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GREAT WRITING 3: From Great Paragraphs to Great Essays

ANSWER KEY

UNIT 1 Paragraphs Activity 8, page 12

Answers will vary.
ELEMENTS OF GREAT WRITING
Activity 9, page 12
Activity 1, page 5 Answers will vary.
1. b 4. a
Activity 10, page 14
2. a 5. a
3. b Possible answers:
1. What kinds of pesticides should not be used? Why should
Activity 2, pages 6–7 we avoid using pesticides?
1. Throughout history, explorers have been inspired to 2. Why are coffee producers using environmentally friendly
investigate land, space, and sea. farming methods? What are the benefits to using
environmentally friendly farming methods, if any?
2. have been inspired to investigate land, space, and sea
3. What are the differences between snow skiing and water
3. three
skiing? What are the similarities between snow skiing and
4. c water skiing?
Activity 3, page 8 4. Why is trophy hunting controversial? How might trophy
hunting actually help preserve endangered animals?
1. air conditioners; a 5. Why are extracurricular activities beneficial to children?
2. biomedical engineering; b What extracurricular activities can children participate in to
3. snowboarding; b improve their self-confidence?

Activity 4, page 9 Activity 11, pages 15–16

1. a. Europeans drink far more coffee than people from other Paragraph 1.5
parts of the world. Sentence 1: Good
2. b. Roller coaster safety has improved tremendously over Sentence 2: Unrelated
the last 200 years. Sentence 3: Good
3. c. The sport of track-and-field has increased in popularity in Paragraph 1.6
recent years.
Sentence 1: Good
Activity 5, page 9 Sentence 2: Unrelated
Possible answers: Sentence 3: Good
1. Lying in the workplace can result in a number of problems. Activity 12, page 17
2. Working hard is the first step to reaching your goals.
1. F; Students encounter an incredible amount of new
3. The Eiffel Tower, located in Paris, France, is significant for vocabulary in English every day.
several reasons.
2. F; Some learners solve this problem by using flash cards.
Activity 6, pages 10-11 3. C; What are flash cards?
Possible answers: 4. C; How do language learners use them?
Paragraph 1.2: Breakfast is the most important meal of the day. 5. F; A flash card is a small card for learning vocabulary.
Paragraph 1.3: Acting can be categorized into three different 6. C; Learners write the new word on one side of the card.
types: stage acting, television acting, and film acting. 7. F; Then they write a definition on the other side.
Paragraph 1.4: Job-search websites can be a great tool to help a 8. C; Students test themselves on the vocabulary words by
job seeker find a new job. guessing the meaning and then checking the answer.
Activity 7, page 12 9. C; Because learners create their own cards, they can focus
on words that are important for them.
Possible answers: 10. F; Even though it is a traditional method, using flash cards
Paragraph 1.2: An Important Meal; Breakfast is extremely useful.
Paragraph 1.3: Three Kinds of Acting; Acting Three Ways
Paragraph 1.4: The Benefits of Job-Search Websites; A Job-
Search Tool

1
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Activity 13, page 18 6. find

1. families 7. perform
2. C 8. not have enough of
3. members 9. big
4. elders 10. in general
5. women Activity 21, pages 25–26
6. hours 1. investigate
7. health 2. disaster
8. time 3. rely on
Activity 14, page 19 4. regardless of
Answers will vary. 5. characteristic
6. recommendation
Activity 15, page 20 7. appreciate
Answers will vary. 8. tend to
Activity 16, page 20 9. process
10. throughout
Answers will vary.
Activity 22, page 26
Activity 17, page 21
1. categories
Possible answers:
2. categorize
1. In conclusion, all good restaurants share similar qualities.
(restates the main idea) 3. entirely
2. The monuments and museums in Washington, DC, provide 4. entire
both inspiration and enjoyment to millions of visitors each 5. maintenance
year. (gives an opinion) 6. maintain
Activity 18, pages 22–23 7. occurred
8. occurrence
1. The purpose of this paragraph is to talk about why the
Summer Olympics are so popular. 9. prediction
2. There are many reasons for their popularity. 10. predicted
3. many reasons for their popularity. Activity 23, page 27
4. Overall, this competition is one of the most popular Answers will vary.
sporting events in the world. (restatement)
5. In the Winter Olympics, one of the most popular sports
is ice skating. This sentence doesn’t belong because it BUILDING BETTER SENTENCES
talks about the Winter Olympics instead of the Summer Activity 24, page 27
Olympics. It does not support the topic sentence.
6. The writer could provide an additional reason why the Sloths are amazing animals that live in Central and South
Summer Olympics are so popular. America. These animals are well known for their laziness.
Scientists believe that their slow movement helps them escape
Activity 19, page 24 from predators—animals that might hurt them. Because many
predators have sharp eyesight, they are looking for animals
Topic sentence: Although tsunamis and hurricanes both cause a that move quickly. When sloths see a predator, they actually
lot of damage, they are each very different. move more slowly, hoping that they will disappear in the
Not a good supporting sentence: Tsunamis are very frightening. background. For sloths, being slow has its rewards.
Possible answer for concluding sentence: While both tsunamis
and hurricanes can be devastating, they are very different from Activity 25, page 28
each other. Answers will vary. Possible answers:
1. Sugary drinks are harmful to children’s teeth.
BUILDING BETTER VOCABULARY 2. Drones can be used for fun, for exploration, or for
advertising.
Activity 20, page 25
3. The United Nations maintains international peace and
1. like provides humanitarian aid to countries in need.
2. thankful
Activity 26, page 29
3. good
4. type Answers will vary.
5. make happen

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WRITING Activity 4, page 40

Activities 27–28, pages 29–30 Possible answers:
1. the historic house in the mountain village
Answers will vary.
2. the long, windy road through the country
3. an amazingly generous gift from a friend
UNIT 2 Features of Good Writing 4. the majestic mountain range
5. an extremely long and complicated exam
ELEMENTS OF GREAT WRITING
Activity 5, page 40
Activity 1, pages 34–35
Possible answers:
Pre-Paragraph Questions
1. The network administrator has a great deal of knowledge
Possible answers: about programming computers.
1. Bees help pollinate plants, which helps plants reproduce. 2. The new student’s stylish clothing fits him well.
2. Some extinct animals are the passenger pigeon (hunted to 3. Tokyo is the largest city in the world with a population of
extinction) and the woolly mammoth (may have died out 38 million people.
from climate change, hunting, and meteorites or comets).
4. The start up business upgraded its communications sytems
Post-Paragraph Questions to increase efficiency.
1. The purpose of this paragraph is to persuade the reader 5. The French soccer team won the World Cup in 2018.
that the decline in bee populations is a serious problem.
2. Bee populations across the world have dropped Activity 6, page 41
significantly, and this is a serious problem. 1. The purpose of this paragraph is to show that using “smart
3. a. Farmers and gardeners can use alternatives to devices” before bed can make it more difficult to fall
dangerous pesticides. b. Beehives can be placed closer to asleep.
food crops. 2. Although many people enjoy using their “smart devices”
before going to bed, these habits can actually make it
Activity 2, page 37 more difficult to fall asleep.
Possible answers: 3. If people can follow this guideline, they will most certainly
1. Purpose statement 1: The purpose of this paragraph is to enjoy a deeper and more restful sleep; prediction
give reasons for the popularity of fast-food restaurants.
Purpose statement 2: The purpose of this paragraph is to Activity 7, page 42
argue that there are negative effects of eating fast-food. Possible answers:
2. Purpose statement 1: The purpose of this paragraph is to 1. They are considered a "super food" because of their many
describe clean energy alternatives. Purpose statement 2: health benefits.
The purpose of this paragraph is to argue the importance Correction: Blueberries are considered a "super food"
of using clean energy. because of their many health benefits.
3. Purpose statement 1: The purpose of this paragraph 2. Sushi is a Japanese food made with raw fish. They consider
is to describe the importance of the invention of the it one of the most popular types of Japanese food.
Internet. Purpose statement 2: The purpose of this Correction: The Japanese consider sushi one of the most
paragraph is to describe the importance of the invention popular types of Japanese food.
of communications satellites.
3. They are the biggest creatures on Earth.
4. Purpose statement 1: The purpose of this paragraph is to Correction: Whales are the biggest creatures on Earth.
explain steps you can take to improve your friendships.
Purpose statement 2: The purpose of this paragraph is to 4. They want to study the animals’ habits in the wild.
describe different kinds of friendships. Correction: Scientists want to study the animals’ habits in
the wild.
5. Purpose statement 1: The purpose of this paragraph is to
summarize the best study habits. Purpose statement 2: The 5. They have become more widespread because of
purpose of this paragraph is to compare and contrast good environmental changes.
study habits and bad study habits. Correction: Wildfires have become more widespread
because of environmental changes.
Activity 3, page 39
Activity 8, pages 43–44
Possible answers:
1. Miami
1. wonderful, incredible, delightful
2. Chicago’s
2. awful, terrible, poor
3. Miami
3. extremely, incredibly, especially
4. the residents of Chicago and Miami
4. gigantic, massive, enormous
5. the residents of Miami
5. engaging, fascinating, intriguing
6. friendly, admirable, agreeable

Answer Key 3
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Activity 9, page 45 Activity 15, page 50

Possible answers: 1. Before
1. Before students choose a major, she they should always 2. First
speak to an academic advisor. 3. In addition
2. One should carpool if you want one wants to save on gas. 4. For instance
3. Doctors warn people that you they should watch the kind 5. Finally
of food you they eat every day.
4. The population of the United States has grown steadily over
the past century, and they continue it continues to grow.
BUILDING BETTER VOCABULARY
5. Alligators and crocodiles are distinct in that it is they are Activity 16, page 51
either a freshwater or saltwater reptile.
1. simply
6. It is important for a company to respond quickly to
problems we it may face. 2. decrease
7. Many computer users hate software updates because of 3. thing
the interruption to our their work. 4. unreal
5. mixed up
Activity 10, page 45
6. normally
Biomedical engineering is one of the fastest-growing 7. story line
segments of the tech industry. Students who choose to study
this major are likely to have many job opportunities after her 8. dangerous
their graduation. Biomedical engineering is a hybrid science. 9. bring together
They incorporate It incorporates engineering principles with 10. different
medicine and biology. Every year, biomedical engineers introduce
new technologies to help people overcome her their physical Activity 17, pages 51–52
handicaps. Biomedical engineering has also evolved to meet 1. alternative
the needs of people looking for alternative treatments—ones
that are very different from what her their doctors traditionally 2. reduce
provided in the past. They People say that this field of study is 3. major
perfect for people who are as interested in medicine as they are in 4. decline
engineering and technology, as they it can satisfy needs for both.
These individuals are sure to thrive in this new and exciting field. 5. significantly
6. signal
Activity 11, page 46 7. productive
1. The purpose of this paragraph is to show the benefits of 8. interfere
cleaning up a messy workspace. 9. substance
2. This may be a good time to think about saving money and 10. release
buying fewer office supplies.
Activity 18, pages 52–53
Activity 12, page 47
1. adaptive
1. There are many ways to classify movies, and one method is
by general category—fiction, true story, and hybrid. 2. adapt
2. 5, 10, 12 3. concentration
4. concentrated
Activity 13, page 48 5. conflict
a. 4 6. conflicting
b. 3 7. permanent
c. does not belong 8. permanently
d. 7 9. stimulation
e. 1 10. stimulate
f. 5
Activity 19, page 53
g. 6
h. 2 Answers will vary.

Activity 14, page 49 BUILDING BETTER SENTENCES

Possible answers:
Activity 20, page 54
1. Physical fitness for college students
Coffee and tea are two of the most popular beverages in
2. The purpose of this paragraph is to give two different ways
the world, but they are vastly different. First of all, tea is more
college students can stay in shape.
ancient than coffee. It was discovered thousands of years ago
3. fit, fitness, active, college students, students in Asia. Coffee, on the other hand, originated in Yemen and

4 Great Writing 3: From Paragraphs to Essays

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Ethiopia in the ninth century. Another difference between the 2. very different
two drinks is their original form. Coffee is cultivated from a bean 3. a, c
while tea is made from tea leaves. This means that the method
of production also differs, with coffee being more difficult. Activity 4, page 64
Finally, researchers have found some benefits to drinking
coffee but also some harmful effects. Tea, on the other hand, Answers will vary.
contains tannins, which may reduce the risk of cancer and heart
disease. Regardless of personal preference, both of these drinks
Activity 5, pages 65–66
are enjoyed by millions of people every day. 1. The purpose of this paragraph is to classify runners.
2. In the world of track-and-field, there are three different
Activity 21, page 55 types of runners: sprinters, middle-distance runners, and
Answers will vary. Possible answers: distance runners.
1. Children should learn appropriate behavior in the 3. three; sprinters, middle-distance runners, and distance
classroom. runners
2. Using cell phones during meetings is disruptive and 4. distance of race and physical qualities of runners
disrespectful. 5. restatement
3. A home can be permanently damaged by hurricane-force
winds. Activity 6, page 67
1. In my country, most people lives live near the coast
Activity 22, page 55 because the interior is too dry.
Answers will vary. Possible answers: 2. One of the basic principles of economics are is that we
1. Unlike some companies, Apple is a huge success because it have to make choices with our resources.
has been able to adapt. 3. Sometimes parents and a child does do not agree on what
2. If a room is left messy for a long period of time, it may stay is best for the child’s future.
that way permanently. 4. People say that the airline industry is in trouble and airlines
3. Due to a major conflict, the two businessmen decided to face many economic problems, but all of the flights out of
stop working together. the New York City area is are usually full.
4. Reducing the price of a product can signal to customers 5. Many students are not prepared for the amount of
that the seller is desperate. studying they has have to do in college.
5. Social media can interfere with your work and make you 6. There is are several problems with that approach.
less productive. 7. Playing sports such as soccer and basketball are is very
hard on an athlete’s knees.
WRITING 8. While many large animals are still endangered, some
smaller species is are doing better.
Activities 23–25, pages 56–57 9. Anyone with a student ID card, including part-time
Answers will vary. students, are is allowed to use the gym.
10. The family always vacations in Europe.
UNIT 3 Types of Paragraphs Activity 7, page 68
ELEMENTS OF GREAT WRITING In many countries around the world, shooting fireworks
into the sky are is a traditional way to celebrate special
Activity 1, pages 60–61 occasions. Some countries use fireworks to mark their
independence. For instance, Mexicans celebrates celebrate
1. The purpose of this paragraph is to explain the effects of Independence Day on September 16th with parades, fairs,
the shrinking of the Aral Sea. fireworks, and rodeos. Other countries have fireworks displays
2. the effects as part of an actual competition. On the last Saturday in July, the
3. Since the 1960s, the South Aral Sea in Central Asia has Sumidagawa Fireworks Festival is held in Japan. It is a 300-year-
shrunk to less than 10 percent of its original size, which has old contest to see which fireworks company have has the most
led to many negative consequences. beautiful display. Perhaps the most common use of fireworks
are is seen on December 31st, when many countries celebrate
4. many negative consequences the beginning of the new year at midnight. People across the
5. the increase in salt killing off sea life, loss of jobs, world uses use spectacular fireworks in a variety of ways.
abandoned boats
6. prediction Activity 8, page 69
Most college students hope to achievement achieve
Activity 2, page 62 academic success, but they are not sure how to reach this goal.
Answers will vary. Of course, they know about the importance of note-taking skills
and reviewing information before an exam. However, there are
Activity 3, pages 63–64 other strategies that can help. Juan Rodriguez discovered this
in a particularly difficult calculus class. Choosing to sit in the
1. The purpose of this paragraph is to compare relationships front of the class was one of his strategies. When he sat there,
with family and with friends.

Answer Key 5
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he paid more attentive attention to the lecture and was more 4. region, regionally
engaged. Another strategy was previewing the information that 5. fascination, fascinating/fascinated
the instructor was going to introduction introduce. Juan would
go over the new material the day before the lecture and come 6. doubt, doubtful
to class with an idea of that day’s lecture topic. He was more 7. resident/residence, reside
comfort comfortable with the information because it was not
new to him. Finally, Juan found a classmate who was already Activity 15, page 75
good at calculus. By asking for his classmate’s help, Juan received 1. additional
alternative explain explanations from those of his instructor.
2. add
Having this “expert” friend who explained difficult math concepts
allowed Juan to process calculus more easy easily. If a student 3. endurance
makes some adjustments to his or her academic habits, as Juan 4. endure
did, he or she will likely be more succeed successful. 5. interactive
Activity 9, page 70 6. interaction
Answers will vary. 7. motivate
8. motivated
Activity 10, pages 71–72 9. strategically
1. The purpose of this paragraph is to describe a problem 10. strategize
with textbooks and propose a solution.
2. Textbooks have a negative impact on the environment. Activity 16, page 76
3. Use e-books instead. Answers will vary.
4. fewer trees cut down, less trash in landfills, less water used
BUILDING BETTER SENTENCES
Activity 11, page 72
Activity 17, page 76
Answers will vary.
Every four years the best athletes around the world
BUILDING BETTER VOCABULARY competes compete in the Olympics or the Paralympics.
Although both competitions feature many of the same
Activity 12, page 73 events and the highest level of performance. They, they are
distinct programs. The most important different difference is
1. real between the athletes themselves. While Olympic athletes are
2. be associated with able-bodied, Paralympians have some form of disability. They
3. mixture may been have have been born with physical problems, or
they might have experienced injuries. This often means the
4. difficult choice athletes need special facilities. Another difference between
5. interesting the two are is financial support. The Olympic Games and its
6. effect athletes get much more money and more attention. Both sets
of athletes demonstrate strength, speed, and endurance, so the
7. necessary
Paralympians should get the same support.
8. communication
9. especially Activity 18, page 77
10. get smaller 1. Swimming is a better exercise than running for people
over 50.
Activity 13, pages 73–74 2. Grocery delivery services can be a convenient solution for
1. doubtful busy families.
2. commercial 3. Several common activities can have a negative impact on
3. guarantee your sleep.
4. endurance 4. Driverless cars have several distinct advantages over cars
driven by people.
5. abandoned
5. Students have two choices of on-campus housing:
6. motivated apartments or dorms.
7. display
8. strong Activity 19, page 78
9. distinct Answers will vary. Possible answers:
10. consequences 1. Although she was born in Ukraine in 1989 with severe
physical problems, Oksana Masters is now an outstanding
Activity 14, page 75 American athlete who competes in cross-country skiing
and cycling.
1. abandoned
2. Alligators have wide, short, U-shaped faces while
2. consequence
crocodiles have slender, almost V-shaped ones.
3. destroy, destructive/destroyed

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3. Researchers plan to design a wind turbine with 650-foot 3. Movie theaters that offer reserved seats and full menus are
(198-meter) blades that is taller than the Eiffel Tower and becoming increasingly popular.
that could reduce the cost of wind power by 50 percent. 4. Ladders, which can be used to paint a house, can be
surprisingly dangerous.
WRITING 5. Saltwater aquariums, which can hold sharks, require a lot
of maintenance.
Activities 20–22, pages 79–80
Answers will vary.
Activity 5, pages 92–93
1. Emma Watson, who has appeared in all eight Harry Potter
movies, knew she wanted to act at the age of six.
UNIT 4 Classification Essays: Moving 2. Movies that feature superheroes often make a lot of money.
from Paragraph to Essay 3. George W. Bush, who was the 43rd president of the United
States, has taken up painting.
ELEMENTS OF GREAT WRITING 4. Teachers can reschedule exams for students who have a
good excuse.
Activity 1, page 85
5. Nowadays, many people use phone apps that provide
1. stage acting, television acting, and film acting directions and traffic information.
2. Answers will vary. Specific information about each of 6. Shakespeare wrote many plays that were either tragic,
the three forms of acting could be added to expand this humorous, or historical.
paragraph into an essay.
3. five: introduction, stage acting, television acting, film Activity 6, pages 93–95
acting, conclusion 1. The purpose of this essay is to classify vacations by who
you travel with.
Activity 2, pages 87–89
2. Thesis statement: Vacations can be classified on the basis
1. Hook: Did you know that as recently as a few generations of who vacationers choose to travel with: with family, with
ago, one of the most common forms of entertainment was friends, or alone.
listening to actors in radio dramas? a question Points of development: with family, with friends, or alone
2. Interesting facts from the history of acting/details about 3. Paragraph 2: Family travel is special and creates lasting
radio in the 1930s memories, but it can also have some challenges.
3. Thesis statement: Modern acting comes in a variety of Paragraph 3: Traveling with friends can be an unforgettable
forms and can be classified in to three types: stage acting, experience for several reasons.
television acting, and film acting. Paragraph 4: Finally, people can choose to travel alone.
Points of development: stage acting, television acting, and
film acting 4. Paragraph 2: Regardless of the challenges families may face
when traveling, this type of vacation always creates special
4. The thesis statement is similar. It gives the main idea and memories.
tells how the essay will be developed.
Paragraph 3: All in all, traveling with friends can be a
5. Answers will vary. positive experience that results in a great vacation and,
Activity 3, pages 90-91 likely, a stronger friendship.
Paragraph 4: In spite of this, many solo travelers love the
I. Introduction adventure and say that they learn a lot about themselves
I. C. Thesis statement while traveling alone.
II. A. 2. Range from old plays to new ones 5. Answers will vary.
II. B. 2. Sets stay the same
Activity 7, page 96
II. C. 2. Must memorize lines
1. fighting brothers, expensive transportation, conflicting
II. D. 1. No editing
interests
III. Television acting
2. similar personalities, lower expenses, positive impact on
III. A. 1. Best-known type of acting friendship
III. B. 1. Stories change every week 3. advantages: flexibility with transportation, no problems
III. D. 1. Teleprompters give lines with sightseeing and scheduling, ability to meet people;
IV. Type 3 disadvantages: loneliness
IV. A. 1. Begins with a screenplay 4. Answers will vary.
IV. C. 2. A lot of work for actors 5. an opinion

Activity 4, page 92 Activity 8, page 98

1. Actors who perform in stage plays must be able to Answers will vary.
memorize all their lines.
Activity 9, page 99
2. African elephants, which have larger ears, are bigger than
Asian elephants. Answers will vary.

Answer Key 7
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Possible answers: BUILDING BETTER SENTENCES

2. Purpose: The purpose of this essay is to categorize different
types of food. Activity 14, page 102
Three points of development: conventionally grown, 1. Hippos have unusual sweat who that/which turns red
organic, junk when they are upset.
3. Purpose: The purpose of this essay is to classify different 2. The meteorologist's weather predict prediction turned out
kinds of airplane passengers. to be completely wrong.
Three points of development: business traveler, vacation 3. A research Research suggests that 95 percent of people
traveler, family traveler text things that they would never say.
4. Answers will vary. 4. Holding hands while they sleep keep keeps sea otters from
drifting apart.
BUILDING BETTER VOCABULARY 5. Easter Island is famous for their its giant statues, which are
hundreds of years old.
Activity 10, page 100
Activity 15, page 103
1. group
Answers will vary. Possible answers:
2. essential
1. African elephants have one dome on their heads, but Asian
3. cause
elephants have two.
4. type
2. Although Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates have
5. bargain no rivers, they both have wadis, riverbeds that are often dry.
6. possible 3. There is a garbage patch in the Pacific Ocean that is full of
7. nearly plastic that was brought there by ocean currents.
8. respond
Activity 16, page 104
9. miss
Answers will vary.
10. different

Activity 11, pages 100–101 WRITING

1. flexible Activities 17–23, pages 104–107
2. member
Answers will vary.
3. face
4. employees
5. factor UNIT 5 Cause-Effect Essays
6. generations
7. personality
ELEMENTS OF GREAT WRITING
8. ranging from Activity 1, page 111
9. whichever 1. The Causes of War
10. basis 2. Some Common Reasons for Quitting a Job
Activity 12, pages 101–102 5. The Impact of High Gasoline Prices

1. base/based Activity 2, page 112

2. basis Possible answers:
3. classification less motivation, lower grades, more distraction, wasting time,
4. classifies/classified wasting mental energy
5. generational
Activity 3, page 113
6. generation
I. A. Hook
7. personal
I. C. Thesis statement
8. personalize
II. Psychological
9. replacement
II. B. Depression
10. replace
III. B. overall health
Activity 13, page 102 III. C. Eye strain
Answers will vary. IV. A–C. Answers will vary.
V. A. thesis
V. C. opinion

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Activity 4, pages 114–116 5. There have been several days of record heat this year.
(present perfect for repeated states in the past that may
1. causes repeat in the future)
2. Hook: Most college students hope to achieve “academic
success,” but sometimes they are not sure how to reach Activity 10, page 119
this goal.; an interesting observation Possible answers:
3. Thesis statement: There are three specific strategies that 1. there was a great deal of flooding
helped him be successful: sitting in the front of the classroom,
previewing information, and talking with classmates.; the 2. had checked the plane three times
second sentence in the concluding paragraph 3. was working on her final project
4. a. sitting in the front of the class → more likely to 4. have migrated in the past decade
participate 5. social media has grown dramatically
b. previewing information → more likely to understand
c. talking with classmates → improved understanding
Activity 11, page 120
5. categorically 1. has
2. led
Activity 5, page 116
3. needed
1. achieve 4. has grown
2. addition 5. has had
3. alternative
4. discover
Activity 12, page 121
5. habit 1. for
6. improve 2. At
7. simply 3. on
8. specific 4. of
9. strategy 5. in
10. successful 6. in

Activity 6, page 116 Activity 13, page 122

Answers will vary. Answers will vary.

Activity 7, page 117 Activity 14, page 122

Answers will vary. a. According to Mark Twain, "the only way to keep your
health is to eat what you don't want, drink what you don't
Activity 8, page 118 like, and do what you'd rather not."
Possible answers: Activity 15, page 123
1. are adding more computer engineering courses
1. For instance
2. social media
2. also
3. people should be prepared
3. so that
4. rigorous training programs
4. In addition
5. smoking
5. Another
6. they may not be comfortable with face to face interaction
6. Thus
7. people are spending more money
Activity 16, page 124
Activity 9, page 119
3 People who take care of themselves enjoy psychological
1. Zach was giving his presentation when his cell phone went beneficial benefits. For example, regular exercise
off. (past progressive for the action that was in progress; produces endorphins, which are the body’s natural way to
simple past for the action that interrupted the one in lift one’s mood. Better nutrition means that they people are
progress) also better equipped to deal with the stress of day-to-day life.
2. Dr. Silva researched the connection between stress and Because of the effects that their healthy choices has have on
health until she retired. (simple past for both verbs because their bodies, people with the a healthy lifestyle generally feel
they are completed past actions) better about themselves. Most importantly, people who takes
3. The increase in housing construction has created a number take care of themselves agree that they feel better about
of new jobs. (present perfect for a completed action that is themselves because they have more self-confidence.
important in the present) 4 Taking proper care of one’s health also leads to better
4. The online sale had already ended by the time Emir a better social life. The confidence that a person gains from
decided to purchase the tablet. (past perfect for an feeling healthy and in shape improve improves his or her social
action that happened before the action in the simple past) and business relationships. Because health-minded people

Answer Key 9
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engage in a variety of physical activities, they had increased 9. implement

increase their chances of meeting other people. For example, 10. healthy
many people makes make friends at the locally local gym.
Similarly, someone who goes to beach the beach frequently to Activity 21, page 127
play volleyball greatly increases his or her chances of meeting
people. Since people who pursue a healthy lifestyle were 1. concept
feeling feel better about themselves, they are more likely to 2. conceptual
have satisfying social lives. 3. confidence
Activity 17, page 125 4. confident
5. implement
1. makes
6. implementation
2. to
7. participate
3. are
4. changing 8. participation
5. do not 9. risk
6. their 10. risky
7. until Activity 22, page 128
8. While
Answers will vary.
9. healthy
10. are
BUILDING BETTER SENTENCES
Activity 18, page 125 Activity 23, page 128
1. physical, psychological, and social benefits
1. Deciding on a job offer requires a great deal of careful thought.
2. effects
2. People who have implemented healthy diets sometimes
3. a. lower risk of disease, b. live longer, c. have better skin go back to bad habits. / Sometimes people who have
4. categorically implemented healthy diets go back to bad habits.
5. Thesis statement: In fact, there are physical, psychological, 3. Research shows that students who use specific strategies do
and social benefits to living a healthy lifestyle.; It is in the better on tests. / Research shows that students who do better
last sentence of the concluding paragraph. (While pursuing on tests use specific strategies.
a healthy lifestyle may require a good deal of time and 4. The economy was suffering because of a series of natural
energy, the physical, psychological, and social benefits are disasters. / Because of a series of natural disasters, the
well worth the effort.) economy was suffering.
5. Due to the decrease in passing scores on the exam, the
BUILDING BETTER VOCABULARY college offered study sessions. / The college offered study
sessions due to the decrease in passing scores on the exam.
Activity 19, page 126
1. knowledgeable about
Activity 24, pages 128–129
2. general idea Answers will vary. Possible answers:
3. very dangerous 1. Many American adults are obese, which raises their risk of
4. a discussion heart disease and diabetes.
5. work hard at 2. Because of very bad weather and a large number of
sharks, rescuers could not reach the 150 whales that were
6. cause (note: effect may also be considered correct. stranded on an Australian beach.
Result in means to cause, and result in leads to an effect.)
3. In 2008 U.S. banks lost a lot of money due to the many risky
7. danger
loans they had made.
8. only
9. different Activity 25, page 129
10. huge
Answers will vary. Possible answers:
Activity 20, pages 126–127 1. Few people are completely aware of the dangers of global
warming.
1. go over
2. Before beginning a complex project, it is a good idea to
2. transform
have a specific plan.
3. satisfying
3. Many young people today want to pursue a career in
4. confidence environmental science.
5. participate in 4. She has a tremendous opportunity to travel to India next
6. pattern summer.
7. risk 5. It is important to implement a healthy lifestyle when you
8. specific are young.

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WRITING 5. France produces wonderful cheeses. Similarily, Italy is

known for its excellent cheeses
Activities 26–28, pages 129–131
Activity 6, page 144
Answers will vary.
1. better
2. longer
UNIT 6 Comparison Essays 3. more difficult
4. hottest
ELEMENTS OF GREAT WRITING
5. more casual
Activity 1, page 134 6. more quickly
2. Laptop and Desktop Computers 7. most impressive
4. Growing Up as an Only Child and Growing Up with Siblings 8. worst
5. Male and Female Bosses 9. snowiest
10. the same
Activity 2, pages 137–138
I. Introduction Activity 7, page 145
II. B. 1. Location Answers will vary. Possible answers:
II. B. 2. names 1. transportation, hotels
III. A. Chicago 2. fun activities
III. B. Miami 3. water supply, wildfires
III. B. 2. temperature 4. temperatures fall, trees lose leaves, people stay inside
IV. comparison 5. manage their time well, get enough sleep, limit distractions
IV. A. 3. Effects 6. Los Angeles, weather, food, attractions
IV. B. 2. hurricanes
Activity 8, page 145
Activity 3, pages 138–140 1. office supplies
1. The purpose of this essay is to compare weather in Chicago 2. The sentence is correct.
and Miami. 3. more sharply than
2. point-by-point 4. the most important
3. Hook: What constitutes a desirable climate to live in? Type 5. healthier
of hook: question
6. better public transportation
4. Thesis statement: Two U.S. cities that illustrate this are
Chicago and Miami, large urban areas whose climates Activity 9, page 146
could not be more different.; yes.
a. Have you ever wondered what it would be like to pilot a
Thesis restated: It is clear that each city's climate is plane?
different.
5. Topic sentence 1: The first difference is the number of seasons.
Activity 10, page 147
Topic sentence 2: Another difference is the extreme 1. As
temperatures in both cities. 2. Both
Topic sentence 3: Finally, Chicago and Miami have different 3. For example
kinds of severe weather.
Each topic sentence states one of the differences in climate 4. also
between the two cities. 5. Another
6. an opinion 6. instance
Activity 4, page 141 7. In addition
8. even though
Answers will vary.
Activity 11, page 148
Activity 5, pages 142–143
4 Both types of planes have similar parts as well. Both have
Answers will vary. Possible answers: a throttle that controls the speedy speed of the plane. Both are
1. Both Riyadh and Dubai have stunning architecture using use a rudder on the vertical tail fin that steers plane the
2. Residents of Los Angeles rely on their cars. Conversely, plane left and right while in the air. In addition, real airplanes
New Yorkers rely on public transportation and model airplanes uses use ailerons on the wings, allowing
the planes to move to the left or to the right. In a real airplane,
3. While large cities offer cultural entertainment and a variety
a foot pedal steered steers the plane left and right while in
of shopping, small towns are often friendlier
the air and guides the plane left and right while it is sitting on
4. Traveling by plane can be stressful. On the other hand, the ground. Similarly, a remote-controlled switch accomplish
traveling by ship is relaxing accomplishes the same left-right motion on a model airplane.

Answer Key 11
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5 The average person is surprisingly surprised to find that 9. threatening

there are so many similarities between model airplanes and 10. threaten
flying real airplanes real airplanes. Just like a real plane, a
model airplane requires pre-flight procedures, how it operates Activity 16, page 151
operates on the same principles of physics, and has similar
parts and systems. Although it is not exactly the same as the Answers will vary.
original. A , a model airplane is quite close to it. Like flying on
real planes, flying model planes will likely continue to be a BUILDING BETTER SENTENCES
popular activity in the years to come.
Activity 17, page 152
Activity 12, page 148
1. The purpose of this essay is to compare model airplanes Scientists have begun mapping three giant cave caves
with real airplanes. in China using laser scanning technology. This expedition
2. pre-flight procedures, the physics of flying, and parts/ marks the first time anyone attempts has attempted to use
systems
this technology to map underground caves. The technology
3. point-by-point
4. Thesis statement: In fact, the experience of flying a model is especially useful because it is difficult to see the walls and
airplane is remarkably similar to piloting a real plane.; yes ceilings in the large caves with traditional lights. For the
(Although it is not exactly the same as the original, a model
scientists, the highlight of the expedition seeing images of
airplane is quite close to it.)
50-meter-tall stalagmites. the highlight of the expedition was
BUILDING BETTER VOCABULARY seeing images of 50-meter-tall stalagmites. Stalagmites are
beautiful columns that rise from the floor of the cave. Without
Activity 13, page 149
the lasers, this would not have been possibility possible. Lasers
1. succeed
can also be used for other things such as medical procedures.
2. continue
3. allowed Laser scanning technology will help scientists to better
4. show understand caves for years to come.
5. active Activity 18, page 153
6. first
It is possible that life already exist exists on Mars. Some
7. rule scientists believe that water have existed has existed on Mars
8. surprising for two or three billion years. Scientists have also discovered
9. strong methane gas on Mars. On our planet Earth, microbes, single-
celled life forms, is are able to live on the bottom of the
10. danger
ocean by eat eating methane. Finding any live life on Mars,
Activity 14, pages 149–150 even microbes, would be one of the bigger biggest scientific
discoveries of all time.
1. spin
2. constitute Activity 19, page 153
3. resident Answers will vary. Possible answers:
4. procedure 1. Stars, which contain a lot of extreme heat, are light years
5. paralyzed away from Earth.
6. original 2. Coffee farming can be environmentally friendly,
sustainable, and profitable.
7. preference
3. A period of heavy rain in Kenya exposed a big crack in the
8. freedom earth that measures 50 feet deep and 65 feet wide.
9. illustrate
10. constant WRITING
Activity 15, pages 150–151 Activity 20, page 154
1. accomplishment Answers will vary.
2. accomplished
3. constant UNIT 7 Problem-Solution Essays
4. constantly
5. freedom ELEMENTS OF GREAT WRITING
6. free
7. prefer
Activity 1, page 159
8. preference Answers will vary. Possible answers:

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2. not using social media, unfriending people II. B. 2. friendships

3. doing yoga, meditating, getting enough sleep III. communication
4. protecting wildlife, raising awareness III. A. Reach out
5. giving young adults technical training, providing III. B. 1. sad
counseling, providing internships III. B. 2. support
6. using secure passwords, not sharing your computer IV. B. action
Activity 2, page 161 Activity 6, page 167
1. as though 1. S
2. unless 2. CX
3. Because 3. S
4. Since 4. CX
5. When 5. CX
6. so that 6. S
7. Although 7. S
8. even though 8. C
Activity 3, page 161 9. C
10. CX
1. Teenagers often feel as though they are alone.
2. Sea levels will continue to rise unless climate change is Activity 7, page 168
slowed down.
Answers will vary. Possible answer:
3. Because children do not get enough exercise, they are
becoming unhealthier. Preventing Head Injuries in Sports
4. Since unemployment has increased in the past year, Many sports such as football, hockey, soccer, and rugby, involve
consumer spending has dropped significantly. physical contact. Kids who play these sports often hit their
heads and get concussions. Too many concussions cause brain
5. When athletes train too hard, they often sustain injuries. damage. There are two solutions to this problem. First, sporting
6. One should always prepare for a job interview so that it can authorities can change the rules to reduce physical contact. For
go as smoothly as possible. example, a rule could forbid tackling. Second, athletes can use
7. Although the Internet allows people to get information better safety equipment. For example, rugby players could be
quickly, the information is not always reliable. required to wear headgear.
8. People sometimes continue bad habits even though these Activity 8, pages 169–170
habits have a negative effect on their lives.
1. The purpose of this essay is to present solutions to the
Activity 4, pages 162–164 problem of students’ poor time management.
Answers will vary for connecting the paragraph and essay. 2. Students struggle because they are ill-equipped to handle
their time wisely. This can impact grades, happiness, and
1. The purpose of this essay is to present solutions to the fear health, and it can be a barrier to success.
of public speaking.
3. planning their schedule and limiting distractions
2. a multiple-solution approach
4. break studying up into chunks; plan out the week in
3. Hook: According to several recent surveys, the biggest fear advance/budget time each day; do important things first
for most people is the fear of making a speech in public.; a
fact 5. limit the number of hours spent on social media and
on watching TV each day; avoid social media until after
4. The thesis is restated in the last sentence of the conclusion important tasks are done
(Whether giving the commencement speech at a
graduation or a simple toast at a wedding, with proper 6. Answers will vary. Possible answer: the second solution
practice and audience empathy, it is possible to overcome because it provides more facts
the fear of public speaking and deliver a successful
speech.)
Activity 9, page 171
5. jobs, classes, and social events require public speaking Answers will vary. Possible answer:
6. sufficient practice and using positive energy from the It seems that every day, the number of distractions is
audience increasing and the amount of time is decreasing. There is
no question that social media has greatly enriched people’s
7. restate the thesis
lives. When too much time is spent on distractions, however,
Activity 5, page 165 accomplishing tasks becomes more and more difficult,
especially for students. In addition, students need to realize
I. A. Hook that time is a limited resource and plan their time wisely. In
II. A. Stay busy sum, poor time management prevents students from being
II. A. 2. no time successful, both in school and in their lives. Luckily, this barrier
can be overcome rather easily by following these simple
II. B. people recommendations.

Answer Key 13
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BUILDING BETTER VOCABULARY lights on and off around the home. These lights come on when
people leave or enter a home. But home, but the lights turn off
Activity 10, page 172
after a few minutes. This automatic system saves money and
1. appear
electric electricity, and it will also reduce the amount of light
2. subject
3. give that pollutes neighborhoods around the United States. If we
4. part each do our part to limit the use of light at night. The night, the
5. attention beautiful night sky will be appreciated by a greater number of
6. responsibility people, especially in urban areas.
7. keep
Activity 15, page 175
8. small
Answers will vary. Possible answers:
9. questions
1. Every two weeks a language dies with its last speaker,
10. job
so by the next century, 50–90 percent of languages will
Activity 11, pages 172–173 disappear.
2. Made from soy and peas, the meat substitute is so tasty
1. prioritize
that some customers may not taste the difference.
2. deliver
3. Some coral reefs that were endangered by development in
3. ill-equipped Jordan were moved to a new location where they are now
4. overcome doing well.
5. barriers
Activity 16, page 176
6. surveys
Answers will vary.
7. aspects
8. distraction
WRITING
9. exposure
10. obligations Activity 17, pages 176–177
Activity 12, page 173 Answers will vary.
1. delivery
2. deliver
3. diversify
4. diversity
5. exposure
6. expose
7. obligation
8. obligatory
9. terror
10. terrify
Activity 13, page 174
Answers will vary.

BUILDING BETTER SENTENCES

Activity 14, page 174
The night skies are so bright in the United States that most
people under the age of 40 has have never experienced true
darkness. Astronomers have the a scale for rating darkness,
with 1 being the darkest and 9 the brightest. Because of light
pollution, most people live in levels 5 through 8. Not only does
too much light at night waste electricity, it can also cause sleep
problem problems, obesity, and even cancer. One solution
to this problem will be is to use motion detectors to turn the

14 Great Writing 3: From Paragraphs to Essays

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