the
stresses during driving process. b) by any other suitable method.
8.2.3 In double or multi-under-reamed piles, boring is
7.3 Concrete
first completed to the depth required for the first (top)
7.3.1 Consistency of concrete to be used for cast in-situ under-ream only and after completing under-reaming,
under-reamed piles shall be consistent with the method boring is extended further for the second under-ream
of installation of piles. Concrete shall be designed as and the process is repeated.
per IS 456 so as to have homogeneous mix having a
8.2.4 In a pile group, number of under-ream/bulb
slump/workability consistent with the method
should be same.
of concreting under the given conditions of pile
installation. 8.3 Control of Piling Installation
7.3.2 The slump should be between 150 mm and 8.3.1 Under-reamed piles should be installed by
200 mm at the time of pouring. installation technique, covering,
7.3.3 The minimum grade of concrete to be used for a) the manner of borehole stabilization, that is, use of
under-reamed piles shall be M 25. For sub-aqueous drilling mud;

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b) manner of concreting; and 8.6.2 In case the pile bore is stabilized with drilling
c) choice of boring tools in order to permit mud or by maintaining water head within the bore
satisfactory installation of a pile at a given site. hole, the bottom of bore hole shall be carefully cleaned
Detailed information about the subsoil conditions by augering or suitable means and pile bore shall be
is essential to determine the installation technique. checked for its depth before concreting. In such cases,
concreting shall be done by tremie method.
8.3.2 Control of Alignment
8.6.3 The following requirements shall be followed for
Piles shall be installed as accurately as possible
tremie concrete work:
according to the design and drawings either vertically
or to the specified batter. Greater care should be a) The concrete should be coherent, rich in cement
exercised in respect of installation of single piles or (not less than 400 kg/m3) and of slump between
piles in two-pile groups. As a guide, for vertical pile a 150 mm and 200 mm;
deviation of 1.5 percent and for raker pile a deviation b) The tremie should be water tight throughout its
of 4 percent should not be exceeded. Piles should not length and have a hopper attached to its head by a
deviate more than 75 mm or D/6 whichever is less from water tight connection;
their designed positions at the cut-off level. In the case c) The tremie pipe should be large enough in relation
of single pile under a column the positional deviation to the size of the aggregate. For 20 mm down
should not be more than 50 mm or D/6 whichever is aggregate, the tremie pipe should have a diameter
less. In case of piles deviating beyond these limits and not less than 100 mm;
to such an extent that the resulting eccentricity cannot
be taken care of by redesign of the pile cap or grade d) The tremie pipe should always be kept full of
beam, the piles shall be replaced or supplemented by concrete and should always remain at least 1 m
additional piles. into the concrete in the bore hole with adequate
margin against accidental withdrawal of tremie
8.4 Use of Drilling Mud pipes;
e) The pile should be concreted wholly by tremie and
8.4.1 The drilling mud to be used for stabilizing the
the method of deposition should not be changed
borehole in bored piling work should conform to the
midway to prevent laitance from being entrapped
requirements given in Annex E.
within the pile; and
8.4.2 In case a borehole is stabilized by use of drilling f) All tremie pipes should be cleaned before and
mud, the specific gravity of the mud suspension should after use.
be determined at regular intervals by a suitable slurry
sampler. Consistency of the drilling mud shall be 8.6.4 Normally concreting of the piles should be
controlled throughout the boring as well as concreting uninterrupted. In exceptional cases of interruption
operations in order to keep the hole stabilized as well of concreting, it shall be resumed within 1 or 2 h. In
as to avoid concrete getting mixed up with the thicker case such an interruption is made while using tremie
suspension of the mud. method of concreting, the tremie shall not be taken out
of the concrete. Instead it shall be raised and lowered
8.4.3 The concreting operations should not be taken from time to time to prevent the concrete around the
up when the specific gravity of bottom slurry is more tremie from setting.
than 1.12. The slurry should be maintained at minimum
1.5 m above the ground water level. 8.6.5  In case of withdrawal of tremie out of the
concrete, either accidentally or to remove a choke in
8.5 Cleaning Boreholes the tremie, the tremie may be reintroduced in a manner
If a borehole is stabilized by drilling mud, the bottom to prevent impregnation of laitance or scum lying on
of the hole shall be cleaned of all loose and undesirable the top of the concrete already deposited in the bore
materials by augering before commencement of and concreting resumed as mentioned in 8.6.4. The
concreting. fresh concrete will emerge out of the tremie displacing
the laitance and scum and prevent impregnation or
8.6 Concreting laitance of scum in the fresh concrete.
8.6.1 Concreting as per IS 456 shall be done as soon as 8.6.6 For under-reamed bored compaction piles, the
possible after completing the pile bore. The bore hole pile bore is first filled up with concrete without placing
full of drilling mud should not be left unconcreted for any reinforcement. Soon after, the specified core
more than 12 to 24 h depending upon the stability of assembly shall be driven and extra concrete shall be
bore hole. poured in simultaneously to keep the level of concrete
up to the desired level.

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8.6.7 The top of concrete in a pile shall be brought 8.8 Estimation of Concrete Quantity
above the cut-off level to permit removal of all laitance After concreting, the actual quantity of concrete shall be
and weak concrete before capping and to ensure good compared with the average obtained from observations
concrete at the cut-off level. The reinforcing cages made in the case of a few piles already cast. If the actual
shall be left with adequate protruding length above quantity is found to be considerably less, the matter
cut-off level for proper embedment into the pile cap. should be investigated and appropriate measures taken.
8.6.8 Where cut-off level is less than 1.5 m below NOTE — If the estimates of concrete consumption is on the
working level, concrete shall be cast to a minimum volume of bore holes and not on the basis of concrete quantity
actually consumed, the concrete used may be found smaller
of 300 mm above cut-off level. For each additional than estimated and cement consumption may work out to be
0.3 m increase in cut-off level below the working less.
level, additional coverage of minimum 50 mm shall
be allowed. Higher allowance may be necessary 8.9 Recording of Pile Details
depending on the length of the pile. When concrete
8.9.1 A daily site record shall be maintained for the
is placed by tremie method, it shall be cast up to the
installation of piles and shall essentially contain the
ground level to permit overflow of concrete for visual
following information:
inspection or to a minimum of one metre above cut-off
level. In the circumstances where cut-off level is below a) Date of installation including sequence of
the ground water level, the need to maintain a pressure installation in case of piles in a group;
on the unset concrete equal to or greater than water b) Number and dimension of the pile including
pressure should be observed and accordingly length of length and diameter of shaft and bulbs, number of
extra concrete above cut-off level shall be determined. bulbs, type of pile, reinforcement details, grade of
concrete, slump and mark of the pile;
8.6.9 Sampling, testing and acceptance criteria shall be
c) Depth bored and depth of under-ream/bulb;
as per IS 456.
d) Time taken for boring, concreting and empty
8.7 Defective Pile boring, chiseling and whether the pile is wet or
dry;
8.7.1 In case, defective piles are formed, they shall
be left in place. Additional piles as necessary shall be e) Cut-off level and working level;
provided. f) Sample bore log in the initial stage or when major
variation occur;
8.7.2 Any deviation from the designed location,
g) When drilling mud is used, specific gravity of the
alignment or load capacity of a pile shall be noted and
fresh supply and contaminated mud in the bore
adequate measures taken well before the concreting of
hole before concreting shall be recorded regularly;
the pile cap and plinth beams.
h) Method of boring;
8.7.3 While removing excess concrete or laitance above j) Ground water level; and
the cut-off level, chipping by manual or pneumatic
tools shall be permitted seven days after pile casting. k) Any other important observation.
However, good concrete is to be ensured at cut-off level 8.9.2 Typical data sheet for facility of recording pilling
by pouring fresh concrete after removal of all the weak data is shown in Annex F.
concrete.

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IS 2911 (Part 3) : 2021

ANNEX A
[ Clause 4.1 (c) ]
DEGREE OF EXPANSIVENESS

A-1 The degree of expansiveness and consequent A-1.1 In areas of soil showing high or very high
damage to the structures with light loading may be differential free swell values, conventional shallow
qualitatively judged as per Table 8 of  IS 1498. strip footings may not be adequate.

ANNEX B
( Clause 5.2 )
EQUIPMENT FOR UNDER-REAMED PILES (MANUAL CONSTRUCTION)

B-1 EQUIPMENT B-1.1.1  For the piles of size larger than 300 mm and
for larger depths additional equipment required will be
B-1.1 Normally the following equipment will be
a portable tripod hoist with a manually operated winch.
required in manual operation:
a) An auger; B-1.1.2 For piles in high ground water table and
unstable soil conditions, boring and under-reaming
b) An under-reamer;
shall be carried out with bentonite slurry using suitable
c) A boring guide; and equipment. Tremie pipe shall be used for concreting.
d) Accessories like spare extensions, cutting tool,
concreting funnel, etc. B-1.1.3 The additional equipment normally required for
under-reamed bored compaction pile are the following:
a) Drop weight for driving the core assembly; and
b) Pipe or solid core.

ANNEX C
( Clauses 6.2.3 and 6.2.3.3 )
SAFE LOAD ON UNDER-REAMED PILES

C-1 SAFE LOAD TABLE C-1.5 For dense sandy (N ≥ 30) and stiff clayey
(N ≥ 8) soils, the safe loads in compression and uplift
Safe loads as given in Table 1 are symptomatic. Safe
obtained from Table 1 may be increased by 25 percent.
load carrying capacity of pile shall be worked out as
The lateral thrust values should not be increased
per 6.2.3.
unless the stability and strength of top soil (strata up
C-1.1 The safe bearing, uplift and lateral loads for to a depth of about three times the pile shaft diameter)
under-reamed piles given in Table 1 apply to both is ascertained and found adequate. For piles in loose
medium compact (10 < N < 30) sandy soils and (4 < N ≤ 10) sandy and soft (2 < N ≤ 4) clayey soils, the
clayey soils of medium (4 < N < 8) consistency safe loads should be taken 0.75 times the values shown
including expansive soils. The values are for piles with in the Table. For very loose (N ≤ 4) sandy and very soft
bulb diameter equal to 2.5 times the shaft diameter (N ≤ 2) clayey soils, the values obtained from the Table
(N denotes corrected SPT value). should be reduced by 50 percent.
Col 4 and Col 5 of Table 1 provide the minimum pile
C-1.6 The safe loads obtained from Table 1, should be
lengths for single and double under-reamed piles,
reduced by 25 percent if the pile bore holes are full of
respectively, in deep deposit of expansive soils. The
subsoil water or drilling mud during concreting. No
values given for double under-reamed piles in Col 7
such reduction may be done if the water is confined to
and Col 11 are only applicable in expansive soils.
the shaft portion below the bottom-most bulb.

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C-1.7 The safe loads in uplift and compression given loose (N ≤ 10) sandy soils. Depending upon the nature
in Table 1 or obtained in accordance with C-1.2 to and initial compactness of strata, pile geometry and
C-1.6 should be reduced by 15 percent for piles with lay-out of piles, this increase may be up to a factor of 2.
bulb of twice the shaft diameter. But no such reduction The values of lateral loads should not be increased by
is required for lateral loads shown in Table 1. more than 1.5 times in all cases. In obtaining safe load
of under-reamed bored compaction pile the reduction
C-1.8  The safe loads for under-reamed bored for pile bore holes full of subsoil water or drilling mud
compaction piles can be worked out by increasing the during concreting should be taken 15 percent instead
safe load of equivalent bored cast in-situ under-reamed of 25 percent as given in C-1.6. The reduction for piles
pile obtained from Table 1 by 1.5 times in case of medium with twice the bulb diameter is to be taken 10 percent
(10 < N < 30) and 1.75 times in case of loose to very instead of 15 percent as given in C-1.7.

15
 Table 1 Safe Load for Vertical Bored Cast in-situ Under-Reamed Piles in Sandy and Clayey Soils Including Black Cotton Soils
( Clause C-1 )
Sl Size Length Compression Safe Loads in Uplift Resistance Lateral Thrust
No.

Dia-meter Under-reamed Single Double Single Double Increase Decrease Single Double Increase Decrease Single Double
of Pile Dia-meter Under-reamed Under-reamed Under-reamed Under-reamed per per Under-reamed Under-reamed per per Under- Under-
30 cm 30 cm 30 cm 30 cm reamed reamed
IS 2911 (Part 3) : 2021

Length Length Length Length

mm mm m m t t t t t t t t t t
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15)
i) 250 625 3.5 3.5 12 18 1.15 0.9 6 9 0.85 0.70 1.5 1.8
ii) 300 750 3.5 3.5 16 24 1.4 1.1 8 12 1.05 0.85 2.0 2.4
iii) 375 940 3.5 3.75 24 36 1.8 1.4 12 18 1.35 1.10 3.0 3.6
iv) 400 1 000 3.5 4.0 28 42 1.9 1.5 14 21 1.45 1.15 3.4 4.0
v) 450 1 125 3.5 4.5 35 52.5 2.15 1.7 17.5 25.75 1.60 1.30 4.0 4.8
vi) 500 1 250 3.5 5.0 42 63 2.4 1.9 21 31.5 1.80 1.45 4.5 5.4

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ANNEX D
( Clause 6.2.5 )
ANALYSIS OF LATERALLY LOADED UNDER-REAMED PILES

D-1 GENERAL where

D-1.1 The ultimate resistance of a vertical pile to a lateral k1 0.3

K 
load and the deflection of the pile as the load builds 1.5 B
up to its ultimate value are complex matters involving
where k1 is Terzaghi’s modulus of subgrade reaction
the interaction between a semi-rigid structural element
as determined from load deflection measurements on a
and soil which deforms partly elastically and partly
30 cm square plate and B is the width of the pile
plastically. The failure mechanisms of an infinitely
(diameter in case of circular piles). The recommended
long pile and that of a short rigid pile are different.
values of k1 are given in Table 3.
The failure mechanisms also differ for a restrained and
unrestrained pile head conditions.
Because of the complexity of the problem only a Table 2 Modulus of Subgrade Reaction for
procedure for an approximate solution that is adequate Granular Soils/Normally Consolidated
in most of the cases is presented here. Situations that Clays, ηh, kN/m3
need a rigorous analysis shall be dealt with accordingly. ( Clause D-2.1 )
D-1.2 The first step is to determine, if the pile will Sl Soil Type N Range of ηh
behave as a short rigid unit or as an infinitely long No. (Blows/30 cm) kN/m3 × 103
flexible member. This is done by calculating the Dry Submerged
stiffness factor R or T for the particular combination of (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
pile and soil.
i) Very loose sand 0–4 < 0.4 < 0.2
Having calculated the stiffness factor, the criteria for
behaviour as a short rigid pile or as a long elastic pile ii) Loose sand 4 – 10 0.4 – 2.5 0.2 – 1.4
are related to the embedded length L of the pile. The iii) Medium sand 10 – 35 2.5 – 7.5 1.4 – 5.0
depth from the ground surface to the point of virtual
fixity is then calculated and used in the conventional iv) Dense sand > 35 7.5 – 20.0 5.0 – 12.0
elastic analysis for estimating the lateral deflection and NOTE — The ηh values may be interpolated for intermediate
bending moment. standard penetration values, N.

D-2 STIFFNESS FACTORS

D-2.1 The lateral soil resistance for granular Table 3 Modulus of Subgrade Reaction for
soils/normally consolidated clays which have varying Over-consolidated Clay, k1, KN/m3
soil modulus is modeled according to the equation: ( Clause D-2.2 )
p Sl No. Soil Unconfined Range of k1
 hz
y Consistency Compression
Strength, qu
kN/m2 kN/m3 × 103
where
(1) (2) (3) (4)
p = lateral soil reaction per unit length of pile at
depth z below ground level; i) Soft 25 – 50 4.5 – 9.0
ii) Medium stiff 50 – 100 9.0 – 18.0
y = lateral pile deflection; and
iii) Stiff 100 – 200 18.0 – 36.0
ηh = modulus of subgrade reaction for which the
recommended values are given in Table 2. iv) Very stiff 200 – 400 36.0 – 72.0
v) Hard > 400 > 72.0
D-2.2 The lateral soil resistance for over-consolidated
clays with constant soil modulus is modeled according NOTE — For qu less than 25, k1 may be taken as zero, which
to the equation: implies that there is no lateral resistance.

p
=K
y

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D-2.3 Stiffness Factors D-4 DEFLECTION AND MOMENTS IN LONG

ELASTIC PILES
D-2.3.1 For Piles in Granular Soils/Normally
Consolidated Clays D-4.1 Equivalent cantilever approach gives a simple
procedure for obtaining the deflections and moments
EI
Stiffness factor T, in m = 5 due to relatively small lateral loads. This requires the
ηh determination of depth of virtual fixity, zf.
where
The depth to the point of fixity may be read from the
E = Young’s modulus of pile material, in MN/m2;
plots given in Fig. 5.  e is the effective eccentricity of the
I = moment of inertia of the pile cross-section, in point of load application obtained either by converting
m4; and the moment to an equivalent horizontal load or by
ηh = modulus of subgrade reaction, in MN/m3 actual position of the horizontal load application.  R and
(see Table 2). T are the stiffness factors described in D-2.3.
D-2.3.2 For Piles in Over-consolidated Clays D-4.2 The pile head deflection, y shall be computed
using the following equations:
EI
Stiffness factor R, in m = H  e  zf 
3
4
KB Deflection, y =  103 ……. for free
3 EI
                  head pile
where
H  e  zf 
3
E = Young’s modulus of pile material, in MN/m2;
Deflection, y =  103 ……. for fixed
I = moment of inertia of the pile cross-section, 12 EI
                 head pile
in m4;
where
k1 0.3
K = × (see Table 3 for values of k1, in H = lateral load, in kN;
1.5 B
y = deflection of pile head, in mm;
MN/m3, see also Note); and
E = Young’s modulus of pile material, in kN/m2;
B = width of pile shaft (diameter in case of circular
I = moment of inertia of the pile cross-section, in
piles), in m.
m4;
NOTE — Table 3 shall be referred if the average unconfined
compression strength, qu is greater than or equal to 100 kN/m2. zf = depth to point of fixity, in m; and
e = cantilever length above ground/bed to the
D-3 CRITERIA FOR SHORT RIGID PILES point of load application, in m.
AND LONG ELASTIC PILES
D-4.3 The fixed end moment of the pile for the
Having calculated the stiffness factor T or R, the criteria equivalent cantilever may be determined from the
for behaviour as a short rigid pile or as a long elastic following expressions:
pile are related to the embedded length L as given in
Table 4. Fixed end moment, MF = H  e  zf  ………. for
                 free head pile
Table 4 Criteria for Behaviour of Pile Based on its
Embedded Length H  e  zf 
Fixed end moment, MF = ………. for
( Clause D-3 )                  2 fixed head pile
Sl No. Type of Pile Relation of Embedded Length The fixed head moment, MF of the equivalent cantilever
Behaviour with Stiffness Factor is higher than the actual maximum moment M in the
Linearly Constant
pile. The actual maximum moment may be obtained
Increasing by multiplying the fixed end moment of the equivalent
(1) (2) (3) (4)
cantilever by a reduction factor, m, given in Fig. 6.
i) Short (rigid) pile L ≤ 2T L ≤ 2R
ii) Long (elastic) pile L ≥ 4T L ≥ 3.5R

NOTE ― The intermediate L shall indicate a case between

rigid pile behaviour and elastic pile behaviour.

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Fig. 5 Depth of Fixity

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Fig. 6 Determination of Reduction Factors for Computation

of Maximum Moment in Pile

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ANNEX E
( Clause 8.4.1 )
REQUIREMENTS OF DRILLING MUD (BENTONITE)

E-1 PROPERTIES hole and makes the surface impervious and imparts a
plastering effect. In impervious clay, the bentonite does
The bentonite suspension used in bore holes is basically
not penetrate into the soil, but deposits only as thin film
a clay of montmorillonite group having exchangeable
on the surface of hole. Under such condition, stability
sodium cations. Because of the presence of sodium
is derived from the hydrostatic head of the suspension.
cations, bentonite on dispersion will break down into
small plate like particles having a negative charge on E-3 REQUIREMENTS
the surfaces and positive charge on the edges. When
the dispersion is left to stand undisturbed, the particles The bentonite powder and bentonite suspension used
become oriented building up a mechanical structure of for piling work shall satisfy the following requirements:
its own. This mechanical structure held by electrical a) The liquid limit of bentonite when tested in
bonds is observed as a thin jelly like mass or membrane. accordance with IS 2720 (Part 5) shall be
When the jelly is agitated, the weak electrical bonds are 400 percent or more.
broken and the suspension becomes fluid again.
b) The bentonite suspension shall be made by mixing
E-2 FUNCTIONS it with fresh water using a pump for circulation.
The density of the freshly prepared bentonite
E-2.1 The action of bentonite in stabilizing the sides suspension shall be between 1.03 g/ml and
of bore holes is primarily due to thixotropic property 1.10 g/ml depending upon the pile dimensions and
of bentonite suspension. The thixotropic property of the type of soil in which the pile is to be bored.
bentonite suspension permits the material to have the The density of bentonite after contamination with
consistency of a fluid when introduced into a trench deleterious material in the bore hole may rise up to
or hole. When left undisturbed it forms a jelly like 1.25 g/ml. This should be brought down to at least
membrane on the borehole wall and when agitated it 1.12 g/ml by flushing before concreting.
becomes a fluid again. c) The marsh viscosity of bentonite suspension
when tested by a marsh cone shall be between
E-2.2 In the case of a granular soil, the bentonite 30 to 60 stoke; in special cases it may be allowed
suspension penetrates into the sides under positive up to 90 stoke.
pressure and after a while, forms a jelly. The bentonite
d) The pH value of the bentonite suspension shall be
suspension then gets deposited on the sides of the
between 9 and 11.5.

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ANNEX F
( Clause 8.9.2 )
DATA SHEET

Site ………………………………………………………………………………………...……………………….
Title ………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………….
Date of enquiry…………………………………………………………………………...…………………………

Date piling commenced …………………………………………………………………………………………….

Actual or anticipated date for completion of piling work…………………………………………………………..
Number of pile ...………………………………………………………………………….

TEST PILE DATA

Pile: Pile test commenced …………………………………………….……………………..
Pile test completed ……………………………………………………………………..
Pile type: ……………………………………………………………………………………….....
(Mention proprietary system, if any) ……………………………………………...........

Size - Shaft ………………………….……....…Tip ………………………...……….....

Bulb(s)
Pile specification: Number of Bulbs …………………………………………………………………........
Reinforcement ………………. No. ……………….dia for …………..……….(depth)
……………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………….
Sequence of piling: From centre towards the periphery or from periphery towards the centre
(for Groups)

Concrete: Mix ratio 1: ……………:………………:………………………..by volume/weight or

strength after ……………………:…..:….:….. days ………………:………:....N/mm2
Quantity of cement/m3: ……………………………………
Extra cement added, if any: ………………………………….
Details of drilling mud used: …………………………………………………………………………………….....
Time taken for concreting: ………………………………………………………………………………………….
Quantity of concrete-Actual: ………………………………………………………………………………………
Theoretical:……………………………………………………….

Test Loading:
Maintained load/Cyclic loading/C.R.P ………………………………………………….………
……………….....………………………………………………………………………….……

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Capacity of jack …………………………………………………………………………..………..…….

If anchor piles used, give……………………………….. No., Length ……………………………………
Distance of test pile from nearest anchor pile ……………………………………………………
Test pile and anchor piles were/were not working piles.
Method of taking observations:
Dial gauges/Engineers level ……………………………………………………………………………....
Reduced level of pile tip ………………………………………………………………....………………..
General Remarks:
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………........…
……………………………………………………………………………………………...………………........….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………........…
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………........…
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………........…
Special difficulties encountered:
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………........…
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………........…
……………………………………………………………………………………..............………………........…..
Results:
Working load specified for the test pile………………………………………………………………….....
Settlement specified for the test pile…………………………………………………………………….....
Settlement specified for the structure ………………………………………………….………………......
Working load accepted for a single pile as a result of the test ...................………..………………...........
……………………………………………………………………………………………….....…………
………………………………………………………………………………....………………........…….
Working load in a group of piles accepted as a result of the test……………………......………………....
....……..…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………......…………………………………………………………………………………………

General description of the structure to be founded on piles…………………………………………........…….......

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………........…
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………........…
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………........…
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………........…
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………........…
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………........…

Name of the constructing agency ………………………………………………………………………........…….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………........…
Name of person conducting the test……………………………………………………………………........……...
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………........…
Name of the party for whom the test was conducted…………………………………………………........…….....
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………........…

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BORE HOLE LOG

1. Site of bore hole relative to test pile position ……………………………………… …..………………………
…………………………………………………………………..………………........…….………………........…
2. If no bore hole, give best available ground conditions …………………..………………........…….……………
.................................................................................................................................………………........……...........
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………........…

Soil Soil Reduced Soil Depth Thickness

Properties Description Level Legend Below G.L. of Strata

Position of the
tip of pile to
be indicated thus
Standing ground
water level indicated
thus

METHOD OF SUBSURFACE INVESTIGATION

Trail pit/Post-hole auger/Shell and auger boring/Percussion/Probing/Core-drilling/Shot drilling/Sub-surface
sounding by cones or Standard sampler ……………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Attachments to the report: Graphs, showing the following relations:
a) Load vs Time, and
b) Settlement vs Load.

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IS 2911 (Part 3) : 2021

ANNEX G
( Foreword )

COMMITTEE COMPOSITION
Soil and Foundation Engineering Sectional Committee, CED 43

Organization Representative(s)

In Personal Capacity (Flat No. 202/395, Jodhpur Dr N. Som (Chairman)

Park, Kolkata 700068)
In Personal Capacity (D-1903, PWS, 7 Hills, Dr D. N. Naresh (Vice Chairman)
Narsingi(v), Kokapet Road, Ranga Reddy
500089)
AFCONS Infrastructure Limited, Mumbai Shri P. S. Bansod
Shri V. Ramamurty (Alternate)
AIMIL Limited, New Delhi Shri Sharique Khan
Shri Lalit Mohan Pathak (Alternate)
Association of Consulting Civil Engineers (India), Shri Sudhanwa Amol Shingarey
Bengaluru Shri Chandramouleeswar S. (Alternate)
Association of Piling Specialists (India), Mumbai Shri V. T. Ganpule
Shri Madhukar J. Lodhavia (Alternate)
Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd, Noida Shri C. Pushpakaran
Shri Hemant Malhotra (Alternate)
CEM Engineers & Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bhubaneswar Shri Ashok Basa
Cengrs Geotechnica Pvt Ltd, Noida Shri Sanjay Gupta
Shri Ravi Sundaram (Alternate I)
Shri Sorabh Gupta (Alternate II)
Central Board of Irrigation and Power, New Delhi Director
Central Designs Organization, Water Resources Deptt, Superintending Engineer
Govt of Maharashtra, Nashik Executive Engineer (Alternate)
Central Electricity Authority, New Delhi Shri Neeraj Kumar
Shri Sidhartha Mitra (Alternate)
Central Public Works Department, New Delhi Shri Rajesh Khare
Shri Saurobh Kumar (Alternate)
Central Soil and Materials Research Station, New Dr R. Chitra
Delhi Shri Mahabir Dixit (Alternate)
Consulting Engineering Services (India) Pvt Ltd, Shri Dipankar Paul
New Delhi Shri T. K. Roy Choudhury (Alternate)
CSIR-Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee Shri Manojit Samanta
Dr S. Ganesh Kumar (Alternate)
CSIR-Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi Shri Kanwar Singh
Dr P. S. Prasad (Alternate)
CSIR-Structural Engineering Research Centre, Dr P. Kamatchi
Chennai Shrimati R. Sreekala (Alternate)
D-CAD Technologies, New Delhi Dr K. G. Bhatia
Delhi Development Authority, New Delhi Shri Govind Ram Shiromani
Shri K. K. Gupta (Alternate)
Delhi Technological University, Delhi Prof Ashok Kumar Gupta
Engineers India Limited, New Delhi Shri V. K. Panwar
Shri Sanjoy Bhowmik (Alternate)

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Organization Representative(s)

F S Engineers Pvt Limited, Chennai Dr A. Verghese Chummar

Gammon Engineers and Contractors Pvt Ltd, Mumbai Shri Venkataramana. N. Heggade
Shri Sandeep M. Ghan (Alternate)
Geodynamics Ltd, Vadodara Shri Ravi Kiran Ramesh Vaidya
Shri Sujan Kulkarni (Alternate)
Geological Survey of India, Kolkata Dr Timir Baran Ghosal
Shri Prashant Tukaram Ilamkar (Alternate)
Ground Engineering Limited, New Delhi Shri Ashok Kumar Jain
Shri Neeraj Kumar Jain (Alternate)
Gujarat Engineering Research Institute, Vadodara Shri K. A. Keshvani
Shri R. S. Vasava (Alternate)
Hydraulic and Engineering Instruments (HEICO), Shri Jattinder Singh
New Delhi Shri Raunaq Singh (Alternate)
Indian Geotechnical Society, New Delhi Secretary
Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru Prof T. G. Sitharam
Prof G. L. Sivakumara Babu (Alternate)
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi Dr G. V. Ramana
Dr J. T. Shahu (Alternate I)
Dr Prashanth Vangla (Alternate II YP)
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur Prof Priyanka Ghosh
Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai Prof Subhadeep Banerjee
Prof Ramesh K. Kandasami (Alternate)
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai Prof Deepankar Choudhury
Prof Dasaka Murty (Alternate)
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee Prof Mahendra Singh
Prof Vishwas A. Sawant (Alternate)
Indian Road Congress, New Delhi Secretary General
Director (T) (Alternate)
Indian Society of Earthquake Technology, Roorkee Prof T. G. Sitharam
Dr B. K. Maheswari (Alternate)
ITD Cementation India Ltd, Kolkata Shri Manish Kumar
Shri Sachin Kamat (Alternate)
Jadhavpur University, Kolkata Prof Sibapriya Mukherjee
Prof Ramendu Bikas Sahu (Alternate)
Keller Ground Engineering Pvt Ltd, Chennai Shri V. V. S. Ramadas
Shri Madan Kumar Annam (Alternate)
Larsen and Toubro Limited, Chennai Dr K. S. Ramakrishna
Shri Jesudoss Asirvatham (Alternate)
Military Engineer Services, Engineer-in-Chief’s Shri Ranjan Kumar Pandey
Branch, Integrated HQ of MoD (Army), New Shri Ajay Kumar (Alternate)
Delhi
M N Dastur & Company (P) Limited, Kolkata Dr Abhijit Dasgupta
Shri Suvendu Dey (Alternate)
MECON Limited, Ranchi Shri Shankar Ray
Ministry of Shipping, New Delhi Shri H. N. Aswath
Shri Anil Pruthi (Alternate)
Mumbai Port Trust, Mumbai Dy Chief Engineer (Design)
Superintending Engineer (Design) (Alternate)

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Organization Representative(s)

Nagadi Consultants Pvt Limited, New Delhi Dr V. V. S. Rao

Dr N. Santosh Rao (Alternate)
National Institute of Disaster Management, New Dr Chandan Ghosh
Delhi Shri Amir Ali (Alternate)
NTPC Limited, Noida Shri Jitender Kumar
Shri Mohit Jhalani (Alternate)
Research Designs and Standards Organization Shri Sameer Singh
(Ministry of Railways), Lucknow Shri S. K. Ojha (Alternate)
RITES Limited, Gurugram Shri Alok Garg
Shri S. K. Kapoor (Alternate I)
Shri Sandipan Hore (Alternate II)
Safe Enterprises, Mumbai Shri Vikram Singh Rao
Shri Suryaveer Singh Rao (Alternate)
School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi Prof Y. K. Jain
Simplex Infrastructures Limited, Chennai Shri Shankar Guha
Dr V. Balakumar (Alternate)
Tata Consulting Engineers Limited, Mumbai Shri Sanjeev Gupta
Shri B. N. Nagaraj (Alternate)
Telangana State Research Laboratories, Hyderabad Shrimati J. Sridevi
Shri P. John Victor (Alternate)
The Pressure Piling Co (I) Pvt Limited, Mumbai Shri V. C. Deshpande
Shri Pushkar V. Deshpande (Alternate)
In Personal Capacity, New Delhi (Flat No. 220, Ankur Dr V. Thiruvengadam
Apartments Mother Dairy Road, Patparganj,
Delhi 110092)
BIS Directorate General Shri Sanjay Pant, Scientist ‘F’ and Head (Civil Engineering)
[ Representing Director General ( Ex-officio ) ]

Member Secretary
Shrimati Madhurima Madhav
Scientist ‘D’ (Civil Engineering), BIS

Panel for Review of IS 2911 (Part 3), CED 43 : P7

Organizationse Representative(s)

Cengrs Geotechnica Pvt Ltd, Noida Shri Sanjay Gupta (Convener)

Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd, Noida Shri C. Pushpakaran
CEM Engineers & Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bhubaneswar Shri Ashok Basa
Central Public Works Department, New Delhi Shri Saurobh Kumar
CSIR-Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi Shri Kanwar Singh
Ground Engineering Limited, New Delhi Shri Ashok Kumar Jain
Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai Prof Subhadeep Banerjee
Power Grid Corporation of India Limited, Gurugram Shri S. K. Prasad
Tata Consulting Engineers Limited, Mumbai Shri Sanjeev Gupta

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(Continued from second cover)

This Indian Standard is published in four parts. The other parts in the series are:
Part 1 Concrete piles
Part 2 Timber piles
Part 4 Load test on piles
Part 1 of this standard consists of the following four sections under the general title, Design and construction of
pile foundations — Code of practice: Part 1 Concrete piles.
Section 1 Driven cast in-situ concrete piles
Section 2 Bored cast in-situ concrete piles
Section 3 Driven precast concrete piles
Section 4 Precast concrete piles in prebored holes
In the present revision of this standard (Part 3), the following major modifications have been made:
a) Definitions of various terms have been modified as per the prevailing engineering practices.
b) Use of under-reamed piles of a maximum depth up to 10 m has been permitted.
c) Caution regarding examining the construction feasibility of under-ream/bulb as per soil characteristics,
particularly in case of clean/river sand has been added.
d) Procedures for calculation of bearing capacity, structural capacity, factor of safety, lateral load
capacity, etc, have also been modified to bring them at par with the present practices.
e) Provisions on overloading and transient loading have been modified.
f) Design parameters with respect to adhesion factor, earth pressure coefficient, modulus of subgrade
reaction, etc, have been revised to make them consistence with the outcome of modern research and
construction practices.
g) Minimum grade of concrete to be used in under-reamed pile foundations has been revised to M 25.
h) Various provisions on concrete and concreting have been revised based on IS 456 : 2000 ‘Plain and
reinforced concrete — Code of practice (fourth revision)’.
j) Requirement for minimum reinforcement has been modified.
k) Need for assessment of liquefaction potential of soil as per IS 1893 (Part 1) : 2016 ‘Criteria for
earthquake resistant design of structures: Part 1 General provisions and buildings (sixth revision)’ has
been included.
m) Caution regarding use of safe load tables has been added and the provisions in the table have been
modified.
In the formulation of this standard due weightage has been given to international co-ordination among the standards
and practices prevailing in different countries for pile foundations, in addition to relating it to the practices in the
field in this country.
The composition of the Committee responsible for the formulation of this standard is given in Annex G.
For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this standard is complied with, the final value,
observed or calculated, expressing the result of a test or analysis shall be rounded off in accordance with
IS 2 : 1960 ‘Rules for rounding off numerical values ( revised )’. The number of significant places retained in the
rounded off value should be the same as that of the specified value in this standard.
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Review of Indian Standards

Amendments are issued to standards as the need arises on the basis of comments. Standards are also reviewed
periodically; a standard along with amendments is reaffirmed when such review indicates that no changes are
needed; if the review indicates that changes are needed, it is taken up for revision. Users of Indian Standards
should ascertain that they are in possession of the latest amendments or edition by referring to the latest issue of
‘BIS Catalogue’ and ‘Standards: Monthly Additions’.
This Indian Standard has been developed from Doc No.: CED 43 (14033).

Amendments Issued Since Publication

Amend No. Date of Issue Text Affected

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