BDwbU

gyNj kvmb (1556 - 1707 wLª:)

3
f‚wgKv
mgªvU gnvgwZ AvKe‡ii mgq Kvj †_‡K fvi‡Z gyNj mvgªvR¨ w¯’wZkxj Ae¯’vq G‡m
`uvovq| G mgq †_‡K mgªvU AvIi½‡h‡ei kvmbKvj ch©š— (1556-1707 wLª:) Pviw`‡K
gyNj mvgªv‡R¨i we¯—vi NU‡Z _v‡K| G hy‡Mi mgªvUM‡Yi RbwnZKi wewfbœ bxwZ I
c`‡¶c MÖn‡Yi d‡j gyNj mvgªvR¨ DbœwZi ¯^Y© wkL‡i †cuŠ‡Q| Zv m‡Ë¡I mgªvU evei
KZ©„K cÖwZwôZ gyNj mvgªv‡R¨i cZb Awbevh© n‡q c‡o| GB BDwb‡Ui wewfbœ cv‡V
gnvgwZ AvKe‡ii ivR¨ we¯—vi, Zuvi wewfbœ bxwZ, f‚wg kvmb e¨e¯’v, cieZ©x mgªvUM‡Yi
K…wZZ¡, gyNj Avg‡ji mvgvwRK I ivóªxq Rxe‡bi wewfbœ w`K, gyNj mvgªv‡R¨i cZ‡bi
KviY cÖf…wZ cÖm½ Av‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q|
cvV
gnvgwZ AvKe‡ii ivR¨ we¯—vi
1
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV c‡o Avcwb
• AvKe‡ii mvgªv‡R¨i mxgv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
• fviZe‡l©i wewfbœ AÂj Avµg‡Yi KviY D‡j−L Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
• wewfbœ weRq Awfhv‡bi weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
• AvKe‡ii mgivwfhv‡bi djvdj eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

wcZv mgªvU ûgvqy‡bi g„Zz¨i ci 1556

wLª÷v‡ãi 14 †deª“qvwi gvÎ 13 eQi eq‡m
Rvjvj DwÏb gynv¤§` AvKei bvg aviY K‡i
w`j−xi gyNj wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib| ga¨
hy‡Mi fviZxq kvmK‡`i g‡a¨ mvgªv‡R¨i
msMVK I we‡RZv wn‡m‡e mgªvU AvKei
AvKe‡ii ivR¨mxgv Abb¨ ¯’vb `Lj K‡i Av‡Qb| myjZvbx
Avg‡j GKgvÎ AvjvDÏxb LjRx e„nr AÂj
Rq K‡iwQ‡jb| mgªvU AvKei 1561
wLª÷vã †_‡K 1601 wLª÷vã ch©š— Zuvi
mvgªvR¨ we¯—vi bxwZ Ae¨vnZ iv‡Lb| G
mg‡qi g‡a¨ wZwb wngvjq †_‡K K…òv b`x
Ges wn›`yKzk †_‡K eªþcyÎ ch©š— GK wekvj
mvgªvR¨ cÖwZôv K‡iwQ‡jb|
mgªvU AvKei
mgªvU AvKei hLb w`j−xi wmsnvm‡b
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq I‡cb ¯‹zj

Av‡ivnY K‡ib ZLb gyNj mvgªvR¨ cvÄve, w`j−x I AvMÖvi g‡a¨ mxgve× wQj| 1556
wLª÷v‡ã cvwbc‡_i wØZxq hy‡× AvKei Avw`j kvn my‡ii †mbvcwZ wngy‡K civwRZ
K‡ib| gyNj kvm‡bi BwZnv‡m cvwbc‡_i wØZxq hy× ¯§iYxq NUbv Ges GUv wQj P‚ovš—
wggvsmvÍK hy×| GB hy‡× Rq jv‡fi d‡j fvi‡Z cÖvavb¨ ¯’vc‡b gyNj-AvdMvb ؇›Øi
Aemvb N‡U| fvi‡Z gyNj mvgªv‡R¨i cÖK…Z wfwË `„pfv‡e ¯’vwcZ nq Ges gyNj mvgªvR¨
we¯—v‡ii c_ cÖk¯— nq|
cvwbc‡_i wØZxq hy‡× Rqjv‡fi ci mgªvU AvKei ˆeivg Lv‡bi mvnv‡h¨ †Mvqvwjqi,
AvRgxi I †RŠbcyi AwaKvi K‡ib| 1561 wLª÷v‡ã gvjeivR ivRevnv`yi‡K civwRZ
K‡i AvKe‡ii †mbvcwZ Av`g Lvb I cxi gyn¤§` gvje Rq K‡ib|

AvKe‡ii mvgªvR¨

GBP.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg BwZnvm 2q cÎ c„ôv
32

 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq I‡cb ¯‹zj

M‡Ûvqvbv AwaKvi- 1564 wLª÷v‡ã AvKei mvgªv‡R¨i kvmbfvi MÖnY K‡iB Kviv
wewfbœ iv‡R¨i Dci
AvKe‡ii AvwacZ¨
cÖ‡`‡ki kvmbKZ©v Avmd Lvb‡K M‡Ûvqvbv Rq Kivi Rb¨ †cÖiY K‡ib| exiv½bv
cÖwZôv ivYxgvZv `yM©veZx †`k i¶v‡_© hy‡×‡¶‡Î cÖvY wemR©b †`b| M‡Ûvqvbv wewRZ n‡j eû
abiZœ Avmd Lv‡bi n¯—MZ nq|
ivRcyZbv Awfhvb- mgªvU AvKei 1562 wLª÷v‡ã AvRgxi hvÎvi mgq A¤^i ev Rqcy‡ii
ivRv wenvixg‡ji ek¨Zv jvf K‡ib| wZwb wenvixg‡ji Kb¨vi cvwYMÖnY K‡ib Ges
wenvixg‡ji cyÎ fMevb `vm I †cŠÎ gvbwmsn‡K gbme`vi iƒ‡c wb‡qvM K‡ib|
AvKei wQ‡jb AZ¨š— weP¶Y mgªvU| wZwb ivRcyZ‡`i mv‡_ wgÎZv ¯’vcb K‡i
AvdMvb‡`i aŸs‡mi †KŠkj MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi GB ˆgÎx bxwZ djcÖm~ n‡qwQj| B‡Zvg‡a¨
†hvacyiI Zuvi ek¨Zv ¯^xKvi K‡i| wKš‘ †gev‡ii ivbv D`qwmsn wKQy‡ZB gyNj‡`i
ivRcyZ‡`i Dci wbqš¿Y ek¨Zv ¯^xKvi Ki‡Z ivwR wQ‡jb bv| Dciš‘ D`qwmsn cjvZK gvjeivR ivRevnv`yi‡K
¯’vcb Avkªq `vb K‡i AvKe‡ii weivMfvRb n‡qwQ‡jb| myZivs AvKei 1567 wLª÷v‡ã
†gev‡ii ivRavbx wP‡Zvi AvµgY K‡ib| D`qwmsn wbKUeZ©x ce©‡Z wM‡q AvÍ ‡Mvcb
K‡ib| D`qwms‡ni g„Zz¨i ci Zuvi cyÎ cÖZvcwmsn I †cŠÎ Agiwmsn ¯^vaxbZv msMÖvg
Pvjvb| cÖZvcwmsn 1576 wLª÷v‡ã njw`Nv‡Ui hy‡× Ges 1599 wLª÷v‡ã Agiwmsn
gvbwms‡ni wbKU civRq eiY K‡ib| Zvm‡Ë¡I AvKe‡ii RxeÏkvq mgMÖ †gevi gyNj
mgªv‡R¨i Aš—f©y³ nqwb| AZ:ci AvKei ib_‡¤¢vi, KvwjÄi, weKvbx cÖf…wZ ivR¨ wbR
Kivq‡Ë Av‡bb| ivRcyZbv kvš— K‡i AvKei ¸RivU I myivU AwaKvi K‡ib|
evsjv AwaKvi- 1576 wLª÷v‡ã evsjvi †kl AvdMvb kvmK `vD` Lvb KiivYx gyNj
†mbvevwnbxi nv‡Z ivRgn‡ji hy‡× civwRZ I wbnZ n‡j evsjv gyNj mvgªvR¨fz³ nq|
Z‡e XvKvmn c~e© evsjvi KwZcq cÖfvekvjx Rwg`vi gyNj ev`kvi AvbyMZ¨ A¯^xKvi K‡i
1595 wLª÷vã ch©š— ¯^vaxb fv‡e ivRZ¡ K‡ib| GB cÖfvekvjx Rwg`vie„›` BwZnv‡m Ôevi
f‚BqvÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ|
Kveyj I Kv›`vnvi Rq- AvKe‡ii ag©xq bxwZi we‡ivwaZv K‡i fvi‡Zi KwZcq gyNjgvb
we‡`ªvnx Zuvi ˆegv‡Îq fvB Kvey‡ji kvmbKZ©v wgR©v gyn¤§` nvwKg‡K fviZ Avµg‡Y
DrmvwnZ K‡ib| mgªvU AvKei G‡Z ¶z× n‡q 1581 wLª÷v‡ã Kveyj AvµgY K‡ib|
wZwb we‡`ªvnx fvB‡K civwRZ K‡i Kveyj AwaKvi K‡ib| AZ:ci AvKei 1595
wLª÷v‡ã Kv›`vnvi `Lj K‡i iv‡R¨i DËi cwðg mxgv‡š— wbivcËv weav‡b m¶g nb|
cieZ©xKv‡j wZwb Kvk¥xi, wmÜz Ges †ejywP¯—vb Rq K‡i DËi fvi‡Zi GK”QÎ AwacwZ
nb| wZwb 1586 wLª÷v‡ã ejL I e`Lkvb AwaKvi K‡i AvdMvb DcRvwZ DR‡eM I
BDmydRvB‡`i‡K `gb K‡i Zuvi AvbyMZ¨ ¯^xKv‡i eva¨ K‡ib|
`vw¶Yv‡Z¨ ivR¨ we¯—vi- mgªvU AvKe‡ii ivRZ¡Kv‡j `vw¶Yv‡Z¨ Avng`bMi, weRvcyi,
†MvjKzÛv, we`i Ges Lv‡›`k GB cuvPwU ¯^vaxb gymwjg ivR¨ wQj| GB ivR¨¸wji g‡a¨
Avng`bMi wQj me©v‡c¶v kw³kvjx| AvKei cÖ_‡g `~Z cvwV‡q Gme iv‡R¨i AvbyMZ¨
jv‡f †Póv K‡ib| Lv‡›`‡ki myjZvb e¨ZxZ Ab¨ †Kvb myjZvb gyNj AvbyMZ¨ ¯^xKv‡i
ivRx nbwb| ZvB AvKei mgivwfhv‡b g‡bvwb‡ek K‡ib|

GBP.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg BwZnvm 2q cÎ c„ôv
33

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq I‡cb ¯‹zj

1595 wLª÷v‡ã GK wekvj gyNj evwnbx Avng`bM‡ii wei“‡× †cÖwiZ nq| Avng`
bM‡ii ivYx Puv` myjZvbv AvKei‡K †eivi cÖ‡`k `vb K‡i Zuvi m‡½ mwÜ ¯’vcb K‡ib|
1600 wLª÷v‡ã Puv` myjZvbvi g„Zz¨i ci Avng`bMi gyNj mvgªvR¨fz³ nq|

AvKe‡ii digvb

GBP.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg BwZnvm 2q cÎ c„ôv
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 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq I‡cb ¯‹zj

B‡Zvg‡a¨ Lv‡›`‡ki bZzb myjZvb gxiY evnv`yi gyNj AvbyMZ¨ A¯^xKvi K‡ib| AvKei
¯^qs Lv‡›`‡ki wei“‡× hy× hvÎv K‡ib Ges ivRavbx eyinvbcyi AwaKvi K‡ib| gxib
evnv`yi AvÍ
i¶v‡_© myiw¶Z AvwmiMo `y‡M© Avkªq †bb|
1601 wLª÷v‡ã AvKei K‚UbxwZ, wek¦vmNvZKZv I Dr‡Kv‡Pi mvnv‡h¨ `y‡f©`¨ `yM©
AvwmiMo AwaKvi K‡ib| AvwmiMoB wQj AvKe‡ii ivR¨Rq bxwZi me©‡kl NUbv| wZwb
Avng`bMi, †eivi I Lv‡›`k wb‡q GKwU myev MVb K‡ib Ges hyeivR `vwb‡qj‡K
kvmbKZ©v wbhy³ K‡i w`j−x‡Z wd‡i Av‡mb| GB fv‡e `w¶‡Y K…òvb`x ch©š— AvKe‡ii
mvgªvR¨ we¯—…Z nj|

mvi-ms‡¶c mgªvU AvKe‡ii w`j−xi wmsnvmb Av‡ivnYKvjxb mg‡q gyNj mvgªvR¨ cvÄve, w`j−x I
AvMÖvi g‡a¨ mxgve× wQj| AvKei 40 eQi mgivwfhvb cwiPvjbv K‡ib| G mg‡q Zuvi
ivR¨ Dˇi wngvjq †_‡K `w¶‡Y K…òvb`x Ges cwð‡g wn›`yKzk †_‡K c~‡e© eªþcyÎ ch©š—
we¯—vi jvf K‡i| ivR¨ R‡q mgªvU AvKei m¤§yL mg‡ii cvkvcvwk K‚UbxwZiI Avkªq
MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb t 3.1

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ:

1. mgªvU AvKei mgivwfhvb cwiPvjbv K‡ib 
K. 30 eQi L. 35 eQi
M. 40 eQi N. 45 eQi
2. gvje Rq Kiv nq 
K. 1560 wLª÷v‡ã L. 1561 wLª÷v‡ã
M. 1565 wLª÷v‡ã N. 1566 wLª÷v‡ã
3. M‡Ûvqvbvq †cÖwiZ gyNj evwnbxi †mbvcwZ wQ‡jb 
K. AvKei ¯^qs L. ˆeivg Lv
M. gvbwmsn N. Avmd Luv
4. njw`Nv‡Ui hy‡× †gev‡ii ivYv wQ‡jb 
K. D`q wmsn L. Agi wmsn
M. cÖZvc wmsn N. gvbwmsn
5. evsjvi †kl ¯^vaxb myjZvb civwRZ I wbnZ nb 
K. 1575 wLª÷v‡ã L. 1576 wLª÷v‡ã
M. 1578 wLª÷v‡ã N. 1580 wLª÷v‡ã
6. AvKe‡ii `vw¶YvZ¨ weRqKvjxb mg‡q H A‡ji ¯^vaxb gymwjg iv‡R¨i msL¨v
wQj
K. 2 wU L. 3 wU
M. 4 wU N. 5 wU

GBP.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg BwZnvm 2q cÎ c„ôv
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 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq I‡cb ¯‹zj

7. AvKe‡ii †kl mgivwfhvb 

K. njw`Nv‡Ui hy× L. evsjv weRq
M. AvwmiMo N. Kveyj I Kv›`vnvi weRq

msw¶ß-DËi cÖkœ:

1. AvKe‡ii ivR¨ mxgvi weeiY w`b|
2. AvKe‡ii mg‡q Kveyj I Kv›`vnvi weR‡qi weeib wjLyb|

cvV
AvKe‡ii ivRcyZ bxwZ
2
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV c‡o Avcwb
• mgªvU AvKe‡ii ivRcyZ bxwZi KviY I ˆewkó¨ m¤ú‡K© eY©bv w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
• AvKe‡ii ivRcyZ bxwZi djvd‡ji weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyNj‡`i fviZe‡l© ivR¨ ¯’vcbKvjxb mg‡q G‡`‡ki Ab¨Zg cÖavb kw³ wQj ivRcyZ
RvwZ| RvwZMZfv‡e ivRcyZiv wQj wn›`y| Zviv exi I ¯^RvZ¨‡ev‡a m‡PZb †hv×v
wn‡m‡e L¨vZ wQj| mgªvU AvKei iv‡R¨i ¯’vwqZ¡ I m¤úÖmvi‡Yi j‡¶¨ GKwU †hŠw³K
ivRcyZ bxwZ MÖnY K‡ib| wb‡æ mgªvU AvKe‡ii ivRcyZ bxwZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|
mgªvU AvKe‡ii ivRcyZ bxwZ‡K `yfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| †hgbt 1. wgjbvÍ K bxwZ Ges 2.
`yBfv‡M wef³ ivRcyZ hy×s‡`nx bxwZ|
bxwZ AvKei ivRcyZ‡`i mv‡_ ˆeevwnK m¤úK© ¯’vcb, Zv‡`i‡K D”P c‡` wb‡qvM, wRwhqv I
Zx_© Ki iwnZKiY, Ges wn›`y ms¯‹…wZ c„ô‡cvlKZv K‡i wgÎZv ¯’vcb K‡ib| AvKei
¯^qs A¤^iivR wenvixg‡ji, weKvbxi I Rq wmjwg‡ii ivRcyZ Kzgvix‡K we‡q K‡ib|
wZwb 1584 wLª÷v‡ã Zuvi †R¨ôcyÎ †mwj‡gi mv‡_ Rqcy‡ii ivRv fMevb `v‡mi Kb¨vi
wgjbvÍK bxwZ
we‡q †`b| ivRvi †UvWigj, ivRv wenvix gj, fMevb `vm Ges gvbwmsn‡K D”P ivRc‡`
AwawôZ K‡ib| wZwb wRwhqv I Zx_©hvÎx‡`i Ki iwnZ K‡ib| wZwb wn›`y Kwe cwÊZ I
wPÎwkíx‡`i c„ô‡cvlK wQ‡jb| mgªvU AvKei wn›`y mgv‡Ri evj¨weevn wbwl×
K‡iwQ‡jb| weaev‡`i cybwe©ev‡n Drmvn`vb I mZx`vn cÖ_v wbeviY Kivi †Póv
K‡iwQ‡jb|
ivRcyZ‡`i cÖwZ wgjbvÍ K bxwZ MÖnY Ki‡jI AvKei Zv‡`i ivR‰bwZK ¯^vaxbZv I
hy×s‡`nx bxwZ we‡ivwaZv mn¨ K‡ibwb| wZwb wP‡Zvi iv‡R¨i wei“‡× hy× hvÎv K‡ib| ib_‡¤¢vi,
†hvacyi, weKvbx, Rq mvjwg cÖf…wZ ivR¨ mvgªvR¨fz³ K‡ib| ivbv cÖZvcwmsn Zuvi ek¨Zv
¯^xKvi bv Kivq njw`Nv‡Ui hy‡× Zuv‡K civwRZ K‡ib| 1599 wLª÷v‡ã cÖZvc wms‡ni
cyÎ Agiwmsn civwRZ n‡j ivRcyZ hy‡×i cwimgvwß N‡U|

GBP.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg BwZnvm 2q cÎ c„ôv
36

 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq I‡cb ¯‹zj

djvdj
mgªvU AvKe‡ii ivRcyZ bxwZ gyNj mvgªv‡R¨i wfwË my`„X K‡i| GB bxwZi d‡j gyNj
mgªvUMY Pvicyi“l e¨vcx ivRcyZ‡`i mg_©b I †mev jvf K‡i| G QvovI wn›`y-gymwjg
mgš^‡q GK wgkª K…wói D™¢e nq hvi ¯úó Qvc fviZxq ¯’vcZ¨wk‡í we`¨gvb| GB bxwZi
d‡j fviZe‡l© D`©y fvlv m„wói c_ myMg nq|

mvi-ms‡¶c mgªvU AvKei iv‡R¨i ¯’vwqZ¡ I we¯—…wZi j‡¶¨ ivRcyZ‡`i cÖwZ ïaygvÎ wgjbvÍ
K bxwZ
mg_©b K‡ibwb, wZwb Zv‡`i wei“‡× hy× Awfhvb cwiPvjbv K‡ib| Zuvi ivRcyZ bxwZi
d‡j mvgªv‡R¨i wfwË my`„p n‡qwQj|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb t 3.2

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ:

1. mgªvU AvKe‡ii ivRcyZbxwZ‡K fvM Kiv hvq 
K. 1 wU fv‡M L. 2 wU fv‡M
M. 3 wU fv‡M N. 4 wU fv‡M
2. hyeivR †mwjg fMevb`v‡mi Kb¨v‡K we‡q K‡ib 
K. 1575 wLª÷v‡ã L. 1580 wLª÷v‡ã
M. 1582 wLª÷v‡ã N. 1584 wLª÷v‡ã
3. wn›`y mgv‡Ri evj¨weevn wbwl× K‡ib 
K. evei L. ûgvqyb
M. AvKei N. Rvnv½xi

msw¶ß-DËi cÖkœ:

1. AvKe‡ii ivRcyZ bxwZi D‡Ïk¨ Kx wQj?
2. ivRcyZ bxwZi djvdj wjLyb?

GBP.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg BwZnvm 2q cÎ c„ôv
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 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq I‡cb ¯‹zj

cvV
AvKe‡ii ag©bxwZ
3
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV c‡o Avcwb 
• mgªvU AvKe‡ii ag©xq bxwZ MÖn‡Yi Dci cÖfve we¯—viKvix NUbvi weeiY w`‡Z
cvi‡eb|
• Aåvš— I me©gq KZ©„‡Z¡i †NvlYvi KviY e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
• `xb-B-Bjvnxi eY©bv w`‡Z cvi‡eb|

mgªvU AvKei wQ‡jb ag©xq ms¯‹vigy³ I ciag©mwnòz| Zuvi ag©xq D`vibxwZi wcQ‡b
wb‡æv³ cÖfve ev KviY Kvh©Ki f‚wgKv cvjb K‡it
1. M„nwk¶K I wcZvgvZvi cÖfve: AvKe‡ii M„nwk¶K Avãyj jwZd D`vicš’x wQ‡jb,
Zuvi wcZv I wcZvgn †KDB †Muvov wQ‡jb bv| Zuvi gvZv nvwg`v evbyI D`vi Ges
ciag© mwnòz wQ‡jb| AvKei cÖ_g Rxe‡b †kL gyeviK I Zuvi `yB cyÎ ˆdRx Ges
AvKei wQ‡jb ag©xq Aveyj dR‡ji cÖfv‡e cÖfvevwš^Z nb| Zuviv mK‡j mywd wQ‡jb| evj¨Kv‡jB AvKei
ms¯‹vi gy³ I ciag©
mwnòz
mywd ag©g‡Zi cÖfv‡e Av‡mb| d‡j wZwb ag© wel‡q D`viZv I mwnòzZvi
cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Dcjwä K‡ib|
2. fw³ I gvn`x Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖfve: †lvok kZvãx wQj ag©v‡›`vj‡bi hyM| GB hyM wQj
AbymwÜrmvi hyM| AvKei wQ‡jb †m hy‡Mi g~Z© cÖZxK| Kexi, ¸i“ bvbK, kªx ˆPZb¨,
†lvok kZvãx ag©xq ivgvb›` cÖgyL gigx mvaKMY AvKe‡ii ag©bxwZ‡K cÖfvweZ K‡iwQ‡jb| fvi‡Zi
AvÍwRÁvmvi hyM fw³ I gvn`x Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖfve Rbmvavi‡Yi gb‡K Av”Qbœ K‡iwQj| ZLb Zviv
g‡b Ki‡Zb †h kZ eQ‡ii cvc-cw¼jZv †_‡K gvbyl‡K D×vi Kivi Rb¨ c„w_ex‡Z
GKRb ÎvYKZ©v AvMgb Ki‡eb| AvKei Gfv‡e wbR‡K GKRb ÎvYKZ©v g‡b
K‡iwQ‡jb|
3. Bev`Z Lvbvq wewfbœ a‡g©i cwÊZM‡Yi Av‡jvPbvi cÖfve: mgªvU AvKei `k©b I
agx©q Av‡jvPbvi Rb¨ d‡Zncyi wmwµ‡Z Bev`ZLvbv wbg©vY K‡ib| wKš‘ GBLv‡b
Avgwš¿Z Av‡jgM‡Yi Av‡jvPbvq wZwb we‡Øl I agx©q †Muvovwg, e¨w³MZ Avµg‡Yi
g‡bvfve I Bmjv‡gi fzj e¨vL¨v j¶ K‡ib| wZwb eyS‡Z cvi‡jb †h GBfv‡e
m‡Z¨i mÜvb Kiv e„_v| ZvB wZwb ÔAåvš— ev me©gq KZ…©‡Z¡iÕ †NvlYv †`b| GB
†NvlYv Øviv mgªvU ivóª I ag© welqK †h †Kvb mgm¨vi P‚ovš— mgvav‡bi ¶gZv wbR
nv‡Z MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb ÔBgvg-B-Avw`jÕ †LZve MÖnY K‡i d‡Zncyi wmwµi
gmwR‡` cÖavb ag©¸i“i Avm‡b AwawôZ nb| Z‡e Gi d‡j †Muvov mybœx gymjgvbMY
Amš‘ó nb|
4. ivR‰bwZK KviY: mgªvU AvKe‡ii ag©xq gZev‡`i Dci ivR‰bwZK KviYI we`¨gvb
wQj| wZwb Dcjwä K‡ib, fviZel© wn›`y cÖavb †`k| Avi msL¨vjNy gyNjgvbiv
kvmK †Mvôx| myZivs msL¨v¸i“i mn‡hvwMZv I mg_©b jvf Ki‡Z n‡j ag©xq e¨vcv‡i
mnbkxj I D`vi bxwZ MÖnb Ki‡Z n‡e| ejvevûj¨ mgªvU AvKe‡ii GB Dcjwä
gyNj mgªv‡R¨i DcKv‡i G‡mwQj|

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 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq I‡cb ¯‹zj

`xb-B-Bjvnx
wewfbœ ag©¸i“‡`i g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK we‡Øl I cia‡g©i cÖwZ AmwnòzZv `~i Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨
mgªvU AvKei 1582 mv‡j Ô`xb-B-BjvnxÕ bv‡g G‡Kk¦ivev`g~jK GK bZzb ag©gZ
`xb-B-Bjvnxi welqe¯‘ cÖeZ©b K‡ib| mKj a‡g©i mvie¯‘ wb‡q `xb-B-Bjvnx ag©gZ MwVZ nq| GB ag©g‡Zi
K‡jgv wQj Ôjv Bjvnv Bj−vj−vn AvKei LwjdvZzj−vnÕ| ZvQvov-`xb-B-Bjvnx
gZvej¤^xw`M‡K KZK¸‡jv ixwZ-bxwZ cvjb Ki‡Z nZ| GB ixwZ ev weavb ¸wj wQjt
1. GB a‡g©i mf¨Mb ci¯úi wgwjZ n‡j, ÔAvmmvjygy AvjvBKzgÕ| Gi cwie‡Z© Avj−vû
AvKevi Ges cÖZz¨Ë‡i ÔIqv AvjvBKzg Avm&mvjvgÕ bv e‡j ÔRvj−vRvjvjyûÕ ej‡Z n‡Zv|
2. GB ag©xq weavb Abymv‡i g„Zz¨i c‡i bq, g„Zz¨i c~‡e©B `vIqvZ ev Avgš¿‡bi e¨e¯’v
Ki‡Z n‡ev|
3. `xb-B-Bjvnxi m`m¨M‡bi gvsm f¶b Kiv wb‡la|
4. mf¨Mb wbR wbR Rb¥w`b cvjb Ki‡eb Ges †fv‡Ri Av‡qvRb Ki‡eb|
5. mf¨Mb wf¶v cÖ`vb Ki‡eb wKš‘ wf¶v MÖnY Ki‡eb bv|
6. GB ag©Zg MÖn‡Y KvD‡K eva¨ Kiv n‡e bv|
W. wf. w¯§‡_i g‡Z, msKxY© A‡_© AvKe‡ii `xb-B-Bjvnx †Kvb ag© b‡q| GwU GKwU
`xb-B-Bjvnx †Kvb ag© Rxeb `k©b gvÎ| mgªvU AvKei †Rvi K‡i Zuvi ag©gZ KviI Dci Pvwc‡q †`bwb| G
bq, ivR‰bwZK D‡Ï‡k¨ Rb¨B `xb-B-Gjvnxi `x¶v MÖnYKvixi msL¨v wekR‡bi †ekx wQjbv| GB wekR‡bi g‡a¨
Gi cÖeZ©b GKRb Qvov evKx mK‡jB wQ‡jb gymjgvb| `xb-B-Bjvnxi `x¶v MÖnYKvix GKgvÎ wn›`y
wQ‡jb ivRv exiej| `xb Gjvnxi gva¨‡g mKj a‡g©i mvivs‡ki GK Acye© mswgkªb mvab
Kiv wQj AvKe‡ii D‡Ïk¨| Gi wcQ‡b Zuvi mywPwš—Z ivR‰bwZK D‡Ïk¨ wQj| ¯^v_©
wmw×i D‡Ï‡k¨ †KD †KD `xb-B-Bjvnxi cÖwZ AvK…ó n‡jI mvaviYfv‡e Rbg‡b GwU
†Kvb Av‡e`b m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| ZvB `xb-B-Bjvnx e¨_©Zvq ch©ewmZ nq Ges mgªvU
AvKe‡ii g„Zz¨i (1605 wLª:) m‡½ m‡½ GB ag©gZ wejyß nq|

AvKe‡ii weL¨vZ mfvm`‡`i bqRb (beiZœ)

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 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq I‡cb ¯‹zj

mgªvU AvKei agx©q ms¯‹vi gy³ wQ‡jb| wewfbœ cÖfve Zuvi agx©q D`vi bxwZi Rb¨ `vqx
mvi-ms‡¶c
wQj| wZwb me a‡g©i mvi wb‡q `xb-B-Bjvnx cÖeZ©b K‡ib| wKš‘ G gZev` Zuvi g„Zz¨i
ciciB wejyß nq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb t 3.3

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ:

1. ag© Av‡›`vj‡bi hyM n‡”Q 
K. GKv`k kZvãx L. Øv`k kZvãx
M. †lvok kZvãx N. mß`k kZvãx
2. Aåvš— ev me©gq KZ…©‡Z¡i †NvlYv †`b 
K. Aveyj dRj L. AvKei
M. ˆdRx N. Ave`yj jwZd
3. AvKei Ô`xb-B-BjvnxÕ cÖeZ©b K‡ib 
K. 1570 wLª÷v‡ã L. 1575 wLª÷v‡ã
M. 1580 wLª÷v‡ã N. 1582 wLª÷v‡ã
4. `xb-B-Bjvnx MÖnYKvix AvKe‡ii Agv‡Z¨i msL¨v 
K. 16 Rb L. 18 Rb
M. 20 Rb N. 22 Rb

msw¶ß-DËi cÖkœ:

1. †Kvb †Kvb NUbv AvKei‡K GKwU we‡kl ag©bxwZ MÖn‡Y cÖfvweZ K‡i?
2. `xb-B-Bjvnx wK, `xb-B-Bjvnx cÖeZ©‡bi g~j D‡Ïk¨ wK wQj?
3. `xb-B-Bjvnxi weavb¸wj Av‡jvPbv Ki“b|

cvV
AvKe‡ii f‚wg kvmb e¨e¯’v
4
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV c‡o Avcwb 
• AvKe‡ii Avg‡ji f‚wg Rixc I f‚wgi †kªYxwefvM m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
• AvKe‡ii ivR¯^ bxwZi g~j j‡¶¨i weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
• mgªvU AvKe‡ii ivR¯^ bxwZi djvd‡ji D‡j−L Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

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 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq I‡cb ¯‹zj

mgªvU AvKe‡ii f‚wg kvmb e¨e¯’v Zuvi ivRZ¡Kv‡ji GK D‡j−L‡hvM¨ NUbv| mgmvgwqK
I cieZx© HwZnvwmKMY mgªvU AvKe‡ii f‚wg ivR¯^ bxwZi f‚qmx cÖksmv K‡i‡Qb|
†kikv‡ni ivR¯^-ms¯‹vi bxwZ‡Z AbycÖvwYZ n‡q gyRvd&di Lvb ZzieZx I ivRv
†UvWig‡ji b¨vq my‡hvM¨ w`Iqv‡bi mvnv‡h¨ AvKei ivR¯^ e¨e¯’vi DbœwZ mvab K‡ib|
Zuvi ivR¯^ bxwZi g~j j¶¨ wQj- 1. Rwgi †kªYx wefvMKiY, 2. Drcbœ k‡m¨i Dci wfwË
K‡i ivR¯^ wba©viY|

f‚wg Rwic I f‚wgi †kªYx wefvM

mgªvU AvKe‡ii wewkó A_©bxwZwe` †UvWigj f‚wg ivR¯^ wba©viYK‡í ivR¯^-ms¯‹v‡i
g‡bv‡hvMx nb| wZwb Rwg Rwic Kivi Rb¨ †kikvn KZ…©K e¨eüZ iwki cwie‡Z© `yB
w`‡K †jvnv Øviv evav‡bv euv‡ki `Ê e¨envi K‡ib| wZwb mgMÖ Rwg Rwic Kwi‡q De©iZv
I KZ Kvj hver Pvlvev` Kiv nq-G me Z_¨i wfwˇZ Pv‡li Rwg mg~n‡K 4 fv‡M fvM
Rwg mg~n‡K Pvifv‡M
K‡ib| h_v 1. †cvjvR Rwg G mg¯— Rwg cÖwZ eQi Pvl Kiv nZ| 2. civDwZ Rwg
wef³ Kiv nq G ai‡bi Rwg GKevi Pv‡li ci De©iZv kw³ e„w×i Rb¨ wKQyKvj cwZZ ivLv nZ| 3.
PvPi Rwg G mg¯— Rwg wZb ev Pvi eQi ci ci Pvl Kiv nZ| 4. ebhvi Rwg G
ai‡Yi Rwg cuvP eQ‡ii Rb¨ Abvev`x _vKZ|
cÖ‡Z¨K K…l‡Ki Aax‡b G ai‡Yi Rwg _vKZ| cÖ_g `yB ai‡Yi f‚wg †_‡K Drcbœ k‡m¨i
GK Z…Zxqvsk f‚wg ivR¯^ wn‡m‡e M„nxZ n‡Zv| PvPi I ebhvi Rwgi Dci mvgvb¨ nv‡i
ivR¯^ avh© Kiv nq| K…lKMY bM` UvKvq A_ev k‡m¨ LvRbv w`‡Z cvi‡Zv| GB f‚wg
ivR‡¯^i nvi wba©vib ivR¯^ bxwZ ÔhveZxÕ ev †UvWig‡ji ÔivqZIqvixÕ cÖ_v bv‡g cwiwPZ| ÔhveZxÕ e¨ZxZ
AviI `yÕai‡bi ivR¯^ bxwZ cÖPwjZ wQj h_v 1. Mvj−veKm 2. bvmvL| Mvj−veK&m cÖ_v
Abymv‡i hLb †hgb dmj djZ miKvi Zvi 1/3 Ask Ki wn‡m‡e †cZ| Gi d‡j †Kvb
wbw`©ó nv‡i cvIqvi e¨e¯’v wQj bv| bvmvL cÖ_v Abymv‡i dmj Drcv`‡bi †Kvb Rwic bv
K‡i Av›`v‡Ri wfwˇZ miKvi I ivq‡Zi g‡a¨ dmj fvM Kiv nZ| evsjv‡`‡k G cÖ_v
Pvjy wQj|
ivR¯^ Av`v‡qi fvicÖvß Kg©KZ©v w`Iqvb Av`vqK…Z ivR¯^ †_‡K cÖv‡`wkK kvmbKZ©v
ivR¯^ Av`vq myev`vi‡K A_© cÖ`vb Ki‡Zb Ges DØ„Ë A_© †K›`ªxq ivR‡Kv‡l †cÖiY Ki‡Zb| eb¨v,
`ywf©¶ I Afve-AbU‡bi mgq ivR¯^ Av`vq wkw_j Kiv nZ| cÖ‡qvR‡b LvRbv gIKzd
Kivi D`vnibI Av‡Q| ivR¯^ Kg©Pvwi‡`i `ybx©wZ K‡Vvi n‡¯— `gb Kiv n‡Zv|

ivR¯^ bxwZi djvdj

AvKe‡ii cÖewZ©Z ivR¯^ bxwZi d‡j K…lK I ivóª DfqB jvfevb nq| GB e¨e¯’vi d‡j
ivR¯^ Kg©PvwiMY †K‡›`ªi wb‡`©‡ki A‡c¶vq bv †_‡K bxwZ †gvZv‡eK KvR Ki‡Z
cvi‡Zb| ivR‡¯^i cwigvY wba©vwiZ nIqvq iv‡óªi NvUwZ iwnZ nq Ges Kg©Pvwi‡`i
`ybx©wZ eÜ nq| mgªvU AvKe‡ii mdj ivR¯^ bxwZi d‡j K…lKMY mg„×kvjx n‡q D‡V

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 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq I‡cb ¯‹zj

Ges †`‡ki Kj¨vYg~jK KvR Kiv m¤¢e nq| Wt w¯§_ e‡j‡Qb †h, Òmgªv‡Ui ivR¯^ bxwZ
wQj wbLuyZ Ges ivR¯^ e¨e¯’v wQj cÖksmbxqÓ|

mvi-ms‡¶c mgªvU AvKei ivR¯^ e¨e¯’vi ms¯‹vi mvab K‡ib Ges f‚wg Rwi‡ci e¨e¯’v Kivb| f‚wgi
Pv‡li aib Abyhvqx Avev`x f‚wg‡K wewfbœ fv‡M fvM K‡i Ki avh© Kiv nq| G‡Z miKvi
Ges K…lKKzj DcK…Z nq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb t 3.4

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkª:

1. AvKe‡ii ivR¯^bxwZi g~j j¶¨ wQj
K. 1 wU L. 2 wU
M. 3 wU N. 4 wU
2. †UvWig‡ji c`ex wQj 
K. gbme`vi L. w`Iqvb
M. †dŠR`vi N. Avwgb
3. AvKei Pv‡li Rwg‡K fvM Kivb 
K. 1 wU fv‡M L. 2 wU fv‡M
M. 3 wU fv‡M N. 4 wU fv‡M
4. GK Z…Zxqvsk ivR¯^ †h ai‡bi f‚wg †_‡K Av`vq Kiv nZ-Zvi bvg wQj
K. †cvjvR Rwg L. †cvjvR I civDwZ Rwg
M. PvPi Rwg N. ebhvi Rwg

msw¶ß-DËi cÖkœ:

1. AvKei wKfv‡e f‚wg Rwic I f‚wgi †kªYxwefvM K‡iwQ‡jb?
2. AvKe‡ii f‚wg ivR¯^bxwZi djvdj wK n‡qwQj?

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 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq I‡cb ¯‹zj

cvV
Rvnv½x‡ii kvbmbKvj (1605-1627 wLªóvã) I Zuvi K…wZZ¡
5
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV c‡o Avcwb
• mgªvU Rvnv½x‡ii kvmbKv‡ji RbwnZKi Kv‡Ri weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
• Rvnv½x‡ii ivRZ¡Kv‡ji ¸i“Z¡c~Y© NUbv m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
• mgªvU Rvnv½x‡ii PvwiwÎK ˆewkó¨ I ¸Yvejxi eY©bv w`‡Z cvi‡eb|

mvgwiK mvdj¨
1605 wLª÷v‡ã mgªvU AvKe‡ii g„Zz¨i
ci hyeivR †mwjg ÔbyiDÏxb gyn¤§`
Rvnv½xi ev`kvn MvRxÕ Dcvwa aviY K‡i
wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib| wZwb 1627
wLª÷vã ch©š— ivRZ¡ K‡ib| AvKe‡ii
gZ Zuvi weivU cÖwZfv I e¨w³Z¡ bv
_vK‡jI wZwb GKRb `¶ kvmK
wQ‡jb| wZwb gyNj mvgªv‡R¨i msnwZ
weavb, evsjvi evi fu~Bqv‡`i `gb Ges
†gevi Rq K‡ib| GQvovI wZwb
`vw¶YvZ¨ weR‡qi D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡i
wQ‡jb|

RbwnZKi KvR
mgªvU Rvnv½xi gyNj mgªvU‡`i g‡a¨
me©v‡c¶v AvKl©Yxq e¨w³‡Z¡i AwaKvix
wQ‡jb| wZwb wQ‡jb GKvav‡i †øncÖeY, mgªvU Rvnv½xi
`qvjy I eyw×gvb kvmK| wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡iB wZwb KZ¸‡jv RbwnZKi KvR Øviv
cÖRv mvavi‡Yi g‡bvićbi †Póv K‡i wQ‡jb| huviv mgªv‡Ui wmsnvmb jv‡f mnvqZv K‡ib
wZwb Zuv‡`i‡K c‡`vbœwZ cÖ`vb K‡ib| cvkvcvwk hviv Zuvi we‡ivwaZv K‡iwQj wZwb
mgªvU Rvnv½x‡ii `¶ Zv‡`i cÖwZ D`viZv I ¶gv cÖ`k©b K‡ib| ZvQvov mgªvU Rvnv½xi Zuvi wcZvi Avg‡ji
kvmb, D`viZv, cÖRv A‡bK¸wj wbh©vZbg~jK AvBb iwnZ K‡ib Ges `¯‘i-Dj-Avgj bv‡g 12wU AvBb cÖYqb
Kj¨vYg~jK bxwZ
K‡i `qv I D`viZv cÖ`k©b K‡ib| iv‡R¨i GKRb mvaviY cÖRvI mivmwi mgªv‡Ui
wePvicÖv_x© n‡Z cvi‡Zb| abx I `wi`ª mK‡jB hv‡Z Zuvi wbKU mivmwi wePvicÖv_x© n‡Z
cv‡i †mRb¨ mgªvU lvUwU N›Uvhy³ GKwU †mvbvi wkKj AvMÖvi cÖvmv` †_‡K hgybv b`xi
Zxi ch©š— Szwj‡q w`‡qwQ‡jb| †h †Kvb wePvi cÖv_x wkK‡j Uvb w`‡j lvUwU N›Uv GKmv‡_
†e‡R DVZ Ges mgªvU †hLv‡bB _vKzb bv †Kb `ievi K‡¶ Dcw¯’Z n‡q wePvi cÖv_x©i
Awf‡hvM ï‡b b¨vqwePvi wbwðZ Ki‡Zb|

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 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq I‡cb ¯‹zj

cÖRv‡`i cÖwZ Ggwb `qv I gnvbyfeZv m‡Ë¡I mgªv‡Ui Pwi‡Î ˆecix‡Z¨i mswgkªY
Pwi‡Î ˆecix‡Z¨i
mswgkªb
cwijw¶Z nq| Zuvi Pwi‡Î `qv-`vw¶Y¨ I †KvgjZvi cvkvcvwk kΓ `g‡b I Acivaxi
kvw¯— weav‡b K‡VviZv, wbôziZvi cwiPq cvIqv hvq|
ag©, wkí-ms¯‹…wZ I evwYR¨ bxwZ
mgªvU Rvnv½xi mKj a‡g©i cÖwZ kª×vkxj wQ‡jb| agx©q e¨vcv‡i wZwb †Kvb cÖKvi
evovevwo cQ›` Ki‡Zb bv| dwKi, `i‡ek, Ávbx-¸Yx‡`i wZwb mgv`i Ki‡Zb|
mvwnZ¨, wkíKjv I wPÎwk‡í Zuvi h‡_ó AbyivM cwijw¶Z nq| mgªvU wb‡R wPÎKi I
Kwe wQ‡jb| dvimx I ZzK©x fvlvq Zuvi h‡_ó eyrcwË wQj| ÔZzhyK-B-Rvnv½xixÕ iPbv K‡i
wkí †cÖwgK Rvnv½xi
wZwb h‡_ó K…wZ‡Z¡i cwiPq †`b| Zuvi ivRZ¡Kv‡j mvwn‡Z¨i Pig DrKl©Zvi `i“b Zuvi
Ges Zuvi Pwi‡Îi `ye©jZv kvmbvgj‡K A‡b‡K ga¨hyMxq fviZxq mvwn‡Z¨i ÔAMv÷vm hyMÕ e‡j AwfwnZ K‡ib|
mgªv‡Ui GZme ¸Y _vKv m‡Ë¡I g`¨cvb Kiv Ges A‡b¨i cÖfv‡e cÖfvevwš^Z nIqvi
Awf‡hvM Zuvi wei“‡× i‡q‡Q| ivR‡Z¡i †klfv‡M mgªvÁx b~iRvnvb I Zuvi fvB Avmd Lvb
mgªv‡Ui Dci AmvaviY cÖfve we¯—vi K‡iwQ‡jb| d‡j mvgªv‡R¨i †Kvb †Kvb A‡j
†Mvj‡hvM †`Lv †`q|
J×Z¨c~Y© AvPi‡Yi Rb¨ wZwb fviZe‡l© cZz©MxR‡`i me iK‡gi wµqvKg© wbwl× †NvlYv
BD‡iv‡ci ewYK I Ki‡jI Bs‡iR ewYK‡`i‡K e¨emv-evwY‡R¨i my‡hvM-myweav cÖ`vb K‡ib Ges myiv‡U
ch©UK‡`i AvMgb
KviLvbv wbg©v‡Yi AbygwZ †`b| K¨v‡Þb nwKÝ I Ugvm †iv bvgK `yÕRb Bs‡iR `~Z
Bsj¨v‡Ûi ivRv cÖ_g †Rg‡mi cÎ wb‡q nvwRi nb| GmKj `~Ziv fviZe‡l© e¨vemv
evwY‡R¨i Rb¨ mgªv‡Ui wbKU †_‡K myweav Av`vq K‡ib| Ugvm †iv I Zuvi mnKvix
GWIqvW© †Uix Rvnv½x‡ii Avg‡ji bvbv Z_¨ mg„× BwZnvm iPbv K‡ib|

mgªvU Rvnv½x‡ii mgvwa

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mgªvU Rvnv½xi gyNj mgªvU‡`i g‡a¨ me©v‡c¶v AvKl©Yxq e¨w³‡Z¡i AwaKvix wQ‡jb| wZwb
mvi-ms‡¶c
wQ‡jb `qvjy I cÖRviÄK mgªvU, Z‡e cÖ‡qvR‡b wZwb K‡Vvi I wbôzi n‡Z cvi‡Zb| Zuvi
Avg‡j mvgªv‡R¨i kvwš— mg„w× weivRgvb wQj|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb t 3.5

ˆbe¨w³K cÖkœ:

1. mgªvU Rvnv½xi ivRZ¡ K‡ib 
K. 19 eQi L. 21 eQi
M. 22 eQi N. 25 eQi
2. wePvicÖv_x© Rbmvavi‡Yi myweavi Rb¨ lvU N›Uvhy³ †mvbvi wkKj Szwj‡q †`b 
K. AvKei L. Rvnv½xi
M. kvnRvnvb N. AvIi½‡Re
3. mgªvU Rvnv½x‡ii Avg‡j Bs‡iR ewYKMY KviLvbv wbg©vY K‡ib 
K. gv`ªv‡R L. †Mvqvq
M. KwjKvZvq N. myiv‡U

msw¶ß-DËi cÖkœ:

1. mgªvU Rvnv½x‡ii RbwnZKi Kvh©vejxi eY©bv w`b|
2. mgªvU Rvnv½x‡ii ag©, wkí-ms¯‹…wZ I evwYR¨ bxwZ m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki“b|
3. mgªvU Rvnv½x‡ii Avg‡j BD‡ivcxq `~Z ev ewYK‡`i AvMgb m¤ú‡K© eY©bv w`b|

cvV
mgªvU kvnRvnvb (1628-1658 wLª÷vã)
6
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV c‡o Avcwb 
• mgªvU kvnRvnv‡bi kvmbvg‡j cy·`i g‡a¨ DËivwaKvi ؇›Øi KviY e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb|
• DËivwaKvi ؇›Øi cÖavb NUbvejxi weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
• DËivwaKvi ؇›Øi djvd‡ji D‡j−L Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
• DËivwaKvi hy‡× AvIi½‡R‡ei mvdj¨ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

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1627 wLª÷v‡ãi 28 A‡±vei mgªvU Rvnv½xi g„Zz¨ eiY K‡ib| Zuvi g„Zz¨i ci kvnRv`v
Lyiig I kvnwiqv‡ii g‡a¨ DËivwaKvi Ø›Ø ïi“ nq| k¦vïwo byiRvnv‡bi cÖ‡ivPbvq
kvnwiqvi jvnv‡i wb‡R‡K mgªvU e‡j †NvlYv
K‡ib| kvnRv`v Lyii‡gi k¦ïi Avmd Lvb wbR
cy·`i g‡a¨ DËivwaKvi RvgvZv‡K wmsnvm‡b AwawôZ Kivi j‡¶¨
Ø›Ø kvnwiqv‡ii wei“‡× Awfhvb Pvwj‡q Zv‡K
civwRZ K‡ib Ges AÜ K‡i w`‡q wmsnvm‡bi
Abychy³ K‡i †`b| GgZve¯’vq kvnRv`v Lyiig
`vw¶YvZ¨ †_‡K AvMÖvq wd‡i Av‡mb Ges 1628
wLª÷v‡ãi 4 †deª“qvwi ÔAveyj gyRvddi wknve
DwÏb gynv¤§` kvnRvnvb ev`kvn MvRxÕ Dcvwa
aviY K‡i wmsnvm‡b AwawôZ nb| Zuvi wÎk
eQ‡ii ivRZ¡Kv‡j gyNj mvgªvR¨ †MŠi‡ei
m‡e©v”P wkL‡i Av‡ivnY K‡iwQj| Z‡e Zuvi
ivR‡Z¡i †kl w`‡K DËivwaKvi cÖ‡kœ mgªv‡Ui
Pvi cy‡Îi g‡a¨ M„n hy‡×i m~ÎcvZ N‡U|

mgªvU kvn&Rvnvb

cy·`i g‡a¨ DËivwaKvi Ø›Ø t mgªvU kvnRvnv‡bi Pvi cyÎ I `yB Kb¨v wQj| †R¨ô cyÎ
`viv wk‡Kvn mgªv‡Ui wcÖq cvÎ wQ‡jb Ges wZwb wcZvi mv‡_ AvMÖv‡Z Ae¯’vb KiwQ‡jb|
Ab¨ wZb cy‡Îi g‡a¨ myRv evsjvq, AvIi½‡Re `vw¶Yv‡Z¨ Ges gyiv` ¸Riv‡Ui kvmb
¶gZvq AwawôZ wQ‡jb| 1657 wLª÷v‡ãi †kl fv‡M mgªvU kvnRvnvb Amy¯’ n‡q c‡ob|
GB mgq `viv wk‡Kvn Amy¯’ mgªv‡Ui kh¨vcv‡k †_‡K ivRKvh© cwiPvjbv Ki‡Zb| `xN©
mgq ivRKv‡h© mgªv‡Ui Abycw¯’wZ Ges `vivwk‡Kvi ¶gZv MÖn‡Yi ¯ú„nv wewfbœ A‡j
Ae¯’vbiZ kvnRvnv‡bi cy·`i g‡a¨ m‡›`‡ni m„wó K‡i Ges Gi d‡j DËivwaKvi hy‡×i
m~ÎcvZ N‡U| DËivwaKvi hy‡× kvnRvnv‡bi †R¨ô Kb¨v Rvnvb Aviv `vivwk‡Kvi c¶
Ges Kwbô Kb¨v iIkb Aviv AvIi½‡R‡ei c¶ mg_©b K‡ib|

DËivwaKvi hy‡×i KviY

1. myôz DËivwaKvi bxwZi Afve- gyNj‡`i wmsnvmb jv‡fi †Kvb myôz DËivwaKvi bxwZ
wQj bv| GB Rb¨ wmsnvmb wb‡q we‡iva Ges åvZ… Kjn c~e©eZx© gyNj mgªvU‡`i
Avg‡jI msNwUZ n‡qwQj| myôz DËivwaKvi bxwZi Afv‡eB kvnRvnv‡bi cy·`i
g‡a¨I M„nhy‡×i m~ÎcvZ nq|
2. fvB‡`i cÖwZ `vivi A‡kvfb AvPiY- mgªvU kvnRvnv‡bi Amy¯’Zvi Lei `viv †Mvcb
iv‡Lb Ges ivRavbx AvMÖvi mv†_ †hvMv‡hvM i¶vKvix evsjv, ¸RivU I `vw¶Yv‡Z¨i
mg¯— iv¯—v eÜ K‡i †`b| `vivi Ggwb ai‡bi AvPiY åvZ…we‡iva Awbevh© K‡i
†Zv‡j|

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 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq I‡cb ¯‹zj

4. `vivi cÖwZ kvnRvnv‡bi AÜ †øn I c¶cvwZZ¡- mgªvU kvnRvnvb `vivi cÖwZ mg_©b
Rvbvb Ges Zuvi wmsnvmb jv‡fi Rb¨ Avw_©K I mvgwiK mvnvh¨ †`b| wZwb `vivi
civg‡k© AvIi½‡Re‡K weRvcyi I †MvjKzÊv weR‡q evav †`b| Zuvi GB A܇øn I
c¶cvwZZ¡ DËivwaKvi ؇›Øi BÜb †hvMvq|
DËivwaKvi ؇›Øi cÖavb NUbvejx I djvdj
ivRKvh© †_‡K `xN© mgq mgªv‡Ui Abycw¯’wZ Ges `vivi `yiwfmwÜ eyS‡Z †c‡i evsjvi
kvnRvnv‡bi cy·`i
kvmbKZ©v myRv 1657 wLª÷v‡ã me©cÖ_g wbR‡K mgªvU e‡j †NvlYv K‡ib Ges m‰mb¨
w`j−xi mgªvU nIqvi
cÖwZ‡hvwMZv ivRavbx AvMÖv `Lj Ki‡Z AMÖmi n‡j 1568 wLª÷v‡ã evnv`yi M‡oi hy‡× `vivi ˆmb¨
Øviv civwRZ nb| civwRZ n‡q myRv evsjvq wd‡i hvb Ges c‡i AvivKvbx‡`i nv‡Z
wbnZ nb|
Ab¨w`‡K gyiv` ¸Riv‡U wbR‡K ¯^vaxb myjZvb e‡j †NvlYv K‡ib| kvnRv`v AvIi½‡Re
wQ‡jb axiw¯’i I weP¶Y cÖK…wZi| wZwb Ab¨ fvB‡`i gZ wb‡R‡K mgªvU wn‡m‡e †NvlYv
K‡ibwb| Z‡e fwMœ iIkb Avivi gv¨a‡g AvMÖvi cwiw¯’wZi Dci bRi iv‡Lb|
KzU‡KŠk‡j wZwb kvnRv`v gyiv`‡K wbR `j f‚³ K‡ib| B‡Zvg‡a¨ AvIi½‡Re gyNj
mvgªvR¨ fvM K‡i †bevi D‡Ï‡k¨ gyiv‡`i mv‡_ ˆgÎxPzw³ m¤úv`b K‡ib Ges Zv‡`i
mw¤§wjZ evwnbx D¾wqbxi wbKU ag©v‡U mgªvU evwnbxi gy‡LvgywL nq| G hy‡× mgªvU evwnbx
civwRZ nq| GB e¨_©Zvq ¶zä n‡q `vivwk‡Kv wekvj evwnbxmn 1658 wLª÷v‡ã mvgyM‡o
åvZv‡`i mw¤§wjZ evwnbxi mv‡_ hy× K‡i civ¯— nb Ges w`j−x‡Z cjvqb K‡ib|
mvgyM‡oi hy‡×B DËivwaKvi msµvš— ؇›Øi †kl gxgvsmv n‡q hvq| Gici Ab¨ †Kvb
fvB‡qi c‡¶ AvIi½‡Re‡K civwRZ Kivi Avi †Kvb mvg_© wQj bv|
`viv‡K AbymiY K‡i AvIi½‡Re AvMÖv AwaKvi K‡ib| wZwb Gevi e„× mgªvU
kvnRvnvb M„ne›`x I
AvIi½‡R‡ei ¶gZv kvnRvnvb‡K bRie›`x K‡ib| gyiv‡`i Kvh©Kjvc m‡›`nRbK g‡b nIqvq AvIi½‡Re
MÖnY Zuv‡KI †KŠk‡j e›`x K‡i †Mvqvwjqi `y‡M© †cÖiY K‡ib| AZtci 1658 wLª÷v‡ã
AvIi½‡Re ÔAveyj †gvRvd&di gwnDÏxb gyn¤§` AvIi½‡Re AvjgMxi ev`kv MvRxÕ
Dcvwa aviY K‡i wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib| cieZx© Kv‡j wewfbœ Awf‡hv‡Mi Kvi‡Y `viv
Ges gyiv`‡K g„Zz¨`Ê †`qv nq Ges wcZv kvnRvnvb‡K M„ne›`x Kiv nq| GBfv‡e w`j−xi
wmsnvmb wb‡q åvZ…؇›Øi Aemvb N‡U|

DËivwaKvi ؇›Ø AvIi½‡R‡ei mvd‡j¨i KviY

mgªvU kvn&Rvnv‡bi cy·`i ga¨Kvi DËivwaKvi ؇›Ø AvIi½‡R‡ei md‡j¨i †cQ‡b Zuvi
e¨w³MZ ¸Yvewj we‡kl mnvqZv K‡i‡Q| wZwb Zuvi fvB‡`i g‡a¨ me w`K †_‡KB wQ‡jb
†hvM¨Zg| wZwb wQ‡jb axi w¯’i I KzUbxwZ Ávb m¤úbœ| wZwb wQ‡jb Mfxi ivR‰bwZK
`~i`k©x mgi‡KŠk‡j wbcyb Ges ivR¨kvm‡b cvi`k©x| myPZzi I Zx² eyw× m¤úbœ
AvIi½‡R‡ei D`vibxwZ, ivR‰bwZK `¶Zv I mgi‡KŠk‡j AbwfÁ `vivi cÖwZØw›ØZvi
†Kvb kw³ wQjbv| AvIi½‡R‡ei DbœZ †mbvcwZZ¡ I mgi`¶Zvi wbKU A‡hvM¨
kvnRv`v myRv I gyiv‡`i civRq wQj Awbevh©| Z`ycwi †Muvov gymwjg wn‡m‡e mybœx Av‡jg
I‡jgv‡`i mg_©b I mn‡hvwMZv AvIi½‡R‡ei mvd‡j¨ mnvqK n‡qwQj|

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 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq I‡cb ¯‹zj

wmsnvm‡bi DËivwaKvi wb‡q mgªvU kvnRvnv‡bi Pvi cy‡Îi g‡a¨ msNvZ N‡U| †R¨ô cyÎ
mvi-ms‡¶c
`vivwk‡Kvn wcZvi †ønfvRb wQ‡jb| wKš‘ åvZ…NvZx hy‡× AvIi½‡Re Rqx nb Ges
w`j−xi mgªvUiƒ‡c wb‡R‡K AwawôZ K‡ib|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb t 3.6

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ:

1. mgªvU kvnRvn‡bi †R¨ô cyÎ `vivwk‡Kv Ae¯’vb KiwQ‡jb 
K. w`j−x‡Z L. AvMÖvq
M. evsjvq N. ¸Riv‡U
2. mgªvU kvnRvnvb Zvi cy·`i g‡a¨ AwaK †øn Ki‡Zb 
K. myRv‡K L. gyiv`‡K
M. AvIi½‡Re‡K N. `vivwk‡Kvn‡K
3. evnv`yi M‡oi hy× msNwUZ nq 
K. 1560 wLª÷v‡ã L. 1565 wLª÷v‡ã
M. 1568 wLª÷v‡ã N. 1570 wLª÷v‡ã
4. gyiv` wbR‡K fvZie‡l©i ¯^vaxb myjZvb iƒ‡c †NvlYv †`b 
K. evsjvq L. `vw¶Yv‡Z¨
M. ¸Riv‡U N. Kvey‡j
5. kvn myRv gviv hvb 
K. ¸Riv‡U L. Kvey‡j
M. `vw¶Yv‡Z¨ N. AvivKv‡b

msw¶ß-DËi cÖkœ:

1. DËivwaKvi hy‡×i KviY mg~n eY©bv Ki“b|
2. DËivwaKvi hy‡×i cÖavb NUbvejx wK wQj? GB ؇›Øi djvdj D‡j−L Ki“b|
3. DËivwaKvi hy‡× AvIi½‡R‡ei mvd‡j¨i KviY Av‡jvPbv Ki“b|

cvV
kvnRvnv‡bi K…wZZ¡
7
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV c‡o Avcwb 
• we‡RZv I kvmK wn‡m‡e kvnRvnv‡bi K…wZ‡Z¡i weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
• mgªvU kvnRvnv‡bi Avg‡j ¯’vwcZ ¯’vcZ¨ wk‡íi weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
• mgªvU kvnRvnv‡bi ivRZ¡Kvj‡K gyNj kvmbvg‡ji ¯^Y©hyM ejvi KviY D‡j−L Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb|

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 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq I‡cb ¯‹zj

gyNj BwZnv‡m mgªvU kvnRvnv‡bi Rxebv‡jL¨ ˆewPÎgq NUbvq cwic~Y©| GKRb RbwcÖq
mgªvUiƒ‡c wZwb BwZnv‡m L¨vwZ AR©b K‡iwQ‡jb| Zuvi kvmbvgj gyNj BwZnv‡m ¯^Y©hyM
wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ|
mgiKzkjx wn‡m‡e mgªvU kvnRvnvb `¶Zvi cwiPq †`b| gyNj AvwacZ¨ we¯—v‡iI wZwb
kvnRvnv‡bi mvgwiK we‡kl K…wZ‡Z¡i cwiPq †`b| Zuvi Avg‡j Avng`bMi, weRvcyi, †MvjKzÊvq gyNj
mvdj¨
AvwacZ¨ cÖwZwôZ nq| wZwb cZz©MxR‡`i `gb K‡i ûMjx `Lj K‡ib|
mgªvU kvnRvnv‡bi kvmb e¨e¯’v wQj AvKe‡ii kvmb e¨e¯’vi Abyiƒc| mykvmb, b¨vqwePvi
`¶ kvmb e¨e¯’v
I e`vb¨Zvi Rb¨ kvnRvnv‡bi kvmbKvj D‡j−L‡hvM¨| Zuvi kvmbvg‡j `yB GKwU NUbv
Qvov †`‡ki me©Î kvwš— k„•Ljv weivRgvb wQj| wZwb cÖkvm‡bi cÖwZwU wefvM wb‡R
Z`viK Ki‡Zb Ges cÖRv‡`i‡K
mš—vbZzj¨ we‡ePbv Ki‡Zb| Z‡e
Acivax‡`i‡K K‡Vvi kvw¯— `v‡b
KzÚv‡eva Ki‡Zb bv| mgªvU
kvnRvnv‡bi ivRZ¡Kv‡j me©cÖ_g
cwðg Gwkqvi Ges BD‡iv‡ci
mv‡_ fviZe‡l©i ewne©vwYwR¨K
m¤úK© ¯’vwcZ nq| wZwb AZ¨waK
K‡ii †evSv n«vm K‡i e¨emv evwYR¨
cÖmv‡ii c_ myMg K‡ib|
mgªvU kvnRvnvb wQ‡jb †mŠ›`h©
¯’vcZ¨ I wPÎ wk‡íi wccvmy wkíx g‡bi gvbyl| The
weKvk Prince of Builder bv‡g L¨vZ
mgªvU kvnRvnv‡bi Avg‡j gyNj wkí
I ¯’vc‡Z¨i Pig DrKl© mvwaZ nq|
Zvi ¯¿x AKvj cÖqvZ ggZvRgn‡ji
mgvaxi Dci wbwg©Z ¯§„wZ‡mŠa
ZvRgnj we‡k¦i ¯’vcZ¨ wk‡íi ZvRgnj
Ab¨Zg GKwU wb`k©b| †`kx we‡`kx Kzwo nvRvi wkíx KvwiM‡ii evBk eQ‡ii AK¬vš—
cwikª‡g wbwg©Z ZvRgnj‡K HwZnvwmK n¨v‡fj fvi‡Zi Ô†fbvm `¨v wg‡jvÕ bv‡g
AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb| GQvov gwZ gmwR`, w`Iqvb-B-Avg, w`Iqvb-B-Lvm, Rv‡g gmwR`
Zuvi Avg‡ji ¯’vcZ¨ wk‡íi Ab¨Zg KxwZ©| kvnRvnv‡bi gq~i wmsnvmb Zuvi wkívbyiv‡Mi
GK Ac~e© wb`k©b| ÔkvnRvnvbvev`Õ bv‡g GKwU bZzb bMi wZwb wbg©vY Kivb hv eZ©gv‡b
bZzb w`j−x bv‡g cwiwPZ| G mKj ¯’vcZ¨ wb`©k‡bi wbg©vY †KŠk‡j fviZxq I cviwmK
¯’vcZ¨ ixwZi mswgkªb cwijw¶Z nq| Zuvi mg‡q wPÎ wk‡íi h‡_ó DrKl© mvwaZ
n‡qwQj| wZwb n¯—wjwc we`¨viI c„ô‡cvlKZv K‡ib|
ab-m¤ú‡`i cÖvPzh©, Avo¤^i-Hk¦h©, ¯’vcZ¨ wk‡íi Pig DrKl©, e¨emv-evwY‡R¨i DbœwZ
¯^Y©hyM
cÖf…wZ Kvi‡Y kvnRvnv‡bi ivRZ¡Kvj †MŠi‡ei ¯^Y© wkL‡i DbœxZ n‡qwQj e‡j A‡bK
HwZnvwmK Zuvi ivRZ¡Kvj‡K gyNj BwZnv‡mi Ô¯^Y©hyMÕ e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e

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 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq I‡cb ¯‹zj

RuvKRgK I e¨q evû‡j¨i Aš—iv‡j Zuvi Avg‡jB gyNj kvmbvg‡ji cZ‡bi exR A¼zwiZ
n‡qwQj e‡j g‡b Kiv nq|

mvi-ms‡¶c gyNj kvmbvg‡ji g‡a¨ mgªvU kvnRvnv‡bi ivRZ¡Kvj ¯^Y©hyM wn‡m‡e L¨vZ| Zuvi Avg‡j
ivR¨mxgv we¯—…Z nq| †`‡k kvwš— mg„w× weivRgvb wQj| fviZe‡l©i ¯’vcZ¨ wk‡í GK
Ac~e© DrKl© mvwaZ nq| mgªvU RuvKRgKc~Y© `ievi eRvq iv‡Lb| G me Kvi‡Y gyNj
BwZnv‡m mgªvU kvnRvnv‡bi ivRZ¡Kvj ¯^Y©hyM wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb t 3.7

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ:
1. gyNj mgªv‡Ui kvmbvgj BwZnv‡m ¯^Y©hyM wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ 

K. ûgvqy‡bi
M. Rvnv½x‡ii
L. AvKe‡ii
N. kvnRvnv‡bi
2. gq~i wmsnvmb wbg©vY K‡ib 
K. AvKei L. Rvnv½xi
M. kvnRvnvb N. AvIi½‡Re|
3. mgªvU kvnRvnvb †h wPÎwkí ixwZ AbymiY K‡ib; Zvi bvg 
K. cviwmK L. Aviexq
M. fviZxq N. wn›`y I BD‡ivcxq|
msw¶ß-DËi cÖkœ:

1. we‡RZv I kvmK wn‡m‡e mgªvU kvnRvnv‡bi K…wZZ¡ wePvi Ki“b|
2. ¯’vcZ¨ wk‡íi †¶‡Î mgªvU kvnRvnv‡bi Ae`vb wK wQj?
3. mgªvU kvnRvnv‡bi ivRZ¡ Kvj‡K gyNj kvmbvg‡ji ¯^Y©hyM ejv nq †Kb?

cvV AvIi½‡R‡ei kvmbKvj 1658-1707 wLª÷vã : Zuvi `vw¶YvZ¨ ev `w¶b fvi‡Z

8 ivR¨ we¯—vi bxwZ
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV c‡o Avcwb 
• AvIi½‡R‡ei `vw¶YvZ¨ bxwZi KviY e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
• AvIi½‡R‡ei `vw¶YvZ¨ bxwZi djvdj D‡j−L Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
mgªvU kvnRvnv‡bi RxeÏkvq msNwUZ DËivwaKvi ؇›Ø weRqx n‡q AvIi½‡Re 1658
wLª÷v‡ã ev`kvn AvjgMxi Dcvwa aviY K‡i wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnb K‡ib| Zuvi kvmbvg‡j
me©v‡c¶v Av‡jvwPZ welq wQj `vw¶bvZ¨ bxwZ|
AvIi½‡R‡ei `vw¶YvZ¨ bxwZ GKwU weZwK©Z welq| †KD †KD g‡b K‡ib †h Zuvi GB
bxwZ a‡g©i Øviv cÖfvweZ n‡qwQj| Ab¨vb¨‡`i aviYv GB †h, Zuvi bxwZi g~j D‡Ïk¨

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 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq I‡cb ¯‹zj

gyNj mvgªv‡R¨i we¯—…wZ| G QvovI mgªvU AvIi½‡R‡ei `vw¶YvZ¨ bxwZ ev Awfhv‡bi

Ab¨vb¨ KviY n‡”Q :
1. `vw¶Yv‡Z¨i ivR¨¸wj gyNj mvgªv‡R¨i mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i cÖwZ ûgwK ¯^iƒc wQj|
2. †MvjKzÊv I weRvcy‡ii myjZvbMY Ki w`‡Z A¯^xK…wZ Rvbv‡j mgªvU Zv‡`i wei“‡×
mgªvU AvIi½‡R‡ei
Awfhvb cwiPvjbv K‡ib|
`vw¶YvZ¨ Awfhv‡bi
3. gvivVv †bZv k¤¢zRx mgªv‡Ui we‡`ªvnx cyÎ AvKei‡K Avkªq `vb Ki‡j Zuv‡K `gb
KviY
Kivi Rb¨ `vw¶Yv‡Z¨ Awfhvb Awbevh© n‡q c‡o|
4. `vw¶Yv‡Z¨ gvivVviv G mgq Lye kw³kvjx n‡q D‡V Ges gyNj mvgªv‡R¨i Rb¨ ûgwKi
KviY n‡q `uvovq| ZvB AvIi½‡Re `vw¶Yv‡Z¨ Awfhvb †cÖiY K‡ib|
AvIi½‡R‡ei `vw¶YvZ¨ ev `w¶Y fviZ Awfhvb
AvIi½‡R‡ei `vw¶YvZ¨ weRq‡K wZb ch©v‡q
fvM Kiv hvq| cÖ_gZ ch©vq: wmsnvm‡b
AvIi½‡R‡ei `vw¶YvZ¨
Av‡ivnY †_‡K wkevRxi wei“‡× hy× hvÎv ch©š—|
weRq wZb ch©v‡q wef³
gvivVv exi wkevRx `vw¶Yv‡Z¨ cÖej
civµgkvjx n‡q DV‡j AvIi½‡Re Zuv‡K
`gb Kivi Rb¨ cÖ_‡g kv‡q¯—v Lvb‡K Ges
cieZx© mg‡q w`jxi Lvb I Rqwmsn‡K Zuvi
wei“‡× cvVvb| wkevRxi wei“‡× †cÖwiZ wØZxq
Awfhvb mdj n‡jI gvivVv kw³‡K cy‡ivcywi
aŸsm Kiv m¤¢e nqwb| wØZxq ch©v‡qi Awfhvb
1682 wLª÷vã †_‡K 1687 wLª÷vã ch©š— we¯—…Z|
G mg‡q mgªvU AvIi½‡Re we‡`ªvnx cyÎ
AvKei‡K `gb I wkevRxi cyÎ k¤¢zRxi
wei“‡× e¨e¯’v MÖnY K‡ib Ges †MvjKzÊv I
weRvcyi ivR¨ `Lj K‡ib| Z…Zxq ch©v‡q
1687 †_‡K 1707 wLª÷vã ch©š— mgªvU
AvIi½‡Re k¤¢zRx I Ab¨vb¨ gvivVv †bZvi
¶gZv aŸsm mvab K‡ib| AvIi½‡Re `xN© ev`kvn AvIi½‡Re
25 (1682-1707 wLª:) eQi `vw¶Yv‡Z¨ Ae¯’vb K‡iwQ‡jb| G mg‡q k¤¢zRx civwRZ I
wbnZ nb Ges Zuvi g„Zz¨i c~e© ch©š— gyNj-gvivVv msNl© Ae¨vnZ _v‡K|
`vw¶YvZ¨ bxwZi djvdj
`vw¶YvZ¨ weR‡qi d‡j AvIi½‡Re fviZ Dcgnv‡`‡ki GK”QÎ mve©‡fŠg mgªv‡Ui
gh©v`v jvf K‡ib| Zuvi ivR¨mxgv Kveyj †_‡K PÆMÖvg Ges Kvk¥xi †_‡K Kv‡eix ch©š—
we¯—…wZ jvf K‡i| Zuvi `vw¶YvZ¨ bxwZi djvdj wbæiƒc t
1. AvIi½‡Re Zuvi c~e© cyi“l‡`i Abym„Z mvgªvR¨ev`x bxwZ AbymiY K‡i †MvjKzÊv I
weRvcyi ivR¨ `Lj K‡ib Ges G‡Z c‡iv¶fv‡e gvivVv kw³ DÌv‡bi c_ Dš§y³
K‡i †`b| e¯‘Z weRvcyi I †MvjKzÛv wQj gvivVv‡`i ¯’vbxq cÖwZØw›Ø| gyNj‡`i
wbKU G‡`i civR‡qi d‡j gvivVviv cÖv_wgK cÖwZØw›ØZgy³ n‡q kw³ m‡qi
my‡hvM cvq|
2. `vw¶YvZ¨ weR‡qi d‡j gyNj mgªv‡R¨i mxgv we¯—…Z nq| d‡j †K›`ª †_‡K wekvj
mvgªv‡R¨i kvmb cwiPvjbv `ytmva¨ n‡q c‡o|

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evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq I‡cb ¯‹zj

3. `vw¶Yv‡Z¨ `xN© mgq mgªv‡Ui Ae¯’v‡bi Kvi‡Y DËi fvi‡Z we‡`ªvn I wek„•Ljv †`Lv
†`q| AvdMvb, RvV, †gIqvwU, wkL I ivRcyZiv gyNj cÖkvmwbK KZ©„‡Z¡i wei“‡×
we‡`ªvn Ki‡Z _v‡K|
4. gvivVv I Ab¨vb¨ kΓ‡`i mv‡_ Aweivg hy‡×i d‡j ivR‡Kv‡l Pig A_© msKU †`Lv
†`q| K…wl I e¨emvq-evwb‡R¨i e¨vcK ¶q¶wZ nq| G Ae¯’v gyNj ivR‡Kv‡li
Dci `vi“b Pvc m„wó K‡i| ivR‡Kvl wbt‡kl n‡q hvIqvq ˆmb¨‡`i †eZb e‡Kqv
co‡Z _v‡K| wewfbœ A‡j †mbv Am‡š—vl †`Lv †`q| ZvB †Kvb †Kvb HwZnvwmK
AwfgZ cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb †h `vw¶YvZ¨ weR‡qi d‡j mgªvU me wKQy jvf Ki‡jI ev¯—e
†¶‡Î wZwb me wKQyB nviv‡jb| HwZnvwmK w¯§_ e‡jb, `vw¶Yv‡Z¨ mgªv‡Ui L¨vwZ I
†`‡ni mgvwa †¶Î iwPZ nq|

AvIi½‡R‡ei mgq gyMj mvgvR¨

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mgªvU AvIi½‡R‡ei `vw¶YvZ¨ weRq GK we‡kl ¸i“Z¡c~Y© NUbv| G weR‡qi d‡j

mvi-ms‡¶c
mvgªv‡R¨i mxgv we¯—…Z n‡jI †`‡k wek„•Ljv I we‡`ªvn †`Lv †`q| gyNj evwnbxi Kv‡Q
gvivVv †bZv wkevRx I k¤¢zRx civwRZ n‡jI gvivVv kw³i cy‡ivcywi aŸsm mvab m¤¢e
nqwb|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb t 3.8

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ:

1. k¤¢‚Rx n‡”Qb 
K. ivRcyZ †bZv L. gvivVv †bZv
M. RvU †bZv N. wkL †bZv
2. mgªvU AvIi½‡Re wkevRxi wei“‡× cÖ_‡g †h †mbvcwZi Aax‡b Awfhvb †cÖiY
K‡ib; Zvi bvg 
K. w`jxi Lvb L. Rqwmsn
M. kv‡q¯—v Lvb N. gvbwmsn|
3. AvIi½‡Re `vw¶Yv‡Z¨ Ae¯’vb K‡ib 
K. 20 eQi L. 22 eQi
M. 25 eQi N. 27 eQi

msw¶ß-DËi cÖkœ:

1. mgªvU AvIi½‡Re `vw¶YvZ¨ bxwZ MÖn‡Yi KviY wK wQj?
2. `vw¶YvZ¨ bxwZi djvdj eY©bv Ki“b|

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 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq I‡cb ¯‹zj

cvV
AvIi½‡R‡ei K…wZZ¡
9
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV c‡o Avcwb
• †mbvcwZ I kvmK wn‡m‡e AvIi½‡R‡ei K…wZ‡Z¡i weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
• avwg©K gyNjgvb I wk¶vi c„ô‡cvlK wn‡m‡e AvIi½‡R‡ei K…wZ‡Z¡i D‡j−L Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb|

Ab¨Zg †kªô kvmK

fviZ Dcgnv‡`‡ki BwZnv‡m AvIi½‡Re wQ‡jb GKRb Abb¨ mvaviY e¨w³Z¡| Pwi‡Îi
w`K w`‡q wZwb wQ‡jb gyNj mgªvU‡`i g‡a¨ AwØZxq Ges K…wZ‡Z¡i †¶‡Î wZwb wQ‡jb
fviZe‡l©i †kªô kvmK‡`i Ab¨Zg| HwZnvwmK †jbcyj e‡j‡Qb AvIi½‡Re gyNj
es‡ki g‡a¨ me©v‡c¶v kw³kvjx kvmK wQ‡jb| wZwb AvKei A‡c¶v e„nËi mvgªvR¨
kvmb I wekvjZi ˆmb¨evwnbxi AwabvqKZ¡ K‡iwQ‡jb| mgªvU n‡qI wZwb mij I cweÎ
Rxeb hvcb Ki‡Zb| KziAvb kixd bKj K‡i Ges wbR nv‡Z Uzwc †mjvB K‡i AwR©Z
A_© w`‡q wZwb Zuvi RxweKv wbe©vn Ki‡Zb| Ggb kvmK we‡k¦i BwZnv‡m weij| †Kvb
†Kvb HwZnvwmK mgªvU AvIi½‡Re‡K ag©vÜ I †Muvov gyNjgvb wn‡m‡e Awfhy³ Ki‡jI
wbtm‡›`‡n wZwb GKRb ag©cÖvY mgªvU wQ‡jb| ivR¨ kvmb‡K wZwb mgªv‡Ui GKwU mygnvb
AvIi½‡Re wQ‡jb
mvaviY Rxeb hvcbKvix
KZ©e¨Kg© e‡j g‡b Ki‡Zb| ivR¨ kvmb e¨e¯’vq wZwb ag© wbi‡c¶ bxwZ AbymiY K‡i
GKRb ag©cÖvY gymjgvb wewfbœ m¤úÖ`v‡qi †jvK‡K ivóªxq D”P c‡` wbhy³ K‡ib| wZwb wb‡Ri myL-myweav A‡c¶v
cÖRv‡`i myL kvwš—i K_v †ewk fve‡Zb| wZwb ivRbxwZ Øviv ag©‡K KjywlZ K‡ibwb|
ZvB fviZxq gymjgvbMY Zuv‡K ÔwR›`vcxiÕ Dcvwa‡Z f‚wlZ K‡iwQ‡jb|

mvgwiK I cÖkvmwbK mvdj¨

mgªvU AvIi½‡Re wQ‡jb my`¶ mgi bvqK| †mbvcwZ wn‡m‡e Zuvi wQj A`g¨ mvnm,
AK¬vš— Kg©kw³ Ges D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi wbijm cÖ‡Póv| hy× †¶‡Î wZwb AmvaviY mvnm I
ˆa‡h©i cwiPq w`‡qwQ‡jb| Rxe‡b Lye Kg hy‡×B wZwb civRq eiY K‡iwQ‡jb| weRvcyi,
AvIi½‡Re wQ‡jb mdj
we‡RZv I mdj cÖkvmK †MvjKzÊv, PÆMÖvg, m›Øxc cÖf…wZ AÂj Rq Zuvi mvgwiK cÖwZfvi ¯^v¶i enb K‡i| Zuvi
ivRZ¡Kv‡j gyNj mvgªvR¨ me©vwaK we¯—vi jvf K‡iwQj| mgªvU AvIi½‡Re GKRb
Av`k©evb kvmK wQ‡jb| iv‡R¨i kvmbKv‡h© wZwb †Kvb Ae‡njv cÖ`k©b K‡ibwb|
cÖkvm‡bi mKj e¨e¯’v wZwb wb‡R ZË¡veavb Ki‡Zb| wZwb wb‡R cÖavbgš¿xi `vwqZ¡ cvjb
Ki‡Zb| ivR¨kvmb e¨vcv‡i wZwb AvBb-Kvbyb cÖ‡qv‡M K‡VviZv Aej¤^b K‡ib|
wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡i wZwb †ek wKQy Ki iwnZ K‡iwQ‡jb|

wkw¶Z ag©cÖvY gymjgvb

Ávb-wk¶v I a‡g©i mgªvU AvIi½‡Re GKRb weØvb e¨w³ wQ‡jb| wZwb wk¶vwe`‡`i c„ô‡cvlKZv Ki‡Zb
c„ô‡cvlK
Ges eû wk¶v cÖwZôvb ¯’vcb K‡iwQ‡jb| gymwjg ag©kv‡¯¿ Zuvi AMva cvwÊZ¨ wQj|

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 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq I‡cb ¯‹zj

cweÎ KziAvb Zuvi gyL¯’ wQj Ges eû nvw`m Zuvi Rvbv wQj| Zuvi D`vi c„ô‡cvlKZvq
weL¨vZ †dKvn MÖš’ Ôd‡Zvqv-B-AvjgwMixÕ cÖYxZ nq|
mgªvU AvIi½‡Re eû m`¸‡Yi AwaKvix wQ‡jb| Z‡e kvmK wn‡m‡e wZwb †Zgb mdj
wQ‡jb bv| wZwb exi ˆmwbK wQ‡jb mZ¨, Z‡e cwiYvg`k©x Rb‡bZv wQ‡jb bv| eûjvs‡k
Zuvi ivR‰bwZK A`yi`k©xZvi Rb¨B Zvi g„Zz¨i c~‡e©B gyNj mvgªv‡R¨i cZb cÖwµqv ïi“
nq| Zuvi `ye©j DËivwaKvixMY G cÖwµqvi c_ Zivwš^Z K‡ib|

mgªvU AvIi½‡R‡ei ivR‡Z¡i mgq †iLv (1658 - 1707 wLª:)

kZvãx ZvwiL NUbv

1650

→ 1658  wmsnvmb jvf

1660
→ 1661  KzPwenvi Rq
→ 1666  m›`xc I PÆMÖvg Rq
1670
→ 1675  wkL †ZM evnv`yi‡K g„Zz¨`Ê cÖ`vb
→ 1679  wn›`y‡`i Dci wRwRqv Ki ¯’vcb
1680
→ 1686  weRvcyi Rq
→ 1687  †MvjKzÊv Rq
1690

1700
→ 1704  gvivVv kw³i we‡jvc
→ 1707  cÖvYZ¨vM K‡ib
1710
mgªvU AvIi½‡R‡ei ivRZ¡Kvj 49 eQi| GB 49 eQi ivRZ¡Kv‡ji cÖwZ 10 eQi‡K
G‡KKwU Ni a‡i GKwU mgq †iLv A¼b Kiv nj| GB †iLvi Dc‡ii cÖv߇K AZxZ Ges
cÖvš—‡K eZ©gvb w`K wb‡`©kbvi cÖZxK wn‡m‡e aiv nj|

mvi-ms‡¶c mgªvU AvIi½‡Re GKRb Av`k©evb mgªvU wQ‡jb| mdj mgi bvqK wn‡m‡eI wZwb Zuvi
K…wZ‡Z¡i ¯^v¶i †i‡L †M‡Qb| wZwb ag©vÜ wQ‡jb bv, Z‡e ag©cÖvY wQ‡jb| Zuvi eû
¸Yvejx m‡Ë¡I gyNj mvgªv‡R¨i cZb Zuvi g„Zz¨i c~‡e©B cwijw¶Z nq|

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 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq I‡cb ¯‹zj

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb t 3.9

ˆbe©¨w³Z cÖkœ:

1. wbR nv‡ZUzwc †mjvB Ki‡Zb gyNj mgªvU 
K. AvKei L. Rvnv½xi
M. kvnRvnvb N. AvIi½‡Re
2. ag©cÖvY mgªvU AvIi½‡Re‡K gyNjgvbMY Dcvwa †`b 
K. MvRx L. AvjgMxi
M. wR›`vcxi N. ev`kvn|
3. d‡Zvqv-B-AvjgwMix n‡”Q 
K. AvÍ
Rxebx L. Abyev` MÖš’
M. †dKvn kv¯¿ N. ivóªbxwZ m¤úwK©Z kv¯¿|

msw¶ß-DËi cÖkœ:

1. †mbvcwZ I kvmK wn‡m‡e AvIi½‡R‡ei K…wZZ¡ eY©bv Ki“b|
2. wk¶vi c„ô‡cvlK wn‡m‡e AvIi½‡R‡ei f‚wgKv wK wQj?

cvV
gyNj hy‡Mi cÖkvmb e¨e¯’v
10
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV c‡o Avcwb 
• gyNj kvm‡bi ˆewkó¨ m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
• gyNj mgªv‡Ui ¶gZvi weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
• wewfbœ gyNj cÖkvmwbK wefv‡Mi Kv‡Ri weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
• cÖv‡`wkK kvmb m¤ú‡K© AewnZ n‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyNj kvmbe¨e¯’v GK-†Kw›`ªK I ˆ¯^iZš¿x n‡jI RbKj¨vYKvgx wQj| GB kvmbe¨e¯’v

wQj cÖavbZ mvgwiK cÖK…wZi| ZvB GKgvÎ m`i I KvRx Qvov Ab¨ me Kg©Pvwi‡K
mvgwiK `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Z nZ| gyNj kvmb e¨e¯’vi g~j wfwË iwPZ nq Avie-cvim¨
kvmb e¨e¯’vi AbyKi‡Y|

†K›`ªxq cÖkvmb
gyNj kvmb e¨e¯’vq iv‡óªi me©gq ¶gZvi Drm wQ‡jb mgªvU| wZwb GKvav‡i ivóªxq
GK‡Kw›`ªK I ˆ¯^iZš¿x
cÖavb, mvgwiK cÖavb Ges cÖavb wePiK wn‡m‡e mvgªv‡R¨i Kvh©vw` wbqš¿Y Ki‡Zb| mKj
n‡jI gyMj kvmb e¨e¯’v
wQj RbKj¨vYKvgx ivRKg©Pvwi Zv‡`i ¯^ ¯^ Kvh©vw`i Rb¨ mgªv‡Ui wbKU `vqx _vK‡Zb| Kg©Pvwi‡`i PvKwii
Kvh©Kvj mgªv‡Ui B”Qv Ges mš‘wói Dci wbf©i KiZ|

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`dZi m„wó
kvmb e¨e¯’v‡K AwaK `¶ Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ KZ¸wj `dZi m„wó Kiv nq| cÖ‡Z¨K `dZi
GKRb D”P c`¯’ ivRKg©Pvix Øviv cwiPvwjZ nZ|
fwKj ev IqvwR‡ii c`
mgªv‡Ui ciB cÖavbgš¿x ev fwKj ev IqvwR‡ii ¯’vb wQj| wZwb †Kvb †Kvb mgq ivR¯^
`dZi †`Lvïbv Ki‡Zb| Z‡e gyNj cÖkvm‡bi fwK‡ji c` Acwinvh© wQj bv| ZvB gyNj
Avg‡j me mgq fwKj wbhy³I wQ‡jb bv|
gyNj Avg‡ji wewfbœ cÖkvmwbK wefvM
1. gyNj Avg‡ji ivR¯^ wefv‡Mi hveZxq Kvh©fvi w`Dqv‡bi Ici b¨¯— wQj| wZwb
A_©‰bwZK wefv‡Mi cwiPvjbv I cwi`k©b Ki‡Zb| GQvovI wZwb miKvwi Awdmvi
I mgªv‡Ui g‡a¨ cÖavb ga¨¯’ZvKvix e¨w³ wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡Zb| w`Dqvb-B-Lvjvmv,
w`Dqvb-B-RvqMxi I w`Dqvb-B-ZvDwRe c`exavix Kg©KZ©vMY w`Dqvb‡K mn‡hvwMZv
Ki‡Zb|
2. gxi eKwm wQ‡jb mvgwiK wefv‡Mi fvicÖvß m‡e©v”P ivRKg©Pvwi| ˆmb¨ msMÖn, Ak¦
cwi`k©b, gbme`vi cÖf…wZ Kg©Pvwii ZvwjKv msi¶Y cÖf…wZ Zuvi `vwqZ¡ wQj|
3. gxi-B-mvgvb wQ‡jb mgªv‡Ui M„n cwiPvjbvi fvicÖvß Kg©Pvwi| wZwb mgªv‡Ui
cwievie‡M©i cÖ‡qvRbxq mvgMÖx, Lv`¨ cÖf…wZ Z`viK Ki‡Zb|
4. m`i-Dm-my`~i wQ‡jb agx©q m¤úwË, `vZe¨ cÖwZôvb I miKvwi `vb wefv‡Mi AwaKZ©v|
5. KvRx-Dj-Kz¾vZ ev cÖavb KvRx wQ‡jb mgªv‡Ui Aax‡b m‡e©v”P wePvicwZ| wZwb
cÖv‡`wkK KvRx wb‡qvM I Zv‡`i KvR ZË¡veavb Ki‡Zb| gydwZ Zuv‡K AvB‡bi
e¨vL¨v w`‡q cÖ‡qvRbxq mvnvh¨ Ki‡Zb|
GQvovI Ab¨vb¨ ivRKg©Pvixi gva¨‡g cÖkvmwbK KvR cwiPvwjZ nZ Ges RbM‡Yi myL-
¯^v”Q›`¨ I wbivcËv weavb Kiv nZ|

cÖv‡`wkK kvmb
wekvj gyNj mvgªv‡R¨i myôz kvm‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ mgMÖ mvgªvR¨‡K KZ¸‡jv ÔmyevÕ ev cÖ‡`‡k
fvM Kiv n‡qwQj| myevn`vi c`exavix Kg©KZ©v wQ‡jb myevni cÖavb Kg© wbe©vnK|
c`gh©v`vq myevn`v‡ii c‡iB wQj cÖv‡`wkK w`Dqvb| cÖ‡`‡ki Avw_©K DbœwZ Ges ivR¯^
cÖkvmb cwiPvjbv wQj w`Dqv‡bi `vwqZ¡| G `yRb cÖavb Kg©KZ©v Qvov cÖ‡`‡ki Ab¨vb¨
Kg©KZ©v‡`i g‡a¨ m`i I KvRx, e·x, IqvwKqv bwem, †Kv‡Zvqvj BZ¨vw` wQj
D‡j−L‡hvM¨ Kg©Pvix| gyNj Avg‡j cÖwZwU cÖ‡`k K‡qKwU miKvi ev †Rjvq Ges cÖwZwU
miKvi K‡qKwU ciMbvq wef³ wQj| †dŠR`vi I wkK`vi wQ‡jb h_vµ‡g miKvi I
ciMYvi cÖavb wbe©vnxKZ©v|
gyNj kvmb e¨e¯’vi wfZ iPbv K‡ib mgªvU AvKei| G kvmb e¨e¯’v wQj g~jZ
mvi-ms‡¶c
GK‡Kw›`ªK I ˆ¯^iZš¿x| mgªvU G kvmb e¨e¯’vi g~j †K›`ª we›`y wQ‡jb| Z‡e wZwb wewfbœ
ivR Kg©Pvwii mvnv‡h¨ kvmb KvR cwiPvjbv Ki‡Zb|

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cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb t 3.10

ˆbe©¨w³Z cÖkœ:

1. gyNj kvmb e¨e¯’vq me©gq ¶gZvi Drm wQ‡jb 
K. fwKj
M. myev`vi
L. mgªvU
N. KvRx-Dj-Kz¾vZ|
2. gyNj kvmb e¨e¯’vq w`Dqv‡bi KvR wQj 
K. †`‡k kvwš— k„•Ljv eRvq ivLv L. ˆmb¨ msMÖn Kiv
M. wePvi Kiv N. A_©‰bwZK wefvM cwiPvjbv Kiv
3. mvgwiK wefv‡Mi m‡e©v”P ivRKg©Pvwi wQ‡jb 
K. w`Dqvb L. gxi-B-mvgvb
M. gxi eKwm N. KvRx-Dj-Kz¾vZ|
4. myevni cÖavb Kg© wbe©vnK wQ‡jb
K. †dŠR`vi L. wkK`vi
M. myevn`vi N. w`Dqvb

msw¶ß-DËi cÖkœ:

1. gyNj kvmb e¨e¯’vi ˆewkó¨ wK wQj?
2. gyNj kvmb hy‡M †K›`ªxq cÖkvmb †Kgb wQj?
3. gyNj kvmb hy‡M cÖkvmwbK wefvM mg~‡ni cwiPq w`b|
4. gyNj kvmb hy‡M cÖv‡`wkK miKv‡ii avibv w`b|

cvV
gyNj Avg‡ji A_©bxwZ
11
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV c‡o Avcwb
• gyNj Avg‡ji K…lK‡`i Ae¯’v m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
• gyNj Avg‡ji `ªe¨g~‡j¨i D‡j−L Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
• gyNj hy‡Mi evwY‡R¨i weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb|

A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v
gyNj hy‡Mi A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v m¤ú‡K© mgKvjxb dvwm© mvwnZ¨, BD‡ivcxq ch©UK‡`i
weeiYx BZ¨vw` †_‡K eû Z_¨ cvIqv hvq| ZvQvov eveibvgv, ûgvqyb bvgv, AvBb-B-
AvKeix cÖf…wZ MÖš’ †_‡KI we‡kl Z‡_¨i mÜvb cvIqv †M‡Q| G cÖm‡½ ¸je`b †eM‡gi
gyMj Avg‡ji wewfbœ MÖ‡š’
A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’vi wPÎ
ÔûgvqybbvgvÕ-†Z Dwj−wLZ gyNj Avg‡ji Avw_©K m”QjZvi cÖm½ m¤ú‡K© ejv hvq| Rvbv
hvq AvKe‡ii AvwKKvi mgq GK UvKvq PviwU QvMj µq Kiv n‡qwQj|

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 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq I‡cb ¯‹zj

K…wl I ivR¯^ bxwZ

gyNj hy‡M K…wlB wQj RbM‡Yi cÖavb RxweKv I mvgªv‡R¨i ivR‡¯^i cÖavb Drm| gyNj
Avg‡j RvewZ, Mvj−veKm, bvmve cÖf…wZ cÖ_v Abymv‡i ivR¯^ Av`vq nZ| AwaKvsk †¶‡Î
wewfbœ ai‡Yi ivR¯^
K…lK‡`i wbKU †_‡K wbw`©ó nv‡i bM‡` ivR¯^ Av`v‡qi wbqg wQj| AvKei I
Rvnv½x‡ii Avg‡j Drcbœ k‡m¨i wZb fv‡Mi GK Ask Av`vq Kiv nZ hv cieZx© Avg‡j
evo‡Z _v‡K|
gyNj Avg‡j wRwblc‡Îi `vg Lye Kg wQj| AvKe‡ii Avg‡j UvKvq 15 gb Mg Ges 10
gb Pvj wewµ nZ| mviv evsjvq kv‡q¯—v Luvi Avg‡j UvKvq 7/8 gb Pvj wewµ nZ|
ZvQvov Lv`¨`ªe¨, kvK-mewR, Rxe-Rš‘i `vgI Lye m¯—v wQj|

RbwnZKi Kvh© I evwYR¨-bxwZ

gyNj mgªvUM‡Yi c„ô‡cvlKZvq †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’vi cÖf‚Z DbœwZ mvwaZ nq| Rj I ¯’j
RbKj¨vYgyLx wewfbœ c‡_ †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v DbœZ nIqvq e¨emv-evwY‡R¨i h‡_ó cÖmvi N‡U| gyNj mgªvUMY
c`‡¶c MÖnY : Avg`vwb
iv¯—vi `yB cv‡k cw_K I ewYK‡`i myweav‡_© K‚cLbb, e„¶‡ivcY I mivBLvbv wbg©vY
I ißvwb bxwZ
K‡iwQ‡jb| mgªvU‡`i c„ô‡cvlKZvq mvgªv‡R¨i Avw_©K cÖvPzh© I m¤ú` e„w× cvIqvq
kni¸‡jvi `ª“Z DbœwZ mvwaZ nq| gyNj Avg‡j we‡`k †_‡K nvwZi `uvZ, g~j¨evb cv_i,
myMwÜ, wmé I †ikg Avg`vwb Kiv nZ Avi fviZel© †_‡K bvbv cÖKvi `ªe¨mvgMÖx †hgb
m~Zxe¯¿, gmwjb, wPwb, bxj, Avwdg BZ¨vw` ißvwb K‡i cÖPzi A_© Avq Kiv nZ| myivU,
gmwj cÆg, †ev¤^vB, PÆMÖvg, KvwjKU cÖf…wZ gyNj Avg‡ji weL¨vZ I e¨¯—Zg evwYR¨
e›`i wQj| gyNj Avg‡j gy`ªvi cÖPjb wQj| G hy‡Mi gy`ªv mvaviYZ dzjym bv‡g cwiwPZ
wQj|
gyNj kvmbvg‡j mvgªv‡R¨i mvwe©K Dbœq‡b K…wli ¸i“Z¡ wQj Acwimxg| RbmvaviY cÖavbZ
K…wli DbœwZ K…wli Dci wbf©ikxj wQj| evsjv-wenv‡i avb I B¶z Ges fvi‡Zi Ab¨vb¨ A‡j
Kvc©vm, ckg I ZvgvK Drcbœ nZ| ZvQvov Mg, evwj©, he BZ¨vw`I cÖPzi cwigv‡Y
Drcvw`Z n‡Zv|

gyNj Avg‡j gvby‡li Avw_©K Ae¯’v

gyNj hy‡M mvgªv‡R¨i ab-m¤ú` D”P‡kªYxi g‡a¨ mxgve× _vK‡jI Rbmvavi‡Yi Ae¯’v
†gvUvgywU m”Qj wQj| G mg‡q e¨emv-evwY‡R¨i cÖmv‡ii d‡j ewYK I e¨emvqx mgš^‡q
ga¨weË †kªYxi m„wó nq| G Avg‡j ivR`ievi Hk¦h©gwÊZ wQj| evsjvi KzwUiwk‡íi g‡a¨
gmwjb e¯¿ we‡k¦i me©Î mgv`„Z nZ|

mvi-ms‡¶c gyNj Avg‡j K…wl iv‡óªi cÖavb Av‡qi Drm wQj| ZLb K…wlcY¨ I Ab¨vb¨ `ªe¨ mvgMÖxi
`vg Kg wQj| G Avg‡j e¨emv evwY‡R¨i DbœwZ N‡U| d‡j Rbmvavi‡Yi Ae¯’v †gvUvgywU
m”Qj wQj|

GBP.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg BwZnvm 2q cÎ c„ôv
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 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq I‡cb ¯‹zj

cv‡VviËi g~j¨vqb t 3.11

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ:

1. ¸je`b †eMg wjwLZ MÖ‡š’i bvg 
K. eveibvgv L. ûgvqybbvgv
M. AvBb-B-AvKeix N. dZz‡q eyj`vb
2. gyNj Avg‡j mvgªv‡R¨i ivR¯^ Av‡qi cÖavb Drm wQj 
K. e¨emv-evwYR¨ L. LwbR m¤ú`
M. wkí N. K…wl
3. mgªvU AvKe‡ii Avg‡j UvKvq Mg cvIqv †hZ 
K. 20 gb L. 15 gb
M. 10 gb N. 5 gb
4. fviZe‡l© gmwjb e¯¿ Drcvw`Z nZ 
K. gv`ªv‡R L. evsjvq
M. wenv‡i N. gy¤^vB‡q

msw¶ß-DËi cÖkœ:

1. gyNj Avg‡j K…lK‡`i Ae¯’v †Kgb wQj?
2. gyNj kvmK‡`i evwYR¨ bxwZ m¤ú‡K© eY©bv w`b|

cvV
gyNj hy‡Mi mvgvwRK-mvs¯‹…wZK I ag©xq Rxeb
12
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV c‡o Avcwb 
• gyNj hy‡Mi mvgvwRK Ae¯’vi weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
• gyNj hy‡Mi wk¶v, mvwnZ¨, wkíKjvi DbœwZi D‡j−L Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

mvgvwRK Ae¯’vt gyNj hy‡M mgvR wQj mvgš—Zvwš¿K| mgvRe¨e¯’v wZb †kªYx‡Z wef³
wQj| ga¨weË I AwfRvZ, Ab¨wU wbæweË ev mvaviY †kªYx| mgªvU wQ‡jb mgv‡Ri cÖavb|
Z‡e 16 kZ‡K e¨emv-evwY‡R¨i cÖmv‡ii d‡j mgv‡R Avi GKwU bZzb †kªYxi D™¢e
N‡U| ewYK, e¨emvqx, KvwiMi cÖf…wZ †ckvi gvbyl wb‡q M‡o D‡V ga¨weË †kªYx|
mvgªv‡R¨i D”P ivRc‡` wbhy³ e¨w³MY wQ‡jb AwfRvZ †kªYxfz³| GB †kªYxi RxebhvÎv
mgv‡R wewfbœ †kªYxi
Ae¯’vb wQj wejvmeûj| AwfRvZ †kªYx mgªv‡Ui AbyMÖncyó wQ‡jb| Zviv mgªv‡Ui wbKU †_‡K
RvqMxi jvf Ki‡Zb| ga¨weË †kªYxi Rxeb wQj Abvo¤^i| †`vKvb`vi, ewbK, wPwKrmK,
†jLK wQ‡jb GB †kªYxfz³| Zv‡`i AwfRvZ †kªYxi mgK¶ mvgvwRK gh©v`v wQj bv|
mgvR Rxe‡bi wb毗‡i wQj K…lK I gRyi †kªYx| Giv msL¨vq AwaK n‡jI mvgvwRK
†Kvb cÖwZcwË wQj bv| A_© K‡ó Zv‡`i w`b AwZevwnZ nZ|

GBP.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg BwZnvm 2q cÎ c„ôv
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 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq I‡cb ¯‹zj

gyNj Avg‡j wn›`y I gyNjgvb‡`i g‡a¨ m¤úÖxwZ weivRgvb wQj| agx©q e¨vcv‡i wn›`y‡`i
¯^vaxbZv wQj| wn›`y mgv‡R RvwZ‡f` cÖ_v cÖej wQj| Z`vwbšÍ b wn›`y mgv‡R mZx`vn,
evj¨weevn cÖf…wZ Kzms¯‹viI cÖPwjZ wQj| gyNj Avg‡j mvaviY bvix‡`i Ae¯’v DbœZ wQj
ag©xq D`viZvi cvkvcvwk bv| mgv‡R bvix‡`i AMÖMwZi c‡_ A‡bK evav wQj| AwfRvZ †kªYx nv‡ig ivLZ Ges
wn›`y mgv‡R wewfbœ
Kzms¯‹v‡ii Dcw¯’wZ Ges
nv‡i‡g eû `vmx I cwiPvwiKv wb‡qvM Kiv n‡Zv| G Avg‡j bvix cyiæl DfqB ¯^Y©
bvix‡`i cÖwZ Aby`viZv e¨envi KiZ| wPËwe‡bv`‡bi Rb¨ m½xZ, `vev, cvkv †Ljv, †cv‡jv, i_ †`Šo, muvZvi
BZ¨vw` e¨e¯’v wQj|

wk¶v I mvwnZ¨
wk¶v‡¶‡Î c„ô‡cvlKZv wk¶v I mvwnZ¨ †¶‡Î gyNj kvmbvgj wQj we‡kl ˆewkó¨gwÐZ| gyNj mgªvUM‡Yi
c„ô‡cvlKZvq mgv‡Ri wewfbœ ¯’v‡b ¯‹zj, gv`ªvmv cÖwZwôZ n‡qwQj| AvKe‡ii mgq
wk¶v‡¶‡Î GK bZzb hyM m~wPZ nq| Rvnv½xi, kvnRvnvb, AvIi½‡Re wk¶vbyivMx
wQ‡jb| g³e, gv`ªvmv Ges wn›`y‡`i †Uvj cÖf‚wZ wQj †m Avg‡ji wk¶v cÖwZôvb| ¯’vbxq
kvmK I Rwg`viMb wk¶vi c„ô‡cvlKZv Ki‡Zb| G mg‡q Aviex, dvm©x I ms¯‹…Z fvlv
wk¶v †`qv n‡Zv| gyNj Avg‡j ivóª fvlv wQj dvm©x|
mvwn‡Z¨i †¶‡Î GB hyM wQj †MŠiegq| gyNj mgªvUMY A‡b‡KB mymvwnwZ¨K wQ‡jb|
mvwnZ¨ m„wó‡Z
mgªvUM‡Yi c„ô‡cvlKZvq dviwm mvwnZ¨ we‡kl mg„×kvjx nq| BwZnvm iPbvi †¶‡ÎI G
c„ô‡cvlKZv
hyM wQj D‡jøL‡hvM¨| gyNj Avg‡j wn›`y¯’vbx mvwnZ¨ Ges evsjvfvlvq wjwLZ ˆeòe
mvwnZ¨ we‡kl DrKl© jvf K‡i| G hy‡M eû ms¯‹…Z MÖš’ dviwm‡Z Abyev` Kiv nq| G
mg‡q D`y© mvwnZ¨I DrKl© jvf K‡i|
ag©xq Rxebt gyNj Avg‡j ag©xq D`viZv we`¨gvb wQj| gyNj mgªvU AvKei Øxb-B-Bjvnx
wkíKjvi DbœwZ ag©gZ Pvjy K‡ib| mvgwiK mydj †c‡jI ag©cÖvb gyNjgvbiv AvKe‡ii cÖwZ Amš‘ó
wQ‡jb| mgv‡R wn›`y gymwjg Qvov wkL Ges ˆe× ag©vej¤^xiv cÖavb wQ‡jb| G mg‡q
wewfbœ ag©xq †Mvôx‡Z `viæb ag©xq HK¨ wQj| 16 kZ‡Ki ag©xq ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vj‡bi
cÖfve mßg kZvãxi gyNj Avg‡jI cwijw¶Z| G mgq gyhvwÏ`-B-Avj‡d mvbx bvgK
ag©xq †bZv Bmjvg a‡g©i ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vjb ïiæ K‡ib| gyNj Avg‡j eû weL¨vZ gmwR`
wbwg©Z nq| w`jøxi gwZ gmwR`, Rv‡g gmwR` AvRI gyNj KxwZ© enb Ki‡Q|

mvi-ms‡¶c gyNj mgvR wQj mvgšÍ Zvwš¿K| mgªvU wQ‡jb G mgvR e¨e¯’vi cÖavb| G mgv‡R wZb
†kªYxi †jvK evm Ki‡Zb Ges G‡`i g‡a¨ m¤úÖxwZ weivRgvb wQj| wkí mvwnZ¨ †¶‡Î
gyNj hy‡Mi Ae`vb Awe¯§iYxq| evsjvq ˆeòe mvwnZ¨I G hy‡M DrKl© jvf K‡i|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb t 3.12

ˆbe©¨w³Z cÖkœ:

1. gyNj Avg‡ji mgvR e¨e¯’vq evm KiZ 
K. AwfRvZ L. ga¨weË
M. wbæweË N. K, L, M.

GBP.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg BwZnvm 2q cÎ c„ôv
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 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq I‡cb ¯‹zj

2. gyNj Avg‡ji mvgvwRK Kzms¯‹vi¸‡jv n‡”Q 

K. evj¨weevn L. mwZ`vn
M. weaev weevn wbwl× N. K, L, M.
3. gyNj Avg‡ji RMwØL¨vZ wkíKxwZ© 
K. w`Iqvb-B-Avg L. ZvRgnj
M. gwZ gmwR` N. w`Iqvb-B-Lvm
msw¶ß-DËi cÖkœ:

1. gyNj hy‡Mi mvgvwRK Ae¯’v †Kgb wQj?
2. gyNj Avg‡ji wk¶v-mvwnZ¨ I cwiPq w`b|
3. gyNj Avg‡ji ag©xq Ae¯’vi eY©bv w`b|

cvV
gyNj Avg‡ji ¯’vcZ¨ Kjv
13
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV c‡o Avcwb 
• gyNj ¯’vcZ¨ wk‡íi ˆewkó¨ m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
• gyNj mgªvU‡`i ¯’vcZ¨ wk‡í Ae`v‡bi K_v D‡j−L Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyNj mgªvUMY ¯’vcZ¨ wk‡íi D`vi c„ô‡cvlK wQ‡jb| gyNj ¯’vcZ¨ wk‡í cviwmK
GgbwK BD‡ivcxq cÖfve cwijw¶Z n‡jI Aaybv ¯’vcZ¨ we`¨vi we‡klÁMY AwfgZ
cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb †h gyNj ¯’vcZ¨Kjv cviwmK I fviZxq avivi mswgkªY| ZvQvov gyNj
¯’vc‡Z¨ myjZvwb hy‡Mi cÖfveI cwijw¶Z nq| G‡`‡ki AvÂwjK cÖfveI ¯’vcZ¨ wk‡í
j¶¨ Kiv hvq|
eve‡ii f‚wgKv: mgªvU evei †KejgvÎ gyNj mvgªv‡R¨i cÖwZôvZv wQ‡jb bv, wZwb
wkíKjvi †¶‡ÎI GKRb AMÖcw_K wQ‡jb| Zuvi Avg‡j AvMÖvq GKwU gmwR`,
cvwbc‡_i KveywjevM bvgK ¯’v‡b GKwU gmwR` wbwg©Z nq|
wewfbœ mgªv‡Ui Avg‡j
¯’vc‡Z¨i weKvk ûgvqy‡bi f‚wgKv: ûgvqy‡bi Avg‡j w`j−x‡Z `xb-cvbvn feb, AvMÖvq I d‡Znvev‡` wbwg©Z
gmwR` Zuvi wkívbyiv‡Mi mv¶¨ enb K‡i|
AvKe‡ii f‚wgKv: wkí I ¯’vc‡Z¨i we‡kl AbyivMx AvKe‡ii Avg‡j cviwmK I wn›`y
¯’vcZ¨ ixwZi m¤ú~Y© mswgkªY cwijw¶Z nq| Zuvi Avg‡ji ¯’vcZ¨ wk‡í `yÕwU welq
j¶Yxq| cÖ_gZ jvj cv_‡ii we‡kl e¨envi Ges wØZxqZ Bgvi‡Zi e„n`vqZb|
AvKe‡ii Avg‡j wbwg©Z cÖvmv`, `yM©, gmwR` I †mŠa¸wji g‡a¨ d‡Zncyi wmwµ,
ûgvqy‡bi mgvwa, Bev`ZLvbv, eyj›` `iIqvRv, cuvP gnj cÖf…wZ D‡j−L‡hvM¨| wmKv›`ªvq
wbwg©Z Ac~e© mgvwa †mŠawUi cwiKíbv Zuvi RxeÏkv‡ZB cÖ¯‘Z n‡qwQj| d‡Zncyi wmwµi
Rv‡g gmwR` I eyj›` `iIqvRv AvRI mK‡ji we¯§q D‡`ªK K‡i| Zuvi Avg‡j †kL
†mwjg wPkwZi mgvwaI wbwg©Z nq|
Rvnv½x‡ii f‚wgKv: mgªvU Rvnv½x‡ii Avg‡j AvKe‡ii mgvwa †mŠa, BwZgv`&‡`Šjvi
mgvwa †mŠa Ges Zuvi wb‡Ri Rb¨ wbwg©Z mgvwa †mŠ‡ai bvg D‡j−L Kiv hvq| †k¦Z
cv_‡ii e¨envi GB mg‡qi D‡j−L‡hvM¨ ˆewkó¨|

GBP.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg BwZnvm 2q cÎ c„ôv
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 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq I‡cb ¯‹zj

kvnRvnv‡bi f‚wgKv: ¯’vcZ¨ wk‡íi c„ô‡cvlK wn‡m‡e gyNj mgªvU‡`i g‡a¨ mgªvU
kvnRvnvb wQ‡jb AwØZxq| ¯’vcZ¨ wk‡í DrKl© mva‡bi Rb¨ Zuvi mgqKvj‡K ¯’vcZ¨
wk‡íi ¯^Y©hyM ejv nq| Zuvi wbwg©Z feb¸wj ïaygvÎ fviZe‡l© bq, ¸‡Y I gv‡b mviv
c„w_ex‡Z AZzjbxq| wZwb Zuvi ¯¿x ggZvR gn‡ji mgvwai Dci Awebk¦i †cÖ‡gi GK
Awb›`¨ my›`i †mŠa ZvRgnj wbg©vY K‡ib| Zuvi Avg‡j AvMÖvi gwZ gmwR`, w`j−xi Rv‡g
gmwR`, w`Iqvb-B-Avg, w`Iqvb-B-Lvm wbwg©Z nq| w`Iqvb-B-Lv‡mi Ac~e© wbg©vY ˆkjx
Ges wkíK‡g©i PgrKvwi‡Z¨i Rb¨ GwU Ô`ywbqvi †e‡n¯—Õ e‡j AwfwnZ| fzeb weL¨vZ gq~i
wmsnvmb gwb-gy³v, nxiv I g~j¨evb cv_i w`‡q ˆZwi| gq~i wmsnvmb mgªvU kvnRvnv‡bi
wkívbyiv‡Mi Ab¨Zg KxwZ©| wZwb ÔkvnRvnvbvev`Õ bv‡g GKwU bZzb kniI wbg©vY K‡ib
hv eZ©gv‡b bZzb w`j−x bv‡g cwiwPZ| jv‡nv‡i Aew¯’Z mvwjgvi D`¨vb mgªv‡Ui ¯’vcZ¨
i“wPi Aciƒc wb`k©b|
AvIi½‡R‡ei f‚wgKv: mgªvU AvIi½‡R‡ei Avg‡j wbwg©Z jv‡nv‡ii ev`kvnx gmwR`
¯’vcZ¨ wk‡íi GK we‡kl wb`k©b| wZwb w`j−xi `y‡M©i wfZiI GKwU gmwR` wbg©vY Kivb|
wPÎKjvi cÖwZI gyNj‡`i AbyivM cwijw¶Z nq| mgªvU Rvnv½xi I kvnRvnv‡bi
ivRZ¡Kv‡j wPÎ wk‡íi P‚ovš— DbœwZ mvwaZ nq| cviwmK cÖfv‡e D™¢‚Z gyNj wPÎwkí
Kvjµ‡g fviZ I BD‡ivcxq wkí ixwZi mswgkª‡Y DrKl© mvab K‡i|

mvi-ms‡¶c gyNj hy‡M ¯’vcZ¨ wk‡íi DrKl© mvwaZ nq| cÖvq me gyNj mgªvU ¯’vcZ¨ wk‡íi c„ô‡cvlK
wQ‡jb| AvKl©Yxq †mŠa, BgviZ, gmwR`, D`¨vb GgbwK gq~i wmsnvmb gyNj‡`i KxwZ©i
Awebk¦i ¯^v¶i enb K‡i| gyNj hy‡M wPÎwkíI we‡kl DrKl© jvf K‡i wQj|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb t 3.13

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ:
1. cvwbc‡_i KveywjevM bvgK ¯’v‡b gmwR` wbg©vY K‡ib 

K. Rvnv½xi
M. ûgvqyb
L. AvKei
N. evei
2. eyj›` `iIqvRv wbg©vY Kivb 
K. evei L. ûgvqyb
M. AvKei N. Rvnv½xi
3. ZvRgnj Aew¯’Z 
K. w`j−x‡Z L. d‡Zncyi wmwµ‡Z
M. AvMÖvq N. jv‡nv‡i
4. mgªvU kvnRvnv‡bi wbæwjwLZ wkíKg©‡K Ô`ywbqvi †e‡n¯—Õ ejv nq 
K. gwZ gmwR` L. w`Iqvb-B-Avg
M. w`Iqvb-B-Lvm N. ZvRgnj
msw¶ß-DËi cÖkœ:

1. gyNj ¯’vcZ¨ wk‡íi ˆewkó¨ mg~n wK wQj?

2. ¯’vcZ¨ wk‡í gyNj mgªvU‡`i Ae`vb m¤ú‡K© eY©bv w`b|

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evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq I‡cb ¯‹zj

fvi‡Zi gyNj mgªvU‡`i esk jwZKv

evei (1526 wLª: - 1530 wLª:)

1.

2. ûgvqyb Kvgivb wn›`vj Avm&Kvix

(1530 - 1540 I 1555 - 1556 wL¬:)

AvKei (1556 wLª: - 1605 wLª:) nvwKg

3.

Rvnv½xi (1605 wLª: - `vwb‡qj gyiv`

4. 1627 wLª:)

Lmi“ cvi‡fR kvn&Rvnvb (1627 wLª: - 1658 wLª:) kvnwiqvi

5.

`viv myRv AvIi½‡Re (1656 wLª: - 1707 wLª:) gyiv`

6.

7.kvn Avjg gyn¤§` AvKei Kvge·

AvRg evnv`yi kvn (1707 wLª: - 1712 wLª:)

Rvnv›`vi kvn (1712 - 1713) AvwRg-Dm-kvb iwd-Dm-kvb Rvnvb kvn

8.

14
AvjgMxi-2 (1754 - 1759) 9.dii“Lwkqvi (1713 - 1719)

iwd-D`-`vivRvZ
10.
kvnRvnvb-2 iwd D`-‡`Šjv- 1719
1719 11 Beªvwng

12.
gyn¤§` kvn& (1719 - Avn‡g` (1748 - 1754)
13.
1748)
15. 16. 17.
kvn Avjg-2 (1759 - 1806) gyn¤§` AvKei-2(1806-1837) evnv`yi kvn-2(1837 - 1857)

GBP.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg BwZnvm 2q cÎ c„ôv
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 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq I‡cb ¯‹zj

cvV
gyNj mvgªv‡R¨i cZb
14
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV c‡o Avcwb 
• gyNj mvgªvR¨ cZ‡bi Af¨š—ixY KviY eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
• gyNj mvgªvR¨ cZ‡b ˆe‡`wkK Avµg‡Yi weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb|

1526 wLª: RwniDwÏb evei KZ…©K fviZe‡l© gyNj Avg‡ji m~ÎcvZ N‡U| evei †_‡K
AvIi½‡Re A_©vr 1526 †_‡K 1707 wLª÷vã ch©š— gyNj kvmb wQj ¯^Y©hy‡Mi kvmb|
1707 wLª: AvIi½‡R‡ei g„Zz¨ici gyNj kvm‡bi cZ‡bi hyM ïi“ nq| 1857 mv‡j †kl
gyNj mgªvU wØZxq evnv`yi kvn Rvdi Bs‡iR KZ©„K wbe©vwmZ n‡j gyNj kvm‡bi wPi
Aemvb N‡U| ZvB 1707 †_‡K 1857 mgq Kvj‡K (cÖvq †`ok eQi) gyNj es‡ki
cZ‡bi hyM ejv nq| AZGe mvgMÖxK fv‡e gyNj mvgªvR¨ cZ‡bi Rb¨ ivR‰bwZK,
gyMj mvgªvR¨ cZ‡bi A_©‰bwZK I ewntAvµgb cÖf…wZ welq‡K `vqx Kiv nq|
Rb¨ `vqx wewfbœ KviY
1. `ye©j DËivwaKvix‡`i kvmb: gyNj mvgªvR¨ AvKv‡i Ges AvqZ‡b wekvj wQj| ZvB
ivR¨ kvm‡bi Rb¨ wQj †hvM¨ kvm‡Ki cÖ‡qvRb| wKš‘ AvIi½‡Re cieZx© kvmKMY
wQ‡jb A‡hvM¨| ZvB Af¨š—ixY we‡`ªvn `gb Ges ˆe‡`wkK AvµgY cÖwZnZ Kivi
gZ †Kvb ¶gZv Ges †hvM¨Zv Zv‡`i wQj bv|
2. DËivwaKvix wbe©vP‡b mywbw`©ó wbq‡gi Afve: gyNj wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivn‡Yi †Kvb
mywbw`©ó wbqg wQj bv| Kv‡RB wmsnvm‡bi DËivwaKvi‡K †K›`ª K‡i gyNj‡`i
AvÍNvZx msMÖvg †K›`ªxq kw³ Ges HK¨ bó K‡i| gyNj mvgªvR¨ cZ‡bi GwU Ab¨Zg
cÖavb KviY wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ|
3. AwfRvZ‡`i `ye©jZv: AwfRvZM‡Yi cvi¯úwiK Kjn I PvwiwÎK AebwZ gyNj
mvgªvR¨ cZ‡bi Ab¨Zg cÖavb KviY| AwfRvZ m¤úÖ`vq GKKv‡j gyNj mvgªv‡R¨i
msnwZ I mve©‡fŠgZ¡ i¶vi Rb¨ wb‡R‡`i Rxeb‡K evRx †i‡L K…wZ‡Z¡i cwiPq
w`‡qwQj| cieZx© Kv‡j Zviv wejvmwcÖq Ges †Kv›`j civqY n‡q co‡j mvgªv‡R¨i
wfZ I msnwZ webó nq|
4. mvgwiK evwnbxi `ye©jZv: mvgªv‡R¨i Af¨š—ixY kvwš— k„•Ljv i¶v I ˆe‡`wkK AvµgY
cÖwZ‡iv‡a †mbvevwnbxi ¸i“Z¡ Acwimxg| wKš‘ `ye©j mgªvUM‡Yi Avg‡j mvgwiK kw³
A¯^vfvweKfv‡e n«vm cvq| wewfbœ RvwZi mgev‡q gyNj‡`i wekvj mvgwiK evwnbx
MwVZ n‡qwQj| `ye©j kvmK‡`i Avg‡j †mbvevwnbx wØav wef³ n‡q c‡o| wejvwmZv
I PvwiwÎK AebwZi d‡j †mbvevwnbxi mvgwiK ˆewkó¨ bó nq| gyNj‡`i †bŠkw³i
`ye©jZvi `i“bI mvgªv‡R¨i cZb Awek¦¤¢vex n‡q c‡o|
5. Avw_©K msKU: wekvj mvgªvR¨ cwiPvjbv I †mbvevwnbx †cvl‡Y cÖPzi A_© e¨q nZ|
ZvQvov AvIi½‡R‡ei `xN©w`b `vw¶Yv‡Z¨ hy× cwiPvjbvi d‡j Avw_©K msKU †`Lv
†`q| A_P `ye©j kvmK‡`i Avg‡j Av‡qi c_ msKxY© n‡q hvq| ZvB Avw_©K `yie¯’v
mvgªvR¨‡K aŸs‡mi w`‡K †V‡j †`q|

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 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq I‡cb ¯‹zj

6. AvIi½‡R‡ei `vw¶Yv‡Z¨ `xN© Ae¯’vb: AvIi½‡R‡ei `vw¶Yv‡Z¨ `xN© Ae¯’v‡bi

d‡j ivRavbx †_‡K Zuvi Abycw¯’wZ kvmb e¨e¯’v‡K A‡bK w`K †_‡K `ye©j K‡i
†`q| d‡j G mg‡q DËi fvi‡Z AivRKZv I wek„•Ljv †`Lv †`q hv mvgªv‡R¨i
cZ‡bi c_ Dš§y³ K‡i|
7. wewfbœ RvwZi we‡`ªvn: AvIi½‡R‡ei `ye©j eskai‡`i ivRZ¡Kv‡j gvivVv, wkL, RvV,
ivRcyZ‡`i we‡ivwaZv I we‡`ªvn gyNj kw³ I msnwZ webó K‡i|
8. cÖv‡`wkK kvmb KZ©v‡`i ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYv: †K›`ªxq kvm‡bi `ye©jZvi my‡hvM `~ieZx©
cÖv‡`wkK kvmbKZ©vMY ¯^ ¯^ GjvKvq ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYv K‡ib| Gi d‡j mvgªv‡R¨i
kw³ I msnwZ ûgwKi m¤§ywLb nq|
9. RvZxqZv‡ev‡ai Afve: gyNj mvgªv‡R¨i wfwË mgi bxwZi Dci cÖwZwôZ wQj, MY
mg_©‡bi Dci bq| gyNj mgªvUMY G‡`‡ki RbMY‡K GK RvZxqZv‡ev‡a DØy×
Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb| ZvB Awfbœ RvZxqZv‡ev‡ai Afv‡e wew”Qbœ ¯^vaxbZv msMÖvg †`Lv
†`q|
10. we‡`kx kw³i AvµgY: Dc‡i Dwj−wLZ Kvi‡Y gyNj mvgªv‡R¨i Aw¯—Z¡ hLb wecbœ
ZLb cvim¨ mgªvU bvw`ikvn Ges cieZx© Kv‡j AvdMvbivR Avng` kvn Ave`vjxi
w`j−x AvµgY I jyÚ‡b mvgªv‡R¨i Ae¯’v `y`©kvMÖ¯— n‡q D‡V| Ggwb gyg~l© Ae¯’vq
Bs‡iR kw³i ¶gZv `Lj Kivi d‡j gyNj mvgªv‡R¨i wejywß N‡U| Bs‡iR B÷
BwÛqv †Kv¤úvbx 1857 mv‡j wmcvnx we‡`ªv‡ni †bZ…Z¡ †`qvi Kvi‡Y gyNj mgªvU
wØZxq evnv`yi kvn Rvdi‡K †i½y‡b (evg©v) wbe©vwmZ K‡ib| evnv`yi kv‡ni wbe©vm‡bi
ga¨ w`‡q fvi‡Z gyNj kvm‡bi Aemvb N‡U| GB mgq †Kv¤úvbx kvm‡bi wejywß
Ges fviZ e‡l© weªwUk ivR kvm‡bi m~ÎcvZ nq|

mvi-ms‡¶c gyNj mvgªvR¨ AvKv‡i Ges AvqZ‡b wekvj wQj| Ggwb mvgªvR¨ i¶vi Rb¨ †hvM¨ kvm‡Ki
cÖ‡qvRb| A_P mgªvU AvIi½‡R‡ei cieZx© mgªvUMY `ye©j, wejvm wcÖq wQ‡jb| GB
KviY QvovI Ab¨vb¨ bvbvwea Kvi‡Y gyNj mvgªv‡R¨i cZb N‡U|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb t 3.14

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ:

1. gyNj es‡ki †kl mgªvU 
K. dii“L wkqvi
M. kvn Avjg
L. gyn¤§` kvn
N. evnv`yi kvn (wØZxq)
2. bvw`i kvn mgªvU wQ‡jb 
K. AvdMvwb¯—v‡bi L. cvi‡m¨i
M. Zzi‡¯‹i N. wgk‡ii
3. gyNj ivR‡Z¡i †k‡li w`‡K fviZel© AvµgYKvix AvdMvb ivR 
K. bvw`ikvn L. †iRv kvn
M. †`v¯— †gvnv¤§` N. Avng` kvn Ave`vjx

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 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq I‡cb ¯‹zj

msw¶ß-DËi cÖkœ:

1. gyNj mvgªvR¨ cZ‡bi Rb¨ AvIi½‡Re KZUzKz `vqx wQ‡jb?
2. gyNj mvgªvR¨ cZ‡b ˆe‡`wkK AvµgY mg~‡ni f‚wgKv wK wQj?
P‚ovš— g~j¨vqb-3 t iPbvg~jK cÖkœ:
1. mgªvU AvKe‡ii DËi fviZ weR‡qi weeiY w`b|
2. mgªvU AvKe‡ii Avg‡j evsjv I `vw¶YvZ¨ AwaKv‡ii weeiY wjwce× Ki“b|
3. mgªvU AvKe‡ii ivRcyZ bxwZ m¤ú‡K© e¨vL¨v Ki“b|
4. mgªvU AvKe‡ii ag©bxwZ m¤ú‡K© eY©bv w`b|
5. mgªvU AvKe‡ii ivR¯^ e¨e¯’v m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki“b|
6. mgªvU Rvnv½x‡ii K…wZZ¡ m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki“b|
7. mgªvU kvnRvnv‡bi cy·`i g‡a¨ msNwUZ DËivwaKvi hy‡×i weeiY w`b|
8. mgªvU kvnRvnv‡bi K…wZZ¡ ms‡¶‡c Av‡jvPbv Ki“b|
9. mgªvU AvIi½‡R‡ei `vw¶YvZ¨ bxwZ I Gi djvdj Av‡jvPbv Ki“b|
10. mgªvU AvIi½‡R‡ei K…wZZ¡ wePvi Ki“b|
11. gyNj Avg‡j cÖkvmwbK e¨e¯’vi cwiPq w`b|
12. gyNj Avg‡ji A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’vi eY©bv w`b|
13. gyNj Avg‡ji mvgvwRK Rxeb I mvs¯‹…wZK DrK‡l©i weeiY w`b|
14. gyNj ¯’vcZ¨ wk‡íi weeiY w`b|
15. gyNj mvgªvR¨ cZ‡bi KviY mg~n wjwce× Ki“b|

DËigvjv:
cvV - 3.1 ⇒ 1. M 2. L 3. N 4. M 5. L 6. N 7. M
cvV - 3.2 ⇒ 1. L 2. N 3. M
cvV - 3.3 ⇒ 1. M 2. L 3. N 4. L
cvV - 3.4 ⇒ 1. M 2. L 3. N 4. L
cvV - 3.5 ⇒ 1. M 2. L 3. N
cvV - 3.6 ⇒ 1. L 2. N 3. M 4. M 5. N
cvV - 3.7 ⇒ 1. N 2. M 3. N
cvV - 3.8 ⇒ 1. L 2. M 3. L
cvV - 3.9 ⇒ 1. N 2. M 3. M
cvV - 3.10 ⇒ 1. L 2. N 3. M
cvV - 3.11 ⇒ 1. L 2. N 3. M 4. L
cvV - 3.12 ⇒ 1. N 2. N 3. L
cvV - 3.13 ⇒ 1. N 2. M 3. M 4. M
cvV - 3.14 ⇒ 1. N 2. L 3. N

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