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Contents
Module 1 Lifelong learning (p. 7)

A Successful learning
Reading Vocabulary Speaking Listening Language Writing
Predict language; The language Use a range of Recognise development Structure your
Scan for information; of learning; tenses; Use a range paraphrasing Synonyms; Prefixes; answer; Summarise
Note and tabl e Collocations; of vocabulary; Word (Section 2: Multiple Word formation; features (Task 1)
completion Dictionary skills stress (Part 1) (p. 11) choice; Select from Paraphrase (p. 14)
(pp. 8-9) (p. 10) a list) (p. 12) sentences (p. 13)
Module 2 A world of change (p. 23)

. .. . . ..
Readi ng Vocabulary Speaking Listening Language Writing
Topic sentences and Academic verbs; Develop topic- Understand different development Write introductions
supporting detai ls; Written and spoken specific vocabu lary; ways location is Present simple, past and processes;
True/ False/ Not vocabulary; Process Make notes and expressed (Section simple and present Use the active and
given; Short-answer verbs (p 26) plan your answer 1: Label a map) perfect passives; passive (Task 1.
questions (Part 2) (p. 27) (p. 28) Other passive forms Describe a process)
(pp. 24-25)
.. . .
Module 3 The feel -good factor (p. 39)
:
(p. 29) (p 30)
Reading Vocabulary Speakin g Li stening Language Writing

Identify the main Problems and Topic-specific Identify specific development Write about
idea (Matching solutions; Academic vocabulary; Develop information Real and unreal problems and
headings; Multiple collocations; your answers required; (Section cond itionals solutions; Develop
choice select two Id iomatic phrases (Part 3) (p. 43) 4: Sentence review; Other a paragraph
answers) (pp. 40-41) for problems and comp letion; Short- ways to express (Task 2 Problem
solutions (p. 42) answer questions) conditionality (p. 45) and solution essay)
(p. 44) (p. 46)
I I . I ~
Module 4 A consumer society (p. 55)
Readi ng Vocabulary Speaking Listening Language Writing

Identify functions Academic verbs for Develop topic- Use questions to development Give your opinion;
(Matching thoughts and beliefs; specific vocabulary; predict answers Form clauses; Develop you r
information; Use an impersonal Expand your ideas (Section 2 Note and Subordinate clauses; arguments (Task 2:
Summary style in writing using conjunctions table completion) Express opinions Opinion essay)
completion) and speaking; and phrases (Part 3) (p. 60) with that (p. 61) (p. 62)
(pp. 56-57) Collocations for (p. 59)
thoughts and beliefs
(p. 58)
I I . ~ . .
Module 5 Homes of the future (p. 71)
Reading Vocabulary Speaking Listen ing Language Writing

Recognise reference Th e langu age of Develop topic- Listen for agreem ent development Interpret statistical
words (Matching invention and specific vocabulary; and disagreement Reported speech data; Suppo rt trends
features; Note innovation; Express Techniques for (Section 3: patterns; Other w ith details (Task 1:
completion) quantity; Agreement adding detail (Part 2) Matching) (p 76) reportin g structures Bar and pie charts)
(pp. 72-73) and disagreement (p. 75) (p. 77) (p. 78)
(p. 74)
Module 5 review (p. 86)
2
Contents I
B Untapped resources
Language Speaking Reading Writing
Listening
development and Part 1: Talk about Table completion; Note Task 1: Describe a line
Section 2 Mu ltiple
vocabulary studying (p. 17) co m pleti on (pp. 18-19) graph (pp. 20 -21)
choice; Select from a list
(p. 75) Tense rev iew; Describe
trend s (p. 16)
B Th e natural world
Listening Language Speaking Reading Writing
Section 1: Form development and Part 2: Describe a place True/False/Not given; Task 1: Describe a
completion; Label a map vocabulary yo u visited (p. 33) Short-answer questions process (pp 36- 37)
(p 31) Relative clauses; (pp. 34 - 35)
Seq uenc ing w ith
prepositi ons and adverbs
(p. 32)
B ... and body

Listening Language Speaking Reading W riting
Section 4 Sentence development and Part 3: Discussing health Matching headings; Task 2: Problem and
completion; Short- vocabulary (p. 49) Multiple cho ice select so lution essay
answer questions (p. 47) M odal forms; Degrees two answers (pp 50- 51 ) (p p. 52- 53)
of cer ta inty; Adverbs of
attitude (p. 48)
B Objects of desire
Section 2: Note and development and Part 3 Discussing Match ing in fo rmation; Task 2: O pinion essay
table completion (p. 63) vocabulary consumerism (p. 65) Sum mary co mpletion (p p. 68- 69)
Pro noun referencing; (pp. 66-67)
Sign posting wo rd s (p. 64)
B Expanding our horizons

Section 3 Matching; development and Part 2: Describe an Labe lling a d iagram; Task 1: Describe a chart
Labelling a diagram vocabulary experience (p. 81) True/False/Not given (pp. 84-85)
(p. 79) Noun phrases 1; (pp. 82-83)
Repo rting ve rbs (p. 80)
3
I Contents
Module 6 Law and order (p. 87)

A Preventing crime
Work out the Verbs for argument Develop topic- Understand attitude development Structures to
meaning of unknow n and opinion; specific vocabulary; from tone and Link ideas; Both, compare and
words (Flow Academic words; Order your intonation (Section neither, either (p. 93) contrast; Con tras t
chart completion; Collocatio ns for argument; The 4 Summary you r opin ion s (Task
Sentence argument (p 90) schwa hi (Part 3) completion) (p. 92) 2 Opinion essay)
completi on) (p. 91) (p. 94)
(pp 88- 89)

Module 7 On the move (p. 103)
A Urban livi ng

Link ideas; Academ ic nouns; Develop topic- Identify d istractors development Represent data
Paraphrase Word fami lies; specific vocabulary; (Section l: Form Sentence clearly and
(Matching sentence Col locations w ith Speak more comp letion; fragments and accurately; Identify
endings; Summary plan (p. 106) accurately (Part 1) Multiple choice) run-on sentences; inaccuracies in
co mp letion) (p 107) (p 108) Punctuation (p 109) writing (Task l: Tables
(pp. 104-105) and charts) (p. 110)
Module 8 Social networks (p. 119)
A Community
Identify the writer's Vocabu lary related Develop topic- Follow lin es of development Understand
views/claims (Yes/ to commu nity; specific vocabulary; argument (Sec tion Review of future situations, causes
No/ Not given; Academic Real and hypothetical 2 Matching; Table fo rm s; Speculate on and effect s;
Multiple choice: collocations; situations and completi on) (p 124) the future (p. 125) Develop a situation ,
se lect two answe rs) Describe emotion s reactions; cause and effect
(pp 120-121) (p. 122) Pronunciation - paragraph (Task 2)
connected speech 2 (p 126)
(Part 2) (p. 123)
Module 9 Being successful (p. 135)
A A recipe for success
Infer meaning and Vocabulary Develop topic- General and development Work w ith unknown
attitude (Mult iple re lated to talent; specific vocabulary; spec ific language Explain how vocabulary; Write
choice; Yes/No/Not Collocations for Create thin king time (Section 3: Sentence something works; about unknown
given) (pp. 136-137) success and ta lent; (Part 3) (p. 139) completion) (p. 140) Describe what processes (Task l
Describe personal someth ing looks like Diagrams) (p. 142)
qualities (p 138) (p. 141)
Module 10 Cutting edge (p. 151)
A Thin king creatively

Paraphrase ideas Nouns for Develop topic - Metaphors and development Write about
(Matching sentence hypothesising; specific vocabulary; similes in lectures Unreal conditionals, hypotheti cal
endings; Multiple Academ ic Use speculation in (Section 4: Note wish and if only; alternatives;
choice) collocations; your answers (Part 2; completion) (p 156) Other hypoth etical Develop a coherent
(pp 152-153) Phrases for Part 3) (p. 155) forms (p. 157) argument (Task 2)
speculation (p 154) (p. 158)
I ELTS overview (p 6) Expert gramm ar (p. 176) Expe rt speakin g (p. 184) Expert writing (p 191)
Test strategies (p 168) Speaking assess ment criteria (p 183) Writing assessm ent criteria (p. 190) Audi o scripts (p. 201)
4
Contents I
B Solving crime
Speaking Reading Writing
Listening Language
Part 3: Discussing crime Flow chart completion; Task 2: Opinion essay
Section 4 Multiple developmen t and
(p. 97) Sentence comp letion (pp 100-101)
choice; Summary vocabulary
Cleft sentences; Using (pp 98-99)
completion (p 95)
there and it (p. 96)
B Infrastru ctures
Listening
developmen t and Part 1: Describe travel Match ing sentence Task 1: Describe tables
Section l Mu ltip le
vocabulary and transpo rt (p. 113) endings; Summary and charts (pp 116-117)
choice; Form completion
(p. 111) Improve grammatical comp letion (pp 114-1 15)
accuracy; Prepositions
(p 112)
B Communicati on

Section 2: Matching; developmen t and Part 2: Describe a Yes/No/Not given; Task 2: Cause and effect
Note comp letion; vocabulary famous pe rson (p. 129) Mu ltip le choice essay {pp 132-133)
Multiple cho ice (p. 127) Cause and effect linking {pp. 130-131)
words; Noun phrases 2
(p. 128)
B Worki ng better
Section 3: Sentence developmen t and Part 3: Discuss wo rk and Multiple choice, Yes/No/ Task 1: Describe changes
completion; Multiple vocabulary skills (p. 145) Not given {pp 146-1 47) over ti me (pp. 148-149)
choice (p. 143) Estimation and
indi cation; Replace thing
(p 144)
B Innovation

Listening
developmen t and Pa rt 3 Discuss inventions Matching sentence Task 2: Opinion essay
Section 4 Table
completion; Note vocabulary (p. 161) end ings; Yes/No/Not (pp. 164-165)
completion (p. 159) Past modal verbs; Verb given {pp. 162-163)
patterns (p. 160)
5
Listening (30 Minutes+ 10 minutes transfer time)
Discourse Types Question Types Skills
Section 1: a conversation between two 40 questions, incl uding: · Listening for gist
people in an everyday context · Multiple choice · Listening for main ideas
Section 2: a monologue in an everyday · Short-answer questions · Listenin g for specific information
context · Notes/Tabl e/Form/Flow chart completion · Understand ing opinions
Section 3: a conversation between up to · Diagram labelling
four people in an educational setti ng · Match ing
Section 4: a monologue on an academic · Classification
subject · Sentence completion
· Flow chart summary
· Plan/Map/D iagram labelling
Academic Reading (60 minutes)

Text Types Question Types Skills
General interest texts taken from Jou rn als, 40 questions, including · Reading fo r gist
newspapers, textb ooks and magazines. · Multiple choice · Skim mi ng
These no n-specialist texts are graded in · Short-answer questions · Read ing for main ideas
difficulty and are representative of reading · Notes/ Table/ Form/ Flow chart completion • Read ing for detail
requirements fo r undergraduate and · Diagram labelling · Understanding logical argument
postgraduate students. · Matching · Recognising opinions, attitudes and
· Classification purpose
Total of 2,000-2.750 words · Sentence completion
· Flow chart completion
· Matching paragraph headings
· Matching lists/ phrases
General Training Reading · True/False/Not given
(60 minutes)
Texts and extracts taken from books,
magazines, newspapers, notices,
advertisements, company handbooks and
gui del ines that you would encounter on a
dai ly basis.
Academic Writing (60 minutes)

Task 1: a min imu m of 150 words. A Task 1: Describe, summarise or explain • Using t he appropriate writi ng conventio ns
summarising description of a graph ic or inform ation from a graph, table or chart. and registe r
pictorial input. Task 2: Respond to a point of view, · Describing processes
Task 2: a minimum of 250 words. An argument or problem. Formal registe r · Describi ng data
extended piece of d iscursive writing required · Expressing a point of view
General Training Writing (60 minutes) · Comparing and contrasting
· An alysing prob lems and sol utions
Task 1: a minimum of 150 words. Writing a Task 1: Write a letter or email to someone
letter or email. explaining a situation or requesting
Task 2: a min imum of 250 words . An information.
extended piece of discursive writing. Task 2: Write an essay in response to a
po int of view, argument or problem Can
be personal in style.
Speaking (11 -14 Minutes)
Format Nature of Interaction Skills
Part 1: Introduction and interview Part 1: Speaking on familiar topics like · Giving personal informat ion
(4-5 minutes) home, fam ily, work, studies, interests, etc. · Talki ng about everyday habits and issues
Part 2: Individual long turn Part 2: You will be given a card which asks · Express ing opinions
(3-4 minutes) you to talk about a topic. You have one · Organising ideas
Part 3: Exploring a topi c/discussion minute to prepare before you speak for two · Und ers tandi ng t he rules of conversatio n
(4-5 minutes) mi nutes You will then be asked one or two
questio ns on the same topic.
Part 3: You will be asked more questions
abo ut the topic in Part 2 so you can discuss
more abstract ideas.
Total test time: 2 hours and 45 minutes(+ 10 minutes transfer time for Listening)
6
la Training lb Testing
Reading: Predict language; Scan for information Listening: Section 2: Multiple choice; Select from a list
{Note and table completion)
Language development and vocabulary: Tense review;
Vocabulary: The language of learning; Collocations; Describe trends
Dictionary skills • Speaking: Part 1: Talk about studying
Speaking: Use a range of tenses; Use a range of Reading: Table completion; Note completion
vocabulary; Word stress {Part 1) Writing: Task 1: Describe a line graph
• Listening: Recognise paraphrasing {Section 2: Multiple
choice; Select from a list)
Language development: Synonyms; Prefixes;
Word formation; Paraphrase sentences
• Writing: Structure your answer; Summarise features (Task 1)
Lead-in
1 Discuss the questions.
1 How would you define intelligence?
2 What different kinds of intelligence are shown in the photos? How do the people around you
show different kinds of intelligence?
3 Do you think intelligence can be measured? How?
4 What different kinds of intelligence can people have? How do the people around you show
different kinds of intelligence?
5 In what areas (academic, social, practical, etc) do you think you are most and least intelligent?
7
Reading (Note and table completio n)
Before you read

Questions 5-9
Complete the table below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A
NUMBER from the passage for each answer.
Brain boosting
ADVICE BENEFITS
Exercise 5 - - not reduces
necessary 6--
run up steps or improves mood
1 Read the title and introduction to the article. Then on spot
follow the steps below. Food have breakfast makes you
1 Predict what the passage w ill say and make notes. rich in calmer and
2 Read the passage quickly. Were your predictions 7-- more alert
mentioned? stop eating you achieve
when 8 - - more when a bit
Predict language; Scan for information full hungry
2 a Look at question 1 in the test task below. Read Study/ remove prevents attention
around the gap and answer these questions. Work unnecessary wandering;
area mess from your al lows more
1 What class of word are you looking for? (verb,
noun , adjective, adverb?) workspace freedom of
2 What will the meaning be of the missing word? 9--
What word would col locate with highest?
b Scan the passage to find the part which will give
Task analysis
you the answer. Do not read every word .
1 Use the title and the highlighted key words to find 4 a Discuss these questions about the test strategies.
the correct place in the passage. Give reasons for your answers .
2 Look for a word in the passage that will fit 1 How helpful was it to predict the kind of word(s)
grammatically and has the correct meaning. you were looking for before readi ng the passage?
2 Which strategies helped you to scan the passage
Test practice quickly rather than read every word?
3 How did you identify the word(s) you needed to
3 Read the strategies and complete the test task.
write? Did you get distracted by any other words
• TEST STRATEGIES page 170 you thought were possible?
b In which ways could you improve your
Questions 1-4 performanc e in these tasks next time?
Complete the notes below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the Discussion
passage for each answer. 5 Discuss these questions in groups .
1 How effectively do you study? Give examples of
Using your time effective ly
the ways in wh ich you could improve
keep tim es of highest 1 _ _ for most
2 At what ti me of day do yo u study best/worst? Give
important wor~ reasons.
do not send an email that req uires a non-urgent
3 To what extent do you agree w ith the writer's
2 until main work done comme nts on food, exercise and wo rkspace? Why?
a drop in 3 _ _ affects mental power - avoid
4 What do you do w hen you take breaks? In what
early/post-lunch hours
way does th is help you?
4 _ _ is a good way of 'switching off'
8 Student's Resource Book> Reading pages 6-7 MyEnglishLab > la Reading A and B
Module 1 a1;11
Lifelong learnin g . . . .
n the face of pressure, our instinct is to study or work
I as much as we can for as long as we can. So why do we

still feel as if we have not accomplished enough at the
end of the day?
Neuroscientist and professor at the Manhattan
NeuroLeadership Institute, Josh Davis, suggests that, rather
than focusing on what is urgent, people should decide what
matters most and pinpoint the best time to do it. "It's really
about being highly effective as far as it's reasonable for a
human being," Davis says. He believes that, rather than
making a to-do list and working through each item, peopl e
should decide on the main aim for the day and work out
when they are most likely to achieve peak productivity
Then this time can be devoted to the task with the highest
priority, such as writing an essay or revising.
It is obviously impossible to work intensively all the time,
so simple tasks not requiring much attention - emails or
paperwork- can be done in any 'downtime'. However, and look better but this is focused on the short term. " A
there are times when the extent to which small tasks short session - 20 minutes or so - of moderate exercise
can tax our brains is underestimated. Sending an email, will be sufficient. It does not need to be a lengthy gym visit;
for example, may appear simple on the surface but can just running up and down stairs or jogging on the spot can
involve a decision which, although trivial, can cause mental be an effective method of lessening tension and boosting
exhaustion. In this case, it is better to reorder the day and positive emotions.
deal with less pressing concerns only after the work target Food that keeps blood-sugar levels stable will also help
has been achieved. people to work most effectively, says Davis. If people snack
The time of day when people are most alert varies during the day, they should choose foods that contain fats
from person to person but as a general rule the first such as nuts and cheese rather than carbohydrates, to
two hours after waking up are not conducive to serious avoid blood-sugar spikes. Starting the day with high-protein
study. Research measuring attention, verbal reasoning food such as eggs and toast will have a high impact on the
and reaction times has also shown that when our body neurotransmitters in the brain. Th e amino acid tyrosine,
temperature falls below 37 degrees C, the brain is not at whi ch is found in proteins, will stimulate the transmitters
its full potential so the worst time to do anything involving responsible for alertness and the calming protein
thinking is between midnight and 6am. This is almost as tryptophan will relax the brain. On meal breaks, people
bad as the afternoon slump between 2pm and 4pm, which should eat only to 80 percent capacity; people's best work
is more to do with feeling cold than a heavy lunch. will be done when they are slightly hungry but not starving.
Keep hydrated and improve your mood by sipping wate[
Rather than being afraid of getting distracted, just be Just remember not to overdo caffeine; it may improve your
careful how you do it. "These days, when people decide to alertness but also minimizes concentration.
take a break, they tend to go on social media", says Davis,
"and then they spend too much ti me there." Instead, they Ensure you have a well-lit study space and that your desk
should go back to day-dreaming, where it is possible to stop space is clear; clutter is a distraction and not a good one,
thinking about work without really focusing on anything as it reminds you of uncompleted work. A clear desk also
else. This allows for creative thinking and the integration gives you room for increased movement, whether si tting
between different parts of the brain, which cannot occur with your arms behind your head or your feet up. You could
when the mind is required to focus on something specific. alternate between standing and sitting.
Neuroscience has revealed much about th e mind-body Finally, try to get eight hours sleep a night. While we sleep,
connection and how exercise can be used as a tool. "It's a our brains process and retain information, consolidating
different way of seeing exercise," says Davis. "Usually we facts and reinforcing how to perform tasks. It also
think about how in the long term it will make us healthy rejuvenates us both physically and mentally.
9
m Modulel
Lifelong learning
Vocabulary 3 a Read the text and underline the verb + adverb,

adjective + noun collocations .
The language of learning

The growing popularity of apps
1 a Are the words below nouns, verbs or both?
People love to learn using their smartphones and this
acquire capacity focus method process can often be achieved by using the many apps on the
reaction research retai n market. These apps provide a wide range of learning
tools which cater for all interests and age groups. Apple
b Match the words above with the definitions. was the first company to release apps for download.
There are definitions for the words that are both It started with just 500 but within three months this
nouns and verbs . rose rapidly to 3,000 apps. In contrast, when Google
to remember information began launching apps there was a slower increase in
2 a respo nse to somethin g downloads. It began with a few and thjs gradually
3 the th ing that people pay attention to increased over the next few years. ow, there are
4 to gain knowl edge or a sk ill thousands of apps on both operating sy terns. In the last
5 someone's abi lity to do something few years, the number of apps has fluctuated slightly
6 the activity of find ing out information about for Google, between 500,000 and 600,000, and there
something has been a steady increase to a million for Apple. Free
7 to give special attentio n to o ne thing apps tend to be downloaded the most, whereas the
8 a series of acti ons that are done in order to demand for ones which are paid for has fallen sharply
achieve a result
in comparison.
9 a planned way of doing something
10 to take in and th ink about information It is likely that apps will remain a popular way for
11 to study something in detail, especially to discover people to learn and Google and Apple wi ll probably
new facts or test new ideas remain the market leaders. However, newer platforms
may threaten the market in years to come.
c Choose the correct option in italics to complete
the sentences.
1 It is impossible to acquire I retain everything you b Put the verbs you underlined in Exercise 2b into
hear in a lectu re, bu t taking notes can help the correct categories.
2 Some students prefer to use visuals as a capacity I 1 go up 2 go down 3 move up and down
method for learn ing.
3 If you want to focus I acquire effectively, you Dictionary skills
sh ould remove all distractions
4 Controvers ial ideas can cause people to have
4a Look at the dictionary entry below. What does
widely differi ng reactions I processes
the dictionary entry tell you about the word?
5 Some areas of the mind are unexplained and w ill
knowledge (n) /'nohd3f: the information, skills, and
need further research I methods.
understanding that you have gained through learning
or experience
Collocations
collocations: (verbs) to acquire, retain, gain
2 Complete the text with the verbs below to make knowledge (adjectives) background, first-hand,
verb + noun collocations . There is one verb you in-depth, specialist knowledge
do not need to use. similar words: understanding, information
achieve conducting demonstrate focused opposite words: ignorance
process study example: My university degree gave me an in-depth
knowledge of statistics.
Chi ld prodigies are young people who 1 _ _
intell igence at a very early age. Such child ren
b Work in pairs and discuss the questions.
probably do not have secret study meth ods in order
to 2 _ _ intell ectual skil l, rather they probably 1 Do yo u record the same info rmatio n as above
have an innate ab il ity to 3 _ _ information. Kim w hen learning a new wo rd? Why/Why not?
Ung-yong, co nsidered by many to be the smartest 2 What do you th in k it is importa nt to record? Why?
man alive today, cou ld read in four languages by the 3 How can recording synonyms and co llocati ons
age of four. So, he then 4 _ _ his attention on help you in IELTS?
mathematics . He gained his PhD in physics by the c In pairs, choose a word from Exercise la and
age of 15, and during this time also started 5 _ _ write down how you could record information
research at NASA about this word. Use a dictionary to help you.
10 Student's Resource Book > Vocabulary page 8 MyEnglishLab > la Vocabulary

Modulel ~
Lifelong learning llllilillll
b Replace the words in bold in Exercise 3a with the
Speaking (Part 1) words below. There are two extra words you do
not need.
Lead-in ambitious beneficial demanding guilty hopeless

obedient severe talented
1 Discuss the following questions .
1 What did you want to do when you were growing
c Match the adjectives from the audio (1-5) with
up? Do yo u sti ll feel the same? Are you doing
their meanings (A-E) .
something complete ly different now?
1 eager 3 dedicated 5 uncertain
2 How have your goals and dreams changed
2 inspired 4 disheartened
throughout your li fe?
3 How do you plan to achieve these goals? Can A to be disappointed to the point where you want
education help you get there? How? to stop doing something
B to be hard-working at someth ing because you
Use a range of tenses bel ieve it is important
2a CJ 1.1 Listen to a candidate talking about what C to be provided with an idea (often by somebody
she wanted to do when she was younger. Did she or something}
achieve it? D to be very excited about doing something
E to not be sure about someth ing
b Listen again and complete the sentences with the
correct verbs. d Work in pairs. Discuss when you last felt the
emotions in Exercise 3c.
I always _ _ to be a writer when I was yo unger.
2 I _ _ by people likeJK Rowling.
3 I was really dedicated and _ _ sho rt stories in
Pronunciation - Word stress
my spare time. 4a CJ 1.2 Listen to different pronunciations of the
4 I remember once I _ _ a story to a publisher, word beneficial. Which one has the stress in the
and got a letter from them but it was a rejection. correct place?
5 I _ _ about giving up, but then I decided to
b Mark the stress on the words.
learn more about writing.
hopeless guilty ambitious ta lented
6 I _ _ to go to university and study literature.
severe demanding obedient eager
c Match the sentences (1-6) in Exercise 2b with inspired dedicated disheartened
the explanations (A-F).
A a past action that happened over a period of time
c CJ 1.3 Listen and check your answers .
B a past completed acti on
C a habit or repeated action in the past
Test practice
D a past action that happened before another past • TEST STRATEGIES page 174
action
E an unfinished or recent action in the past
• EXPERT SPEAKING page 184
F a past action/event/em otion that happened to the 5 Read the questions and write some vocabulary
speaker to help you answer them. Work in pairs and
d Tell your partner what you wanted to be when discuss your answers to the questions . Record
you were younger and why. Remember to use a your answers if possible.
range of tenses .
Reasons for learning
Use a range of vocabulary 1 Why is learning English important to you?
3 a Think of alternatives for the words in bold. 2 W hat do you want to study at university? Why
are you interested in it?
1 When I was younger I was a rea lly good piano
3 What inspi res you to work towards these goals?
player.
4 What difficulties have you experienced working
2 I once cheated on a test and I felt really bad about
towards your educational goals?
it.
3 Once I started the course I realised that it was
more difficult than I expected.
4 Joaquin is a really good student; He always does Task analysis
what the teache r tells him to do. 6 Think about your and your partner's answers
5 When I was younger I had really big plans for my and answer the questions .
future. 1 Did you use a variety of tenses?
6 The punishments at my old school were really bad. 2 What interesting vocabulary did you use?
11
MyEnglishLab > l a Speaking A and B
m Modulel
Lifelong learning
Before you listen d Look again at the audio script in Exercise 3c and
1 a Look at the pictures of libraries. How do they answer the questions.
compare to libraries you have visited? Where Did the audio script use any of the sa me words as
might you find each type of library shown? What the answer options (A, B, C)?
could be the advantages and disadvantag es of 2 Were any of the options (A , B, C) exp ressed
each one? differently in the audio script?
3 What can this tell us about answering these types
b What kinds of activities do people usually do in a
of questions?
library? Make a list.
4a Read the question below. What other ways can
c Compare your list with another student.
you say the underlined part? Which word(s)
cannot be changed?
Recognise paraphrasing
2 CD 1.4 Listen to a talk about a library and answer Choose TWO services the students need thei r
the questions. library card for.
1 Is the talk fo r new students or second-year students?
2 Do any of the po ints in the ta lk match your ideas
b Read the options for the question. Think of some
in Exercise 1 b?
synonyms for them.
3 a Read the question and underline what you are
listening for. A borrow books D access th e Jo urn al
B use private study areas archives
What was ad ded to the library during the C print an essay E pay fin es
holidays?
c Listen to the library talk again and answer the

b Read the options. Write some alternative ways of question in Exercise 4a.
saying options A- C.
Task analysis
A relaxation areas C new IT equipment 5 Look at audio script 1.4 on page 201 and discuss
B study spaces
the questions.
1 Where can you find the answers to Exercise 4a?
c Read the excerpt from the audio script. What is 2 How many answers were exp ressed w ith
the answer to Exercise 3a? synonyms? Did yo u get these co rrect?
During the sum mer, some changes have been made 3 Did you choose any wrong options? Ca n yo u
to make the li brary even better fo r yo u all. W e've identify in the audio script why yo u tho ught it was
always had some of the best IT services aro und, and correct and why it is wro ng?
now yo u'll find th ese on t he 2nd in stead of the 3rd
floor We've also added a more informal area in front Discussion
of the study spaces o n the gro un d fl oo r Here you'll 6 How useful do you think libraries are these days?
be ab le to chat with your friends, have a coffee and Do you think people generally prefer looking
take a break from yo ur hard wo rk. information up in books or online? Why? In
what ways might the internet become a threat to
libraries?
12 MyEnglishLab > ta Listening
Module 1
Lifelong learning m
Word formation
Language development 3 a Read the text and decide which word form (noun,
verb, adjective, adverb) should go in each space.
Synon yms
• EXPERT GRAMMAR page 176 Inte rnet v libra ries
There is no denying that the interne t has an astound ing
1 a Match 1- 4 with their synony ms A-D. amount of information, but it 1 _ _ is not the case that
1 order A up-to-da te everyth ing can be accesse d 2 _ _ online. All the books
2 explain B talk someone thro ugh something in the world still have not been 3 _ _ , despite efforts
3 recent C get someth ing in by compan ies such as Google. There are many reasons
4 refill D top something up for this, and one such reason is copyrig ht; it is 4 _ _
to fully reprodu ce many books online. Academically,
b Complete the sentenc es in two ways: with libraries are 5 _ _ too as they are a way to view
both the words 1-4 and the synony ms A-Din
scholarl y materia l for free. Researc h articles and journals
Exercise la . Make any necessa ry change s.
can be 6 _ _ online with a subscrip tion, yet go to any
1 If yo u cannot see the book on the shelves, we library and you can access these without charge. Also,
would be happy to _ _ the book for you . you ca n usually guarant ee that a library only stocks
2 The magazines on this rack are the most _ _ qu ality books and articles, wherea s the quality of
ones we have; they are al l from last week. 7 _ _ on the web can 8 _ _ enormo usly.
3 W hen the photoco pie r run s out of paper, you can
_ _ it with th is paper here.
b Comple te the text with the correct form of the
4 Th ere are a lot of facilities here so if you need
words below.
more informa tion, I will _ _ further.
accessible digital easy informative legal
Prefixes simple val uable various
2 a Complete the sentenc es with the correct prefixes
below. Paraphrase senten ces
en in inter mis re un
4a Complete the sentenc es below using a different
If we don't have what you want. we're happy to
form of the word in bold. Write no more than
get it in for you from another library, as we have
three words .
an _ _ - library loan policy. Th ere is no one best way to revise for an exam .
2 But, you'll be _ _ able to use the automa tic possible
machines; you'l l need to come to the desk. It is _ _ define a single best study method.
3 If you have _ _ sufficient money o n your card, 2 Getti ng to know you rsel f and how you study best
you can top this up at the receptio n desk. is essential to your success.
4 You can _ _arrange any appo in tment or room valuable
booking up to 24 hours in advance. If you know your study habits, it _ _ your
5 This may seem severe, however it _ _ sures that success
the services and fac ilities aren't used. 3 Working at a steady pace, rather than cramming,
is one key to success.
b Match the sentenc es in Exercis e 2a with the steady
sentenc es with a similar meanin g A-E . You shou ld _ _ instead of cramm in g in order
A As long as you give a day's notice, you can change to be successfu l
any of yo ur reservat io ns. 4 Rather than just reading yo ur notes, you are more
B Make sure you return to the reception desk as you likely to remember informa tion if you can connect
don't have access to the electron ic system . it together logically.
C Althoug h it may appear stri ct, it's to make sure likely
people use the library properly Th e _ _ rememb ering informa tion will increase
D We have a system of shari ng books between if you co nnect inform ation together, instead of
libraries so if the book isn't here, we can order it j ust rereading notes.
for you. 5 Sleep is an esse ntial part of studying effectively as
E The reception desk is the place to refill your card it keeps your bra in alert du ring the day.
when you run out of cred it. concentrate
In orde r to study effectively, keep your _ _
c Which words helped you to match the similar
sentenc es in Exercises 2a and 2b? ensuring you get enough sleep.
d How were the words with prefixes paraphr ased b Do you agree with the advice given in Exercise
in Exercise 2b? 4a? Why/W hy not?
13
la Language development
Student's Resource Book > Language Development page 9 MyEnglishLab >
m Module1
Lifelong learning
Writing (Task 1)
Structure your answer Summarise features

• EXPERT WRITING page 191 2 a Look at the graph below. Which of the sentences
1-3 gives the overview?
1a Look at the graph and answer the questions .
1 Women do not go to schoo l fo r as many years as
1 W hat do the blue, green and orange li nes represent?
men.
2 What is th e date ra nge shown on the graph?
2 The ave rage time spent in edu cati on general ly
3 W hich grou p starts w ith the highest percentage?
increased.
4 W hich gro up starts with the lowest percentage?
3 Korea is ove rtaking New Zealand in years spen t in
5 Which grou p remains the stead iest?
education.
6 Are the grou ps m ore simi lar or different w hen
comparing 201 0 to 1950? b Which of the following sentences is a trend and
which is a detail?
Percentage of women in employm ent from
The num ber of years in education for Korean men
1950-201 0 by level of education
and wome n in creased .
100
2 In the 1950s Korean men an d women spe nt
- High school
90 aro und three to five years in education. However,
- Graduate
in 2010 both groups spent aro und 11 to 12 yea rs
- Post graduate
80 in education.
%
70 r---- --"'-- Average number of years of education, by country
12
60
11
50 L--- --'-- ----- ----- ---- 10
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Year 9
b Match the sections (1-4) with the structures 8
(A- D) below. 7
1 In 1950 a high pro portion o f high schoo l-
6
educated wo men wo rked in co m pari son to
women w ith a post-gradu ate qualificatio n Just 5
- New Zealand, males
over 80 percent of hi gh school women were 4
employed compared to aro und 55 percent - New Zealand, females
3
of post-graduates. However, in th e 1970s th e - Korea, males
2
percentage of wo men wo rk ing in these two
- Korea, females
groups co nverged, at approxima tely 75 percent. 1
2 Overall, the graph shows that the level of education 0
attained had a greater impact on women's 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
employme n t in th e past than more recently. Year
3 This graph shows the changes in employment of
women with different leve ls o f education from 1950 c Discuss what other trends you could write about
to 2010. The levels o f education are separated into in the graph above.
three categories high school, grad uate and post-
grad uate, and the data showing how many of each Test practice
grou p were in emp loyment is given in percentages. 3 a Look at the graph in Exercise 2a and make a plan
4 During th e given period, th e percentage of for your writing. Follow the structure A-D in
wo m en in employme nt from all three groups Exercise lb.
so m ewhat co nverged and th en decl ined
un iform ly over the latte r hal f of the period.
• TEST STRATEGIES page 173
A Introd ucto ry se ntences (what the graph shows, b Compare your plan with a partner. Are the trends
how it is measured) and overview accurate? Does your structure
B Descripti o n of the ove rall trend s. match the one in Exercise lb? Why/Why not?
C Exp lanation of most im po rtant feature (with data)
D Ove rview (summa rising th e overa ll message of the
graph).
14 Student's Resource Book> Writing page 10 MyEnglishLab > la Writing

Listening (Section 2)
£2.99 Great for stargazers. You point your device at
the sky and this educational app tells you what you are
I looking at. ~bels the constellations, stars and satellites.
Carrier•
1:21AM 100" -
* 0 0
Share poster
4056x4136 pixels for social media
ill 811 !S2 'J pr'<~ I )I' ma, images and pnnt
Cl
account
Test practice
C
-
-- • TEST STRATEGIES pages 168 and 169
3 CJ 1.6 Complete the test task. Try to think of some
alternative language for the questions and options.
Questions 1 and 2
Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.
-·
• -
=- The speaker thinks that free apps are
-=-- -- .,_ A worse than paid apps.
.- ·-·---
• ,..__
-. B ful l of advertising.
C bad ly designed .
----- -· _,.
2 What does the speaker think of Mathword?
A It is too expensive.
£11.99 Wordflex is for everyone who loves words. B It is good for children.
Explore up to 2 mill ion language nodes in this C It is easy to use.
~ tionary/thesaurus com _ b_in_a_tio_n_._ _ __
Before you listen Questions 3 and 4

1 Read the descriptio ns of the apps. Which ones Choose TWO letters, A-E.
would you like to use? Why? How might these Which TWO subject areas does the speaker think are
apps help people learn? Do you think people underrepresented?
should pay for good learning apps? Why/Why not?
A Foreign languages
Predict alternative language B Maths
C Art and design
2 a Think of some alternativ e language for the D Music
question and options. E Literature
What is the speaker's job?

A An educational consultant Task analysis
B A teache r
C A technology expert 4 Read audio script 1.6 on page 20 1. With a partner,
discuss what language helped you choose your
answers. How did you eliminate the distractors ?
b Compare your alternative language with a partner.
c CJ 1.5 Listen and answer the question. Discussion
d Read audio script 1.5 on page 201 and find the 5 Do you think technolog y benefits education ?
section with the answer. How is the language in Why/Wh y not? In what ways can it be positive
the question and options different? and negative?
15
Student's Resource Book> Listening page 11 MyEnglishLab > lb Listening
llf~ Module 1
alilll Lifelong learning
Language development and vocabulary
Tense review Describe trends

• EXPERT GRAMMAR page 176 2 a Write the words below in the correct place in the
table .
1 a Match the forms below with the underlined parts
of the sentences. climb decline decrease drop grow lessen
plummet reduce remain stable soar
past perfect past simple future with will
present perfect present continuous present simple
Go up Go down No movement
future with going to
I've had som e exce llent test results so far th is

academic year.
2 Next year I'll start learning the guitar.
3 My best friend Jun and I are students on the same
university course.
4 I'm learning Spanish so I ca n live and work there.
5 I started playing tenn is two months ago.
b Read the sentences about the graph and
6 As soon as I started watching the film, I realised l'g_
underline the errors. Correct the errors.
seen it before.
7 Later thi s week I'm going to meet my friend s for Peak study times of UK secondary school
dinner students in a day
b Complete the sentences with the correct form of 100

the verbs in brackets. 90
80
1 Last week I _ _ (complete) the appl ication 70
forms to the three universities I'm interested in. 60
2 My sister started an on line English course last % so
month and her vocabu lary _ _ (increase) every 40
day. 30
3 When I saw my teacher smili ng I knew I _ _ 20
(achieve) a high mark for my essay. 10
QL - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
4 Since my friends and I started a band, I _ _
08.00 1000 12.00 14 00 16.00 18.00 20.00 22.00
(become) much less nervous about performing in
Time
public
5 Next year, my tutor _ _ (introduce) a new 1 Firstly, the line remains stab le then it falls sharply.
programming modu le into our course. 2 Next the line increases gradually.
6 After speaking to my parents about the benefits, I 3 Then the line rises sharply.
now know that I _ _ (go) abroad to stud y. 4 After this, the line plummets.
5 Finally, there is a slight drop.
the text. c Look at the graph again. Write sentences to
describe each stage of the graph. Discuss your
Hello everyone and wel come to our presentatio n . ideas with a partner.
Today we 1 're going t o show I show you our app,
which is a phrasebook app. We 2 ' ve outlined I
'11 outline the reasons why we chose it, and
then give you a demonstrat ion. So, firstly, we
3 want I wanted t o make an app that could help
us travel around. As students we often travel ,
so it' d be really use f ul. We 4 'd thought I
're thinking that ther e weren' t many apps on the
market for this , but we were surprised to find
out that quite a few existed . We 5 ' ve tried I
'd tried to make ours di fferent though so we
designed it l ike a cartoon . Students
6 're loving I love gaming and cartoons so we
thought this woul d appeal to them.
16 Student's Resource Book> Language development and Vocabulary pages 12- 13 MyEnglishLab > lb Language development
and Vocabulary
Module 1
Lifelong learning
Speaking (Part 1)
Vocabulary developm ent
1 a Look at the picture above. What decision do you Test practice

think the woman has to make? What would you • TEST STRATEGIES page 174
do in this situation? Why?
b Complete the collocations (1-8) with the verbs 3 Ask and answer the questions, taking turns to
below. be the examiner and candidate. Record your
answers if possible.
deal draw up change come consider reach
resolve take
1 What was your favourite subject at school?
1 a list 2 Why did you like it?
2 the alternatives 3 What did you enjoy abou t going to school?
3 to a conclusion 4 What other activities did you take part in at
4 action sc hool?
5 your mind 5 What do you want to study in the future?
6 an issue 6 Why did you decide to take the IELTS test?
7 w ith a problem
8 a decision
Assess and improve
c What big decisions have you had to make
in your life? Choose ONE and describe the 4a How did you perform in the interview? Complete
decision-making process to your partner. Use the the checklist.
vocabulary in Exercise lb. I used a variety of tenses and vocabulary
2 I avoided too much repetition in my answers.
Focus on lexical resource 3 I spoke fluently and with clear pronunciation.
2a Turn to page 183 and look at the descriptors b Discuss your answers in Exercise 4a with a
for lexical resource for bands 6, 7 and 8. With partner. If applicable, listen to your recordings
a partner, discuss the difference between the in Exercise 3. What advice would you give your
bands. partner to help him/her improve?
b CJ 1.7 Work in pairs. Listen to the candidate.
What are her strengths according to the criteria?
How could she improve her responses?
17
Student's Resource Book> Speaking page 14 MyEnglishLab > lb Speaking A, Band C
11!'1 Modulel
liliia Lifelong learning
Reading (Table completion; Note completion)
Before you read

1a How much do you know about the brain? Decide
whether these statements are true or false.
Hippocrates was the fi rst person to d iscover how
the brai n works.
2 People used to beli eve the mind could be found
in the heart
3 Each brain com prises thousands of neurons. neuron: a type of cell that makes up the nervous system
4 The brain wei ghs an average of three pounds. and sends messages to other parts of the body or the brain
b Scan the first paragraph of the passage to find
the answers to the questions. Questions 6-9
Test practice Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the
2 a Read the strategies and complete the test tasks. passage for each answer.
• TEST STRATEGIES page 170 Synaptic transmission
neurotransmitters - electrical sign als ch ange
Questions 1-5 into 6
Complete the table below. synapse - a 7 _ _ keep in g neu rons apart
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A neurotransmitters - connect to 8 in new cells
NUMBER from the passage for each answer. neurotransmitter 9 ca n cause diseases
The structure of a neuron

• HELP
PART DESCRIPTION FUNCTION 6 Look for a paraphrase of change.
Cell body conta in s a o ri gin of 7 What is a verb meaning keep apart? How is a synapse
nucleus molecules described ?
short electrical
8 Think of a paraphrase for connect.
signals, known
as 1 - - b Discuss your answers in pairs.
pass through
here Task analysis
Dendrites projections gather 3 Work in pairs and discuss the questions.
si m ilar in incoming
1 What strategies did you use to quickly locate the
appea rance to information
inform ation that you needed to find?
2-- from other cells
2 Is it better to use your own words rath er than
3-- size varies depends on copy word(s) from the passage?
cove red in distance needed 3 Why is it important to read the instructions carefully?
4-- to travel 4 Why should you always read ca refully aro und the
helps increase gaps in the tas k?
range and speed
of signals (up Discussion
to potential of
5 _ _ per
second) 1 Do you thi nk male and female bra ins are d ifferent
from each other? In what ways? W hat abo ut
teenage and adul t brai ns?
• HELP 2 Give a few exa mples of activities w hich can help
to keep th e brain function ing well.
Find another name for these electrically charged signals. 3 Which of these functions of th e brain do you
2 What is a verb meaning similar in appearance to? think is most important at different ages memory,
3 Be careful : How many are there? cognitive abi li ty (e.g. so lving problems), m otor
sk ills (e.g. tying shoe laces), emoti ona l intelligence
(e.g. empathy)?
18 MyEnglishLab > 1b Reading

Module 1
Lifelong learning 11:1
For centuries, scientists and philosophers have been sheath formed of cells wraps around the axon : this
fascinated by the brain, until recently viewed as nearly includes a fatty molecule called myelin, which helps
incomprehensible. Two thousand five hundred years the signals travel faster and farther. Th e information is
ago Hippocrates argued that the brain rather than the transmitted by brief impulses carrying only 0.1 volts
heart, which is what his contemporarie s believed , is and lasting just a few thousandths of a second but
the seat of thought, sensation, emotion and cognition. with the capacity - in just one second - to travel as far
In the 17th and 18th centuries, anatomists began as 120 metres.
depicting the structure of the brain with increasing Arriving at the end of the axon, the electrical signals
accuracy but it was not until the 19th century that stop when they reach a synapse, the narrow gap
it was confirmed that nerves and muscles generate which separates a neuron or ce ll from the next one.
electrical impulses. All of this paved the way for the Then follows the process of synaptic transmission , in
modern era of neuroscience, beginning with the work which the signal pauses to convert itself into chemical
of Spanish anatomist Ramon y Cajal at the dawn energy before crossing the synapse and reaching
of the 20th century: he suggested that our abilities the next neuron. These neurotransmitt ers - as they
depend on the way neurons are connected, not to any are known - then attach themselves to receptors on
special features of the cells themselves. And in recent the neighbouring cell , which may also change the
years, due to the accelerating pace of research in properties of the receiving cell. If the receiving cell is
neurological and behavioural science along with the also a neuron, the neurotransmitt er then travels the
development of new research techniques, scientists length of the new cell until it reaches the synapse of
have begun to understand much more about the 100 another receptor cell and repeats the process. The
billion neurons which, along with trillions of neural electrica l signals and sprays of neurotransmitt er that
connections, construct the most intricate organ of the send the messages somehow build into the complex
human body, weighing three pounds and using a fifth
mental feats that can perform functions such as
of a person's blood supply.
understanding language, remembering experiences
Reading, learning, pattern recognition and so much from the past, and comprehendin g the outside world .
more, all begin with the main type of brain cell and Disorders relating to neurotransmitt ers have been
fundamental building block of the brain - the neuron. linked to depression, Parkinson 's disease, Alzheimer's
All sensations, movements, thoughts, memories and and a host of other conditions .
emotions are the result of very rapid messages that
Both the brain and body need regular exercise if
one of these nerve cells sends to another. Neurons
neurons are to remain sharp: to spur on the brain to
themse lves consist of three parts: each one has
make new neuronal connections and protect the ones it
an input area (the dendrites), an output area (the has, people should try activities such as learning a new
axon) and a cell body with a nucleus, where most
language, so lving mental puzzles and games, eating a
of the molecules that the neuron needs in order to healthy diet and getting regular physical exercise.
survive are manufactured . Each neuron extends into
networks of many thousands of dendrites, thin short
fibres resembling the branches of a tree, which receive
incoming electrical signals from a neighbouring cell
and pass them into the cell body. Once a signal arrives
at the cell body, it may be suppressed or amplified
by other signals: eventually, as a result of all the
incoming signals converging, a new one is triggered.
The processed information then travels down the
neuron 's long nerve fibre, known as the axon , until it
gets to another neuron, a muscle cel l or cells in some
other organ. Each neuron generally has only one axon
but it may split and branch into as many as 10,000
knob-like endings that disperse signals across many
cells. The axon may be very short, extending only to
adj acent cells in the bra in, or much longer, carrying
el ectrical signals for up to a metre down to the spinal
cord to move the arms, legs and feet. An insulating
19
" " Module 1
11:1 Lifelong learning
Writing {Task 1)
Lead-in 1 Discuss the following quotation. What do you think it means? To

what extent do you agree or disagree with it?
The true purpose of education is to make minds, not careers. 1
Wi lliam Deresiewicz
Understand the task 2a The line graph below has no title or key, but the trends can still be
• EXPERT WRITING page 191 identified. Look at the graph and answer the questions.
1 What is unusual about the y-axis?
2 What do you notice about the time period?
3 Can you group any of the lines together? How and w hy?
4 Which line has increased more than the others?
5 Which line fluctuates the most?
40
30
20
% 10
-10
-20 L...__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025

Year
b Discuss your answers to Exercise 2a. How do the answers to the

questions help you plan and write your report?
Plan the task 3 Read the Writing band descriptors for task achievement on
page 190 and complete the sentences.
1 An overview is expected at band _ _ and above.
2 The overal l trend must be shown at band _ _ and above.
3 You are expected to select the importan t features in the information
at band and above.
4 Look at the graph on page 21 and discuss the questions in pairs.
1 What is the top ic of the graph ?
2 How is the information in the graph catego ri sed?
3 What key features can you pick out?
4 W hat is the overa ll trend?
20
Module 1
Lifelong learning
The graph shows the actual and predicted percentage change in

employment in the UK, by education level.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features,
and make comparisons where relevant.
40
- No school certificate
- High school
30
- Bachelor's degree
- Master's degree
20
% 10
-10
-20 .___ __ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ __ __ _ __ _ __ _
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025
Year
Language and content 5a Look at the graph above. What tenses could you use to write your
answer? Why?
b Look at the graph again. What part is in the future? Is it definite
or is it speculative?
c Which of these sentences could be used to express a future
prediction in writing Task 1?
1 The nu m ber of people attending universities will probably double.
2 Th e number of people attending universities must double.
3 The number o f peop le attending universities is likely to double.
4 Th e number of peop le attendi ng universities is going to double.
5 The number of people attending universities wou ld double.
6 The num ber of people atten ding universities is predicted to double.
d Look at the graph and talk about the predictions it makes.
Write your description 6a Plan your answer for the task in Exercise 4. Think about the
following:
W riti ng your introductory sentences
Identifying trends
Identifyin g key features
• Ordering information logically
• Choos ing details as su pport
• Concl udin g w ith an ove rview sentence
b Write your answer to the task Exercise 4. Write at least 150 words.
Assess and improve 7 a Work in pairs. Check your partner's description and answer the
questions.
1 Does it have an introductory sen tence? Is it accurate?
2 Are key features iden t ified ? Do you think they are the appropriate
key features?
3 Is the re any important information missing?
4 Does it co nclude with an ove rview?
b Work with your partner to improve both of your answers.

21
Student's Resource Book> Writing page 15 MyEnglishLab > lb Writing
m Module 1
Lifelong learning
2 a Complete the text with the correct form of the

Review words below.
limit view assess improve inform ease
1 a Choose the word with the closest meaning (A, B
vary
or C) to the underlined word.
1 An individual must have a high intellectu al
capacity if he/ she wants to study at doctorate
level.
A effi ci ency B aptitude C readiness
Metho ds of learnin g
2 Usi ng different note-taking styles can help you Learning creative skills such as drawing, carpentry or
retain information from your lectures. playing an instrument is very different from learning
A reserve B remember C review top ics or subjects based on acquiring 1 _ _ It
3 There was a positive reaction to the new can be argued that this type of learning involves
exam ination syste m introduced into the school distinct areas of our brain and also a 2 of
curriculum. approaches to retaining information. When studying
A backlash B reply C response facts and figures the brain doesn't have an 3 _ _
4 The abi lity to focus o n wo rk fo r long time periods capacity for storing and therefo re learnin g data.
is rare. Many people need to take breaks. However, when people start to learn more creati ve
A concentrate B fixate C adapt skil ls, there are many opportun ities for 4 _ _ . One
5 Finding a study method that works for you w ill of these is based on practice. Th rough a process of
help with time man agement at university. 5 _ _ and then doing these actions again we can
A design B custom C syste m become better at creative skills. One reason is due to
the fact that we receive immediate feedback. We can
b Match the verbs below with the correct parts of
compare two drawings and 6 _ _ notice if one is
the graph (A-D) . Some parts match more than
better than the other. Then we are able to 7
one verb.
our competence and focus on particu lar aspects of
decline drop grow plummet remain stable what we are learn ing in order to plan how to carry
soar on with our learni ng. Th is feedback loop ensures we
continue to improve these creative sk ill s.
@ @I © @
b Complete the sentences with the correct form of
the verbs in brackets.
1 Since this academic year started , the studen ts'
grades _ _ (rise) steadily.
2 The number of students taki ng on li ne higher
education courses _ _ (p lummet) after the
initial excitement had worn off
3 In the future, the use of techno logy in all types of
learning _ _ (soar) beyond what we can now
imagine.
4 The need for IT and science knowledge for the
c Write sentences to describe the graph below.
futu re workforce _ _ (grow) considerab ly th is
century.
© 5 The popularity of media degrees _ _ (decline)
because there are now many unemployed med ia
graduates.
6 The government has said that it _ _ (reduce)
funding fo r sport in primary and secondary
ed ucation over the coming years.
7 At the end of the 20th century the importance of
studying languages in the UK _ _ (decrease)
8 The government has announced that they _ _
(increase) tuition fees for the next academ ic year.
22 MyEnglishLab > Module Test 1

· Ai-wo
. . r.\: ·. rld of change
;. . - •
~
--- -- ----·
• •• ..- , • I~ C
'
,· ;.. ·'
/.
- _,.,,, ·-.' --
;{,,•
'" • . -" 'i

- --- ~ ~
':;,, ~;'_, .,< ;:,: r' '.r '
.2a'Training , 2bTesting
. Re:adi~g: Topic sentences and supporting detai_ls (True/ • Listening: Section 1: Form completion; Label a map
·False/Not given; Short-answer questions) . • Language development and vocabulary: Relative
• Vocabulary: Academic verbs; Written and spoken clauses; Sequencing with prepositions and adverbs
vocabulary; Process verbs Speaking: Part 2: Describe a place you visited
• Speaking: Develop topic-specific vocabulary; Make notes • Reading: True/False/Not given; Short-answer questions
and plan your answer (Part 2) • Writing: Task 1: Describe a process
• Listening: Understand different ways .location is expressed
(Se.¢tion 1: Label a map)
• Language development: Present simple, past simple and
pre~ent perfect passives; Other passive forms
• Writing: Write introductions and processes; Use the active
and·passive (Task 1: Describe a process)
Lead-in
1 Look at the photos and discuss the questions.

1 Would you agree that living standards are improving all around the world? Why/Why not?
2 Explain what 'development' means to you.
3 Are the following examples of personal or social development?
• studying at university · reducing carbon emissions
• improving healthcare · improving communication skills
4 How are personal and social development different?
5 Which do you think is more important - personal or social development? Why?
23
Reading (True/False/Not given; Short-answer questions)
Before you read

Questions 6- 10
1 Discuss the questions in groups.
Answer the questions below.
1 Which of these developments have had the most
impact on people's lives in your country?
NUMBER from the passage for each answer.
· industry · agriculture · technology · science
2 In what ways have these changes generally been 6 To what extent did people's teeth worsen as a
positive/n egative for a) your country b) the world? resul t of an agricultural diet?
7 What chemical element was lacking in the diet
Topic sentences and supporting details
of agriculturalists?
2 Look at the highlighted topic sentence in the fi rst 8 What physical evidence is there that catching
paragraph of the article . illnesses from others at that time was common?
1 Predict which of these details the rest of the 9 What was greatly reduced as a resu lt of diet and
paragraph will give about the Agricultural Revolution . illness in post-agricultu ral times?
• when it took place
10 What kind of food did the early farmers have
• where it began
problems processing?
• how people lived before that time
2 Skim the paragraph qu ickly and t ick wh ich of
these supporting details are mentioned
Task analysis
3 a Highlight the topic sentences in the rest of the
passage. Predict what the supporting details w ill be.
5 a How useful were the test strategies? Decide
which of these statements you agree/disag ree
b Skim quickly and check. with .
Identifying topic sentences helped me to ski m
Test practice each paragraph quickly.
4 Read the strategies and complete the test task. 2 Reading the passage quickly before doing the task
meant that I could scan the passage more quickly
> TEST STRATEGIES pages 170 and 171
to find the informati on I needed.
3 It is hard to decide what the key words are in the
Questions 1-5 statements/questions
Do the following statements agree with the 4 Looking for paraphrases of the key words helped
information given in the reading passage? Write me to scan the passage rather than read every
word.
TRUE if the statement agrees with the
information b Compare and discuss which strategies you used
FALSE if the statement contradicts the and which were successful/u n successful.
information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this Discussion
6 Work in pairs and discuss the questions.
Studies prove that the Agricultural Revolution was
prompted by a rise in the birth rate at the time. 1 Which importan t social changes have you
witnessed in you r li fetime?
2 The Agricultural Revolution enabled people to
2 Why might some groups o f peop le (e.g. the
eat more than the daily minimum requirement.
young, the old) welcome or fear change? What
3 An increase in illn ess amongst the popu lation at kind of changes might they welcome and which
that time is likely to have been caused by factors might they fear, and w hy?
co nnected to the Agricultural Revo lution.
4 Not unt il modern times have peop le in Greece
and Turkey reached the same average height as
their hunter-gathe rer ancestors.
5 The su perior stre ngth of hunter-gatherers'
bones is explained by the fact that they did a
greater amoun t of work than agriculturalists.
24 Student's Resource Book> Reading pages 16--17 MyEnglishLab > 2a Reading

Module 2
A world of change m
At the end of the Ice Age , 10,000- 12,000 yea r s ago , th e Studi es also show that hun ter-g ath ere rs living about
Ag ri cultu ra l Revoluti on took place , some thin g w hi ch 7,0 00 years ago had bo ne density proport io nally sim ilar to
was t o t ra nsfo rm people's li ves for ever. Wheth er th at see n in m odern pri m ates. By co ntras t, agri cultu ra li sts
t hi s was a consequence or the ca use of the dramatic living 6,0 00 yea rs later had significantly lig hter and
population growth whic h we know occurred arou nd wea ker bones. However, these fi ndings do not imply that
t his ti me is st ill un clea r. Wh at is beyo nd doubt, the latter wo rk ed fewe r hours: data suggests t ha t th e
however, is t ha t dur ing thi s pe ri od, ev ide nce of t he differences can pri ncipally be att ri buted to ch anges in
domes ti ca ti on of selec t plant s and anima ls began to the patte rn of physica l activity, from be in g hig hly mobile
emerge in th e archaeo logi ca l reco rd. Thi s hap pened fo ragers to relati ve ly sedentary agriculturali sts.
more or less sim ulta neous ly in a numbe r of regions
Anoth er exa mple of pa leopat hology at wo r k is the stu dy
throughout the world, t he prac ti ce sprea ding until by
of Nati ve Am eri can skeletons from burial mounds in the
the first cent ury AD t he vas t ma j ori ty of t he globa l
Illin ois and Ohio Ri ver va lley, w hen th ey assessed he alth
popu lat ion were ag ri cu lturali sts.
cha ng es that occu r red w hen a hunter-gathe rer cu ltu re
Per haps the most sig ni fica nt conseque nce of t his chan ged to intensive maize farmi ng around AD 1150.
change was th e ab ility t o produce a sur plu s of food St udi es by Geo rge Arm elagos and hi s co lleag ues then at
beyo nd the immed iate needs of daily subs ist ence. th e Un iversity of Massac hu setts show t hese ear ly far mers
The ca r e and con t ro ll ed br eedi ng of selec ted spec ies pa id a pr ice fo r th eir new-fou nd livelih ood.
led to genet ic changes th at al lowed greater pr oduct ion
When com pared w ith th eir hun ter-g at herer an ces tors ,
and in crease d t he geog raphi ca l ranges ac ro ss w hi ch
the farmers we re fou nd to have signifi can t health
the domes t ica t ed species could be grown , thu s
defi ciencies w hi ch indicated malnutri ti on. Fo r examp le,
grea tl y expa nd ing t he pote nt ial food reso urces
a bone con dition ca lled porotic hyperostos is inc reased
ava il abl e t o hum ans.
by four tim es indi ca tin g iron- def icien cy anaemi a, bone
These deve lopme nt s produced a r evo lut io n in human les ions we re three tim es m ore evide nt wh ich po in ts to an
lives. Mos t no t ab ly, sma ll co m m uniti es th at had in crease in infectio us diseases and a r ise in degenera tive
prev iously bee n f orced to make seaso nal m oves ac ro ss sp in al co nditi ons was th e res ult of th e gru elling phys ica l
the lan dscape to fo ll ow t he shif ting ava il ability of wo r k. One ex pert observed th at life expecta ncy dropped
natu rally occu rr ing resources co uld now set tle in one by about seve n yea rs from the pre- agricultu ral ave rage of
place for long per iods and expa nd in size. Th e nega ti ve twe nty-six yea rs to just nin etee n yea rs in post-agric ultural
aspec t t o t hi s was th at beca use agri culture enco uraged soc iety indi ca tin g th e negati ve impact of nu tri tional
peop le to se t tle toget her in crowded soc iet ies, it def icienc ies an d infectio us disease on th e populatio n.
acce lerated t he spread of parasites and in fec ti ous
Th e evid ence suggests th at w hile hunter- ga th ere rs enj oyed
di seases, w her eas w hen pop ulation s we r e sca tt ere d in
a varied di et including w ild plants and protein, ea rly
sm all band s tha t co ntin ually m ove d ca mp , epide mi cs
farm ers obta in ed most of their food from a lim ited amoun t
co uld not take ho ld. of sta rchy crops such as w heat, ga inin g chea p calo r ies at
The hea lt h of ag ri cultu rali st s of thi s tim e can in part th e cost of poor nutritio n. Usin g new food so urces such as
be assessed by t he newly eme rg ing tec hniq ues of dai ry products prove d diff ic ult as humans had not adapted
pa leo path ology , w hic h st ud y th e r ema ins of ancien t to dig est it. In ad diti on , depend ence on a restricted number
peo pl es. One exa m ple of thi s wo rk co ncerns hi sto ri ca l of crop s mea nt th e risk of starvati on were one cro p to fail.
changes in size : ske leto ns from Gr eece an d Tur key The lasti ng imp ac t of th e Agr icu ltural Revo lu tion was
show tha t arou nd 10,00 0 yea rs ago ma le hun ter- to ena ble Hom o sa pi ens to succeed as a spec ies in
gathe rers were 5'9'' t all, w hile wo m en were 5'5 ". direct pro porti on to the in crease in t he am ount of foo d
Fo l low in g t he adop ti on of agr icultur e, t hi s dro ppe d they pro duced. However, the short-term effect was t hat
and by 3000 BC had reached an ave rage heig ht of only sm all gro up s of relatively healthy peop le disa pp ea red,
5'3" t all for men and 5' fo r wome n befo r e ve ry slow ly to be re place d by large villages of peo ple su ffe rin g fro m
beg innin g to ri se aga in. disease and m aln ouri shme nt.
25
m Module 2
A world of change
Vocabulary b Adapt the questions into spoken English . Replace

the verbs in bold with the correct form of a verb
phrase below. There is one extra verb phrase you
Academic verbs do not need to use .
1 a Match the verbs with their meanings (1-6). die out get on make it possible for put down roots
spring up
disappear emerge enable progress settle
transform Are there any traditions in your country that
you think are disappearing? Can you give any
to improve or develop things so that they are at a examples?
more advanced stage 2 What changes have enabled people to have an
2 to make it possible for someone to do something easier life?
or for something to happen 3 Why do people settle in new countries?
3 to go and live somewhere, usual ly perman ently 4 What changes in society have suddenly emerged
4 to co mpletely change the appearance, form or in you r country in the last 20 years?
character of somethi ng or so meone, especially in
a way that improves it c Work in pairs and discuss the questions in
5 to begin to be known or noticed Exercise 2b.
6 to stop existi ng or reduce rap idly
Process verbs
b Complete the text with the correct form of the
verbs from Exercise la. 3 a Choose the correct option in italics to complete
the text.
An alternati ve world?
Humans: friend or foe?
One little-known revo lution 1 the future of A lot has changed in the wo rld over the last 2000
the USA: the Haitian Revolution . In 1791 , the black years. Developments such as the 1 construction /
slaves on the island of Haiti rebel led against construct of buildings, towns and cities, the ability
their French co lonisers w ho had 2 to 2 hot / heat and 3 cool/ cold the environments
on the
we live in, the ability to 4 connect / connection
island as part of Napoleon Bonaparte's empire,
to people all around the world at the click of a
wh ich was growing rap idly. His ultimate p lan was button, have made our lives more comfortable
to conquer the United States as a French co lony. and infinitely more enjoyable.
This wou ld 3 _ _ France to have more power
However, human 5 adds / additions to the planet
across the world . However, when he sent his army h ave not always been p ositive. Although we have
to stop this uprising, there was an outbreak of seen civilisations 6 develop / development, we
disease which killed many of his men. With his have also seen the 7 destruction / destroy of some
finances 4 _ _ due to the expense of waging n atural habitats and anima l life due to human
war on this island , he had to shift his attention intervention.
from the United States. Thi s has had far-reaching

effects; perhaps French wou ld have even 5 _ _ b Complete the table.
as the prom inent language.
Noun Verb Adjective
1 2 -- hot/heated
3 coo l 4 --
Written and spoken vocabulary
5 construct 6 --
2 a Look at the sentences. Which is spoken and
connectio n 7 -- 8 - -
which is written? Why?
9 develop 10 - -
1 To better manage modern life, many people have
to expand th eir skill sets. 11 add 12 - -
2 It's important to bu ild up a lot of different skills so 13 14 - - destroyed/
you can deal w ith life th ese days. destructible
15 ri se 16 - -
rotation/ rotator 17 18 - -
19 transfer 20 --
21 extract 22 --
26 Student's Resource Book> Vocabulary page 18 MyEnglishLab > 2a Vocabulary

Module 2
A world of change m
Speaking (Part 2)
Lead-in
1 Look at the photo. Do you like this style of
architecture? How would you describe these
buildings? Are they similar to the buildings in
your neighbourhood?
Develop topic-specific vocabulary

b Read the test task. Write notes on what you can
2 a Read the test task. How many of the points on
say.
the card must you talk about?
Describe a place that makes you feel happy. You
Describe an old building that you particularly like. You
should say:
should say:
where it is
what the building looks like
what it is like
where the building is located
when you first went there
what the building is used for
and why it makes you happy.
and why you like it.
b CJ 2.1 Listen to two students' answers. Which

student answers the question more fully? Which
student uses more topic-specific vocabulary?
c Listen again to the second student, and look at
audio script 2.1 on page 202. Write the words or
phrases he uses to express the following things.
Test practice
Time Materials Change Place Style
stone near my carvings,
house, • EXPERT SPEAKING page 185
4a Look at the test task in Exercise 2a. You have 1
d Can you think of any other expressions you can minute to prepare your topic and make notes.
add to the table in Exercise 2c?
Remember the following advice:
Organise your notes into a logical system.
Make notes and plan your answer
• Use your notes to make sure you answer all parts
3 a Read the test task and the notes below. How has of the question.
the student organised his/her notes? • Think of some topic-specific vocabulary.
b Work in pairs and take turns to give your
Describe a town or city that you would like to go to.
description. Speak for 2 minutes and record your
You should say:
where it is
what you know about it Assess and improve
what you would like to do there 5 a Give feedback on your partner's performance in
and why you would like to go there. the exam task.
Did he/she make good notes to help answer the
When? test task?
2 Did he/she answer all parts of the test task?
3 Did he/she use specific vocabulary for the topic?
b How could you improve?
• make clearer notes?
make longer notes?
• organise your notes better?
answer al l parts of the test task?
learn more topic-specific vocabulary?
27
MyEnglishLab > 2a Speaking A, B and C
m Module2
A world of change
3 CJ 2.2 Listen to two people describing their

walks. Where do they go? Write the names of
places they walk to.
Robert Filipo
1 forest 1 canipslte
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
6 6
7
8
4 Choose the correct option in italics to complete
the text. Use the map in Exercise 2 to help you.
So, you want t o go t o t he cabin, do you? It's quite far

from the lake here. Cross I over I around the field w ith
t he cows in it. You'll see a br idge 2 opposite I adjacent you.
Go 3 past I along t he picn ic area and 4 through I over the
Before you listen
bridge. T he cabin is to your right. It's 5 on the edge I just
1 Look at the photo and discuss the questions in north of th e forest.
groups.
1 Would yo u like to try this activi ty? Why/Why not? 5 Match the phrases 1-6 with their meanings A-F.
2 W hat similar activities have yo u done? 1 back o n yourself A straight in fro nt
3 W hy do you th ink people choose to do th is activity? 2 not too fa r B kee p go ing alo ng
3 directly ahead C quite near
Understand different ways location is 4 a bit further on D halfway down
expressed 5 don't go al l the way E back the way you came
2 Look at the map. What places are shown on the 6 fol low it aro un d F JUSt beyo nd
map? With a partner, use the words below to talk
about the locations. Test practice
along across adj acent to at the end beside
by in the midd le of opposite past to the left of
6a Look at the map. Describe the locations (A-E).
on the edge of
b CJ 2.3 Listen and complete the test task.
A: The tables are to the left of the bridge.
Questions 1-4
Label the map below. Write the correct letter, A-E, next
to questions 1-4.
1 Play area 3 Craft ca bin

2 Barbecue area 4 Bike park
28 MyEnglishLab > 2a Listening

Module2 1;1';11
A world of change liliill
b Choose the correct option in italics to complete
Language development the text.
Until cameras became more w idespread,

Present simple, past simple and present photos 1 are being taken I had been taken
perfect passives mostly by explorers rather than tourists. The way
• EXPERT GRAMMAR page 176 we take photos now is almost unrecog nisable
from how it 2 was done I has been done w hen
1 a Read the resort descriptio n and underline the cameras 3 were being invented I were invented
passive forms . in the early 1800s. The very first photograp hs
took a long time to develop, but nowadays,
Loxley Pines is a woodland resort for all the family. thousands of photos 4 are taken I will be taken
It is located on the shores of Creel Bay against the by tourists all over the world . This can be seen
stunning backdrop of the mountains . Loxley Pines by the huge number of photos w hich 5 were
was built in 1971 with the aim of providing luxury
uploaded I are being uploaded daily.
accommodation for the adventuro us. All our ten
lodges are furnished beautifully and are equipped
with wireless internet. All the lodges have been
c Complete the rest of the article with the correct
updated recently to include jacuzzi hot tubs and passive form. The verb and form are given in
cinema-style TV screens. In addition, a barbecue brackets.
area has been added so that our guests can enjoy
eating in the great outdoors.
Nowadays photos 1 _ _ (modal/take) with
not just cameras, but mobile phones and tablets
b Write an example of the followi ng passive forms
too. There is no need to get any film developed
from Exercise la.
as photos 2 _ _ now _ _ (present simple/
Present simple passive
store) digitally. In the past, photos 3 _ _
2 Past simp le passive
(past simple/ keep) in albums, but now photos
3 Present perfect passive
4 _ _ (present continuous/share) so quickly
c Rewrite these active sentences in the passive. and easily online that there is an issue of privacy
1 People chose Hawaii as the most desirab le hol iday and ownership. When posting a photo, people
destination in 2013. have no idea where or to whom it 5
2 Tourism has damaged the local wil dlife in the (future simple/distribute). A recent estimate has
nature reserve. suggested that over 250 billion photos 6 _ _
3 People consider Thai beaches to be the best in the (present perfect/ upload) onto social media sites.
wo rl d. Many of these are likely to be snaps shared in
4 Wa lt Disney created th e famous theme park the blink of an eye.
Disneyland.
5 Over 17,000 islands fo rm Indonesia.
6 The UAE has developed an indoor ski resort in the
3 Talk to your partner about these topics. Try to
desert.
use the passive form where appropriate.
Other passive forms 1 A festival or celebration.
2 The place where you now live.
2 a Match the passive forms below with the
sentences (1-5) .
past perfect passive present continuous passive
future simple passive past conti nuous passive
modal passive
This wasteland area will be transfor med into a

new park for the commun ity
2 The number of visitors to the attraction can be
tracked by the new computer system.
3 New ideas fo r regeneratin g the town were being
considered, but no concl usio n was reached
4 A considerable sum is being invested in upgrading
traI1sport faci lities in the city
5 Although the hotel had been renovated five yea rs
ago, it recently closed due to lack of business.
29
Student's Resource Book> Language development page 19 MyEnglishLab > 2a Language development
1:1:'1 Module2
liiiiil A world of change
Writing (Task 1) Use the active and passive

3 a Which sentence is active and which is passive?
Lead-in 1 Electricity is produced by the generator.
2 The electricity passes through a cable in the wi nd
1 What do you think is the greatest invention in turbine.
your lifetime? Why?
b Look at the following sentences which describe
Write introductions and processe s the diagram in Exercise 2a. Change the passive
forms to active and the active forms to passive.
• EXPERT WRITING page 192 1 The diagram shows how th e wind turbine
generates electricity.
2a Look at the following process . With a partner,
2 The rotor blades are turned by the movement of
describe what is happening. Where does the
the air.
process start? What is the final stage? 3 The substation transforms the electricity from high
How wind turbines produce electricity voltage to low vo ltage.
4 Th e electricity is transmitted to houses along
underground cables.
c Work in pairs. Think of a process that you are
familiar with and describe it using the active
and/or passive.
Test practice
4a Look at the process diagram below. Think of an
introduction and the stages of the process. Make
a plan of what to include.
The process of producing edible oils and fats, and
b Put the words below in the order of the process margarine
shown in the diagram.
air cable generator houses rotor blades
substation
Raw material
c Number the sentences in the correct order to
describe the process in Exercise 2a.
A The electricity passes through a cable in the wind
0 O
turb ine.
B The rotor blades are turned when air blows Steaming • Filtering • Pressing • Crushing
through them. & milling
C The vo ltage of the electricity is changed in the
substation.
3 oils + Edible oils
& fats
D Electricity is produced by the generator
E The generator is turned by the rotor blades.
F The low-voltage electricity is supplied to the houses.
d Which introducti on best describes the process in Transport

Exercise 2a?
The d iagram shows how electrici ty is produced
by wind tu rbines There are several stages in the
process which explain how the turbine generates Supermarket/
electricity and how it is transm itted to houses. shops
2 This diagram demonstra tes how wind turbines are
constructed . It shows the parts of the wind turbine b Read the strategies and write your answer.
and the functio n of each part Remembe r to:
3 Th e process diagram exp lains the main use of describe the overall process in the introductio n
wind tu rbines. This main use is to supply many 2 stage your answer logical ly.
houses w ith as mu ch electricity as they req uire. 3 use the passive whe n appropriate.
30 Student's Resource Book > Writing page 20 MyEnglishLab > 2a Writing
Test practice
Listening (Section 1) • TEST STRATEGIES page 169
3 CJ 2.4 Complete the test task.
Before you listen
1 Which of these ways of protecting endangered Questions 1-5
species do you think are more effective and why? Complete the form below.
1 Creating national parks Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A
2 Breeding programmes NUMBER for each answer.
3 Reducing human contact
4 Controlling invasive species Turtle Bay Safari Camp
Customer registration form
Accurate answers Customer name: Cindy 1 _ _
2 a Read the audio script. What is Polly going to do? Telephone number: 09669 343123
Polly: Hello, I'd like to book a flight, please. Nationality: 2
Travel agent Certainly, do you have an account with Length of stay: One week
us already? Accommoda tion type: 3 _ _ cabin
Polly: I do. My name's Polly Smith. Credit card number: 4
Travel agent OK. Let me look you up on the system Exp iry date: 10/20
... 14 Kingsland Terrace, Queensland? Additional comments: 5
Polly: No, that's my old address. I now live
at 243 Atlantic Avenue. It's still in
Belletown, Queensland, 4399. Questions 6- 10
Travel agent Is your phone number still the same? Label the map below.
Polly: Yes, it is. It's 61 565 9457.
Write the correct letter, A-G, next to questions 6-10.
Travel agent OK, th anks. And where do you want to
travel to?
Polly: I'd like to go to Borneo on Friday on
the early flight if possible. I'm do ing a
co nservation trip there.
Travel agent Yes, we've got availabi li ty on the 7.20
flight Is that OK for you?
Polly: Yes, that's fine.
Travel agent Great That's flight number QA 785.
The flight gives you 20 kil os. Do you
need any more than this?
Polly: No, that'll be fine.
b Find and correct the errors in the answers. What

kind of errors are they?
Questions 1-3
6 Main lodge _ _ 8 Spa
Complete the form below.
7 Emergency 9 Viewing point _ _
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A point 10 Pool
NUMBER for each answer.
Name: Polly Smith

Address: 243 1 243 Atlat1.tic Avet1.1A.e, Task analysis
Bel letown , Queensland, 4399 4 Did you get any of the questions incorrect? Read
Australia audio script 2.4 on page 202 and locate your
Telephone number: +61 565 9457 mistakes. How can you avoid making these
Travelling to: 2 fSorM mistakes in future?
Flight number: QA 785
Baggage allowance: 3 200 blos Discussio n
5 Do you think conservatio n efforts are making a
positive change? Why/Why not?
31
Student's Resource Book > Listening page 21 MyEnglishLab > 2b Listening A and B
~~ Module 2
lii.liil A wo rld of change
Relative clauses 3 Read the news report below and add punctuation
> EXPERT GRAMMAR page 177 to the relative clauses where necessary.
1a Match the sentences 1 and 2 with the correct

meanings A and B. Disappearing islands
1 The islands which were likely to be flooded were
evacuated. Residents of the Marshall Islands may be the first people
2 The islands, which were likely to be flooded, were to fall victim to climate change. The islands which are
evacuated. in the Pacific Ocean are li kely to be underwater at
some point in the near future. John Farrow who is a
A All the islands were evacuated because they were
Marshall Island resident claimed that although there is
likely to flood.
press ure for other countries to reduce climate change,
B Some of the islands were evacuated because they
were likely to fl ood. there is very little motivation when climate change has
Iittle effect on their daily lives. For Mr Farrow this is
b Read sentences A and B and answer questions an issue which must be addressed by all nations that are
1-4.
still contributing to increasing global emissions. Only
A Th e islands wh ich were likely to be flooded were when the effects of sea level rises like this can be seen,
evacuated . may change actually occur.
B The buildings, which were likely to be flooded ,
were evacuated .
In which sentence is 'which were likely to be Sequencin g with prepositions and adverbs
flooded' essential information?
4a Choose the correct option in italics to complete
2 In which sentence is it extra information?
the sentences.
3 What are the differences in punctuation between
the sentences? While I During the 20th Century, there have been
4 In w hi ch sentence could you replace 'which' with many changes to women's rights.
'that'? 2 People's lives became a lot easier when /while the
computer was invented.
2 Add more information to the student's description 3 Television has developed so much that now we
of their favourite place using relative clauses . can watch events throughout the world as I during
they happen
I think my favourite place must be the Musee d'Orsay. 4 After I Before commercial air travel became
I went there once on a school trip. We went to all the popular, people were able to trave l more easily to
well-known sightseeing places in Paris but I'll never new, far-flung destinations.
forget the experience of going to the Musee D'Orsay. 5 Many great authors thought of the idea for their
It was the first time and I was so excited. My art novels while I as walking in the park.
teacher had told me what to expect, but it was better
than I'd expected. I saw loads of paintings. Almost
b Complete the structures with the words in
every room has at least one inspiring painting in it. Exercise 4a.
I think my favourites were the Van Gogh paintings.
1 + clause
Especially The Starry Night. The colours in the painting
are amazing! I think that I sat looking at that painting 2-- + nou n
for about 30 minutes trying to imagine what it must 3--,-- + -ing, clause or noun
have been like to be Van Gogh. I think Van Gogh was
4- - , -- + -ing, clause
always poor when he was alive. Now I think that most
people would consider him to be the most famous
5 Work in pairs and discuss the questions. Use
painter ever. The building is quite old and large.
structures from Exercise 4b.
Although I thought it would feel old fashioned inside,
it gives an impression of being really light and airy. It Have your opinions on society changed as you
also has a huge clock in it. It reminded me of the clock have becom e older?
in Back to the Future. I'm not sure why I liked it. I think 2 Has your co un try changed much during the last
it just made me feel happy being in there surrounded 10 years?
by so much beautiful artwork. I really hope that I can 3 How were social roles different when your parents
visit the Musee D'Orsay again someday. were young?
4 How did people entertai n themselves before the
invention of the TV or internet?
32 Student's Resource Book> Language development and Vocabulary pages 22-23 MyEnglishLab > 2b Language development
A and B
Module 2
A world of change
Speaking (Part 2)
Vocabulary development b CJ 2.5 Listen to a student talking about the

following test task. What are the student's
1 How would you describe the places in the
strengths for fluency and coherence? Why?
photos? Which of these do you think most
deserves to be saved? Why? Describe an important place in your country. You
2 a Choose the correct option in italics to complete should say:
the text. what it is
where it is
Waikiki beach in Hawaii is one of the most
1 devastating I stunning places on earth . Its why it is important
2 magnificent I contemporary beaches attract and explain how you feel about this place.
visi tors from al l over the world. The Pacific island
beaches feel so 3 remote I obscure that yo u
can expect complete tranquillity, but j ust a few
Test practice
kilometres away is the 4 fussy I bustling town • TEST STRATEGIES page 174
with its many restaurants and nightli fe. It seems
like the perfect place, 5 unspoilt I distinguished 4 Work in pairs and take turns to complete the test
by the perils of modern tourism. However, this task below. Speak for 2 minutes and time each
6 unique I privileged environment is now being other. Record your answers if possible.
threatened by the construction of new homes
and sea wall protection Make su re yo u visit it Describe a beautiful place you visited when you were
wh il e you still can! younger. You should say:
where it is
b Choose ONE of the following and describe
when you visited it
the place to your partner for 2 minutes. Use what you did there
vocabulary from Exercise 2a and use relative and explain why you thought it was beautiful.
clauses to provide extra details.
A place you find very tranquil.
Assess and improve
2 The most remote place you've eve r been to.
3 The most stunning view you have ever seen. 5 a Assess your performance for fluency and
coherence using the descriptors on page 183.
Focus on fluency and coherence How well did you and your partner do?
3 a Turn to page 183 and read the fluency and b What advice could you give in the following
coherence descriptors for the band score you areas to help your partner improve?
want to achieve. Work in pairs and discuss what 1 The length of time he/she speaks for, overall
you need to do to achieve this score. 2 The development of his/ her points by adding
extra details
3 The logical ordering of the points he/she talks about
4 Correcting himself/ herself if he/ she makes mistakes
33
Student's Resource Book > Speaking page 24 MyEnglishLab > 2b Speaking A and B
l!!l'!I Module 2
5aail A world of change
Reading (True/False/N ot given; Short-answe r questions)
Before you read

Questions 6-9
1 Look at the photos and answer the questions.
1 What might these creatures have in common?
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the
2 Which living creatures in your count ry do people
passage for each answer.
most valu e and worry about los ing? Why?
3 What are the most common insects in your country? 6 With which animal are insects contrasted, in
4 W hat purpose do insects serve? te rms of the ir signi ficance to mankind?
7 By moving dead organic material around the
Test practice
ground, w hat are anthropods providing for the
2 Read the strategies and complete the test tasks. soi l?
• TEST STRATEGIES pages 170 and 171 8 What important as pect of a field do predator
insects help to preserve?
Questions 1- 5 9 W hat are two exam ples of in sects that keep the
population of other insects in check?
Do the following statements agree with the
information in the reading passage? Write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the • HELP
information 8 Find the part of the passage which gives names of
FALSE if the statement contradicts the anthropods typically found in the soil.
information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this Task analysis
1 The maJority of insects come from of a group of
limited spec ies. Did you highl ight the key words in the questions/
statements fi rst? How did this help you to locate
2 Every type of insect wil l feed o ff whateve r is
the information in the passage?
ava il able, alive or dead.
2 Did identifying the topic sentences first help you
3 There is a significant variation in the life
to read the passage more qu ickly? How?
expectancy of different insects.
3 In questions 6-9 did you
4 The number of insects is falling despite the keep to the stated num ber of wo rds?
effort of humans. • copy down the word(s) w ith the correct spell ing?
5 People become interested in conservation • change the word(s) in any way?
when they see the animals on television.
Discussion
• HELP 4 Discuss these questions, giving reasons.
Do you agree with the writer that 'the extinction
H ow m any in se cts are th ere altogeth er? Wh at is th e
of the giant panda would be a terrible loss?' W hy/
biggest proportion made up of?
Why not?
2 Loo k ca refully at these word s in the passage: almost, one 2 Why do you thi nk so many people are co ncerned
sort or another, variously. about animals becoming extinct? Do you think it
4 Loo k ca refull y at both parts of the question. matters?
3 W hy do you th ink few people care about insects?

Module 2
A world of change
The Insect Empire
oday, of the roughly 1.5 million known species In terms of numbers of individuals, insects rule supreme.
T of plant and animal on Earth, 1.2 million are

anthropods, of whom about one million are
insects, and, of these, about 800,000 are beetles, flies,
In fact, at any one point in time there are currently
thought to be very roughly ten million trillion individual
insects alive on Earth. Whatever way you look at it we
are seriously outnumbered. Some pest insects, such as
moths or wasps. And were you to go into any tropical
forest with a butterfly net, you would almost certainly house flies, are perhaps more common than ever because
catch a handful of species that are new to science. For of the food we unwittingly supply for them. But most
all of the last 500 million years almost every habitat insects are declining, and many thousands of species
on Earth has been dominated by insects, swarming have already become extinct.
in extraordinary diversity in the lakes, rivers, forests, In the minds of many, conservation is all about
grasslands and deserts, from the seashore to the top of giant pandas, tigers, rhinos and blue whales: large
the highest mountains. charismatic, furry or feathery creatures, often living on
Insects fill almost every conceivable ecological the other side of the world, glimpsed only in television
niche: they can be predators, parasites, herbivores or documentaries. What few people appreciate is that the
detrivores''. There is almost nothing of organic origin, vast majority of life on earth, in terms of both number
alive or dead, that is not avidly consumed by insects of species and numbers of individuals, is comprised of
of one sort or another, variously specializing in eating insects and other anthropods, and that many of them are
such things as blood, wood, seeds, the tongues of frogs, just as important, fascinating and worthy of our interest
bacteria, leaves, spiders, fungi and, of course, other and of conservation as the larger creatures. Indeed,
insects. They vary in size from Bornean stick insects, while the extinction of the giant panda would be a
which can grow to over thirty centimetres, to speck- terrible loss, it would not have any major consequences.
like parasitoid wasps that weigh in at just twenty-five In contrast, the little creatures that inhabit the world
millionths of a gram. around us are absolutely vital to human survival, yet we
generally pay them little attention unless they annoy us.
Some, such as ants and termites, live in vast social
colonies, with workers specializing as soldiers, gardeners The various flowers in the meadow need bees, hoverflies,
or nurse-maids, while others, such as the death-watch butterflies and beetles to pollinate them, and many of
beetle, may spend ten years alone and in darkness, slowly those very same insects pollinate the peaches, apples and
munching through the timber of a dead tree. Nymphs of tomatoes in our gardens. Wild flowers and vegetables
the periodic cicada in North America spend seventeen also need a healthy soil in which to grow, and so depend
years living underground, sucking on tree roots, before upon the worms and millipedes that live in it to break
all emerging together to mate and die, while a fruit fly down dead plant and animal parts and return it to the
dashes through its entire life cycle in a fortnight. earth in the form of nutrients to improve and aerate the
soil. Without predators such as ladybirds and wasps,
Just as their life cycles are infinitely diverse, so their herbivorous insects would be uncontrollable, eradicating
mating habitats are extraordinarily varied and often their host plants and therefore destroying the ecological
bizarre. While butterfly males use their beautiful wings balance of the meadow. Without grasshoppers, flies,
to attract a mate, male scorpion flies offer piles of dried crickets and moths, the birds and bats would have no
saliva as an enticement to females . Crickets, cicadas and food. Ugly or beautiful, it is the little creatures that make
grasshoppers sing to impress, while other insects such as the world go round. We should celebrate and appreciate
moths release pheromones that drift for kilometres on them in all their wonderful diversity.
the wind.
*anthropods is a group which comprises crustacea ns (e.g. woodlice), arachnids (e.g. spiders) and insects
*detrivores are insects which consume dead organic matter
35
l!IJ!I Module 2
liiaiil A world of change
Lead-in 1 What do you think is happening in the photo? What is the person
doing? Why do you think he's doing it? Would you do this?
Understand the task 2 Look at the diagram of the formation of a supervolcano and
• EXPERT WRITING page 192 answer the questions.
1 What is the process show n in the di agram?
2 Where does the process start and fini sh?
3 What information should you incl ude in the introductory
sentence(s) about the process?
4 How many stages are the re in the process?
5 What is the order of these stages?
The diagram below shows the formation of a supervolcano and the

stages involved.
Write at least 150 words.
The formation of supervolcanoes

Surface
Land
depression Fissure
Magma Crust
Surface chamber
~
Mantle
Crust Magma
Crust
Mantle
Reduced lilt.. Crust Magma
sizedueto ~ chamber
eruption
Mantle
Plan the task 3a Read the coherence and cohesion descriptors on page 190. With a
partner, discuss the differences between bands 6 and 7.
b Read the sentences below and tick those which are true about
your own writing.
1 I organise my ideas/points logically.
2 I organise my ideas/points step-by-step and ensure I write about
how these are connected.
3 I organise my ideas/points in a logical step-by-step way. refe rring
back and forwards to show how th ey deve lo p th e overall idea/po int.
4 I make an effort to move from one point to another using cohesive
devices (before, when, etc)
5 I know a few cohesive devices that I can use we ll.
6 I know a lot of cohesive dev ices and some I can use well.
7 I know a lot of cohesive devices and I can use th em we ll.
36
Module 2
A world of change
4 Complete the text with the phrases below to make it more

cohesive.
As they begin to melt as well as that have jet engi nes
When these particles stick
Danger in the skies

Volcanoes do not just affect those on land, t hey can also cause
problems for t hose in t he ai r. Volca nic ash ca n be pa rt icularly
dangerous for airplanes l _ _ . The ash particles f rom t he
eru ption can be melted by th e high temperatures of t he jet.
2 _ _ , t hey st ick to the blades of t he t urbine, 3 _ _ other
pa rts of th e plane. 4 _ _ , th ey can change th e shapes of part s,
and block t he engines.
Language and content 5 a Look at the verbs below. What nouns do you think they go with in
the diagram in Exercise 2? Discuss your answers with a partner.
break cause collapse drop expand fall fill flow force
push red uce rise separate tear
b Choose the correct option in italics to complete the sentences,

according to the diagram in Exercise 2a.
1 The chamber is filled I collapsed with magma.
2 The magma rises I breaks to the surface.
3 The eru ptio n is pushed I caused by pressure.
4 Th e fissures reduce I separate.
5 The surface is torn I expanded.
c Can you think of any other verbs you could use with this diagram?
Write your summary 6a Write your plan and check it. Have you included the following?
An introductory sentence or sentences abou t the process
• A step -by-step description
• Passive and active tenses
Verbs to accu rately rep resent the picture
• Use of relative clauses to add information
• Sequential linking
b Write a description of the diagram in Exercise 2. Write at least
150 words.
Assess and improve 7 a Work in pairs and review your answers, thinking about the
criteria for Coherence and Cohesion. Answer the questions.
1 Is th ere an introd uctory sentence or sentences abou t the diagram?
2 Are all th e stages included and in a logica l order?
3 In your opinion, are al l the sentences in the right order?
4 Have yo u grouped yo ur ideas into clear paragraphs?
5 Are sequential li nkers used wel l?
6 Are th ere enough words (1 50 or more)?
b Check your work using the checklist in Exercise 7a and the

descriptors on page 190. Make a note of any key points you need
to remember for this task.
Student's Resource Book> Writing page 25 MyEnglishLab > 2b Writing A, B and C

Module 2
A world of change
2 a Complete the sentences with the correct passive

form of the verbs in brackets.
1 Crops such as rice and wheat _ _ (grow) all
1 a Complete the sentences with the correct word or around the world for thousands of years.
phrase (A, B or C). 2 Modern life, with all the machines and gadgets
1 Due to climate change, it is likely that some species that we love, _ _ (start) by the ind ustrial
of animal will _ _ over the next century. revolution.
A transform B die out C emerge 3 Nowadays great progress _ _ (make) in finding
2 The museum was greatly improved by the _ _ treatments and cures for a variety of diseases.
of a new, larger gallery. 4 Some people believe we _ _ (develop) self-
A addition B con nection C transference driving cars by the end of this decade.
3 I moved around a lot during my childhood, so it 5 Before the invention of the internet, ideas _ _
was nice when my family decided to come back (spread) by word of mouth .
to London and _ _ . 6 The holiday resort _ _ (construct) before the
A spring up airport was built so very few tourists went there at
B make it possible first
C put down roots 7 The bu ilding _ _ (repair) when the builders
4 The station is _ _ here. It shou ld on ly take you found the o ld paintings in the ce llar.
about ten mi nutes to walk there. 8 There is a new viewing platform on the hill and
A not too far from from here the animals in the park _ _ (observe)
B directly ahead of more eas il y.
C halfway down b Complete the text about the mission to Mars
5 At the end of a lo ng winter, animals such as bears using the words below. There are more words
from hibernation. than you need.
A emerge B transform C progress
that while which during when who before
b Choose the correct option in italics to complete whose
the text.
My favourite trip A trip to Mars

One of the greatest places I've ever visited is the
Ma sai Mara in Kenya. When I went there last year M ars One is an organisation 1 _ _ is ba sed
I stayed in a bea ut ifu l camp wh ich had been in the Netherlands . Its aim is to take the first
renovated in tra dit ional style. All the build ings hu man s to Mars and establish a permanent
were wooden 1 constructions I constructed. It was colo ny there by 2027 The project is being
an amazing trip because it was so va ri ed . 2 During I managed by a Dutch entrepreneur, 2 _ _
While my stay I was able to meet and spend time an nou nced th e project to the w orld in 2012. Th e
with some Masai people as we ll as seeing the
crew w ill be made up of people w ith a broad
animals on safari.
va riety of skill s including scientific knowledge, IT
Th e Masai peop le 3 settled I transformed t here in expertise and communication skill s. In 2013,
th e 17th and 18th centuries. They are nomadic
3 _ _ the initial application period closed , over
peop le, who farm t he land and keep anima ls. They
2, 500 people had applied to be an astronaut
feel especia ll y 4 added I connected to catt le, which
on the programme . The applicants have to
are a centra l part of their li festy le. I spent two weeks
co mpl ete a series of rigorous tests 4 _ _
living this nomad ic lifestyle. At first I found it unu sual ,
bei ng accepted onto the proj ect. The applicants
but then I got used to the ir simple way of life.
Spending time w ith t he Masai 5 enabled I progressed 5 are chosen for t he miss ion will th en
me to ret hi nk some aspects of my stressfu l lifestyle. spend seven years training .
38 MyEnglishLab > Module Test 2 MyEnglishLab > Review Test 1

The feel-good factor
3a Training 3bTesting
Reading: Identify the main idea (Matching headings; Listening: Section 4: Sentence completion; Short-answer
Multiple choice: select two answers) questions
Vocabulary: Problems and solutions; Academic • Language development and vocabulary: Modal forms;
collocations; Idiomatic phrases for problems and solutions Degrees of certainty; Adverbs of attitude
Speaking: Topic-specific vocabulary; Develop your • Speaking: Part 3: Discussing health
answers (Part 3) Reading: Matching headings; Multiple choice: select two
Listening: Identify specific information required (Section answers
4: Sentence completion; Short-answer questions) • Writing: Task 2: Problem and solution essay
Language development: Real and unreal conditionals
review; Other ways to express conditionality
Writing: Write about problems and solutions; Develop a
paragraph (Task 2: Problem and solution essay)
Today's teenagers
80%
of teachers say some
of th eir students come
to school hungry
79%
of teenage rs take part
'trc
in o rgani sed after-schoo l
activiti es 2.5 f
The number of
hou rs of extra sleep :J::
r-......
28% teenagers need a day
of teenagers
are overwe ight
t t
56%
of tee nage rs say
li fe is going great
1 Look at the infographic about school students in the USA. Discuss the questions.
1 Which statistics wou ld you say represe nt positive situ ations and which represent negative
situations?
2 Which factors might relate to psycho logica l aspects and wh ich to phys ical aspects?
3 How do you think these factors might affect studying? Why?
4 How do yo u thin k these statistics m ight co mpare to stud en ts in your country?
39
Reading (Matching headings; Multiple choice: select two answers)
Before you read

Questions 5-6
Choose TWO letters, A-E.
1 In what ways, if any, do you think people's lives are
The list below contains some possible statements about
more stressful now than they were in the past?
health and environment.
2 In what ways can stress affect people's Iives7
Which TWO of these statements are made by the
Identify the main idea writer of the passage?
2a Answer the questions . A Individuals are programmed to want to live and

1 Read the title and subtitle of the passage What do work with other people.
you think the article will be about? B Scientists believe th at city living will always have
2 Skim paragraph A and underline the topic sentence. a negative influ ence on our physical we ll -being.
How is the rest of the paragraph structured? C Research in the USA has prompted town
3 Choose the best summary (A, B or C) for the planners to surrou nd new build ings with green
paragraph . spaces.
A The importance of nature throughout history D Studies co nfi rm that prisoners are healthier if
B The impact of change on people's lifestyles they are permitted to go outdoors.
C A comparison of town and country life E It is not yet com mon practice for a doctor to
recommend outdoo r activities to the ir patients.
b Look at the list of headings in the test task below
and choose the one which best matches the
summary you chose in Exercise 2a.
Task analysis
Test practice 4 a Which of these strategies refer to a) matching
headings b) multiple choice: selecting two
3 Read the strategies and complete the test task.
answers c) both?
• TEST STRATEGIES pages 171 a nd 172 1 I summarised the paragraphs in my own words
first
Questions 1-4 2 I high lighted key words in the task to help me find
The reading passage has four paragraphs, A-D. the correct place in the passage.
Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from 3 I focused on the main idea in each pa ragraph.
the list below. 4 I scanned the passage to find where the
information was located .
Write the correct number, i-vii.
b Which strategies did you use? Which did you
Li st of Headings find useful?
Approaches to increasing young people's level
of fitness Discussion
ii ProJects w hich fo rm a connection with the 5 Work in groups and discuss the questions. Give
natural world reasons for your answers.
111 The high price being paid for progress in
In what ways can being in th e coun trys ide help
modern times
people to fee l better? Which outdoor activities
1v The effect of too much pressure on people's
would you recommend?
well-being
2 What are th e advantages and disadvantages of
v Evidence fo r the value of strengthenin g links
living in the city and the co untrysi de?
w ith nature
3 What aspects of modern life can cause stress?
v1 Exploiting a coun try's natural resources to its
What strategies are useful for managing it?
advantage
v11 Positive outcomes of wood land therapy on
global health and fitn ess
Paragraph A 3 Paragraph C
2 Paragraph B 4 Pa ragraph D
40 Student's Resource Book> Reading pages 26-27 MyEnglishLab > 3a Reading

Module 3
ID
•••1
•
Exciting new research shows how we can -fight disease and improve mental health.
A Humans are hard-wired to be hunter-gatherers, an physical and psychological state. Developments in
instinct so deep-rooted that we still feel a strong bond neuroscience and psychology have meant that what
with nature; hunter-gatherers would also have had once appeared solely intuitive can now be quantified;
a clear purpose in life, and been responsible for set several research studies confirm that being
tasks upon which the community, who would have surrounded by trees and flowers positively impacts
supported them, relied. In contrast, an inevitable on people's well-being. A team of Dutch researchers
consequence of the advances in industrialization also found a lower incidence of 15 diseases, including
and technology is a more sedentary and isolated stress and depression, in those who lived near a green
life, where the average person spends more time on space, and in a series of landmark studies in Chicago,
their computer or in their vehicle than they do in it was found that residents living in large tower blocks
the outdoors, leading many people - including the surrounded by gardens were more likely to know and
unemployed, stay-at-home mothers or the elderly - support their neighbours and experience less crime
to feel increasingly lonely, undervalued and stressed. than those who overlooked concrete. In addition,
In addition, the number of people on Earth living being able to look out onto trees rather than concrete
in urban settings is expected to rise to about 70 is believed to lead to increased concentration from
percent in the next three decades, bringing with it office workers, a faster recovery for hospital patients,
yet more artificial noise, air pollution and traffic. who also required less pain relief, a lower incidence
All of these factors will undoubtedly be a threat of illness amongst inmates in prison cells and less
to both physical and psychological well-being and bullying in playgrounds.
although the human body will eventually adapt to
its changed circumstances, many people would agree D Studies such as these make it clear that one of our
with Paracelsus, the 16th-century German-Swiss main priorities in the modern world should be to
physician, who wrote, "The art of healing comes from make exposure to the outdoors an essential feature
nature, not from the physician," a claim based less on of healthcare, education, planning and community
science than on intuition but which has nevertheless development. Inspiring initiatives are already
been a pervasive sentiment throughout the ages. underway, including tree planting, schemes which
encourage people to walk or cycle and inventive
B Health professionals have long expressed concern ways to get children more involved in outdoor
about the potential effects of chronic stress, which pursuits. A less widespread, but more innovative,
can lead to diabetes, obesity, depression, dementia approach empowers doctors to 'prescribe nature' to
and heart disease in two distinct ways. First, under those requiring medical treatment, in the hope that
stress we change our behaviour: we start to crave this will help stem an increase in the prevalence of
sugar and fat, we are too tired to exercise and we may stress, chronic diseases and mental health issues;
indulge in bad habits such as smoking or alcohol. several pioneering schemes encourage patients and
The second way in which we are affected is more their families to visit nearby parks, providing them
direct. The hormone cortisol is released: this causes with transportation and programmes to follow, such
toxic fat to be laid down in our stomachs, which in as outdoor conservation work or 'health walks'. In
turn may result in a malfunction of the bacterium Finland, a country which has high rates of depression,
present in our cells, known as mitochondria . This nature experiences have become part of government
means we become more prone to disease and start to health policy, with people being recommended
age more quickly. to spend five hours a month engaged in walking,
C In recent years, as a result of the sharp rise in mindfulness and reflection. We may never know the
widespread health issues such as depression, obesity precise relationship between nature and health and
and nearsightedness, scientists have begun to perhaps it is irrelevant but we do know how nature
investigate more closely the effects of nature on our makes us feel and the challenge is now to incorporate
this into every aspect of our daily lives.
41
- Module3
~ The feel-good factor
b Work in pairs and answer the questions .

Vocabulary 1 What would you say are the biggest threats to
people's health in developing nations?
Problems and solutions 2 How does the situation in develo ping natio ns
compa re to developed nations?
1 Match the words below with the underlined
3 Which aspects of healthcare should be a priority
words with a similar meaning in 1-6. in soc iety? Why?
danger method outcome priority problem test 4 What are the main cha llenges in our everyday
lives?
Knee injuries can be a frequent result of too much
running Idiomatic phrases for problems and
2 One serious issue in soci ety is how to ta ke care of
solutions
the growing number of elderly people
3 Setting realist ic weight- loss goals is a good 4a Match the idioms (1-7) with the correct
approac h fo r anyone wanti ng to diet meanings (A-G) .
4 Making sure child ren exe rcise regularly should be 1 the crux of the matter 5 a vicious cycle
a key co ncern for pa rents. 2 a quick fix 6 a knock-on effect
5 Getting young peop le to eat vegetab les can be a 3 the tip of the iceberg 7 the last resort
real chal lenge. 4 a thorny issue
6 Pollution can be a threat to the health of people
A an easy so lution which is often temporary and
with allergies.
does not add ress the pro blem fu lly
2 Choose the correct option in italics to complete B an issue wh ich is d iffi cult to deal with or solve
the text. C a repeating situation where one prob lem leads to
another problem w hich makes the fi rst problem
Yoga - the perfect way to destress at work worse
D the final action used when all other poss ibilities
Research shows that stress dominates the modern
have failed
workplace and reduces productivity. The 1 consequence I E the basic o r central point of a prob lem
issue of this stress is that employees who are overtired F a small part of a larger prob lem which is hid den
are less able to concentrate. As a result, some G the effect that an actio n has on othe r situations
companies have started to introduce free lunchtime
yoga classes. Doctors claim that reducing stress b Complete the sentences with idioms from
should be a 2 priority I problem for employers and Exercise 4a.
they support the introduction of yoga as a 3 method I Using alternative medicine to treat se ri ous
concern of relaxation. The 4 approach I factor which illnesses is _ _ _ _ _ fo r many people because
yoga takes is to increase our ability to remain calm by there is confl icti ng ev idence for its success
using physical exercises and teaching us how to control 2 A lack of exercise can have _ _ _ _ _ on othe r
areas of our lives.
our breathing. The 5 challenge I aspect is to encourage
3 The consumption of fast food is j ust _ _ _ __
people to take up yoga in the middle of the working
People also eat many other foo ds wh ich are bad
day. However, studies show that the 6 outcome I threat
for the ir hea lth .
of breaking up the day with yoga is almost always
4 Telling peop le how to improve their health can
beneficial to employees. be _ _ __ _ beca use nobody likes to be
criticised.
Academic collocations 5 Increasing the number of docto rs em ployed
3 a Complete the sentences with the correct verbs is often seen as _ _ __ _ to hea lthcare
below to make collocations . problems although th is fai ls to tack le the
underlying issues.
face find make pose tackle
It is the govern ment's responsibi lity to _ _ a

solution to the obes ity cr isis
2 It can be good to _ _ a new challenge in order
to learn new sk ills.
3 Society must find new ways to _ _ issues
relating to men tal health.
4 Schools sho ul d _ _ exe rcising every day a
priority fo r ch ild re n
5 Eat ing a diet that co ntains a lot of sugar can
a threat to o ur health
\,I
.\

Module 3
d Complete the sentences with the correct form of

Speaking (Part 3) the words from Exercises 2a and 2b.
1 Having a pet can be very _ _ fo r elderly peop le
Lead-in who live alone.
1 a Work in pairs and do the quiz. 2 Adu lts who have a positive _ _ to life are more
likely to have happier ch ildren.
..fl
3 Instead of aspiring to happiness, we should focus
on ach ieving _ _ .
4 Many doctors now _ _ exercise to treat mental
health conditions.
.. -i
' _.·"':::·-'
,---'\t 5 A lack of money and problems at work can cause
'·;., .'.·. ,.·.·::
.·
-,,, _ _ in lots of people.
.,,,,,,,;:/i>,.,...t···,
e Work in pairs and discuss the following question
'-s' using vocabulary from Exercises 2a and 2b.
Why are some people more positive than others?
Positivit y Quiz Develop your answers

111 enjoy dealing with problems. mBD 3a cm 3.2 Listen to two candidates. Who develops
their answer more fully, Anya or Keigo?
E When I have a good idea, I'm not surprised. mBD
IJ After achieving a long-term goal, I congratulate b cm 3.3 Now listen to five students answer the
myselt.m,mi question below. Match the students (1-5) with
the way they develop their answers (A-E).
I] I don't complain much. mmJ
E Things don't worry me much. mBD Examiner: What improves people's outlook on life?
b What do you think 'half full' and 'half empty' in Jing Lee A giving an example
the photo means? Why do you think some people 2 Mario B making a comparison
are more positive than others? Can people 3 Susanna C giving a reason
change how positive they are? How? 4 Heidi D giving alternatives
5 Mahmoud E explaining cause and effect
Topic-specific vocabulary
c Listen again. Write down examples of language
2a Complete the table with the correct word forms. for A-E in Exercise 3b.
Noun Adjective 4 Read the questions and make a brief note of your
1- anxious answer. Then write notes on how to develop
-
your answer using the techniques in Exercise 3b.
gratitude 2- - 1 Are people in your country generally optimistic or
3-- ins piring pessimistic?
therapy 4-- 2 Should we teach positive thinking in schools?
5-- optimistic
Test practice
6- contented
- • TEST STRATEGIES page 175
b Read the examiner's question and think about • EXPERT SPEAKING page 186
how you could answer it. Choose some words
below which are relevant to the question. 5 a Read the questions and make notes on how you
will develop your answers.
Examiner: What influences people's ability to think
positively about life? 1 Do yo u think it's more difficult for adults to be
positive than children?
anxious attitude cheerful conceptualise contented 2 Would you say that positivity is the key to
gratitude inspiring optimistic outlook pessimistic happiness?
prescribe self-awareness therapy treatment 3 Do you believe that some cultures are more
optimistic than others?
c CD 3.1 Listen to a student answering the
question. Tick the words she uses from Exercises b Practise asking and answering the questions in
2a and 2b. Does she answer the question well? pairs. Remember to develop your answers.
MyEnglishLab > 3a Speaking A and B 43

- Module3
c Match the phrases below with the underlined

Listening (Section 4) words/ph rases in Exercise 2a. Can you think of
any others?
Before you listen a few signs advantages boost could possibly enhance
in a more physical sense in some manners might even
1 Look at the quotes about how people relax.
What do you think they mean? Do you disagree not many positive points prel iminary evidence
with any of them? Which one do you think most
accurately reflects your ideas? d cm 3.4 Listen and answer the que stions in
Exercise 2a. You do not need pronouns (e .g. it)
'Tension is who you think you should be. Relaxation is for your an swers to questions 3 and 4.
who you are.' Chi nese proverb
Test practice
'What you're supposed to do when you don 't like a thing > TEST STRATEGIES page 168
is change it. If you can't change it, change the way you
think about it. Don't complain.' Maya Angelou 3 cm 3.5 Read the questions and complete the rest
of the test task. Use the ideas in Exercises 2a-2c
'There is more to life than increasing its speed.' to prepare before you listen.
Mahatma Gandhi
Questions 5-6
'He is richest who is content with the least, for content is Answer the questions below.
the wealth of nature.' Socrates
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A
Identify specific information required
What are two indirect benefits of meditatio n?
2 a Read the questions. What do you think the main 5
subject of the lecture will be? 6
Questions 1-2
Complete the sentences below. Questions 7-9
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A Complete the sentences below.
N UMBER for each answer.
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A
There are few on the benefits of NUMBER for each answer.
meditation.
7 A lot of research has been done in the area of
2 There is some ind ication that meditation may
meditation and _ _
be able to increase o ur
8 _ _ of daily meditation can improve a
person's mental we ll -being.
9 In most cases, meditation shou ld not be a
Questions 3-4
replacement for _ _ .
NUM BER for each answer. Task analysis
In what ways can meditat ion help us physically? 4a Read audio script 3.5 on page 203 and underline
3 the sections with the answers.
4 b Analyse your a nswers using the questions.
1 Did you choose the correct part of speech?
b Answer the following questions about the 2 Did you write the correct number of words?
questions in Exercise 2a. 3 Did you write singular an d plu ral words correctl y?
What kind of word or wo rds sho uld go in each
space? A noun, adjective or verb? Discussion
2 Can more than one word go in any spaces? How 5 Have you ever tried meditating? W hy/ W hy not?
many? To what extent do you believe that doing things
3 Which answers req uire a si ngul ar or plural noun? like meditating can make mental or physical
4 What spaces definitely require more than one changes w ithin a person?
word? How do you know?
5 Wh ich questi o ns are ask in g for examples?
44 MyEnglishLab > 3a Listening A and B

Module3 11!11!1
The feel-good factor ~
Other ways to express conditionality

Language development
3 a Match the beginnings of the sentences (1-5) with
the endings (A-E) .
Real and unreal conditionals review 1 Lifting weights is a good way to build body
• EXPERT GRAMMAR page 177 strength
2 People who have stressfu l jobs shoul d find time to
1a Read the sentences and decide if the conditionals relax every day
are describing real situations or unreal 3 Supposing everyo ne grew and ate their own fruit
(imaginary) ones. and vegetables,
1 If children eat too much sugar, they usually pu t on 4 There is no need to take vitam in supplements
we ight, which can have seri ous co nsequences. 5 Unless people get more than seven hours' sleep,
2 If the govern men t real ly wanted to tackle th e A they wo uld im prove nutri ti on levels easi ly.
problem of obesity, they wo uld raise the price of B otherwise the ir health might suffer
unhealthy food and drin k. C provided that it is do ne safely.
3 Elderly people w ill notice an improvement in D their brain wil l not function we ll.
th eir ove ralI fitness if they add just 15 minutes of E as long as you are eating a balanced diet
wa lking into their daily routi ne.
4 If cooking sk il ls were a compulsory sc hool subj ect , b Which of the sentences in Exercise 3a express
the overall health of young people co uld be real situations and which express unreal
improved. (imaginary) ones?
5 When a person takes up a new hobby, th ey often 4 Complete the sentences with the correct words
report having a more positive outlook on life below.
b Choose a sentence from Exercise la to match the otherwise provided that supposing unless
conditional forms below.
1 Ze ro conditiona l 3 Second cond itiona l It is important to make time to learn new skill s
2 First cond iti onal
_ _ li fe becomes boring.
2 We can all improve our ou tlook on life _ _ we
c Answer the questions about real and unreal practise positive thi nki ng.
conditionals . 3 _ _ people use sunscree n, there is a danger o f
Which two co ndi tionals express real situati ons? developing skin cond itions.
A zero and second B zero and fi rst 4 _ _ the wo rld focused on generosi ty more,
C first and second might society be happier?
2 Which con ditional expresses an un real or
5 Rewrite the sentences using the words
imaginary situatio n?
in brackets. You may need to change the
A zero B first C second grammatical form or the order of the clauses .
2 Complete the text using the correct conditional 1 People might be more productive and less
form of the verbs in brackets. stressed if th ey worked fewer hours per week.
(supposing)
The perils of fast food 2 If ch ildren do lots of exercise, it does not matter
what they eat. (as long as)
Supersize Me is a film about the effects of eating fast food. The 3 Improved health w ill not happen if people do not
director wanted to see what 1 _ _ (happen) if he 2 _ _ change their attitudes. (u nl ess)
(consumed) nothing but fast food for a month. Each day he 4 If governments do not limit the growth of
consumed 5,000 calories through eating three fast food meals. supe rmarkets, small food shops wi ll not be able to
When humans 3 _ _ (put) that much energy into their bodies, su rvive. (otherwise)
they 4 _ _ (not use) most of it in one day. This means there is
leftover energy, which is converted into fat and stored in the body.
If the body 5 _ _ (not need) this energy because the following
day it receives another 5,000 calories, this fat 6 _ _ (remain)
in the body's fat cells. If this habit 7 _ _ (continue), it is likely
that the person 8 _ _ (put on) more and more weight. This is
exactly what happened and the film director put on 11 kilos. He
made the documentary because he wanted to show how quickly
fast food can cause weight gain. Doctors have suggested that if a
teenager 9 _ _ (eat) a diet of over 2,500 calories, they
10 _ _ (increase) their body weight to obese levels within a
few years.
Student's Resource Book > Language development page 29 MyEnglishLab > 3a Language development 45
- Module 3
b Match the sentences (A-F) in Exercise 3a with

Writing (Task 2) their functions (1-6).
1 First suggested solution
Lead-in 2 Further explanation of a solution
3 Description of the problem in more detail
1 Work in pairs and discuss the questions. 4 Topic sentence to introduce the problem
1 What activi ties do you do that make you happy? 5 Second suggested solution
2 Why might being part of a community make 6 Second problem and its effect
people feel happier? Why might it not?
c Think of another issue for the essay task in
Exercise 2. Write a paragraph using the structure
Write about problems and solutions
in Exercise 3b.
• EXPERT WRITING page 193
Develop a paragraph
2 Read the essay title. Which of the following
structures (1-3) are suitable for a problem and 4a Put the sentences in order to make the second
solution essay? paragraph of the essay in Exercise 3a.
A In addition, governments could give food
Nowadays many elderly people live alone and this can subsidies to o lder peop le w ho live alone to
cause a variety of problems for society. encou rage them to improve the ir diets.
What are some of these problems and what solutions B Secondly, the re is the problem of nutrition fo r
can you suggest? elderly people living alone.
C To reduce this problem, o ld people who live al one
should make an effort to cook for themselves
I V\.,tr-Odl/4ct~oV\, more often
"PClY-ClgY-ci-pltt 1.: 1s.s.l,(.e 1.: PYobLeV\,\,s. CIV\.,d s.oLl/4t~oV\.,s.
D These people often eat more conven ience food
such as ready meals because cook ing for one
"PCIY-ClgY-ci-pltt :2.: 1s.s.l/4e :2.: PY-obLeV\,\,s. CIV\.,d s.oLl/4t~oV\,s.
person is not that easy.
C.OV\.,CLl/4S.~OV\.,
E This is because supermarkets usually sell food
in large packages and these are more suited to
families than individuals.
F For exam ple, if they were to make large quantities
Introduc.tion
of a meal, the remainder coul d be frozen and
-Paragraph 1: '5u99e-nte-d no\utionn eaten at a later date.
-Paragraph 2-: DinWDf>ion of prob\e-mn
b Which sentence introduces the solution and
C..ondunion which sentence supports the solution?
c Can you think of any more solutions for the
essay task in Exercise 2? How could you support
[11.-tv-otilw;-tioi-1. these solutions?
'17MA8YApk 1: ;l)i.sw.s.sioi-1. o{ pv-oblew...s
'17MA8YApk :Z...: S1,188e.s-teA .sol1,1-tio11..s Write your essay
Co11.cl1,1.sio11. • TEST STRATEGIES page 173
5 a Read the essay title. Make a plan of your answer
3 a Read the paragraph and underline the problems listing the main problems and solutions.
and the suggested solutions.
AQne of the prob lem s for older people living alone is In some parts of the world, people have become more
often the isolation it brings. 6 Fi rstly, for these people, focused on themselves than their communities. What
living alone can affect their health because there is problems can this situation cause and how can they be
no o ne around on a dai ly bas is to notice any signs solved?
of bad health c1 n addition, if olde r peop le live al one,
they may feel less positive abou t life and therefore b Write some ideas to support your solutions.
they might be less active. 0 One way of dealing with
thi s would be for fami ly and neighbours to make an c Decide which structure you want to use
effo rt to have regul ar contact with elderly peopl e from Exercise 2 and organise your ideas into
livin g alo ne. EAlso , the elderly can be encouraged paragraphs.
to join social groups for peop le of the ir age group. d Read the strategies and write your essay.
FEven though they live alone, they shoul d focus on Remember to write at least 250 words.
interacti ng w ith o thers as mu ch as possible
46 Student's Resource Book> Writing page 30 MyEnglishLab > 3a Writing A, B and C

Test practice
3 a Read the questions and decide:
1 exactly what is required in the questions.
2 what kinds of words might form the answers
(nouns, verbs, etc.).
3 the maximum number of words for each answer.
b CJ 3.6 Listen and complete the test tasks .
Questions 1-5
Complete the sentences below.
The term 'traditional' in regard to medicine

seems
2 Modern sc ientific medicine began around
_ _ ago.
3 Over _ _ of the wo rld still rely on alternative
Before you listen medici ne.
1 Read the ways of treating illness below. Which 4 There is a growin g trend for more natural
do you think are more effective? What are treatment in _ _ .
the advantages and disadvantages of these 5 Scientists in the Weste rn world claim that
treatments? alternative medicine is
medicine herbs acupuncture homeopathy
change in diet
Questions 6-10
Identify correct answers Answer the questions below.
2 Read the excerpt from an audio script and the Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A
student's answers to a question. What is wrong NUMBER for each answer.
with the answers? Why has the student made
this mistake? What TWO things has acupuncture been shown to
... So, there are plenty of health benefits to eating assist?
more healthily, but there's a lot of advice at the 6
moment in the med ia to cut out all th ings like sugar 7
or carbohydrates entirely. Now, this might not be
Where were parts of trees used as remedies?
a great idea. If a person just cuts out everything,
8
instead of cutting down, this can have other
consequences. For example, people w ho remove What are TWO possible benefi ts of fish o ils?
al l sugars in their diets ofte n comp lain of t iredness, 9
especially in the first few weeks Th ere is also a
10
chance of insomnia. Cutting out dairy products such
as mi lk and cheese can make people feel sick.
Task analysis
What are TWO of the negative side effects of cutting
out sugar? 4a Read audio script 3.6 on page 204 and check
your answers.
tiredtiess
b Think about your incorrect answers. Tick the
2 feeli11,3 sic/:.
reasons why your answers were incorrect.
Incorrect spelling
• Too many words
• W rong detail written down (wrong answer)
No answer written down
Student's Resource Book > Listening page 31 MyEnglishLab > 3b Listening 47

- - Module3
IJ.:I
Modal forms; Degrees of certainty Adverbs of attitude

• EXPERT GRAMMAR page 177 4a Match the sentences (1-2) with the speaker's
opinion (A-B) .
1 a Put the modals below in the correct place on the 1 Unfortunately, it is reall y difficult to find time to
line to show the degree of certainty each one exercise when you work full time.
expresses . 2 Naturally, it is really difficult to find time to
could may might must should will wou ld exercise when yo u work full time.
A The speaker thinks that this situation is obvious.
Certain Certain B The speaker th inks th is situation is regrettab le or
0% - -- - - - - -- - -- - 100%
unlucky.
b Match the modal verbs below with the meanings b Read the sentence and choose the correct
they express. Some words have more than one meaning for the underlined word.
meaning.
Apparently, walking for 30 minutes a day has more
can can't don't have to may must need to heal th benefits than runni ng or goi ng to th e gym.
ought to shouldn't wi ll 1 I th ink this statement is wrong.
2 I real ly believe that thi s statement is tru e.
1 obligation 3 possibility 5 prediction 3 I have heard this statement, but I'm not sure if it's
2 advice 4 ability true.
2 Choose the correct option in italics to complete 4 I hope this statement is tru e.
the text. C Match each underlined word to how it is used to
show perspective.
Accordi ng to a recent study, having stro ng leg muscles
1 may I must co ntribute to a healthy brain. It is th ought 1 Unfortu nately I couldn't co me to wo rk because I
that exercise 2 will I could be co nnected to brain health , was too ill.
but until recently this has been difficu lt to validate. Thi s is A you think the situation is un lucky
because healthy brains can be determ ined by genes and B you th in k so methi ng is not im portant
chi ldhood environment. In order to undertake research 2 Having regular health checks is undoubted ly
on this topic, scientists 3 must I may use identical twins helpful in detecti ng signs of seri ous illness.
because th ey have the same gen es, which wou ld mean that A you thi nk so mething is definitely true
any differences in results 4 should /would not be related to B you have a negative opinion of something
genetics. The recent experim ent showed that among th e 3 Evidently, working too many hours ca uses peop le
sets of identical twi ns, those who had the most powerful to become stressed.
leg muscles ten years ago performed as we ll on cognitive A you know so meth ing is wro ng
tests as they had done a decad e before. However, the stu dy B you can see that something is true
did not focus on how muscle power is co nnected to brain 4 Naturally, people put on we ight when they eat lots
power although the scientists 5 will I should do research of Junk food
into thi s in the future. The scientists co ncluded that people A you believe something is very important
6 might I should exercise more if they want to increase their B you th ink someth ing is no rm al and not
brai n health. surprising
5 Drinking water is unden iably good for your health.
A you th in k so methi ng ca nn ot be rej ected
3 Complete the sentences with the correct modal B you can not understand why others thin k this way
form below. There is one extra modal form .
d Give your opinions on the following topics using
might must should won't would the adverbs from Exercise 4c.
1 Teac hers ofte n suggest to parents th at they _ _ The best way to be healthy is to be vegetarian
take their ch ildre n ou t into nature more as a fun 2 Happiness ca nnot be achieved through material
way to learn about the wo rld . wealth.
2 In order to lose weight, you _ _ do more 3 Self-con fidence comes th rough being successful.
exercise and eat less ca lorific foods.
3 Why not try spending so me ti me alone reading
fiction? Thi s _ _ hel p wi th relaxati on.
4 Altho ugh th e governm ent plans to imp rove the
quality of school meals, sceptics believe this
_ _ have a large impact on childhood obesity.
48 Student's Resource Book> Language development and Vocabulary pages 32- 33 MyEnglishLab > 3b Language development and Vocabulary
Module 3
The feel -good factor
Focus on lexical resource

Speaking (Part 3)
4 Turn to page 183 and read the descriptors for
lexical resource for the band score you want to
Vocabulary development achieve. How can you achieve this score? Discuss
your strengths and weaknesses with a partner.
5 CD 3.7 Listen to two candidates talking about
health and answer the questions.
1 Wh ich candidate uses vocab ul ary well to answer
th e examiner's questio n?
2 Write down some vocab ul ary/ph rases th at the
candidate uses.
3 How co ul d the other candidate im prove? Read
audio script 3.7 on page 204 and make some
suggestions.
Test practice
1 What social problem does this photo show? To
what extent do you think it can cause health 6a Read the questions below and discuss what kind
problems? What other social problems have of answers could be given.
negative effects on people's health?
List 1
2 Complete the paragraphs with the words below. 1 What do you think are the most important
bought controlled cope exist health issues in society?
2 How can th ese health issues be addressed?
Global Health - problems and solutions 3 Do richer countries have a responsibility to help
There are many health issues wh ich affect broade r poorer countries in terms of health? Why/ W hy
society. One of these is stress; today, peopl e have not?
to l _ _ with lots of pressure in li fe in terms of 4 How do you think health issues have changed
work and finance. Anothe r problem is obes ity. Th is over time?
is because un healthy food ca n be 2 _ _ relative ly
cheaply. However, this problem is perhaps specific
to certain co untries. In other coun tries, the problem List 2
is a lack of food . Hunger and poverty still 3 _ _ in 1 In te rm s of health, how can people help
many places in the world. Also, the re are still many th emselves more?
parts of the worl d that suffer from d iseases which are 2 To what extent is it the government's
not adequately 4 _ _ . responsibil ity to look after people's health?
3 Shoul d doctors focus more on preventing
aid contracti ng education reflection sanitation
diseases rather than curing them? Why/ Why
vaccinations
not?
Although the re are solutions to these pro bl ems, t hey 4 In yo ur op inion , w hich health issues are un der-
are not easy to implement. 5 _ _ ca n prevent addressed? What can be done about this?
people from 6 _ _ diseases, but the re also needs
to be imp rovements to 7 _ _ to help w it h other
b Work in pairs. Take turns to be the examiner and
kinds of diseases which may be passed on by things
candidate, and ask and answer the questions .
like water supply rather than from person to person . Use one list per student.
8 _ _ programmes also help peo pl e in poverty,
yet these need to be more sustainable, perhaps by
Assess and improve
supporting food production in certa in countri es. In
other countri es, obesity could be managed by 7 Think about your speaking in Exercise 6b.
9 _ _ ; teach ing peop le from a young age what is Complete the checklist below about your lexical
in thei r food and how to make better food decisions. range.
Lastly, stress could be deal t wi th by exercise and • I managed to answer the questions at length.
10 _ _ on what is importan t in li fe. • I did not have difficulty thinking of words.
3 Work in pairs and discuss the question. What • I used some idiom ati c vocabul ary.
possible solutions can you suggest to combat poor • I used collocations.
nutrition, contagious diseases and sanitation? • I did not repeat phrases a lot.
Student's Resource Book > Speaking page 34 MyEnglishLab > 3b Speaking A and B 49
ll!f!I Module 3
l!Jiil The feel-good factor
Reading (Matching headings; Multiple choice: select two answers)

This year's winter flu deadliest ever
Questions 6- 7
Sleeping too much Fat-free diets
shortens your life make you Choose TWO letters, A-E.
GAIN weight Which TWO of the following claims are made in the
Before you read passage?
A The med ia freq uently misinterprets academic
1 Does your country have guidel ines about what find ings.
food you should and should not eat? To what B Being severe ly overweigh t causes people to
extent do you follow these guidelines, and why? have disturbed nights.
2 What other advice and suppo rt is avai lable to help C Highly stressed people accomplish more than
you look after your health? Think about regular others.
medical checks, access to advice o n improving D Plant-based med icines have only a
your diet, availability of preventive med icine, psychologica l effect.
exercise classes and sports clubs, etc. E Young peop le often underestimate their
physical health and strength.
Test practice
• TEST STRATEGIES pages 171 an d 172 • HELP
2 Complete the test task. Read the instructions, the A What co nclu sion s do th e authors reach about
title and subtitle before reading more closely. newspaper claims?
B Does one condition necessarily lead to the other?
Questions 1-5.
The Reading Passage has FIVE sections, A-E. Task analysis
Choose the correct heading for each section from the 3 Work in pairs and compare your answers to the
list of headings below. questions .
List of Headings 1 For questio ns 1-5 , did you read t he list of
headings before read ing the passage? If so, did
The importance of mai ntaining a se nsible
this help you to iden tify the main topic of each
balance
paragraph?
ii The case in favour of adopting natural remedies
2 For questions 6- 7, how was the information in
iii The ro le played by th e media in generating
the passage o rdered? Were there any parts of the
pan ic about our well-being
passage w hich were not tested? Did you choose
iv The importance of co nsumer questionnaires
the co rrect num ber o f statements?
in better health provision
v The potentia l fo r reachi ng the wrong
Discussion
co nclus ions about daily hab its
vi The advantages of incorporating physical 4 Discuss these questions. Try to use some of the
activity into daily routines modal forms, degrees of certainty and adverbs
vii Real istic goals based on individual circumstances from Language development and vocabulary on
viii Inflexible health principles w hich can be page 48.
decept ive 1 What advice would you give to someo ne who
ix The influence of modern lifestyles on our wanted to become healthier?
health prospects 2 Do you think it is an individual's respo nsibi lity
to look after their own health or should the
government have a role in this? Give reasons to
Paragraph A _ _ 4 Paragraph D _ _ support your opin ion .
2 Paragraph B _ _ 5 Pa ragraph E _ _
3 Paragraph C _ _
• HELP
What is a hypochondriac, and what is encouraging
people to become one?
2 Has it been proved that insufficient sleep is a problem?

Module 3
A growing
preoccupation
Eat your five-a-day, take exercise, avoid alcohol, sugar, stress. Worrying about our
well-being is dominating our lives, and it's bad for us.
A Nearly every day brings with it a new health scare scales of tension were far more likely to suffer heart
headline. Whether it is about the dangers of using attacks in later life. Yet there is a negative aspect to a low
mobile phones, sleeping too much or too little or the heart rate too: while anxiety may make you improve a
risks involved in consuming wheat, it seems that there bad area of your life, ignoring things might cause the
is always a newspaper story to evoke feelings of fear situation to deteriorate. Even so, there is no doubt
and guilt and encourage the hypochondriac in many that avoiding the upper end of the stress spectrum is
of us. In their guide to healthy living, Live a Little! a good idea. "Stress improves your performance to a
Breaking the Rules Won 't Brea!? Your Health author point, above which the way you handle things rapidly
and clinical professor of surgery at UCLA, Dr Susan declines," says Domar.
M. Love and co-author Alice Domar, explore whether D When it comes to a healthy diet, the rules are widely
these warnings can be substantiated, concluding that known: keep your saturated fats low, avoid too much
all too often, headlines misread research findings and salt and sugar, include a little of everything. But be
percentages of risk are incorrectly understood and wary of following overly prescriptive rules as there is
reported. Despite the fact that many people are driven no benefit from agonising about whether you have the
by fear to take every medical test and new pill available, recommended five portions of fruit or vegetables a day.
the authors make the case that many of us are leading "The data really isn't there to support such stringency,"
healthier lives than we realise. says Love. Scientific consensus also asserts that most
B Surveys suggest that the majority of people are getting vitamin supplements have little or no effect on those
too little sleep at night, to the point at which their who eat a healthy range of food, apart from vitamin
normal activities are disrupted. The experts, however, D, which does help those living in sunshine-poor
think such polls give the wrong impression. "It would environments. "It mirrors the proven effects of herbal
seem from these polls that you need at least six hours' remedies, which are mostly disputed," says Domar.
sleep, with seven being ideal," says Love. "If you "Even the benefits of remedies such as echinacea, for
examine the data, you'll notice that those who sleep which there exists evidence in its favour, are just as
for seven hours a night throughout their entire lives likely to be due to the placebo effect as anything else."
tend to live the longest. But if you have a lot less sleep
E It is generally recommended that adults should do
for a couple of days, you can catch up. It's all about
30 minutes of moderate exercise, five days a week.
the overall pattern over your lifetime." And although
However, a recent survey in the UK suggests that 94%
research conducted by the University of Warwick of men and 96% of women fail to achieve this. "Some
Medical School did discover that sleep deprivation is
people can be naturally fit and not need to exercise so
associated with an almost two-fold risk of obesity for
much," says Love. "If you are a young mother with
both children and adults, Domar believes that a lot
a toddler, you probably don't need to spend so much
of work still needs to be done in the field. "No direct
time at the gym. It can depend a lot on your age." "But
causal relationship has been found just yet. Unhealthy
exercise is still the single best thing you can do for
people tend to sleep a lot but we don't know if it's the
your health," says Domar. "It's good to be on the go
disease making them sleep or vice versa."
the whole time. People in their late teens and twenties
C It is well reported that stress triggers heart attacks. tend to be fitter than they think they are. Essentially,
According to an ongoing study of735 American middle- what we're trying to do is to remove the guilt if you
aged or elderly men who had good cardiovascular can't achieve the lofty target of 30 minutes a day, five
health, those who scored the highest on four different days a week."
51
11!!'!1
Module 3
Writing (Task 2)
'The greatest medicine of all is teaching people not to need it. '
Lead-in 1 What do you think the statement above means? How can we
teach people to avoid illness?
Understand the task 2 a Read the essay question and look at the sample problem and
• EXPERT WRITING page 193 solutions. Which solutions are appropriate for the essay?
Some people rely too much on doctors instead of taking care of their
own health. They think all health problems can just be 'fixed' by visiting
doctors.
What problems could this approach to healthcare cause and how might
they be solved?
Problem Solutions
Doctors may be A People shou ld be expected to pay to
overstretched and not be solve problems wh ich they have created
spending time with the thro ugh th eir own li fes tyle choices.
patients who most need B Greater healthcare provision is needed
their help.
C People need education to help them
take responsibi lity for their own health.
D If people vis ited their doctor more
regularly, more health problems could be
detected early and treated before they
became serious.
b Note down another problem and possible solutions for the above
task.
c Discuss your problem and solutions in groups. Are they key
problems? Are the proposed solutions clear and relevant?
52
Module 3
Plan the task 3a Look at the descriptors for grammatical range and accuracy on
page 190. What's the difference between range and accuracy?
b Read the essay question in Exercise 2a again. Make a plan of your
answer. What range of grammatical forms is suitable for this essay?
4 Read the paragraph and find six more mistakes.
Qn.e, issLlt 0Ji-tk pwple, 0Jko ,Me, bdiuiiK1 be-lle.ve. -tkv1.-t d.oc-toY-s skoLlld. be,
Y-tspon.sible, foY- -tktiY- ktv1.l-tk is -tkv1.-t H: GY-tvl.ks vi. bLldtn. on. -tke, ke,v1.l-tkcMe,
suvice, -tkis is btcvl.Llst pwple, 80 -to -tke, d.oc-toY- moY-t v1.n.d. moY-t in.s-te,v1.d,
of-tkin.k, ko0l -tkt_t1 cv\n. kdp -tke,msdve,s. 1kis mLls-t possibl_0 be, solve,).
b_t1 pv1.fan.-ts kv1.vin.8 -to pv1._t1 foY- fre,v1.-tme,n.-t if-tkt_t1 kv1.ve, wn.fribLl-ttd. -to
-tke, illn.tss, sLlck As smoktY--Y-dv1.-td illn.e,sse,s. Also, pwple, WLllv\ be,
8ive,n. moY-t tv\L\GA-tion. v1.n.d. v1.d.vice, on. ko0l -tkt_t1 cv\n. mv1.ke, -tke,k life,s-t_t1lts
ke,v1.l-tkie,y- b_t1 e,v1.-t 0Jdl v1.n.d. txudst. 60\JtY-n.me,n.-l;s WLllv\ pLl-t mon.t_t1 in.to
tn.GOLlY-vl.8tn.8 pwple, -to d.o -tkis mOY"t.
Language and content 5 a Look at the extract below from Exercise 4. Decide which
grammatical structure is being used in the phrase.
Also peop le could be given more education and advice ..
1 modal o f deduction
2 modal passive
3 future modal
b Complete the rule below for forming the grammatical structure in
Exercise 5a.
Modal verb+ _ _ + _ _
c This kind of language is often used to write about solutions.

Change the following sentences to reflect the structure above.
The first one is done for you.
1 People must understand the benefits of eating wel l.
Th e benefits of eating well must be understood.
2 Doctors cann ot persuade people to try making lifestyle changes.
People ..
3 People can find a lot of benefit in regular exercise and healthy eating.
A lot of benefit ..
4 We shoul d pay doctors more for the Job that they do.
Doctors ..
5 We co uld educate patie nts on healthy living
Patients ...
Write your problem and 6 Write your answer to the essay question in Exercise 2a. Write at
solution essay least 250 words.
Assess and improve 7 a Exchange your essay with a partner and review both essays using
the following questions.
1 Does the essay present problems and so lu tions relevant to the title?
2 Are the prob lems explain ed?
3 Are the sol utions clear?
4 Does the essay fo llow a clear structure?
5 Can you see any grammatical mistakes (e.g. tenses, articles,
preposition s)?
6 Is th e pu nctu ation correct?
7 Can you see any spelling mistakes?
b Try to improve your answer. Focus on TWO areas you want to
work on and use the list in Exercise 7a to help.
Student's Resource Book> Writing page 35 MyEnglishLab > 3b Writing A and B 53

Module 3
2 a Complete the sentences with the correct

Review conditional form of the verbs in brackets.
1 If doctors _ _ (vis it) people at home, patients
1a Complete the sentences with one word. The first _ _ (receive) better service.
letter is given. 2 Un less yo u _ _ (stop) smokin g, yo u _ _
(have) serious heal th problem s later in life
1 One m _ _ of losing weight is to reduce
3 I _ _ (take up) ho rse ridi ng if I _ _ (have)
carbohydrate intake.
enough money, but it's too expe nsive for me.
2 Smoking is a real t_ _ to good health.
4 When I _ _ (have) some free tim e at the
3 The c_ _ of poor slee p is a lack of
weekends, I _ _ (go walking) in the mountain s.
concentration.
5 If ch ildren _ _ (learn) to cook, they are more
4 Exercising regularly can have pos itive o _ _ ,
likely _ _ (grow up) to become health ier adults.
both physically and mental ly.
6 If I _ _ (go) to the health food sho p in my
5 People who have a forward- loo king a_ _ to life
street, I _ _ (buy) some nuts an d dried fruit.
are often happiest.
7 If people _ _ (take) more ca re of their health,
6 Investi ng money in medical technology should be
there _ _ (not be) such press ure on heal th ca re
a p_ _ fo r the government.
services.
b Complete the text with the words and phrases 8 When I _ _ (get) up early and go to the gym, it
below. _ _ (make) me feel good all day.
challenges evidently pose quick fix tackle b Rewrite the sentences using modal passive
the tip of the iceberg forms.
1 The govern men t shou ld spend more money on
Child food allergies are on the rise medical research.
2 We cou ld easi ly solve t he proble m of stress if we
One of the 1 _ _ that the mo dern world fa ces worked less.
is the rise in food allergies in children. In the UK 3 Peop le ca n take specific medicin e to protect
alone, it has been es timated that approximately agai nst all ergies.
half of all children suffer from some type of foo d 4 We m ight prevent the sp read of fl u by adopting
allergy. Some experts suggest that this number more hygienic habits.
could be 2 _ _ because not many parents have 5 We cou ld reduce the likelihood of obesity in
their child ren tested for allergies . Experts in child adults by teachi ng chi ldren about the different
health suggest that the modern diet and lifestyle types of foods and the ir nutritional value
3 a threat to children's health and that 6 People can li ft thei r mood if t hey take a short stroll
we must work hard to find solutions that wo rk . in some green space suc h as a pa rk.
4 _ _ , there is no 5 _ _ for this situation 7 The governm ent sho uld introduce a vaccination
because people's lifestyles are different and a program me for ch ildren at pri mary sc hoo l.
wide ra nge of factors contribute to allergies . 8 People beco m ing more self-s ufficient mi ght
It is difficult to isolate w hich aspects are most reduce the im pact of the food indu stry on the
pro blematic, w hich mea ns that it is a challenge for environment.
doctors to 6 _ _ the issue of foo d allergies in
children. For example, a metho d that works for
the sentences.
one child may not be suitable for another.
1 I suggest that everyone should I would take a
holiday once a year in order to destress from work .
c Choose the correct attitude adverb in italics to
2 Increas ing the amount of protein an d fibre in you r
complete the sentences.
diet will I must have beneficial effects.
1 Unfortunately I Undo ubtedly, I wasn't able to attend 3 Taking up a new hobby or sport will I could
the event because my friend was visiting me from possib ly help combat fee li ngs of isolatio n.
overseas. 4 Herbal medici ne may I must be an altern ative for
2 Cl imbing Mount Fuj i was evidently I undoubtedly people who don't like taking an tibiotics.
the most exciting experience of my life. 5 In my opi nion, schools should / will teach ch ildren
3 Children can become stressed w hen faced w ith how to coo k so th ey understand more about
competitio n at schoo l. Evidently I Unfortunately, nutrition
teachers sho uld t ry to reduce th is. 6 In my op ini o n, everyone will I should take up yoga
4 M aking sure you get enough exercise is as a way to maintain good fitness levels.
unfortunately I undeniably the best thing you can 7 Engagin g in a new sport may I must help elderly
do to reduce stress levels. peop le's brains remain healthy fo r lo nge r.
8 In ord er to com bat the spread of disease, hospitals
would / must ensure that they are free of bacteria.

A consumer society
~~~~-~•~1~:• ','" , :,;;;, \,"V•
. 4a-training;f ,t, 4b Testing:! . .

: : Reading: ldentify_~u11c:tions (Matching information; Listening: Section 2: N_
ote and table comple,tion
··:: summary completion) •· · · · · · Language development and vocabulary: Pronoun
•. Vocabulary: Academic verbs for thoughts and belie_fs; Use referencing; Signposting words
'.; . an impersonal style in writing and speaking; Colloc:atioris · • · Speaking: Part 3: Discussing consumerism
: : for thoughts and beliefs , · • Reading: Matching information; Summary completion
: ;speaking: Develop topic-specific vocabulary; Expand
- • : · Wri_ting: Task 2: Opinion essay .
your ideas using conjunctions and phrases (Part 3) · · ·
~ ~• Listening: Use questions to predict answers (Section 2:
· ·. Note and table completion)
: Language development: Form clauses; Subordinate - ·
: clauses; Express opinions with that
;_iWriting: Give your opinion; De,velop your arguments .
~(T.~~k? Opinion essay) . · ·
Lead-in
1a Complete the quiz. How many blue boxes did you tick? How many green boxes did you
tick?
b What do you think it means to be a 'responsible spender' ? To what extent do people
nowadays think about how much they spend and consume?
55
Reading (Matching information; Summary completion)
Before you read Test practice

1 Work in pairs and discuss the questions. Give 5 a Read the summary below and decide whether it
reasons for your answers . summarises the whole passage or just a part of it.
What could be done to reduce waste in a) your If just a part, which part?
country? b) the world? b Read the strategies and complete the test task.
2 Who do you think should be responsible for
helping to limit waste the government, local • TEST STRATEGIES page 170
councils, businesses, individuals? Why?
Questions 6-9
Identify functions Complete the summary below.
2 Read the title and skim the first and last Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the
paragraphs of the reading passage. What kind of passage for each answer.
passage is it? How do you know?
The consequences of progress
1 descriptive 2 argumentative 3 factual
Many of the problems of our age can be bl amed
3a Match the underlined language (1-15) in the on the 6 _ _ which took place over two
passage to the functions (A-E) below. The centuries ago People are soon expected to see
functions can be used more than once. a deterioration in thei r 7 in addition to
A giving examples the current threat to the environment. Already,
B comparing/contrasting declining resources means th at th e wo rl d is having
C summarising to limit its 8
D giving a reason/resu lt The 9 _ _ is expected to expand two-fold
E explaini ng/defining a word or ph rase worldwide by 2030, bringing with it a rise in
spending power and an even greater use of
b Think of other ways to express the functions in
re sources.
Exercise 3a.
c How does being aware of functional language
help you to read efficiently for the information c Work in pairs and discuss your answers.
you need?
Task analysis
Test practice 6 Work in pairs and discuss the questions .
4a Read the strategies and complete the test task. 1 In the first task, did underlining the key wo rds help
you to identify the ideas in the paragraphs more
• TEST STRATEGIES page 171 quickly? Give examples.
2 In the second task, did the title of the summary
Question 1- 5 help you to find the part of the passage you
The reading passage has FIVE paragraphs, A-E. needed? How successful were you in predicti ng
Which section contains the following information? the type of word you we re looki ng fo r? Did you
Write the correct letter, A-E. You may use any letter look for a grammatical fit as we ll as match ing the
more than once. meaning?
1 A system in w hich resources wou ld be exploited Discussion

to their full potential through regenerat ion
7 Discuss these questions.
2 A proposal to make manufacturers more
1 How do you think people might be persuaded
accountable for the goods they produce.
to cha nge thei r mindsets and be convinced to be
3 The cause of a wasteful approach to living part of a 'shari ng' system 7
4 A real istic prediction for the future of our plan et 2 What problems or drawbacks migh t occur with
5 The potential risks of a step-by-step approach a 'shari ng' eco nomy and how might they be
towards economic change. resolved?
b Work in pairs and discuss your answers.

Module 4
A consumer society
l!I
Re-thinking an extravagant world
A These days many people around the world enjoy the thinkers behind these ideas have pioneered a
an unprecedented level of prosperity. 1 Yet this has new standard for how the world could be run: the
come at a steep price: the creation of the so-called "circular economy." The central aim of moving
linear economy. 2 In other words, it is a "make, take towards a circular economy is to improve resource
and dis ose" econom in which we extract natural productivity by keeping goods and resources in use
resources, exploit them and then dispose of them for as long as possible, through recovery, reuse,
as soon as a more up-to-date alternative becomes repair, remanufacturing and recycling. 10 It is
available. At the moment, the world 's growth model therefore not so much about "doing more with less"
squanders the majority of the resources which but rather doing more with what we already have
we procure. Research in the US and Europe on by solving the problem of low resource utilisation:
consumption habits has shown the frequency in the goal would be to allow wealth to increase while
which scarcely u sed resources are found discarded using less oil, minerals and other spoils of the Earth.
in landfills. 3 In Germany, for instance, almost one
third of household appliances disposed of in 2012 D On a smaller scale, schemes are being conceived by
were still functioning, 89% of mobile dev ices in many companies to use resources more efficiently.
the US went straight to a landfill and in the UK, it The so-called "sharing economy" represents a real
is estimated that as many as 125 million phones move forward with enterpri ses such as car-sharing,
languish in landfills, unused. Shamefully, cars in (which may reduce the number of vehicles on the
Europe remain parked 92% of the time; planned road, or at least limit their growth) and renting out
obsolescence is how we live. spare rooms. This concept of leasing resources is
not new but it is one of the business models which
B Mass and conspiCllous consumption, the burning could help decrease the use of materials in the
of fossi I fuels, the creation of dense urban habitats longer term. 11 If washing machines, for example,
and increased ownership of cars can largely be were rented, the makers of the products rather than
attributed to the Industrial Revolution of the 13u, consumers would be responsible for repair and
and early 19 th centuries and has created huge replacement. 12 This would significantly decrease
environmental and social problems. 4 It not only the use of materials and might, one assumes, also
endangers the natural world but will eventually trigger a change in the design which would enhance
have an adverse effect on our living standards; the focus on longevity. It is true that consumers
already, our economic productivity on a global level have well-established buying habits and that firms
is being curbed by the rapid depletion of existing and would encounter high costs when first establishing
readily accessible natural capital 5 such as clean the new business models. 13 But the benefits could
sources of potable water and forests. In a recent outweigh the immediate barriers, if people could be
study, it was found that perhaps 85% of Europe's soil convinced to change their mindsets.
has been degraded; mining for natural resources
E However, solutions within a single industry or
such as zinc has also become more expensive and
company are not going to be sufficient, because
the quality of the metal has diminished , 6 making
this practice of leasi ng effectively ignores the needs
it even more energy inefficient. At the same time, it
of the overall system. Moreover, if we resolve the
is expected that the global middle class will double
problem in such a piecemeal way, we risk causing
by 2030, 7 which means even higher consumption;
a "rebound effect." 14 That is, economic benefits
given we consume more as we earn more. This path
gained in one area - such as driving less - being
is simply not sustainable; 8 we cannot continue to
grow as a species and live well without changing the offset by all those savings being spent on another
way we operate. product or service. 15 For a ll these reasons we need
the collaborative approach embodied in the circular
C Many people are now considering how the global economy so that we can maximise the benefits of
economy might function differently 9 in order that these new technologies.
more value can be extracted from existin resources;
57
II Module4
A consumer soci ety
b Read the e xample sente nces and complete the

Vocabulary grammatical rules w ith the corre ct w ords below.
adjective adverb (x2) noun past participle
Academic verbs for thoughts and beliefs present simple verb
1 a Match the verbs below w ith their meanings (1- 8) . There is considerable evidence that fast fashion is
acknowledge assume conceive consider contributing to rising consumption.
contradict convince define speculate It is widely acknowledged that our generation is more
wasteful than previous ones.
To believe that something is true although you do Some people strongly believe that governmen ts need to
not have definite proof make recycling compulsory.
2 To disagree wi th something, especia lly by saying 1 There is + _ _ + _ _ + that + clause
that the opposite is true. 2 It is + _ _ + _ _ + that+ clause
3 To describe something correctly and thoroughly. 3 Some people + _ _ + _ _ + that + clause
4 To guess about the possible causes or effects of
3 Complete the sentences with the correct form of
something.
the words in brackets.
5 To think about something careful ly.
6 To adm it or accept something is true or that a There is a _ _ that the eco nomy is more
situati on exists. important than the environment. (w idespread/
7 To make someone fee l certain that something is believe)
true. 2 There is an _ _ that be ing eco- fri end ly is the
8 To imagi ne a pa rticula r situation. best type of lifestyle. (unde rlie/assume)
3 Some experts have _ _ that recycli ng isn't as
b Complete the text with the correct form of the effective as reducing waste. (formal/ack nowledge)
verbs in Exercise la . 4 There is a that 1nd 1v1dua ls cannot make a
difference if they recycle. (common/m isconceive)
Cou ld you 1 _ _ of a life w ithout a m obile phone?
A lthoug h it seem s unlikely, there is a c hance that 4 Improve the sections of the text in italics using the
mobile p hone productio n could stop . This is due structures in Exercise 2b and the prompts 1- 3.
to the scarc ity of the rare earth m etals used to 1 Lots of people think bottled wate r is t he best kind
construct and power all sm art phones. Rare eart h of water to dri nk. Al th ough 2 definitely bottled water
metals are 2 _ _ as 'lanthanides', w hic h are 17 is a necessity in some countri es, in other places safe
c hemical elem ents in the peri odic table. Most p eop le tap wate r is by fa r th e best o ptio n. 3 It is not true
3 _ _ that the resources needed to m ake smart that all kinds of tap water are of low quality; in some
phones w ill go o n fo rever, however the evidence countries the tap water is safe r than bottled water.
4 _ _ this. While companies try to 5 _ _ us 1 Many peop le/believe/gene ral
that everything is fin e, scientists 6 _ _ that this 2 It/true/undeniable
could c hange. Although rare earth m etals are not 3 There/misconception /co m mon
that rare, they are difficult to extract so scientists
pred ict that they could b ecom e too expensive to use Collocations for thoughts and beliefs
in small gadgets in the future. This is a fact w hic h 5a Match 1-5 with A-E to form collocations.
com panies and consumers have to 7 _ _ as to have A someth ing into cons ideration
being a real problem . In the future we w ill probabl y 2 to be B onese lf to somethi ng
need to 8 _ _ altern atives to rare earth m etals so 3 to take C a lot of fa ith in something
o ur love of m obile phones can continue. 4 to pass D Judgement on so m ethi ng
5 to resign E open to ideas
Use an impersonal style in writing and the collocations in Exercise 5a.
speaking 1 People often _ _ large fashion compan ies that
2a Read sentences 1 and 2. Which sentence uses pay their worke rs low sa laries.
an impersonal style and which uses a personal 2 It can be d ifficu lt to _ _ t he govern ment's
style? com m itment to im provi ng recycli ng facilities
1 It is thought that people buy many products that 3 Studen ts have to _ _ not bei ng able to afford
they do not use. luxury prod ucts du ri ng the ir stud ies.
2 I think that people buy many produ cts that they 4 So as to make society less focused on shopping,
do not use. we have to _ _ ideas abou t new ways of living.
5 Whe n buying products, we shou ld _ _ the
environ m enta l cost of making them .
58 Student's Resource Book > Vocabulary page 38 MyEnglishLab > 4a Vocabulary

Module4 ~
A consumer society 1.1.1
c Match the words below with the conjunctions in
column B in Exercise 3b.
along with alternatively another thing as well as
'Infinite growth of material consumption in a finite instead in the end on the grounds that
world is an impossibility.' E. F. Schumacher on the other hand since
Lead-in d Complete the sentences using the words and

phrases in Exercise 3c.
1 Read the quote above. What do you think it
1 I know recycling is so methi ng we shou ld al l
means? How far do you agree with this view?
be co ncerned with. it ca n be so time-
consuming and d ifficult to do.
2 Many people recycle by choice. In some areas th e
2a Complete the definitions (1-6) with the words governm ent enforces recycl ing _ _ .
below. 3 I im agine there are a lot of companies that don't
bother to make thei r prod ucts bi odegradable
landfi ll sites ecological footprint biodegradable
_ _ it costs too mu ch mo ney.
renewable resources fast fash ion upgrades
4 Th ere are many ways to be more environmental ly
aware. You can limit the amount of waste you
1 _ _ is the quick turnover of clothing styles.
throw away. _ _ , you can buy fewer thi ngs in
2 _ _ are areas where large amounts of rubbish
the first place.
are kept
5 One issue we need to th ink about is recycling and
3 _ _ describes substances which decompose
waste. we should be concerned about 1s
over time.
us ing up our limited fuel resources.
4 _ _ is the total impact that an individual or
group has on the environment
5 are sources of fuel that do not run out
Test practice
6 _ _ are newer or better versions of someth ing. • TEST STRATEGIES page 175
b Think of some questions using the vocabulary in
4 a Read the questions below. Think of ways you can
Exercise 2a. Discuss them with a partner.
create a full answer by using conjunctions and
phrases to add further ideas.
Expand your ideas using conjunctions and
phrases 1 Do you th ink it is worth tryi ng to recycle?
2 In what ways can people save/reuse resources?
3 a Read the question and think of the answer you 3 Is it better to recycle or limit consumption?
might give. 4 Should recycling be voluntary or mandatory?
Do you think it is worth trying to recycle? b Work in pairs and take turns to ask and answer
the questions . Use the following:
b Join together the words/phrases in columns • Subject-specific vocabu lary
B and C to complete one long answer to the • Words and phrases to link and add further ideas
question. and details
• Connected speech
A B C
Absolutely. and they know it'll be better for Task analysis
The people the environment.
5 a Think about your and your partner's answers
I know but they try not to buy things and respond to the statements.
try to buy which aren't biodegradable
things
1 I/My partner used some subject-specific
or recyclable. vocabulary
which
so they aren't always easy to 2 I/My partner gave a long answer for each question
can be
find. (more than 10 seconds)
recycled ..
because they buy things which are 3 I/My partner used some phrases and words to link
biodegradable. ideas.
or they don't generate lots of
4 The phrases I/my partner used to link ideas were
correct
unnecessary waste.
5 I/My partner used connected speech in the right
Absolutely The people I know try to buy things which places
can be recycled because they know it'll be better for the b Note down one area from the list in Exercise 5a
environment. that you need to improve.
MyEnglishLab > 4a Speaking 59

l.1i.l
- Module4
A consumer society
Test practice
4 CJ 4. 1 Complete the test tasks.
Questions 1-4
Upcycling workshops programme
Workshop Date and Skills focus

topic frequency
How to reuse Mondays all wood and
your furniture day, weekly metal care
Before you listen and make 1--
stylish pieces.
1 What do you think 'upcycling' means? Look
Turning Tw ice monthly using craft
at the photo of an upcycled chair. What has
happened? Why do you think people upcycle old rubbish into 2-- tools
useful things ! Tu esday fixi ngs -
objects? To what extent do you think this is a
good idea? Why? 2.00p m - adhesive/
6.00p.m. nail s, etc.
Use questions to predict answers Give your Tuesdays and advanced
clothes a new Thu rsdays sewing
2 a Read questions 1-4 in the test task opposite and
life 800am - stitches
answer the questions .
(3 _ _ 12 00p.m
1 Do you need to fo ll ow the info rmation required)
downwards in colum ns or across in rows? How
do you know? Making gift Fridays 4- -
2 What is the maximum number of words for the boxes out 800am- decoration
answers to q uestions 1- 47 of your old 12.00p.m ideas
3 Which questions do you think wi ll require nouns wood.
as the answe rs?
4 Which q uesti ons might require verbs?
5 Which q uesti on(s) are about how often something Questions 5- 7
happens? Complete the notes below.
b Is there anything else in the table that could help Write NO MORE THAN TWO WOR DS AND/OR A
you when listening for the answers? NUMBER for each answer.
3 a Read questions 5-7 in the test task opposite and How to reuse your furniture and make stylish
predict the type of word you need to listen for.
pieces
b Answer the questions about questions 5-7 in the Workshop details
test task. 5 _ _ not necessary
Can you change the words from what you hear in Bring your own furn iture so transpo rt esse ntial
the recordi ng? Mention 6 _ _ when appl yin g
2 Can you write three wo rds to answe r these 7 _ _ essential fo r safety
questions? How do you know?
Discussion
5 Discuss the questions. Why is it important to
preserve the world's resources? In your view, do
activities such as upcycling have a large impact
on the future of the environment? Why/Why not?

Module 4 ~
A consumer society ~
3 When a clause has a subordinating conjunction

(e .g. when, while, as, although), the clause
becomes subordinate and needs another clause
Form clauses to complete the sentence. Match the sentence
beginnings (1-5) with the endings (A-E).
• EXPERT GRAMMAR page 178 1 While many activities cost money,
1 a Read the text below and underline three 2 Although going to the cinema or restaura nt may
incorrect sentences. be enjoyable,
3 Some people are good at managing money
Clean ing up your home can actually save you money. 4 People shou ld do some kind o f exercise every
If you have a lot of cl utter, try to get ri d of this. You week
can look around the house fo r items that you do not 5 Un less people are sufficiently motivated,
use an d sel l them off o r give them away. O ne key way A whether they want to or not.
to red uce yo ur spend ing and make money. Thi s co uld B they wil l not be able to reduce the ir spend ing.
also make your home a nicer place to be in. W ith the C exercise is free.
effect of bein g a more pl easant environ ment . Thi s D while other people find co ntrol ling thei r fi nances
might also make yo ur ho me a more enjoyable place more difficult.
to be in, wh ich also saves yo u money. Because yo u E they can be quite expensive pastimes.
w ill not go out as much.
4 Punctuate the paragraphs below. The
subordinating conjunctions are in bold.
b Match the mistakes you underlined with the
reason for the mistake (A-F) . There are more life is not all about spendi ng money thinking abou t
reasons than you need. saving money and resou rces ca n be real ly benefi cial
A No verb if you are careful with money an d resou rces yo u may
B Wrong tense be ab le to affo rd some of the items yo u really want in
C No subject th e future yo u wil l be ai d ing the enviro nment too as
D Object needed wasti ng resources is one of the largest enviro nmen tal
E A missing clause prob lems in the wo rld
F A missing conjunction whenever yo u th ink about disposing of someth ing
co nsider w heth er you can do anythi ng else with it
c Put the words and phrases in the correct order
th ink of activities you can do w hich do not involve
to make sentences. Add punctuation and capital
resources whereas watchi ng televisio n fo r an hour
letters where necessary.
uses power going fo r a walk does not consume
1 use/ unplug them/ many electronic devices/ a any resources small steps like these can make a
great deal of energy/ so / when you can cons iderabl e difference.
2 these devices/ when not in use/ shou ld unplug/
you 5 Complete the sentences below. Work in pairs and
3 you/ it/ hard/ might seem/ w ill save/ money/ discuss the reasons for your answers .
but
1 If I had enough money, ..
4 they/ the time/ many people/ th is/ because/
2 W hile I don't always enJoy ...
neglect to do/ simp ly do not have
3 Although most people say ..
Subordinate clauses Express opinions with that
2 Which sentences (A or B) are NOT full
6a Read the following sentence. What structure
sentences?
follows the w ord that?
1 A There is no poi nt in th rowing away leftover
There is widespread belief that reusing things saves
food.
money.
B Although there is no point in th rowing away
A a clause B a noun phrase C a verb
leftover food.
2 A People buy too many things at the b Put the words and phrases in the correct order to
supermarket. express opinions using that.
B Whenever people buy too many things at the 1 by our/ disagree/ is being harmed/ Many
supermarket. people/ our planet/ that/ wastefulness.
3 A If you have made too much di nner. 2 double the amount/ Experts speculate/ of waste/
B You have made too much dinner. that/ we discard / we will soon
4 A Because food will keep a long time in the 3 it might be easier/ it will not help/ the
freezer. environment./ that/ to just use resources freely,/
B Food will keep a long time in the freezer. We must take into consideration/ whi lst
Student's Resource Book > Language development page 39 MyEnglishLab > 4a Language development 61
m Module4
A consumer society
Writing (Task 2)
Lead-in
1 Look at the cartoon. What is the joke?
Give your opinion

2 Read the essay task and number the paragraphs
answering the question in the correct order.
Recycling is a waste of time. Individuals cannot do

enough to make a significant contribution to the
problem of rubbish.
To what extent do you agree?
A
Recycling is a straightforward way for people to
contri bute to conservi ng the Earth's resources.
Recycling household waste does not require much
Develop your arguments
effort from ind ividuals since collection facilities 3 Read the example essay in Exercise 2 and
are often prov ided by local governments. In answer the questions.
addition, there are specialist recycling centres for Underl ine the w riter's answer in the introduction
larger objects such as domestic appliances As a paragraph.
result, many people in lots of countries recycle as 2 What phrase introdu ces the writer's opinion in the
much as poss ible nowadays, therefore it should introduction paragraph?
be acknowledged that individuals can make a 3 What is th e mai n idea in th e fi rst co nte nt
di fferen ce paragraph ?
B 4 What kind of su pport (e.g. reason, example) does
In conclusio n, it can be argued that recycling is the write r use in the fi rst content paragraph ?
effective A large number of people in different 5 What is the main idea in the second content
co untries now conside r it to be a part of their paragrap h?
everyday lives and make use of the recycling facilities 6 What kind of support does th e writer use in the
provided for them. If th is were further developed by secon d content paragraph?
local services and governments. the effects would be 7 Does the con clusion agree with the answer in the
eve n greater introduction paragraph?
C
Modern soc iety produces a cons iderable quantity Write your opinion essay
of waste which somehow needs to be disposed of
Al th ough many people bel ieve that recyclin g is a
good idea, oth ers claim th at it is not effective. In my 4a Read the essay task below. Consider your
view, recycling is not a waste of time and should be opinion and plan your answer. Think about:
encouraged This essay wil l d iscuss w hy recycli ng is
how much yo u agree.
effective.
what main reaso ns you have for this op inion .
D explanations and examp les you can use to
On the other hand, recycling cannot on ly be done by suppo rt you r main reasons
ind ividual s. Some believe that until larger institutions how you ca n li nk your explanations and examples
start recycl ing their waste, whateve r ind ividuals do is together.
merely a dro p in the ocean. However, public opinion
is sh ifting towards environmental awareness and Everyone should be encouraged to use fewer resources
every individual that recycles is now part of a larger rather than recycle more.
movement. Further encouragement from governments To what extent do you agree with this statement?
and other institutions may ensure the effectiveness
of individual contributions. For examp le, if local
governm ents collected large items from people's b Now write your answer. Write at least 250 words.
houses, this would encou rage further recycling c Work in pairs and answer the questions in
Exercise 3 about your essays. How can you
improve your answers?
62 Student's Resource Book> Writing page 40 MyEnglishLab > 4a Writing A and B

Listening {Section 2)
Before you listen Test practice
1 Work in pairs and discuss the questions . • TEST STRATEGIES page 168
1 Is giving presents important in your culture? Why?
2 Are there any typical or trad it iona l presents in 3a Work in pairs. Look at questions 1-10 below and
your culture and when would you give the m?
discuss possible answers. What 'clues' are there
3 Are th ere any gifts wh ich yo u shou ld avo id givi ng in the questions?
in you r cul ture? When/Why? b CD 4.2 Complete the test tasks.
Identify links between ideas Questions 1-4

2 a Read the table . Discuss the order in which the Complete the table below.
information will be given. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A
Questions 1-3
Complete the table below. Buying gifts for work colleagues
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A Suggestion Possible outcome
Cost Make sure it is not upsets
too expensive 1- -
Gift Age range Advantage Disadvantage
Spend a Shows respect and
Robot 10+ 1- - High price
2 - - amount of thoughtfulness
money
car (unsu itable
for young Style Buy something Reduces risk of
children) classic 3--
Talking 2-- Low price Not li felike, Do not be overly Can be consi dered
doll years hair fal ls ou t, 4-- boring
cloth es
3--
Magic 12 and Easy to Batteries not Questions 5-10
tricks over, follow supp lied Complete the notes below.
game poss ibly instructions
more
Write NO MORE THAN ONE WORD for each answer.
suited to
Gifts for stages of employment
teenagers
Welcome - used to signify 5 _ _ a new
organisat ion
b Match the words (1-4) with the functions (A-D) . Anniversary markers - 6 _ _ corresponds to the
length of time working
1 firstly, then, lastly
Additional function - gives employees an 7 _ _
2 however, but, on the other hand
to re main at the same company.
3 which is, made for, aimed at
Leaving - co-workers 8 _ _ to buy a gift fo r the
4 the good thing, a great bonus, fantastic for
leaver.
A connecting the gift to the age range 9 _ _ - sim ilar to leaving party
B moving from one gift to the next - Main difference - higher value of gift
C introducing an advantage - Importance indicated by 10 _ _ from se ni or
D moving from an advantage to a d isadva ntage emp loyee
c Read the note-completion questions in Exercise
3b. Why is it more difficult to predict the links
between the ideas?
Task analysis
4 Work in pairs and discuss the question .
1 Wh ich question type (table or note completion)
were you able to answer more easily? Why?
Student's Resource Book > Listening page 41 MyEnglishLab > 4b Listening 63

1111'!1 Module 4
laJiil A consumer soc iety
Pronoun referencing Signposting words

• EXPERT GRAMMAR page 178 3 a Write the signposting words below in the
correct place in the table . Can you think of more
1a Read the text. Match the underlined pronouns and examples of signposting words?
phrases (1- 10) with the nouns or phrases (A- J).
although consequently due to despite for instance
Most people wi ll have heard of eBay, the buyi ng finally furthermore however in addition
and selling website. 1 il al lows individuals and smal l in conclusion initially in particular nevertheless
companies to buy and sell products in a way which on the contrary therefore whereas
was not previously possible. eBay has been extremely
successful and 2 this has encou raged peop le to set up To add To show To To give To show
simi lar webs ites. Some of them foc us so lely on one more the order compare examples reasons
type of product wh ereas 3 oth ers are more general For inform ation of things or and
example, Etsy predom inantly foc uses on handmade contrast result s
craft products, 4 most of which are made by artists,
des igners and j ewellery makers. Because th eir skills are
appreciated more by Etsy custo mers, 5 th ey are ab le
to charge a fairer pri ce fo r th eir tim e than they wou ld
on eBay, 6 whi ch enabl es th em to have a more viab le
busi ness. There are also apps for individuals to buy and
sell 7 thei r own possessions qui ckly and eas ily, such as
Depo p. 8 Th is lets you upload photos an d share 9 them
on social media. 10 This mean s that both buyers and
sellers reach a wider audience
A artists, des igners and jewel lery makers

B websites that al low you to buy prod ucts b Choose the correct option in italics to complete
C upload ing photos and sharing them on social media the text.
D bei ng able to charge mo re money than on eBay
E eBay H individ ual s
Foraged or fi eld-to-table food is the latest trend in
F the photos I hand made craft products
high-end resta urants around the world. Most of us
G eBay's success J the ap p believe t hat food in top restaurants is meticulou sly
b Answer the questions about pronouns . grown und er special conditions. 1 Wh ereas/ On the
1 Which prono uns can replace people's names? contrary, foraged food comes straight from field s in
2 What type of nou ns ca n these and those replace? the countrys id e to resta urant kitchens. 2 Although I
3 Do th is and that replace si ngul ar nouns, whole Furthermore some peop le predict it will be a short-
phrases/ideas or both? li ved fa shion, others di sag ree 3 for instance I due to
4 What do relative pro nouns (wh ich, who, where) the ph ilosop hy behind th e appro ac h. Th e aim is to
replace? reduce th e numb er of people who touch the food.
4 In addition I Nevertheless, it adds creativity and
2 Complete the sentences with the pronouns below.
authenticity to the menu. 5 Initially I Although, it
their these they this which was popular in Denmark where Chef Rene Redzepi
introd uced the concept. 6 Consequently I However,
1 The internet is a sell ing too l _ _ has given many
it is now popular all over the world and people are
people the opportunity to start small businesses
2 Fashi on co mpan ies regularly target teenage girls willi ng to spe nd a fortune on thi s typ e of food.
in adve rti si ng. _ _ approach is co nsidered 7 In conclusion I Furthermore, chefs say that it
unethi cal by many peopl e changes how they cook, 8 in particular I despite how
3 People often overs pend when it co mes to buying they prepa re rare in gredi ents to enh ance th e natural
presents Fm ch ild ren As a result, _ _ often flavours. Thi s new style of sou rcin g food is all about
struggle to understand the va lue of possessions focusing on high-quality, natural ingred ients
4 Around th e world peo ple have di fferent attitudes 9 therefore I finally it is easy for resta urants to
towards spend ing mo ney _ _ often stem from charge extreme prices for their creation s.
cu ltu re an d social va lues
64 Student's Resource Book > Language development and Vocabulary pages 42-43 MyEnglishLab > 4b Language development and Vocabulary A and B
Module 4
A consumer society
Speaking (Part 3)
Focus on pronunciation
4a Turn to page 183 and read the level descriptors
for pronunciation. Match the underlined words in
(1-4) with the pronunciation features (A-D).
1 a new car A Connected speech
2 I like brand labels. B Weak forms
3 I'd love to be a millionaire. C Sentence stress
4 importanu;o D Word stress
b cm 4.3 Listen and decide whether speaker
1 or speaker 2 is using correct features of
pronunciation.
Vocabulary developmen t c cm 4.4 Listen to two candidates talking about
shopping. Which of them (1 or 2) do you think is
1 Look at the photos. Can you name the items
more likely to get a better band score? Why?
shown? How much do you think each item is
worth? Test practice
2 Complete the text with the words below.
brand gadgets materialistic possessions
status symbol successful value 5 a Read the questions below. Think about your
answers and your pronunciation.
Today, it can be argued that people do not
understand the 1 _ _ of money as much as Are brands important? For what groups of
they did in the past, spending so as to show off people?
new things that are soon thrown away. The world is 2 How are people influenced by advertising?
certainly becoming more 2 _ _ as people see the 3 How much pressure is there on people to buy
latest 3 and most famous 4 _ _ names as the latest gadgets these days?
a form of 5 _ _ amongst their friends However, 4 Do you think the world is too materialistic these
we must remember that whi lst these things may days? Why/Why not?
make you appear more 6 _ _ , they do not
necessarily bring you happiness It is rare that joy
is found in 7 _ _ , for this feeling usually comes b Work in pairs and ask and answer the questions
from within. in Exercise 5a. Record your answers if possible.
3 Work in pairs and discuss the questions. Assess and improve

1 What kinds of problems are associated with
6a Work in pairs and discuss the questions.
buying brand names? Why?
2 Do you think people are successful because of 1 Were there any words you could not understand?
what they own? Why/Why not? 2 Were there any sections that you did not
3 Would you say the world is becoming more understand?
materialistic? Why/Why not? Do you think this is 3 Were the most important words stressed?
true in only certain parts of the world? If so, which 4 Was your partner's speech well connected?
ones? 5 Did he/she use strong and weak forms?
4 In what situations might material ism be b Decide on TWO key features of pronunciation to
beneficial? When could it be negative? try to improve.
Student's Resource Book > Speaking page 44 65

Module 4
A consumer soci ety
Reading (Matching information; Summary completion)
Questions 7-10
Complete the summary below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the
How to spend money

People often find it difficult to stop buyin g things
but they may be able to become happi er with
w hat they have bought Clearly, people need
money to li ve but having achieved a 7 _ _ ,
more money will not mean it will get better
Before you read Psychologist Elizabeth Dunn recommends the
more lasting benefits of spending money on
1 Work in groups and discuss the questions. 8 _ _ and on doing something new rather than
1 What are you r three most preciou s possessi ons? on buying things. Although our motive for buying
Why do they mean so much to you? something is often because we want 9 _ _ in
2 What would you say makes one person more our lives, this idea w ill disappear as soon as we
interested in money and possessions than anoth er? obta in the thing we wanted Dunn's advice is to
How materialistic do you think you are compared spend money on something which will improve
to other people? the quality of the 10 _ _ available to you.
3 Do you prefer to spend money on possession s
or on experiences such as ho lid ays or tickets to
events? Give reason s • HELP
8 Will this noun be singular or plural/countable or

Test practice uncountable? How do you know?
2 Read the strategies and complete the test task. 9 Find a word in this part of the passage which means
disappear.
• TEST STRATEGIES pages 170 and 171
Task analysis
Question 1-6
The reading passage has SIX paragraphs, A-F.
1 Which of the strategies did you find helpful ?
Which section contains the following information?
2 Which strategies would you like to try next time?
Write the correct letter, A-F. You may use any letter
more than once.
Discussion
A compar ison of what drives the desire for 4 To what extent do you agree with the statements
possessions across a range of commun ities below? Give reasons and examples from your
2 Surprising research find ings lin k persona l well- own experience.
being and the desire for possessions. We expect new belongings not only to improve
3 A reason why peopl e might treasu re something the quality of our lives, but also to enhance the
that cost very little. way we are viewed by others.
2 Th ough we expect new belongings to bring
4 An example of an inclination used to manipulate
cha nge, this vague notion usually evaporates o nce
people into spending money.
we have acquired the new item.
5 Th e potential impact of depriving people of 3 Our belongings play an important role in
their possessions bolstering our sense of identity.
6 A wa rning of the possible consequences of 4 Our material isti c desires are usually dictated not
'retail therapy'. by w hat we need, but by what those around us
possess.
• HELP
4 Who might use this technique?

5 In what situations might people have possessions taken
away from them?
66 MyEnglishLab > 4b Reading A and B

Module 4
A consumer society
MY
PRE CIOU S
f:§iii!~io~il!Jfi ~;i~(h~~~'deep ni'ed,~ing,.~~~ ~~ .. :
they make us happy;-qsks Michael Bond :.,. ,~<- ._
A As we all know, our relationship with the items we own
goes far beyond utility and aesthetics. As well as being
useful , our possession s represent our extended selves.
They are " repositories of ourselves", says Catherine
Roster at the Uni versity of New Mex ico in Albuquerque.
"It might be a sweater, a la mp, an umbrella - a n obj ect
does n't have to have materi al value to have emotional
va lue." Our ability to imbue things with rich meaning
is a universal human trait that emerges earl y in life and
develops as we age. The inclination to value material
possessions beyond what others consider they are worth
is know n in psychology as the "endowment effect". It
explains why we are more likely to buy a coat once E Our culture of hyper-consumerism ca n make it diffic ult
we have tried it on as the mere act of imagining that to determine where normal behaviour ends a nd
something is ours in effect adds value to a n obj ect. compul sion begin s. Of course we are all materialistic to
some extent and we do obtain a boost of happiness fro m
B O ur ability to imag ine the way new possessions will
a new possession. But it does not last and because it is so
change our lives is what drives us to acquire them in
fleeting, there is a da nger that many people immedi ately
the firs t place, states Marsha Richins at the Uni versity
feel the need to make yet a nother purchase. Studies
of Mi ssouri in Columbia. Her research demonstrated
have clearly demonstrated that those who need material
that we have "tra nsformatio n expectation s" about new
possess ions to make themselves feel happier may in fac t
belongings: we expect the m not only to improve the
be struggling to fi nd ful fi lment in other key areas of their
quality of our lives but also to enhance the way we are
lives, such as relati onships. But interestingly, the dri ve to
viewed by others. It is a tende ncy expertl y exploited by
attain greater material wealth may not itself be the cause
adverti sers, she claims.
of thi s di scontentment: a study by Ri k Pieters at Tilburg
C Our belongings also have a n important role in bolstering University in the Netherl ands revealed that while
our sense of identity, one made most apparent when loneliness tends to make people more materialistic, the
we are fo rced to discard them. T his can be diffi cult, inverse is not necessarily true.
even traumatic, since it is akin to relinquishing a part
F We may not be able to influence our dri ve for acqui sition
of ourselves . In stitutions such as prisons and military
but we do have the power to alter the degree of happiness
camps stri ve for just this result by removing clothes
we derive from the purchases we make. It is widely
and other personal effects from inmates and recruits
understood that once yo u earn enough to maintain a
and issuing them with standardised kit, which serves to
comfortable lifes tyle, addi tio nal money does not continue
dimini sh their individuality: they in effect beco me like
to improve your quality of life. But that could well be
clay, primed for reshaping.
because people are spendi ng it wrongly. Research by
D Our materialistic as pirations are usua lly dictated not by psychologist Elizabeth Dunn revea led that spending
what we need, but by what those around us possess. Envy money on experiences and other people offers a more
is a mover of markets. At a deep level it is all about equity enduring boon than spending lavishly on other items.
and dignity, says Edward Fischer, an anthropologist at The price of the foo tball boots that yo u purchase fo r your
Vanderbilt Uni versity in Nashville, Tennessee. "Is it fa ir nephew, for example, matters fa r less than whether you
that I have less than others? And what does this mea n accompany him to the park when he first wears them, she
to my sense of self-worth? This isn't just a feature of says. Though we expect new belongings to bring change,
affl uent societies," he adds. "It's also true among ru ral this vague notion usually evaporates once we have
Maya fa rmers, Cairo's workers and various other groups acquired that new item. So before making a purchase,
of peopl e around the worl d. The norms of those peer Dunn suggests you pause to consider what yo u will be
groups differ greatl y but the influence of an indi vidual's able to do differently once you have it and whether it
relative standing a mong them is equa lly importa nt no will truly affect the way you spend yo ur time - which in
matter where yo u a re in the world." essence is your most precious commodity.
67
~ Module4
~ A co nsum er so ciety
Writing (Task 2)
Lead-in 1 What brands do you tend to use or buy? Do you agree that branding
encourages people to buy more than they need? Why/ Why not?
Understand the task 2a Read the essay title and the opinions and ideas (1-7). Tick the
> EXPERT WRITING page 794 opinions and ideas which are suitable for this essay.
Nowadays people value possessions more than other important aspects

of life such as people and experiences.
To what extent do you agree or disagree?
People consume too much - th is takes the ir attention away from

other important aspects.
2 Consumerism is an importan t force which drives the world
economy - without it our way of life would change.
3 Social media has brought peop le together - many com mun ities are
stronger nowadays.
4 Family and friends play a sign ificant role in life - most people value
spending time with them.
5 People should spend less money on possess ions - buying cheaper
products is much better.
6 It is important to value people in life - they support us through
difficult times.
7 Some possessions are important and should be valued - gifts,
house, necessary objects, etc.
b Work in pairs and discuss your answers with a partner. Explain
why you think the ideas you chose are suitable for the essay.
3 Read the essay title below and complete the table with ideas and
supporting arguments. One has been done for you.
Some people believe that consumerism is good for countries, whereas

others argue that it has negative consequences.
Discuss both views and give your opinion.
Ideas Supporting arguments
1 Shopping generates business for Brings wealth to businesses and

companies and the development therefore countries
of new products Improves people's standard of
living as new products can offer
an easier life, e.g. microwave
2
3
4
68
Module 4
A consumer society
Plan the task 4a Turn to page 190 and read the descriptors for coherence and
cohesion. Work in pairs and discuss what the descriptors for each
band mean.
b Which of the features of written language below contribute to
text cohesion?
1 co nj unction s (a nd, so, but)
2 paragrap hing
3 the passive (it was given)
4 pronou n referencing (it, these, they)
5 signposti ng words (however, firstly, although)
6 articles (a/an, the)
c Discuss how well you use the cohesive features in Exercise 4b.
Language and content 5a Read sentences 1- 3. Decide if they answer the essay question or
describe the essay structure. Give reasons for your answer.
The rise of consumer culture in modem times has reduced the quality
and craftsmanship of products compared to in the past. This has had
many negative effects.
How far do you agree?
1 In my opi ni o n the q uali ty of products has reduced significantly in

recent years.
2 This essay wi ll explore two reasons for my view on consumer
cultu re.
3 I wi ll prese nt two ma in arguments about the reductio n of
crahsmanship in this essay
b Write another sentence to show your opinion and a sentence
which describes the essay structure .
Write your opinion essay 6a Read the essay title and write some ideas and supporting points.
Organise your ideas into paragraphs.
Young people spend too much money on expensive fashion brands and
gadgets these days, many of which are not necessary.
To what extent do you agree?
b Write your answer to the question in Exercise 6a. Write at least

250 words.
Assess and improve 7 a Work in pairs. Read and assess each other's essays using these
questions.
1 Is the answe r stated in the introduction?
2 Does each paragraph present an op inion?
3 Is there sufficient support for each opin ion? What is the function of
the support given (examp le, reason, result)?
b Give your partner some ideas on how he/she could improve his/
her essay. Focus on the following areas:
Answe ri ng the question in the introductio n
Explai ning the essay content in the in trod uction
• Giving an o pinio n with support in the mai n body of the essay
Restatin g th e answer in the conclusion
c Rewrite your essay. Take into consideration the suggestions made
by your partner.
MyEnglishLab > 4b Writing 69

Module 4
A consumer society
5 Consu merism is having a negative effect on many

Review people _ _ , teenagers seem to be susceptible
more than other generations.
6 Fashion today has a throwaway culture wh ich is
1 a Choose the correct option in italics to complete
not financially beneficial for individuals. _ _ , it
the sentences.
is not beneficial for the environment.
Many people could not conceive I speculate of a 7 M any parents give their children a lot of expensive
life without the internet. gifts. _ _ , they come to expect these things
2 Evidence on the benefits of consumerism from throughout their lives.
academic sources assumes I contradicts many 8 _ _ people like having the latest versions of
news reports. technology, this puts increasing demands on the
3 It is easy to pass I resign judgement o n the world 's natural resources .
spending habits of others.
4 Although high street stores try to speculate I 2 a Put the phrases in the correct order to make
acknowledge on new fashions, they are notoriously sentences. There may be more than one possible
difficu lt to predi ct. answer. Add any necessary punctuation.
5 Consu mers tend to have a lot of faith I judgement 1 it is cost effective/ and replace goods frequently/
in big-name brands, even thou gh they may be many consumers be li eve that/ to buy cheap ly
more expensive and of comparable quality to 2 is beneficial fo r co nsu mers/ has been negative/
other brands. whi le th e decreasing cost of fas hi on / the impact
6 Success in fashion is the abil ity to co nstantly on factory workers' salari es
define I convince the cons umer of the need to 3 in th is area/ to keep up w ith the latest
acqu ire more clothes. technology/ because there are/ so many rapid
developments / it can seem difficult
b Match 1-5 with A-E .
4 the average househo ld's consumption/ thi s has
1 A large proportion of rich people report being
not reduced/ frequent comp laints about rising
unhappy prices / although there are
2 Consu mers demand new and exciting technology.
5 the better the quali ty/ commo n bel ief/ th e more
3 In many parts of the wo rld owning a ve hicle is
you pay/ that / there is a
becom ing increasingly common
6 their electricity cons umption/ their house lights/
4 Consu merism can take many different forms,
people turned off/ wou ld be red uced/ if
5 Some sections of society see the ir possessi ons as
7 o ld er people pre fer/ yo un g peop le are interested
temporary and disposable,
in/ whereas/ thin gs built to last/ buyin g the latest
A Consequently, investment in this industry has products
grown co nsiderably. 8 demand it / ethical ly produced/ un less/
B for instance, demand for know ledge, se rvices and products/ co nsumers/ w ill not be
goods.
b Complete the text with the correct pronouns.
C despite their accumulated wealth.
D whereas others buy goods that last even if they
are more expen sive.
E due to the expans ion of the middle classes.
What are consumer rights?
c Complete the sentences with the correct Consumer rights are an important part of la w, but
signposting words . 1 _ _ va r y from co untry to country. In the UK,
due to despite fu rthermore in particular for examp le, purchasers are protected. 2 _ _
for instance consequently initially although means that if 3 _ _ buy a f aulty product,
4_ _ are entitled to a refund. However, 5 _ _
1 Intern et shopping was _ _ viewed as an
unsafe shoppin g method, bu t nowadays payment la w s do not apply if the consumer simply changes
security is much more secure. 6 _ _ mind about the product; there must be
2 Celebrities are often used to se ll high-end
someth ing wrong with 7 _ _ .
fragrances. _ _ , Beyonce has a range of
perfumes wh ich are global ly successful.
3 _ _ much of society becom ing increas ingly
enviro nmentally aware, fast fashion remain s
popular
4 Many of the world's natural resou rces are being
destroyed _ _ increased manufacturin g.

Homes of the future
Sa Training Sb Testing
Reading: Recognise reference words (Matching features ; Listening: Section 3: Matching; Labelling a diagram
Note completion) Language development and vocabulary: Noun
Vocabulary: The language of invention and innovation; phrases 1; Reporting verbs
Express quantity; Agreement and disagreement Speaking: Part 2: Describe an experience
Speaking: Develop topic-specific vocabulary; Techniques • Reading: Labelling a diagram; True/ False/ Not given
for adding detail (Part 2} Writing: Task 1: Describe a chart
Listening: Listen for agreement and disagreement
(Section 3: Matching)
Language development: Reported speech patterns;
Other reporting structures
Writing: Interpret statistical data; Support trends with
details (Task 1: Bar and pie charts)
1 a Look at the photos. What aspects relating to the future do they predict? Which do you
think are most likely to become reality? Why?
b Describe how you think the world will be in 50 years' time.
71
Reading (Matching features; Note completion)
Before you read Questions 6-9

1 Work in groups and discuss the questions. Complete the notes below.
1 Who does most of the housework in your house? Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the
Which chores do you dislike doi ng? Which chores passage for each answer.
would you like a robot to do? W hy?
2 In w hat ways are robots used in the modern The new wave of household technology
wo rld? What limitations do they have? Nest thermostat - communicates with 6
2 Read the title and subtitle of the reading passage. at house and some 7
Echo - functions like a 8 _ _ , i.e. obeys
1 Predict what the read in g passage will be about.
2 Skim the passage to get an idea of its content and spoken instruction s
Roomba's 9 _ _ facilitated by map-making
structure . Which of the scientists is working on a
different kind o f robot? ability
Recognise reference words

Task analysis
3 When you are skimming and scanning,
5 Work in pairs and discuss the questions .
recognising words and phrases which refer back
to ones mentioned earlier will help you to read 1 For the matching activity, w hi ch of the fol lowing
more quickly and efficiently. strategies enabled you to do thi s quickly and
accurately?
1 What does ones (in italics above) refer back to?
A Looking for paraphrases of the words and
2 Look at the words/phrases underlined in the
ph rases in th e statements. Give examples.
passage (7 - 19) What do they refer back to 7
B Underli ni ng the sc ienti sts' names in the passage.
3 Look at paragraphs 4 and 5 and underli ne
C Reading the passage for gist first.
refere nce words or ph rases
2 For the note-completion activity, w hat do you
need to check careful ly
Test practice A before do ing the task?
4 Read the strategies and complete the test task. B after doing the task?
• TEST STRATEGIES pages 170 and 172 Discussion

Questions 1-5 6 Discuss the questions, giving reasons.
1 What do you thi nk of sc ience- fi ction films? Have
Look at the following scientists and the list of
you seen any wh ich feature robots? If so, which
statements below.
o nes?
Match each scientist (A-D) with the correct statement 2 It is predicted th at humanoi d robots 'w ith a heart',
(1-5). which have already been introduced into some
household s in Japan, wi ll soon become popular,
List of scientists
in the sa me way as pets are in many places How
A Cynthia Breazeal C Co lin Angle likely is it that they would become popu lar in your
B Jen McCabe D Jeremy Conrad country?
The next stage in robot ic technology is for 3 If humanoid robots were introduced into care
robots to become interactive companions homes for older people, what tasks might they be
2 A posi tive outcome for robots of the future able to undertake? What might be the benefits
wo uld be expertise and rel iab il ity in specific and drawbacks of having such robots?
tasks.
3 Robotic technology in the home is currently
co mp li cated to operate
4 The fact that some current household products
have a robotic action is not always appa re nt
5 An approach which appl ies available technology
to new products is beneficial

Modules 11!!1
Homes of the future ll!lil
How robots are vis its are required all too frequent ly. "There is an
enormous amount of experimentation underway with
wireless connectivity but it is largely unsuccessfu l."
poised to take In 2006, Bi ll Gates prom ised a future in wh ich "robotic

devices wi ll become a nearly ubiquitous part of our day-
to-day lives", thanks to advances in sensors, motors
over our homes and processing power. Years later, Jeremy Conrad, an
investor in early-stage hardware start-ups, observes
that although automation and robotisation are major
A robot revolution has been predicted for years trends at present, it is not necessari ly for the reasons
but are we really on the verge of a new era? that Gates predicted; the change is not in the core
technology. Because sensors and other components
Robots are starting to change the way we live but are being widely used in smartphones and other mass-
not in the way that scientists predicted 50 or even market devices, the costs are diminishing for other
10 years ago. At a time when some technologists are applications too. This means that a 'smart' device
worrying about the threat of killer robots being used connected to an existing home wifi network is much
on the battlefield, the coming wave of domestic robots more accessible and more competit ive ly priced than
are much more tame, or even mundane. Rather than a professional home automation system . He believes
having androids march ing into our kitchens and living that the degree of success for the next generation of
rooms, automation is stealthily entering our homes via robots will depend on how specialized they are. "They
appliances and security systems. must work every time and be absolutely dependable.
Defining what exactly a robot is, however, remains a
controversial topic even among those who design and
develop 1them. "A huge variety of items in our homes
or cars exhibit robotic behaviour - we just do not
th ink of 2them as 3such because we have this vision
of a humanoid robot," says Jen McCabe, director of
electronics at manufacturer Flex's Innovation Unit
which developed the self-learning thermostat control
device, Nest "The robotic movement of Nest is behind
the thermostat. Just because 411 is not vis ible does not
make 511 any less robotic"
The Nest thermostat, purchased by Google for $3bn
last year, predicts when and how to set the temperature
in the house, helping to save energy and ensure 611 is
comfortable for family members. It connects with 7its
home security cameras to determine when to switch
8 itself on and off In addition to 9 this, there are certain
makes of cars 10 which inform the heating system of 11t he This was the approach adopted by iRobot when
driver's imminent arrival so that 1211 can increase the it released its first autonomous vacuum cleaner
temperature. Other compan ies are pursu ing 13 similar Roomba, thirteen years ago. Advances in computer
goals. Amazon's Echo, for instance, is an internet- vision and machine -learning technology now mean
connected music system 14that responds to 15t he owner's that the machines are capable of creating a digital map
voice. 16 1n this way, the Echo can be used to turn on and off of our homes with assistance from low-cost cameras .
wifi-enabled light bulbs and electrical switches, not with As a result, their navigational skills will enable them to
mechanical arms but by putting 17 itself at the centre of a track where they have and have not yet cleaned"
wireless network of connected devices. 18Th is operates
However, for some in the robotics industry these kinds of
as a personal assistant would; playing whatever music
ventures are not sufficiently ambitious. Cynthia Breazeal,
is requested of 1911, creating shopping lists and provid ing
a pioneer of social robotics at MIT's Media Lab, promises
information about sports scores.
that her latest creation, Jibo, will not only be able to
However, while the addition of wireless connect ivity has see, hear and speak but also relay messages between
brought a semblance of intelligence to our thermostats family members and make helpful suggestions and
and light bulbs, using, installing and managing all these reminders. When released, it wil l have its own character
new devices remains a challenge. Even Co lin Angle, that, she claims, will recognise users and understand
the manager of the robotics company iRobot, says speech. Such traits will differentiate it from smartphones
he struggles to corral the automatons in his home. because the secret is not powerful processors or better
He is frustrated with the expensive home automation sensors but emotion, which, she maintains, should be
system he has installed there; the heating cannot keep the obvious subsequent development of this humanised
up with his oft-changing schedule and maintenance engagement with technology.
73
- - - - - Modules
l!Jil Homes of the future
Express quantity
Vocabulary
2 a Look at the table which shows the percentage of
gadget ownership for men and women. Complete
The language of invention and innovation the sentences using the words below.
1 a Complete the text with the words below.
Percentage of gadget ownership among men
accessible automation controversial experimentation and women
innovation intelligence Men Women
Smartphone 95% 87%
Self-driving cars Home security system 4% 2%

Car satel lite navigation system 78% 82%
People used to think that self-driving cars were
a technical 1 of the distant future but Coffee machine 18% 25%
thanks to the ambitious research and development Digital camera 55% 35%
programmes of various tech giants such as
Google, they are likely to become a reality within a third both few most the maj ority three quarters
a few years. Currently there is a lot of 2 _ _
1 _ _ car satellite navigation systems an d
taking place in order to ensure the cars will be
smartphones are popu lar w ith men and women .
safe. There are several 3 issues to be
2 _ _ men or wo men own a home security system
discussed with this type of technology too. For
3 _ _ of men own a sma rtph o ne.
example, if the cars use artificial 4 _ _ , does 4 Approximate ly _ _ of wome n own a digital
this mean they are able to learn to make their came ra.
own decisions in order to avoid an accident? If an 5 of wo men do not own a coffee mach ine.
accident were to occur, who would be responsible; 6 _ _ men own a ca r satellite navigati on system.
the owner or the manufacturer? Another question
b Look at the list of futuristic technology. Ask
centres on the cost of these cars and whether
your classmates which they would like to see
they will be 5 _ _ to everyone. Whatever the invented. Write sentences about your class using
answer, this type of technology is expected to quantity words from Exercise 2a.
stay, and we are likely to see a large increase in
Flying car Persona l space rocket
home 6 _ _ such as smart heating systems and • Time trave l mach ine · Weathe r controll er
fridges too.
Agreement and disagreement
b Match the definitions with the words in Exercise la. 3 a Write the words below in the correct place in the
table.
(adj) causing a lot of disagreement because many
people have strong op inions about the subject entirely firmly marginally partly sl ightly somewhat
2 (n) a new idea, method o r invention thoroughly totally utterly wholehearted ly
3 (adj) easy to obtain or use
4 (n) the process of test ing various ideas or methods
Weak opinion Strong opinion
to determ ine how good or effective they are
5 (n) the abi lity to learn, understand and think about
topics and prob lems
6 (n) the use of computers and machines instead of
peo ple to do a job b Look at the opinions below. Use the words
c Work in pairs and discuss the statements. Which in Exercise 3a to say how much you agree or
do you think are the most controversial? Why? disagree. Give reasons for your opinions.
1 Increased automati on in the home wi ll make I admit that smart phones are conven ient but we
people lazier. could use the m a lot less
2 Artificial intell igence will one day co ntrol the world. 2 I don't kn ow w hat I'd do w itho ut my car satel lite
3 Experi mentatio n is the best way to learn. navigatio n system. It's the most useful innovation
4 Some in novatio ns have had terrible ever I'd qu ite literall y be lost without itl
conseq uences 3 In my op inion, tech no logica l advances have gone
too fa r and have beco me too expensive.
4 I think that inventions an d gadgets are really just a
waste of money.

Speaking (Part 2) Techniques for adding detail
Module 5
Homes of the future
m
3 a Read the following test task and response. Has
the speaker answered all parts of the test task?
Where?
Describe an electronic item which you think is essential

in your home. You should say:
what it is
when you use it
what you use it for
and explain why it is so important.
The device that I think is essential for me is probably

my comp uter, 1 which is a new state-of-the-art gaming
computer. I use this pretty much every day and for
quite a long time every day as wel l. You see I work
Lead-in
from home and I do all my work on the computer.
1 Do you find objects like this are useful? Why/ It's such an im portant tool for my work ... perhaps the
Why not? What are the advantages and most important 2 For instance, I need it to send emails,
disadvantages of relying on a satnav (satellite have online meetings with clients and do research for my
navigation) device? projects. It basically makes my wo rking life a lot easier.
3 I don't just use it for work though; I also stream the TV
Develop topic-specific vocabulary through the computer and I rarely leave the house to
go shopping these days; I just buy everythin g on line.
2 a Complete the sentences with the words below.
It's so important to me because it really saves me time
labour-saving outdated revolutionary state-of-the-art and makes my life so much more convenient 4 jfJ_
user-friendly versatile didn't have my computer at home, I don't know what
I'd do. I'd feel a lot more isolated, and would be lost for
The washing machine had a _ _ impact
entertainment. My mum says I've become add icted to
on society It totally changed the lives of many the internet and I can see her point, but if I'm addicted,
women, who as a direct result then had more time
then I thi nk most of the world is too. 5 Funnily enough,
to go out to work my mum's just got a computer herself I've got to go and
2 Some devices are more _ _ than others. My
show her how to use it next week.
new phone, for example, is so much eas ier to use
than the one I had before, w hich was awful. b Match the underlined sections (1-5) with the
3 People are always buying new gadgets these days. techniques for adding detail (A- E).
If you have had the same gadget for more than a A description C aside E contrast
couple of years, everyone considers it _ _ . B example D conJecture
4 My tablet is one of the most _ _ pieces of
c In pairs, discuss how you could change the
equipment I possess. I can use it to call my family
content in the underlined sections in Exercise 3a.
overseas, watch TV, surf the internet and do my
homework.
5 Cooking used to be a lot of wo rk in the past,
Test practice
but devices like the microwave have • TEST STRATEGIES page 174
transfo rmed the amount of time people need to
spend on preparing their meals. 4a Look at the test task in Exercise 3a. You have
6 Pablo has recently purchased a _ _ watch. It exactly 1 minute to prepare your topic. Make
works like a small tablet and is very fast. notes on what you are going to talk about.
b Work in pairs and discuss the questions. b Work in pairs and take turns to answer the test
1 Which gadget do you think is the most labour- task in Exercise 3a. Speak for 2 minutes and
saving? Why? record your answer if possible.
2 Which invention has revolution ised the world the
most? W hy? Task analysis
3 What do you value most in a gadget; user- 5 Did you both answer all parts of the test task?
friendliness or versatil ity? Why? Were you both able to speak for 2 minutes? Was
4 What qualities does a state-of-the-art gadget any extra information given? Could any extra
possess for you? information have been added? If so, where?
5 Why do gadgets become outdated?
MyEnglishLab > Sa Speaking 75

Module 5
Hom es of th e future
Picnic pants
Test practice
3 a You are going to listen to a student discussion
about an innovation project. Look at the
invention they are discussing. What do you think
it is? What do you think is good/bad about it?
b Look at the test task below. Think of alternative

ways to say the underlined expressions.
Questions 1-4
What do the students say about their innovation
project? Match each student to their opinion.
Write the correct letter, A, B or C.
Before you listen
1 Look at the inventions in the photos. Do you A Ben B Debbie C Phill ip
think any of these inventions have a practical thought their initial idea was OK.
use? How can they make our lives easier? Which 2 thinks their design is too complex.
one would you most like to possess and why? 3 thinks they don't need to actually make their idea
4 believes they'll get a good mark.
Listen for agreement and disagreement
2 CD 5.1 You are going to listen to two students c CD 5.2 Complete the test task.
talk about inventions. Decide whether speaker
2 agrees or disagrees with speaker 1, then note Task analysis
down the reason given. The first one has been
done for you. 4 Read audio script 5.2 on page 206 and discuss
the questions.
Speakerl Speaker 2 Reason 1 Where can you find the answers to Exercise 3c?
..
opinion opinion 2 Which sections express similar ideas to the
1 Charlotte thinks Scott agrees I opinions in 3c?
the LED slippers disagrees.
will make life Discussion
easier. What is the strangest invention you have seen
5
2 Scott thinks the Charlotte agrees I or heard about? Do you think all inventions
picnic pants disagrees. help us in life? Why/Why not? If you could have
are completely anything invented for you to make your life
useless. easier, what would you choose and why?
76 MyEnglishLab > 5a Listening A and B

Modules 19!1
Homes of the future l!lill
3 Write sentences about what people have told you
Language development today. Use the verbs in Exercise 2 and follow the
structures given .
Reported speech patterns 4 Work in pairs and discuss the situations. Use
reported speech in your answers.
• EXPERT GRAMMAR page 178
1 Tell your partner a piece of good advice someone
1 a Read the texts and underline the examples of gave you .
reported speech. 2 Describe a time w hen yo u sa id something
embarrass ing.
My lecturer told me that I'd get a better grade in my 3 Explai n a t ime when you had to give so meo ne
presentation on innovation in the workplace if I had some bad news.
more technology examples. I explained to her that I
hadn't been able to find any good examples yet. She Other reporting structures
suggested that I looked in the Journal of Technology 5 a Match the sentences (1-5) with the type of
and Industry, which really helped me. I found this information they report (A-E) .
article about flexible computer screens. In it the 1 She asked him to read the instructions on
author argued that one of the biggest benefits of installing the new system
this kind of technology was the possibility of saving 2 The government instructed small bus inesses to
change their working practices.
office space.
3 The lecturer asked the student if he wanted to
d iscuss his research or his essay.
Yesterday, my fri end mentioned that she'd 4 I asked her if she thought our lives wou ld be
fou nd a great app to help manage reading . easier in the future.
Apparently, the app inform ati on said th at it was 5 They asked me what I thought the next innovation
for people who co me across interestin g articles, in home music systems would be.
but then forg et about th em! Sh e said she A Yes/No questions
thoug ht it'd be useful for researching general B Requests
information for our co urse and I promi sed th at C Question word (who, where, what) questions
I'd look it up as soon as I got home. D Orders
E Either/Or questions
b Complete the sentences with the correct
b Answer the questions based on the examples you
reported speech form .
underlined in Exercise la .
1 The lecturer _ _ people would live with robots
What happens to tenses when they are
in years to come and I said I thought we probably
transformed from direct to reported speech?
would.
2 What happens to verbs like will and can when
2 The technology company _ _ us _ _ watch
used in reported speech?
the demonstration before trying to use their new
3 How do pronouns change?
products. They made it clear it was not optional ,
2 Match the reporting verbs below with the speech as knowing how to work the products was
patterns (1-3). Some verbs fit more than one essential and rather difficult at first
pattern. 3 Many people _ _ we'll have self-cleaning
homes but I think it'll pro bably not be for at least
argue explain mention promise say suggest tell
another 100 years.
Subject+ reported verb+ that+ clause 4 I _ _ my lecturer _ _ explain more about
2 Subject+ reported verb+ to+ object + (that) + genetic engineering as it was an extremely
clause OR+ infinitive verb complex area of research.
3 Subject+ reported verb+ object +(that)+ clause
OR+ infinitive verb
Student's Resource Book> Language development page 49 MyEnglishLab > 5a Language development 77
RI
l!Jiil
Modules
Homes of the future
Writing (Task 1)
Lead-in Support trends with details

1 How will technology change the homes of the
Gadgets bought by men and women in the UK, 2013
future?
100
90
Interpret statistical data
80
• Men • Women
• EXPERT WRITING page 195 70
2 Look at the pie chart and discuss the questions . 60
% 50
1 How many paragraphs woul d you write if you
were asked to describe the chart?
40
2 How cou ld you group the information? 30
3 What order would you prese nt the information in 20
and why?
Energy use in Australian homes in 2008
10
0
i;-e ~ ~~ {:-e 0~ {:-e i;-e ;:,_,e ~0
I
Heating & coo li ng {:-'ii ':}'ii c,'5 0'1r'0o ~~ ~ e~'0o e~(''ii,§ ~o ~e eY e~
Water heating (' o C,e:, (' ,-, c,0 efj; ~ ,-, ~(' c_,0 e rz,'iie,,~ ~
38% 25%
c\'-'ii 1-.0' S\,?i
c_,'ii ~er.:; '->e:, 0?i cf-~e'-5 o'
_.,.?; 0' .;s' cf-
,ov :::s'e ~~ ~'ii ~~ &- ,ov
0
0° ~cP
q 1-.~ 'lr-s q 0 -s
<v0e
4 Look at the bar chart. Match the trends (1-3)

with their supporting details (A-C) .
1 Women were more focused on safety gadgets for
the home than men.
2 Men tended to buy more entertain ment- based
gadgets for the home compared to women.
3 Women spent more money on automated
vac uums.
Stand -by Other A Over forty perce nt of women purchased a

power appliances vacuum syste m wh ich is programmable.
B Almost 90 perce nt of women invested in sec urity
3% 16%
cameras, whereas only 25 percent of men bought
these devices.
Cooking Lighting Fridges & C For examp le, the chart shows that twice as many
7% freezers men as wome n purchased a home movie theatre.
4%
7%
Test practice
3 a Look at the sentences giving specific details
below. Which are correct and which are 5 Choose one of the charts on this page and write
incorrect according to the data presented in the a sample answer. Consider the following:
pie chart? How you can group the info rm atio n
1 Exactly a quarter of Australi ans spent their energy What paragraphs you wi ll use
on water heating. How you can describe the trends
2 The sma ll est amou nt of the total energy How you can outlin e the statistical detail s
(3 percent) was used whe n appliances are put on The accuracy of your sentences
standby
3 Over two-th irds of all energy in Austra li an homes Assess and improve
was used for heating and cool in g. 6 Work in pairs and compare your writing. Discuss
4 More than 10 percent of home energy use was for the questions .
UgtillQg.
1 Is there a clear stru cture?
5 Other ap pliances accounted fo r just over 25
2 Are the pa ragrap hs wel l organised?
percent of total energy usage in the home.
3 Are there both trends and detai ls to support the
b Correct the sentences above which you think trends?
are incorrect. Keep the underlined sections the 4 Are the details an accu rate reflection of the data?
same. 5 Is the report over 150 words lo ng?
78 Student's Resource Book> Writing page 50 MyEnglishLab > Sa Writing

5b Expanding our horizons
Listening (Section 3}
Before you listen Questions 6- 10

1 Can you imagine space tourism becoming popular Label the diagram below.
in future? Why/Why not? How might a hotel in Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.
space differ from those on Earth for holidaymakers?
Understand factual descriptions

2a Look at the diagram of a space ship. Work in
pairs and discuss what type of words could
complete questions 1-4 below.
Hybrid rocket: 2 types of Pivoting wings:

4 _ _ used to prope l sh ip make smooth
Thermal layer:
keeps ship cool
on 2
b CJ 5.3 Listen and complete questions 1-4.

c Read audio script 5.3 on page 206 . How are
the underlined phrases used to explain factual
details about Spaceship Two? Task analysis
Test practice 4a Read audio script 5.4 on page 206 and check
your answers .
b Analyse your answers by answering the
3 a You will hear two students discussing their following questions.
design project with a lecturer. Look at the In the first set of questions:
questions and discuss what kind of information 1 How easy d id you find it to identify the speakers?
you will hear and possible answers. What helped you identify them?
b CJ 5.4 Complete the test tasks . 2 Did you generally hear the phrases for agreement
and disagreement? How many can you recall?
Questions 1-5 3 What paraphrases of the questions did you hear in
What do the students say about their design project? the record ing?
Match each student to their opinion. In the second set of questions:
Write the correct letter, A, B, C or D. 4 Did you predict the correct type of word(s) for the
spaces?
A Susie B Brad C Dr Kaye D Dr Walters 5 Were you able to follow the explanations of the
d ifferent parts of the hotel?
1 bel ieves the proJect may be too time-consuming.
2 disagrees that the proJect idea is too ambitious.
3 agrees with the presentation suggestion .
4 thinks the first draft of the plans are incorrect.
5 suggests a different approach to the next stage
of the project
Student's Resource Book > Listening page 51 MyEnglishLab > Sb Listening 79

l!!I Module 5
l!Jiil Homes of the future
Noun phrases 1 4 Complete the sentences using your own ideas .

• EXPERT GRAMMAR page 179 1 The inventi on that I wou ld like to see the most
1a Read the phrases (1- 4) and match them with the 2 One thing that scares me about th e future _ _ .
noun phrase structure s (A-D) . 3 One place _ _ is the moon .
1 The television on the wall 4 Robots _ _ wo uld be an amazing invention
2 Instal lation system
3 Peopl e who comp leted the survey Reporting verbs
4 Luxury cars 5 a Choose the correct option in italics to complete
A Noun + relative clause the text.
B Adj ective+ noun
C Noun+ noun
D Nou n + prepositional phrase
Should we explore the
b Quantities can also be used with noun phrases. world of the deep seas?
Look at two example sentences and choose the
correct option in italics to complete the rules (1- 2). Ocean explo ration is a highly controversial issue.
A th ird of responde nts said that they preferred using Critics 1 illustrate/ claim that it is a complete waste
tablets to laptops. of money and re sou rces. However, some scientists
The ma jority of countries which invest in space have 2 highlighted/ denied that exploration is the
research have reported economic benefits first step in scientific discovery and one which we
1 When describing fractions, we use a/ the must pursue. They 3 insist/ warn that exp loration
2 With the wordsmaJority and minority we usually expands our knowledge and stimulates ground-
use a/the breaking discoveries. Rece nt deep sea expeditions
have 4 proved I suggested beyond doubt th at
2 Put the words in the correct order to make
noun phrases. Then match them to the sentence deep sea ecosystems can provide new innovation s
endings (A- D). thro ugh the discovery of new substances which
1 al l / of / a/ invento rs/ quarter can be utilised for med icines and energy. However,
2 systems/ new/ alarm scienti sts also 5 claim/ warn that great care mu st
3 design/ futuristi c be take n when rea ching conclusions regarding
4 embrace/ families/ new/ who/ technology ocea n exploration, much more so than in other
A can already be seen in th e minimalist look that scient ifi c research area, as around 95 percent of
some homes have the underwater world is unchartered territory and
B can monitor your home for movements. co mpletely unknown to mankind.
C believe that the home will be un recognisable in a
hu ndred years' tim e. b Complete the sentences with the correct form of
D may benefit from a more conve nient li festyle a suitable reporting verb from Exercise Sa.
3 Complete the second sentence so it has the same 1 Explorers have been _ _ about the dangers of
meaning as the first. Use a noun phrase. trying to reach the depths of the oceans.
1 Many older people do not li ke usi ng new types of 2 Many companies who drill for oil in the seas
techno logy. _ _ that thei r practices damage local
_ _ is often resisted by many older people. enviro nments.
2 Most fo rms of technology makes our lives easier. 3 Scientists have recently, th rough the use of time-
These appliances soon become essential to us. lapse photograp hy, _ _ that the sea bed is in
Technology _ _ is often conside red as essential fact movi ng
within a few years. 4 Recent finds during explo ration of previously
3 Countless new inventions are created every year unexplored areas of deep sea strongly _ _
Most of them do not make it to market thou gh that there are countless life forms we have yet to
_ _ do not proceed to market discover.
5 The newspapers _ _ that a new species
was rece ntly identified on a recent exped ition
However, scienti sts stated that it was simply an
evolved species
80 Student's Resource Book> Language development and Vocabulary pages 52-53 MyEnglishLab > Sb Language development and Vocabulary
Module 5
Homes of the future
1!11
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b CD 5.5 Read the test task below. Listen and read
Speaking (Part 2) the student's response in the audio script on
page 206. How well do you think the student has
answered the question? What do you think of her
grammatical range and accuracy?
Describe a place where you would like to live in the

future. You should say:
where it is
what you think it would be like
why you would like to live there
and explain what you have heard about it from other
people.
c Find ONE example of each language feature

Vocabulary development below in the student's response.
Present perfect
1 Look at the two visions of the future . Which is
Modal verb of deduction
utopian and which is dystopian? How likely do
Passive construction
you think it is that either will become a reality?
Comparative
Why?
Second conditional
2 a Complete the sentences with the adjectives below. Modal verb for necessity
Future form
abundant arid dense overcrowded thriving
Imperative
waterlogged
The Amazon has incredib ly _ _ forests, Test practice

perhaps more so than anywhere else in the world,
> TEST STRATEGIES page 174
but they are in rapid decline due to deforestation
2 Some people think that life on a space station 4 Read the test task below and prepare. Work in
would be uncomfortable because of limitations pairs and take turns to speak for 2 minutes. Time
on the living space available, meaning that each other and record your answers if possible.
the ship would seem _ _ with even a small
number of people on board . Describe an experience that you would like to have in
3 As a result of climate change, some regions of the future. You should say:
the world have become less habitab le; in the hot
what it is
seasons these places can be quite _ _ , but in
the rainy seasons entire areas can become _ _ .
what you think it would be like
4 Recent research findings have revealed that cora l why you would like this experience
reefs in the Pacific Ocean are _ _ despite the and say how likely you think it is to occur.
wate r being incredibly acidic.
5 In order to succeed in colonising another planet.
the human race would first need to discover one Assess and improve
which has the _ _ water suppl ies necessary to Sa Think about your partner's answers. Discuss the
sustain human life questions.
b Work in pairs and use the words in Exercise 2a 1 Did he/she speak for two minutes or more?
to describe places you know. 2 Did he/she answer all pa rts of the test task?
3 Could you understand all of his/her speech?
Focus on grammatical range and accuracy 4 Did he/she use a wide range of grammatical
structures? If so, which ones?
3 a Turn to page 183 and read the descriptors for
5 Did he/ she make many errors with his/her
grammatical range and accuracy. Answer the
grammar? What type of errors did you notice?
questions below.
1 At which band(s) do you need to speak without b What advice could you give your partner to
making many mistakes? improve? Use your answers in Exercise Sa to
2 At which band should you begin producing more help you decide .
complex structures in speech?
3 At which band(s) should listeners be ab le to follow
your speech easily?
Student's Resource Book> Speaking page 54 MyEnglishLab > 5b Speaking 81

R!I
l!l:il
Modules
Homes of the future
Reading (Labelling a diagram; True/False/Not given)
Before you read

How likely is it that people wi ll ever live under
water? Why might they want to ? Give reasons.
2 What might be the challenges of a) building
homes underwater? b) living in an aquatic habitat?
Test practice
2 a The first test task follows the same principles as
note completion. Why is it important to
1 read the instructions carefully?
2 read the diagram heading?
3 skim the passage first?
4 look at the words around the gaps? Questions 6- 10
• TEST STRATEGIES page 170 Do the following statements agree with the information
in the reading passage? Write
b Complete the test task. TRUE if the statement agrees with the
information
Questions 1-5 FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
Label the diagram below. NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
..
NUMBER from the passage for each answer. 6 Bruce Jones' house will be less dangerous to li ve
. .. .
in than previous undersea residences .
7 The H20me is less expensive to b uy than any
other undersea living quarters
8 The underwater home is est im ated to be
Resembles a
habitab le for up to 25 years.
2 _ _ 1n form
5_ _ in windows 9 There is still good visibil ity at a depth of 200
resists water pressure metres.
10 A lack of ava ilable resources wil l make entire
underwater vil lages impossible.
• HELP
,!\•·" I
6 What makes this latest home more successful?
9 Is it an advantage or a disadvantage to live deeper in the sea?
::~i~
, ..:,-..,:
,. ._·.·/ ''.,;;t Task analysis
3 In pairs, discuss the strategies which you used
for both task types and ways in which you could
-~ ' improve next time.
4 can remove Best maximum

Discussion
the need to paint regularly depth is 3 _ _ 4 Discuss the questions.
How woul d you feel about the idea of living under
• HELP the sea?
2 In what other kinds of places might people make
What else comes down the column?
their homes in the future?
2 Look for a word wh ich describes a round flat shape. 3 Do yo u think there might be a move towards living
4 What is the alternative to re-painting the structure if it in communities rather than in separate houses?
needs to be protected from the surround ing sa lt water? What co uld be the benefits of this way of living?

11!'!1
Module5
Homes of the future 1!.J.11
.,, . .
HOW,JJntmerw ater Hv1ng
. .··· ~·
could soon be a rea1itv

ifty years after Jacques Cousteau's television containing a spiral staircase connecting the home to the
F programmes sparked our grandparents' imaginations,

the idea, if not quite the practice, of underwater living
is coming back into fashion with an ambitious and alluring
surface, that power is also supplied . This allows services
such as heating, ventilation etc." Michael Schutte, a designer
on the project, admits it is very costly, but affirms that when
vision for Katafinga Island in Fiji called the Poseidon Undersea compared with prime waterfront real estate or the cost of a
Resort. The images circulating on the internet of luxurious tropical island villa, the $1 Om or so is actually very reasonable.
rooms surrounded by shoals of exotic fish and colourful
Naturally, the structures have to be extraordinarily robust
corals suggest that this is an established resort. However, this
and built to withstand not only the immense water pressure
is not the case and the ongoing delays which have impeded
but also storms and hurricanes. "Although we work on a 25-
the project attest to the specific issues encountered during
year lifespan, the reality is that the underwater structures will
the construction of an underwater environment.
not decay as fast as they would if they were on the surface
The research and testing undertaken for the Poseidon due to there being a lower level of oxygen", says Schutte.
resort have prompted L. Bruce Jones, the designer, to "You could either remove the pod and paint it after 10 years
begin marketing an underwater house or the "H2Ome", or just not keep it clean and encourage marine life to grow
which is billed on the company 's website as "the most around it, which will serve to protect the structure too. It is
technologically advanced undersea residence ever ideal to be no more than 15 metres down because about
designed." The plans show a disk-like structure, 20 metres 97 per cent of all life in the ocean is in the top 10 metres.
in diameter, which is suspended above the seabed on steel It is possible to go as deep as 200 metres but extremely
legs and has a tube umbilically connecting it to the surface. heavy-duty viewing ports would be required and it would be
The biggest obstacle to underwater living to date has been completely dark." Those viewing ports are the main point
the difference in pressure: all of the habitats constructed of the underwater home. Plexiglas has been identified as
over the last fifty years have been at ambient pressure. the ideal material. It performs extraordinarily well under the
Under water, the pressure is much greater, which can cause pressure of water, far better, in fact, even than steel.
gases in the bloodstream to dissolve. This in turn sometimes
results in the feared condition known as the bends, which It might seem somewhat fanciful to begin thinking about
undersea colonies of the types envisaged in watery sci-fi
can cause intense pain and even death. The H2Ome is a
films. After all, what would their inhabitants live on? What
real advance, however, as the interior pressure is identical
would they produce? But recent research into the hot streams
to that on land. Unlike the other experiments, therefore, it
of water which spew from undersea vents has revealed a
presents for the first time a viable aquatic living environment.
rich and plentiful mix of minerals emerging from beneath
Like space, the underwater world is an alien and potentially the seabed which could be accessed far more easily than
deadly environment for humans, and undersea structures by traditional mining methods. In addition, aquaculture and
can be problematic to build. "We manufacture in a dry dock," the study of the processes and chemical transformations in
explained Jones, "after which the completed structures undersea organisms could provide a rich seam of research
are floated out and sunk onto the ocean bed using a semi- for everything from medicine to fuel. And studies using
submersible. We then build legs so that the structure stands algae are also producing extraordinary results. If algae were
above the sea ftoor: this is done for ecological reasons. Next, to be grown in special ftoating bags on the surface of the
it is connected to an umbilical central column, via which water, it could be photosynthesised and provide not only a
oxygen is obtained . It is by means of this cylindrical column, rich source of biofuel but potentially, food too.
83
l
l!J:.I
" " Modules
Homes of the future
Writing (Task 1)
I cannot think of anything that excites a greater sense of childlike

wonder than to be in a country where you are ignorant of almost
everything. Suddenly you are five years old aga in. You cannot read
anything, you have only the most rudimentary sense of how things
work; yo u cannot even reliably cross a street without endangering your
life. Your whole existence becomes a series of interesting guesses.
Bill Bryson, Neither here nor there: Travels in Europe --,--~- I
Lead-in 1 What do you think of the quote about living in a different
country? What might be the most positive and negative aspects of
living in another country? If you could live anywhere in the world,
where would you choose and why?
Understand the task 2 a Look at the tables below. Which data would be best represented
in a pie chart and which data would be best represented in a bar
• EXPERT WR ITING page 195 chart? Give reasons for your answer.
Cost of living by country, 2015 Most popular destinations of

Country Consumer Price migrants from the UK, 2010-2014
Index Score Austral ia 38 ,000
Switzerland 126 03 Spai n 17,000
Norway 118.59 China 19,000
Australia 99.32 France 24 ,000
New Zealand 93.71 Poland 18,000
Kuwait 92.97 Other 174,000
UK 92.19
Spain 65.70
China 48.89
Poland 45.11
b In some cases you may have a bar and pie chart together in the
same task. Look at the information in Exercise 2a and read the
sentences below which compare and contrast the information .
Which sentences are true?
A The countries w ith the very highest costs of livin g were general ly
not popular destinations fo r UK m igrants .
B The information presented shows that UK m igrants prefer to
immigrate to co untries where the cost of living is higher.
2 A There is only one country th at w as a popula r desti nation desp ite
its relatively high cost of living in com pariso n to the UK
B There are only two countries that w ere popula r immi gration
destinations w hich were less ex pensive th an th e UK.
3 A Cost of living does not appear to play a large role in the cho ice
of destination country for UK m igrants, as ca n be see n in the
variety of destination co unt ries w ith wi de -rangin g livin g costs.
B Cost of living has a strong effect upo n th e cho ice of destination
co untry, which can be see n by th e fact that most peo ple do not
choose these co untri es as their cho ice of desti natio n.
c Add detail to the correct sentences in Exercise 2b to explain your

answers.
84
Module 5
Homes of the future
Language and content 3 a Turn to page 19 0 and read the band descriptors for lexical
resource. Work in pairs and discuss the differences between band
6 and band 7.
b Look at the list below and tick the sentences which you think are
true for you.
I always try to th ink of syno nyms for key words in the data where
possible.
I can paraphrase by changing the wo rd forms and word orde r of
so me short phrases.
I know what col locations are and try to think about words that go
togethe r in my w riting.
I try to use less commo n vocabulary in my writi ng.
I do not use in formal vocabu lary in my IELTS writi ng.
c Look at the charts below. What words could you use as synonyms
and collocations to describe the data?
The two charts below outline the statistically most desirable countries in terms of quality of life and reasons for
migration.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant.
International survey on reasons for migration, 2014 Rankings based on the categories of: housing, income,
jobs, community, education, environment, health, life
style, civic engagement and work-life balance.
8.0
tu)
7.9
• Better lifestyle
C
• Work opportunities <IJo

7.8
3% • Study G :=0 n
l/)
Job offer cc :5 7.6

o
• Adventure E~ 7s
E
• Family u
0 7.4
Plan the task 4 Plan your answer. You should consider:

1 what informati on t he two charts prese nt
2 the key features you can identify.
3 ways in w hich yo u can com pare and co ntrast the two charts.
4 how paragraphs wil l be organ ised.
5 what the general overview of all the data w ill include.
6 accurate use of a range of gram mar, vocabulary and cohesive devices.
7 any synonyms and col locatio ns yo u can use in your answer.
Write your summary 5 Write your answer. You should write at least 150 words.
Assess and improve 6a Work in pairs and compare your writing. Discuss the questions.
1 Does the sum mary contain al l the key information from th e charts?
2 Have so me links been formed between the two charts?
3 Is there a clear overview at the end of th e summary?
4 Is all the data in cluded relevant and has it been accurately repo rted?
5 Have syno nyms and col locations been used appropriately?
b Try to improve your answer with your partner, taking into
account your answers to the discussion questions in Exercise 6a.
Student's Resource Book> Writing page 55 MyEnglishLab > 5b Writing 85
l
Module 5
Homes of the future
2 a Change the following comments into reported

Review speech and use the reporting verbs in brackets.
,,,.,.--
1 a Complete the text with the words below. 1 'Too much money has been spen t
on building new houses in my
user-friendly state-of-the-art the majority accessible
automation versatile innovations
A sought-after feature of modern housing is

extensive natural light. In order to transform older
l neighbourhood. I want to see
mo re pub lic facilitie s.' (claim/ sai d)
Cynth ia _ __ _ _ __ __ _
houses various 1 _ _ have recen tly become 2 'I think that if you renovate your
avai lable. For example, the use of glass bricks is now house, yo u will increase its value,
popu lar. They can be used in bathrooms, kitchens David.' (tell)
and as parts of internal walls too so they are very
2 _ _ . However, the most 3 _ _ invention Simon _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __
is sma rt glass. This glass can change from being
opaq ue to transparent in order to make light more 3 'I am go ing to lend you my new
4 _ _ . Smart glass can be con tro lled manually or camera for your holi day.' (promise)
it can be done via 5 _ _ thanks to a simple timing
Joanne _ _ _ __ __ _ __
system. 6 _ _ of customers have described it as
extreme ly 7 _ _ .
-----....._,_
4 'It w ill be easy to use the lapto p
1
b Decide if the sentences express a strong (S) or when you have install ed the correct
weak (W) opinion. Write S or W next to each software.' (explain) J
sentence.
I am firm ly in favour of bu il ding houses from
renewab le materi als.
2 I partl y be lieve in using tech nology to reduce
energy co nsumption in homes.
3 I am utterly agai nst having robots in the house
Jack- - ~
5 'I don't like the new office block

which was buil t last year.'
(complain)
l
due to their potential dangers. Leah _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __
4 I somewhat agree wi th investing more money in
space resea rch. 6 'Mary, I thi nk we'll need to move
to a bigger house next year.'
c Write the words in the correct order to make
(te ll/think)
noun phrases.
1 gadget a cost-effective Leah _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __
2 heating the th e floor under
3 life battery b Choose the correct sentence to match the
4 less wh ich energy device a uses reporting structure.
Request
d Match the percentages (1-4) with the phrases
1 A My parents asked me if I cou ld change
with the same meanings (A-D) .
bed rooms w ith my sister.
1 25 pe rcen t B My parents as ked to me I could change
2 9 pe rcen t bedrooms w ith my sister.
3 68 pe rcent
Question-wo rd quest io ns
4 53 pe rcen t
2 A The mayor asked people what they t hought of
A just over two-thirds the town's new spe ndi ng po licies
B app roxi mately half B The mayor asked if people thought of the
C exactly a quarter town's new spendi ng pol icies.
D a Iittle less than a te nth
Order
3 A The co m pany di rected to its wo rkers that hot-
desk in order to reduce the size of t he office.
B The co m pany directed its wo rkers to hot-desk
in order to reduce th e size of th e offi ce.
Yes/No qu esti ons
4 A The governm en t se nt peo pl e a survey to fi nd
ou t if they wanted more green energy.
B The govern men t se nt peopl e a survey to fi nd
out that they wanted mo re gree n energy.

. -~_;:_, :, !
~f~}t:~iif · nd
a fftder ·
6bTesting
t
Reading: Work out the meaning of unknown words Listening: Section 4: Multiple choice; Summary
(Flow chart completion; Sentence rnmpletion) completion
· • Vocabulary: Verbs for argurn~nt and opinion; Language development and vocabulary: Cleft sentences;
Academic words; Collocations for argument Using there and it
Speal<.ing: Develop topic-specific vocabulary; Order your Speaking: Part 3: Discussing crime
arglJment; Pronunciation: schwa l~I (Part 3) Reading: Flow chart completion; Sentence completion
Listening: Understand attitude from tone and intonation Writing: Task 2: Opinion essay
(Sectjon 4: Summary completion)
• Language development: Link ideas; Both, neither, either
Writing: Structures to compare and contrast;
.c ontrast your. opinions (Task 2: Opinion essay)
Lead-in
1 Look at the photos from film and TV. What do they all have in common? How accurately
do you think these pictures portray scenes from real life? Why?
87
Reading (Flow chart completion; Sentence completion)
Before you read

Questions 6-9
1 If you could reduce criminal activity, which Complete the sentences below.
crimes would be your main priorities? Why?
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR
A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.
Work out the meaning of unknown words
2 Read the title and subtitle of the reading passage, Gesch found that providing a source of 6 _ _ to
then skim the passage quickly. What is it about? prisoners might help to reduce crime.
Raine identified insufficient 7 in children as
3 a Work in pairs. Think of a synonym for the list of
a sign of a potentia l crim inal.
words from the first paragraph of the passage.
Raine believes recognition of genetic predisposition
1 post- mortem 6 throwbacks to crime could affect how the 8 _ _ operates.
2 notorious 7 discredited Raine asserts that the concept of 9 _ _ does
3 bandit 8 tainted not apply to everyone.
4 intrigued 9 discarded
5 rodents 10 discipline
b Look at the same words in context in the first Test practice

paragraph of the passage and answer the
4a Work in pairs and discuss the questions .
questions for each of them.
1 Why do you need to read the instructions
1 What part of speech are they: nouns/verbs, etc.?
carefully?
2 What clues ca n you get from the word itself? For
2 Why is it usefu l to read t he passage qu ickl y before
example, has it got a negative prefix such as un-7 doing the task?
3 How will reading the words around each gap
Questions 1-5
help?
Complete the flow chart below. 4 What will help you to locate the relevant parts of
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the the passage?
b Read the strategies and complete the test tasks .
Nature or nurture? > TEST STRATEGIES page 170
19th century - Lom broso's view: only primitive c Work in pairs and discuss your answers.
people became criminals.
Evidence based on examinati on of a criminal's Task analysis
1 _ _ , sa id to resemble those be longing to
5 a Why are these answers to the test tasks
other spec ies
incorrect?
2 brains
20th century - soc io logical explanations for 4 prefrontal cortex
crime became fash ionable. 6 fish oil
7 lack of anticipato ry fear
End of 20th/21st century - The analysis of b To what extent did the strategies in Exercises 3a
2 taken o f ki ll ers enabled Raine to and 3b help you to deal with other new words
formulate a th eory of crim inal behaviour. you did not understand? Were there some words
which is was not necessary to understand?
Raine's biological explanation for the causes of
violent crime.
Inability to control 3 _ _ due to ma lfunction
in part of bra in.
Area of bra in kn own as t he 4 _ _ : respo nsible
for spontaneous be haviour.
Inadequate 5 _ _ found to be common
amongst psychopaths.
88 Student's Resource Book> Reading pages 56--57 MyEnglishLab > 6a Reading

Module6 ';l!!I
Law and order ~
Arrested development
Are criminals victims Despite these findings , Raine does not simply wish to
identify and understand the biological causes of violent
of their environment
crime: his aim is to discover effective ways to prevent it.
or is there "a criminal In an experiment conducted by Bernard Gesch, prisoners
brain"? convicted of violent offences were given a regu lar dose of
omega-3 fatty acids, critical in facilitating brain function,
Scholarly interest in the in the form of fish oil pills. It was subsequently noted that
criminal cranium is by amongst those who took these pills, the rate of offending
no means new. In 1871 in prison showed a significant decline.
the Italian physician
and intellectual Cesare However, Raine's real mission is to identify ways in which
Lombroso was performing children can be discouraged from turning to crime in the
a post-mortem on the first place. One of his studies involved 1,800 three-year-old
body of a notorious bandit children, who were tested for another form of emergency
when he became intrigued brake: fear. The children were played a neutral tone
by the shape of the skull, followed by an unpleasant-sounding one. This was repeated
which reminded him of until each child recognised that no sooner did they hear the
"apes, rodents and birds." He concluded that criminals neutral tone than the disagreeable one would follow. For
were born bad; throwbacks to an earlier, more brutal most, the first tone was sufficient to raise their pulse rate
stage of our evolution. His theories were soon discredited, and cause them to perspire. However, a small minority of
and in the 20th century all attempts to link biology with participants demonstrated little or no "anticipatory fear" at
criminal behaviour were tainted by association with all. Twenty years on, it was discovered that those children
,:,eugenics. Consequently, these theories were discarded who had been unafraid were significantly more likely to
and the new discipline of criminology became a branch have acquired a criminal record.
of sociology, which, for the most part, it remains. When Of course, not all children with poorly functioning fear
politicians debate "the causes of crime", they tend to responses will grow up to be criminals. Much depends
refer to social factors such as poverty and unemployment. on the circumstances of their upbringing. Research
Later in the 20th and early 21st century, however, suggests that the causes of anti-social behaviour are
thanks to major advances in neuroscience and genetics, approximately 50% genetic and 50% environmental, the
attention has reverted to the profound influence exerted latter including conditions in the womb and the child's
by physiology on human behaviour. Evidence of this is earliest experiences. In Raine's view, if criminologists
the fast-growing field of neurocriminality; its pioneer fail to consider the contribution of biological and genetic
is Professor Adrian Raine from the University of processes to the causes of crime, a crucial chapter of the
Pennsylvania, a former prison psychologist who has been story will be overlooked. Being afraid protects us from
investigating the subtle relationship between criminal our own worst impulses, as do strong social networks
behaviour, the brain and the environment for many years. and our capacity to reflect on our behaviour. Raine
Through the study of prisoners' brain scans Raine has believes the absence of these checks normally indicates
discovered that murderers, predominantly those who a problem and he aims to help identify children who lack
kill on impulse, are far more likely to have a poorly such protections and who are therefore at greater risk of
functioning pre-frontal cortex. This is the rational, becoming involved in criminal activity.
decision-making section of the brain which acts as a Fundamentally, the principle that our understanding of
neurological brake for the majority of people in that it (anti) social behaviour can be advanced through the study
helps to regulate the aggressive behaviour linked to the of the brain has become far more widely accepted. But
more unpredictable regions of the brain which comprise neurocriminology is still somewhat restricted by what
the limbic system. it can measure and the arguments over its implications
In contrast, violent criminals may suffer from a deficit in have barely begun. The idea that we derive criminal
their capacity for emotion. Raine and his collaborators inclinations from our parents and early childhood raises
performed brain scans on people whom they had a whole host of complex ethical and social questions,
previously diagnosed with psychopathic personalities. particularly where the law is concerned. For example,
When presented with a scenario in which a shocking Raine believes that the nature of an individual's brain
moral decision was required , the scans indicated that ought to be seriously considered during the process of
the level of activity produced in the emotion-regulating sentencing. "Free will is not as free as we believe," he
regions was far lower in psychopathic individuals as says. For some people "the dice are loaded."
opposed to non-psychopathic people who undertook the
same test. * eugenics: the study of methods to improve the mental and physical
abilities of the human race by choosing who should become parents
89
, . Module6
~ Law and order
4 It is unden iable that the police contribute integrally/

rationally to maki ng our society a safer place.
5 Many people reasonably I debatably conclude that
Verbs for argument and opinion crime has a negative effect on people's sense of
secu ri ty
1 a Match the verbs below with their definitions 6 It wo uld be ideal to have a police presence in
(1-6). every neighbourhood at all times, but this idea
conclude contribute derive facilitate identify might not be integral I practical in terms of
involve manpower
b Work in pairs and discuss the topics .

To give money, help or ideas to something that
other people are also involved in. 1 A fundamental contribution someone has made
2 To decide that something is true after conside ri ng to yo ur life.
all the information. 2 A time when yo u made a positive contribution to
3 To get something, especially an advantage o r a yo ur commun ity
pleasant fee lin g, from so meth ing; (passive) to 3 A problem in your life that you have identifi ed a
develop o r come from someth ing else so lutio n for.
4 To include or affect someone or something 4 An activi ty which you derive a lot of JOY from
5 To recogn ise something o r discover exactly what it
is, what its nature or ori gin is. Collocations for argument
6 To make it easier fo r a process o r action to 3 a Choose an option (A, B or C) to complete the
happen. collocations.
b Complete the text with the correct form of the 1 _ _ an argument = to put forward an argumen t
words in Exercise la. A propose B propel C prom ise
2 _ _ an argument = to di smi ss an argument
1 _ _ why some cities have higher crime rates A repel B refuse C rej ect
than others may seem difficult, however ce rtain 3 _ _ an argument= to agree w ith and back an
patterns do emerge. Pla ces whe re people 2 _ _ argument
more taxes into a system which supports poorer A support B supply C suppose
people generally have lower crim e. This might 4 _ _ of argument = the reaso ning of an
explain the causes to an extent Some people argu ment
claim that some crimes are 3 _ _ from poverty, A lane B li ne C level
which would support the concept of societal 5 both _ _ of an argum ent = the pros and cons
improvements leading to a lower crime rate . of an argument
However, reducing crime will 4 _ _ much more A shades B sid es C symbo ls
than just tackling poverty. Governments need to 6 _ _ argument= an argument which is very
ensure the police are adequately staffed and able good or stro ng
to 5 _ _ a rapid response so as to deter criminal A conn iving B co nced ing C co nvi nci ng
behaviour. Many cities with a low crime rate are 7 _ _ argument = an argument w ith a major
known to have a strong police force that works as weakness
an effective deterrent. Perhaps we can 6 _ _ by A flared B flaccid C fl awed
stating that social support and deterrence are the
key contributors to improving the safety of our cities.
b Complete the sentences with the correct
collocations from Exercise 3a.
Many judges _ _ the argument for redu cin g
Academic words the number of people sent to prison for mi no r
2 a Choose the correct option in italics to complete offences because of the huge financial bu rden it
the sentences. places on society.
2 Psychologists beli eve that there is a _ _
1 Although there are now moves towards
argument for having crim inals meet their
invo lving offenders in rehabi litation, it must not
victims as stu dies have determ ined that the
be fo rgotten that they have fundamentally I
personali sation of a crime can sign ificantly redu ce
idealistically done wrong in the eyes of the law
the likelihood of someo ne reoffending.
2 Whilst people cou ld derive a lot of happiness
3 Research has shown that the argument that prison
fro m cities being completely safe, th is is not a/an
is the most effective punishment is _ _ . In
feasible I appropriate situation in today's world.
fact, some resu lts have suggested th at prisons can
3 The invo lvement of offenders in ed ucati ng people
foste r further criminal activity in many inm ates.
of the dangers of crim e may be inconsistent I
perceived depending on the offender's personali ty c Work in pairs and discuss your opinions on the
and intentions. topics in Exercise 3b.

Module6 ';!I
Law and order Uiil
4 a Plan your answer to the question below. Follow
Speaking (Part 3) the structure in Exercise 3b and use some of the
language from Exercise 3c. Try to structure your
answer to show both sides of the argument.
What do you think about the growth of CCN in

public places?
b Work in pairs and take turns to give your answer

to Exercise 4a. Check your partner follows the
structure correctly.
Pronunciation: schwa/;;,/
5a CJ 6.2 Listen to the words and mark the stress.
newspaper cameras surveillance mon itor
b Listen again and mark on the words where you

hear the schwa sound hi. Is it used for stressed
or unstressed syllables?
newspaper cameras su rve illance monitor
c CJ 6.3 Listen to the sentences and mark where

you hear the schwa sound. Practise saying these
Lead-in words with a partner.
1 Look at the photos. What forms of monitoring do 1 Many people have quite a strong opinion on what
they show? newspaper they read.
2 There are far more came ras in pub lic places these
Develop topic-specific vocabulary days th an there were a decade ago.
3 Surve illance is in some ways a necessary part of
2 a Match 1- 5 with A-E to make collocations.
soc iety these days.
invasion of A a webs ite 4 I don't see a problem with the way our daily
2 surveillance B theft activities are monitored .
3 identity C data
4 hack D privacy Test practice
5 track E system
• TEST STRATEGI ES page 175
b Discuss the following issues. Try to use the
collocations in Exercise 2a. 6 a Read the questions below. Consider how you
The benefits of CCTV could include language and structures from this
The uses of on line data. page in your answers.
The reasons for su rvei llance
The balance between mo nitoring and privacy
1 W hy m ight some people be worried about
The safety of d ifferent webs ites.
buying goods o r serv ices on line?
2 How co uld mon itoring un dertaken by
Order your argument surve ill ance systems be nefit modern society?
3a CJ 6.1 Listen to an excerpt from a Part 3 test. 3 Wh at do you believe are the potential dangers
What is the question? What is the candidate's of sharing too much personal information
opinion? on line?
b How did the speaker structure her answer?

Number the elements below in the correct order. b Work in pairs and take turns to ask and answer
the questions in Exercise 6a . Record your
counter argument thesis evaluat io n reaso ns
c Match the phrases (1-4) with the functions in
Exercise 3b. Can you think of any other words or Assess and improve
phrases that could be used instead?
7 Work in pairs and discuss your answers. Did
1 I thi nk that .. your partner give an extended response? How
2 In general .. well were his/her answers structured?
3 Most people think that ... but ..
4 I think this because ..

, _ Module6
l:iiil Law and order
Before you listen

1 In what ways might the objects in the photos
help to prevent crime? Should people pay more
attention to their own safety and the safety of
their possessions? Why?
Understand attitude from tone and intonation

2 a Match the opinions (1-3) with their meanings (A- C).
1 to be sceptical
2 to be enthusiastic
3 to be neutral
A to think that something is not true

B to have no strong opinion about something
C to show interest in something
b CJ 6.4 Listen to a speaker read the sentences

(1-3) using different intonation to express her
attitude. Write the correct attitude, sceptical
(S), neutral (N) or enthusiastic (E), next to each
sentence.
They say this study on crime prevention is really
Test practice
innovative • TEST STRATEGIES page 768
2 They say th is study on crime prevention is really
innovative. 4 CJ 6.7 Listen to the last part of the lecture and
3 They say this study on crime prevention is really complete the test task.
innovative.
Questions 1- 3
3a CJ 6.5 Listen to the first part of a lecture on
Complete the summary below.
crime prevention and choose the correct answer
(A, B or C). Use NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A
1 What does the speaker think about the study of
crime prevention? Rational choice theory explains how people
A evaluating forms of punishment is a better idea choose to behave by th inking 1 _ _ about
B it is not as effective as traditional forms of their surroundings. Thi s theory can be applied to
punishment understanding how to stop people from deciding
C it is something which should be focused on to commit a crime Criminals have to calculate the
more 2 _ _ of arrest before deciding to perpetrate
2 The speaker believes that improvements in a crime. Studies have demonstrated that cameras
science have which record traffic can discourage people from
A brought beneficial effects to studying crime. violating traffic rules due to the 3 _ _ possibility
B not improved the ways we punish criminals. of being caught
C been a waste of time overal l.
b CJ 6.6 Listen to the next part of the lecture on
crime prevention and complete the sentences. Task analysis
Write no more than two words. 5 Read audio script 6.7 on page 207 and listen
Situational crime prevention is a _ _ to again. Work in pairs and discuss how the
reducing crime speaker's tone of voice and word stress helped
2 One aim is to eradicate crime by _ _ . you answer the questions in Exercise 4.
3 It tries to make crime _ _ to peop le
c Can you reject any of the options in the multiple- Discussion

choice questions in Exercise 3a based on the 6 Which ideas presented in the lecture do you
speaker's tone of voice or word stress? Why? consider would be the most successful and which
How did the speaker's tone and intonation help the least successful? Why? What other ways can
you answer the questions in Exercise 3b? you think of to tackle crime?
Module 6
Law and order
3 Complete the sentences with your own ideas.

Language development 1 Although the number of people in prisons has
ri sen, _ _ _ _ _ __
2 Despite _ _ _ __ _ _ , in ternet piracy is
Link ideas
still a big issue for many international artists.
• EXPERT GRAMMAR page 179 3 People who comm it crimes must be punished
Simi larly, _ _ _ _ __ _
1 a Read the sentences below. Do the underlined 4 There are many people who think that potential
words introduce agreement or contrast between criminals have a socio-political profile, but
the ideas? conversely, _ _ __ _ _ __
Training in parenting skills has been shown to
reduce the number of young offenders, whereas Both, neither, either
investment in education has not achieved the
4a Complete the sentences with both, neither or
same level of success.
2 On line piracy is rapidly becoming one of th e most
either.
widespread types of cybercrime Simi larl y, on lin e 1 Fraud and insider trad ing are _ _ typical
banking fraud has increased considerably and is examples of white-co llar crime in the financial
now rather commonp lace. sector.
3 Despite increased im plementation of measures 2 _ _ the government nor the jud iciary should
to co unter cybercrime, many govern ments have have so le control over introducing new legislation.
been incapable of effectively tackling the probl em They should _ _ share the responsibility.
3 Society can choose between _ _ improving
b Complete the rules with the underlined words in
education to prevent crime or introducing harsher
Exercise la.
pu nish ments.
Words like likewise, _ _ and conversely can start 4 Due to the government cuts people can have
sente nces or clauses but they cannot connect _ _ safer streets or safer public transport.
clauses without a conJunction. 5 Experts say that education and employment
2 Words like _ _ , although and while connect significan tly reduce crime. Unfortunately, _ _
two clauses together in one sentence. of these has been proven in research
3 _ _ must be fo llowed by a noun o r nou n 6 _ _ parents and teachers have the
phrase respo nsib ility to help teenagers stay away from
2 Complete the text with the correct linking words criminal gangs and activities.
below. b Complete the rules.
although conversely despite similarly 1 _ _ describes two things; this and that.
2 _ _ means not this and not that; it is negative
and used w ith a singular ve rb.
Blue-collar crime is defined as crime which is 3 _ _ is used to express a choice between two or
unskilled and usually committed by people more th ings; it is used with a singular verb.
from poorer groups in society, and white-collar
crime describes financial, non-violent crime c Rewrite the sentences. Use both, neither or either.
most often committed by people of high social 1 Businesses are adversely affected by cybercrime
status in the course of their work in business and so are individuals.
or government. 1 _ _ this distinction seems 2 There are two measures that could be
fairly obvious, the rise of crimes perpetuated implemented to increase safety on the streets. The
over the internet is making the distinction first would be to increase street lighting at night.
more difficult. 2 _ _ , identifying the The second would be to install CCTV
3 Some people assert that the current justi ce syste m
perpetrators of white-collar crime is far more
fails to rehabilitate criminals, and at the same
difficult than for blue-collar crime. Often
time, does nothing to help the victims o f crime.
white-collar crime goes completely undetected
4 The burglars could have entered my hou se
or at least unreported, 3 _ _ costing
through an open top floor window It co ul d
companies and governments billions of dollars
also have been possible to come in through the
in losses all over the world. As a result, law-
garage.
enforcement agencies have often claimed that 5 Patience is a key skil l when training police dogs.
white-collar crime is their priority. 4 _ _ , Also, another impo rtant aspect is having a sense
fewer and fewer white-collar crimes have been of authority.
brought to trial in recent years. 6 Blue-co ll ar workers are not sent to prison as
ofte n as white-co llar worke rs. This is the same for
company CEOs as well.
Student's Resource Book> Language Development page 59 MyEnglishLab > 6a Language development
93
Fa Module6
li6il Law and order
Contrast your opinions

Writing (Task 2)
3 Look at the sentences below. Which ones
compare and contrast ideas correctly? Which
Lead-in ones compare and contrast incorrectly? What
are the problems with the incorrect expressions
'Crime prevention is everybody's business.' and how could you correct them?
1 Altho ugh many people consider themselves to be
1 Read the quote above. What do you think it law-abiding citizens, a large proportion of them
means? To what extent do you agree or disagree do actually commit crimes such as speeding or
with the statement? Why? littering.
2 Education programmes sometimes rehabi litate
Structures to compare and contrast offenders Conversely, some offenders do not
undertake these programmes.
2 a Look at the following issues. Make a list of the
3 Whereas many people live in poverty, only a
arguments for and against each option.
minority of them commit cri mes.
a REASONS FOR CRI ME
4 Despite many governm ents tackli ng pove rty,
People com mi t crime due to their pe rsonal ity. crime rates have still not decreased.
IFOR IAGAINST Test practice
People commit crime due to environme ntal factors.

IFOR IAGAINST 4a Read the essay title and the essay introduction
below. How has the writer structured the
introduction? What content could go in the
b PREVENT!NG CRIM E paragraphs that follow?
Society is respo nsib le fo r crime prevention
Improving living conditions within society is a far
superior approach to crime prevention than the threat
of punishment. To what extent do you agree with this
statement and why?
Governments are respo nsibl e for crime prevention
IFOR IAGAINST C-riiM.e pY-evef\.:ttOf\. lS A lM.AJOY- COf\.lUf\. {oY- lM.Afli'.)

5oveY-fl.1M.eflh, 0ko 0Aflt to be Able to o{{eY- tketY-
b Read the following paragraph. What sections in cttL,<'. efl.s A M{e AM pleAMfl.t lt{e. -Ho0eveY-, pY-evefl.ti~
Exercise 2a are written about? NtiM.e ts A prnbleiM.Atic AM coiM.pltcAted. tAsk. Nkilst
Everyone shoul d play an active ro le in cri me botk tiM.pY-ovi~ coMitioM AM pufl.tskiM.eflt CAfl
prevention . There are many societal issues be e{{utive d.ete«efl.-1:s, sko0 t~ -!:/I.At CY-tiM.es Me
that contrib ute to crime such as avail abi li ty of
pufliskAble ts s-!:tll tke iM.ost e{{uttve d.ete«efl.t to d.Ate.
opportu ni ty o r treatment w ith in the comm unity,
and as such governmen t and w id er society should 1kts lSMi'.) 0ill M5ue tkis poiflt bi'.) e,<ploY-i~ 0ki'.)
try and ensu re inclusion and opportunity for all. iMtvtd.uAls {Y-oiM. botk {AvouY-Able AM less {AvovlY-Able
The more ca ring a co m muni ty is, the more valued
efl.\JlY"Of\.iM.efl.ts C01M.1M.it cY-iiM.e, AM outliflt~ ko0 A
th e ind ividuals withi n it fee l. However, society can
only do so much. If individuals choose to distance pufl.tsk1M.e1-1.t-{Y-ee soctdi'.) iM.Ai'.) 1-1.e5Ativeli'.) A{{ut tke
themselves from those around them , this does not cY-tiM.e Y-A-!:e.
mean that efforts should be reduced. Although
societal invo lvement might not be an instant or easy
b Plan the structure of the main body and
solutio n, it may certainly help in curtailing some of
conclusion for the introduction in Exercise 4a.
the many causes of crime.
You will need at least three paragraphs.
c Using the paragraph in Exercise 2b, order the
stages of the paragraph. One stage can be used c Write the rest of the essay. Try to use language
to compare and contrast from this page. Write at
twice.
least 250 words.
A Explanation of idea C Co ntrasting idea
B First idea D Contrastive evaluation
94 Student's Resource Book > Writing page 60 MyEnglishLab > 6a Writing A and B
Test practice
4 ca 6.9 Complete the test tasks .
Questions 1-4
1 Being a super recognise r is a skill w hich people

A probably possess from birth
B have to be taught to do it well.
C master in their teenage years .
2 What is particularly interesting about super
recogn isers?
A They originate from the same ethnic group.
B Their skill does not work with other racial
Before you listen groups.
C They only recognise a limited number of people.
A 'super recogniser' is someone who has an 3 The results of the study at the University of
exceptional ability to recogni se human faces. Greenwich demonstrated that
A police officers are more inclined to be super
recogn isers.
1 How might the 'super recogniser' skill be used
B not al l the officers assessed were super
in real life? Do you think you might be a super
recognisers.
recogniser?
C th eir resu lts were more consistent than those
from Harvard University.
Understand opinion from adjectives
4 Why are super recognisers so useful to the police?
2a Do the adjectives below have a positive or A They are more reliable than finger printing
negative meaning? and DNA.
B They are never inaccurate.
convincing fascinating fl awed improbable
C They conserve vital resources.
misleading perceptive remarkab le sign ificant
superficial
Questions 5- 10
b Read the questions in Exercise 3a and underline
any key words. Which questions might be based Complete the summary below.
on the speaker's opinion and how might you Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.
recognise this?
Comp uters are becoming far more soph isticated
3a ca 6.8Listen to the first part of a lecture on w hen it comes to facial recogni ti on due to the
super recognisers and choose the correct letter developments in 5 _ _ . Despite the fac t that
(A, B or C). processing images should be a straightfo rward task
1 Acco rding to the speaker, super recognisers have fo r comp uters, it does become problemati c if the
A an extraordinary ability to notice detail. images are of 6 _ _ . Additionally, co mputers
B a ski ll wh ich is interesting to study. find it harder to process video as the images are
C a significant advantage over other people. always 7 _ _ . Developing facial recogn ition
2 What does the lecturer th ink about the po lice software for computers is incredibly difficu lt
employing super recognisers? because there is also a lack of certainty about how
8 _ _ are able to do this. One difference is that
A It is a bad approach to po li cin g.
people are accustomed to identifying faces
B It can increase their resources.
9 _ _ . Technological advances in photographic
C It has helped to solve more crimes.
equipment will result in improved 10 _ _ and
b Read audio script 6.8 on page 207. Which wil l enable computers to become more adept at
adjectives does the speaker use to show his facial recognition in years to come.
opinion for questions 1 and 27
Student's Resource Book> Listening page 61 MyEnglishLab > 6b Listening A and B 95

R!I Module6
~ Law an d ord er
Cleft sentences Using there and it

> EXPERT GRAMMAR page 179 2 a Choose the correct option in italics for the type of
information .
1 a Match the example sentences (1-2) with the
to say where something is it I there
correct structures (A-B) . The underlined text is 2 time and dates it I there
old inform ation
3 before op inion adjectives it I there
Can you tell me w hat was stolen from your office? 4 quantities and numbers it I there
1 It was my laptop that was sto len from my office 5 the weather it I there
(It+ to be+ noun, relative pronoun + verb) 6 to introduce a new topic it I there
2 What was stolen from my office was my laptop. 7 in passive constructions it I there
(What+ verb + to be+ noun)
b Decide if the sentences are correct or incorrect.
A new information + old information Correct the incorrect sentences.
B old information + new information
According to the graph it was a substantial
b Rewrite the sentences using the words in number of burglaries in the co untryside in 2015 .
brackets. 2 There has been an increase in th e number of
I enJoyed the plot of the Agatha Christie novel the prisoners gaini ng academ ic qual ificatio ns d uring
most (what) their sentences.
2 The bank robbers we re ca ught because of the 3 There is reasonab le to ass um e that significant
security footage. (it) improvements w ill be made to IT security in the
near future.
3 Transpo rting food across borders is illegal due to
possib le contam ination. (it) 4 It has been suggested that Juven iles suffer most
4 We need a fa irer way to conduct trials in this from injustices with in the crim inal Just ice system
country (what) 5 There used to be a police station on this street
5 The police interviewed all the w itnesses first when I was young.
(what) 6 There could be argued t hat crime has been
6 My brother had his wallet stolen while he was on steadily decreas ing over the last 50 yea rs.
holiday. (it) c Complete the sentence with it or there.
7 I liked the special effects in the movie more than 1 _ _ are a variety of tried and tested methods
aspects such as the acting or the music. (what) for assessing whethe r cri mi nals are li ke ly to
8 When I we nt o n holiday to Scotland, the scenery
reoffend after leavi ng prison
impressed me more than anyth ing else. (it) 2 _ _ has been cla imed that crime has
decreased in Lo ndon d ue to peop le having better
relationships with the po lice.
3 _ _ was a pri so n on this site d uri ng the last
centu ry, but it was transfo rm ed into a museum a
few years ago.
4 _ _ is interesting to note that urban areas with
a strong sense of comm unity tend to experience
less crime.
5 _ _ is a new law for protecti ng cybercrime
victims. Hopefully, it will be effective
6 Crimes comm itted in pub li c places such as parks
tend to increase w hen _ _ is sunny because
people are d istracted .
d Write 10 sentences using there and it. Follow the

rule s in Exercise 2a.
c Work in pairs and talk about the following topics .

Use It or What clauses.
An amazing th ing t hat happened to you.
2 Something yo u would love to do.
3 An impo rtant day in yo ur life
4 A place you want to visit
96 Student's Resource Book> Language development and Vocabulary pages 62--63 MyEnglishLab > 6b Language development and Vocabulary
Module 6
Law and order
Speaking (Part 3)
Vocabulary development 3a CD 6.10 Read the audio script on page 208 and
listen to a candidate talking about the pros
1 Complete the text with the words below.
and cons of using drones. Work with a partner
data sources drones facial recognition hotspots to improve the fluency and coherence of the
pred iction social med ia suspects answer. Consider the following:
• Extending answers
• Reduc ing hesi tancy an d improving fl ow
The future of crime; law • Use of connecto rs and d iscou rse markers
enforceme nt is everywher e b CD 6.11Listen to the candidate answer the
Although solving crime has developed rapidly question again. How has his fluency and
with the introduction of more scientific means of coherence improved?
identifying and capturing 1 _ _ , the future of
crime fighting looks even more impressive. Test practice
2 _ _ sites are already being used by police forces • TEST STRATEGIES page 175
and this is only set to increase further. Police are
posting messages to local communities to help locate 4a Read the questions below and think about your
individuals or inform them about crime 3 _ _ , answers. Consider the following aspects:
and many stolen goods and missing people have been • How to organise your answer and extend it
found due to sites like Pinterest. However, other • How to connect your ideas.
technological advances are even more impressive. Th e variety of vocabulary you can use.
The use of 4 _ _ may completely revolutionise the • Creatin g a smooth flow with little hesitation .
police force as they can remotely film suspects or
search for particular people using 5 _ _ software. How are the police better at solving crimes
This has major implications regarding manpower, nowadays?
as local forces are no longer limited to only using 2 Do yo u believe that crime rates will be lower in
officers. Additionally, although it is unlikely crimes the future?
of the future will be foreseen in the manner shown 3 What do you think are the pros and cons of
in films like Minority Report, crime 6 _ _ is cri me- prediction techniques?
already here. Large technology companies, such as 4 If the police commonly used drones and
Hitachi, are now combining a huge variety of pred ictive data to tackle crime, could this have
7 _ _ such as surveillance cameras, geographical any negative effects?
crime areas, sensor systems and social media to
predict when and where a crime is going to occur.
b Work in pairs and take turns to ask and answer
the questions in Exercise 4a.
Focus on fluency and coherence
Assess and improve
2 Turn to page 183 and read the descriptors for
5 a Think about your and your partner's answers to
fluency and coherence. Decide whether the
the questions in Exercise 4a. How well did you
statements below are true or false.
both do the following?
To ac hieve e ither a band 6 o r 7 yo u need to give
1 Give a fu ll answer to each question
sho rt answers to the exam iner's questions.
2 Con nect ideas clearly using signposti ng and
2 To achieve a band 7 your li ne of argum ent or
co nn ectors
tho ught must always be clear to th e exa mi ne r.
3 Use a vari ety of vocabulary
3 To achieve a band 7 you need to use so me
4 Create a smooth fl ow with little hesitatio n
connectors in your speech but they do not always
have to be accurate ly used. b What advice could you give your partner to help
4 To achieve a band 6 o r 7 yo u need to use so me him/her improve his/her responses?
connectors and disco urse markers in your speech.
5 To achieve a band 8 yo u sho uld never need to
search for vocabulary in you r answe r.
6 To achieve a band 8 all to pics mu st be developed
clearly and logica lly.
Student's Resource Book> Speaking page 64 MyEnglishLab > 6b Speaking

97
B?I Module6
li6ill Law and order
Reading (Flow chart completion; Sentence completion)
Before you read

1 Work in groups and discuss the questions.
1 Do you ever watch crime programmes on
television? Why do you think they are so popular?
2 What responsibilities might a crime scene
investigator have?
Test practice
2 Read the strategies and complete the test tasks .
> TEST STRATEGIES page 170
Questions 7-10
Questions 1-6 Complete the sentences below.
Complete the flow chart below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
7 Overview photographs are needed to show the
various _ _ relevant to the crime.
Stages in the investigation of a crime scene 8 Detailed photographs, from a short distance, of
injuries such as _ _ are taken on site.
Police response: 9 Although _ _ of the crime scene are
potential 1 _ _ not all owed at crime sce ne acceptable as long as they are correct, they may
provision of 2 _ _ to be signed by visito rs to have to be done again at a later date.
sce ne 10 An everyday object might be included in a
photograph as a _ _ in terms of size
CS I arrival: initi al 3 _ _ in fo rms strategy
• HELP
Documented evidence detai led photographic
7 Will this be a singular or plural noun? What is another
record and wri tten 4 _ _ provided for those
word for overview?
not presen t
8 Several injuries are mentioned: which are usually minor?
9 Look for a word for drawings which are not detailed or
Recreation of crime sce ne CSI develops carefully done.
supported 5 _ _ of scenario, including who
was probab ly there and exactly where they were Task analysis
Analysis All objects and documentation taken to
1 Which of the following techn iques helped you to
6
guess the meanings of new words/phrases?
• guessing from the format ion of the word itself
• looking for contextual clues
• HELP • finding a similarity w ith another English word
or a word in your own language
l Who was not allowed access to the crime scene?
2 Find examples of paraphrases or synonyms which
3 On what basis does the CSI decide on what she will do next?
helped you to complete t he tasks .
5 Find another verb meaning support.
Discussion
1 What personal qualities m ight someone wish ing
to be a Cri me Scene Investigator req ui re? Why?
2 Why might this be a very di fficult job to do and
one which not everyone would be able to handle?
3 What might be the positive aspects of doing such
a job?

Module 6
Law and order
From the moment the first police officer arrives at the records al l activities in and around the crime scene. This
scene of a crime, a strict set of procedures must be includes a description of the scene and an accurate list
adhered to: this is designed to protect everyone present describing what each piece of evidence is, when, where
and guard evidence against damage, contam ination or and by whom it was found, and who was responsible for
loss. Following these procedures and maintaining control transporting it to the laboratory. Each photograph is also
of the scene until the arrival of crime scene investigators identified and commented on.
offers the best chance of obtaining the evidence requ ired Photographs need to be taken promptly so that they
to successfully identify and convict those responsible for show the scene preserved in an unaltered condition prior
perpetrating the crime. to any evidence being removed for analysis. The CSI
At the heart of crime scene protection is Locard 's takes general shots of all locations related to the crime
Exchange Principle, which states that when any two scene such as rooms, the building and the area and mid-
people come into contact with each other, trace materials range photos of key pieces of evidence in context. For
such as hair, fibres and prints can be exchanged or close-ups, good-quality photos are essential in providing
transferred. Every person who enters the crime scene the forensics laboratory with details from wh ich to analyse
can leave behind signs of their presence, remove crucial the evidence. Any sign of physical harm to the body is
traces on their shoes, clothes or hands or otherwise critical: bruises and scratches can be photographed at
damage or alter any evidence that remains. Thus, access the scene but knife wounds and gunshots generally have
to the scene must be restricted immediately and denied to wait until the victim is hospitalised. CSls also create
to everyone but those authorised to enter it, as police may sketches to depict both the entire scene and particular
be unsure of who potentially are witnesses or suspects. aspects wh ich wil l benefit from exact measurements;
they need to be accurate in terms of the details presented
The next stage is to cordon off and secure the crime
but can be rough as they are frequently redrawn later for
scene, which will involve a requirement for all people
clarity. In photographs where it is important to see the size
authorised to be at the scene to sign their names upon
of the object being recorded, the photograph may include
arrival . This security log is essential for limiting the number
a point of reference such as a car key or ballpoint pen.
of individuals to be examined in the event of finding
stray fingerprints and shoeprints. If investigators can be After the crime scene has been carefully documented, it is
eliminated, the print may wel l implicate the perpetrators. time for the CSI to collect all physical evidence that might
serve to recreate the crime and identify the perpetrator in a
As soon as the crime scene investigator (CSI) arrives she
manner that will hold in a court of law. Certain information
must first gain an understanding of what the investigation
may be critical in determining the truthfulness of a suspect
will entail and establish a systematic approach to
or the reliability of a witness. The investigator focuses
col lecting evidence. Therefore, her first task is a walk-
on the likely sequence of events and the locations and
through examination of the crime scene; the focus being
positions of everyone present when the crime occurred
on the bigger picture, nothing is touched at this point. The
before looking at each piece of physical evidence to find
CSI also talks to the police or detectives who were first
out whether or not it endorses this hypothesis: anything
on the scene and may have already begun interviewing
that does not confirm this must be reconci led or must
witnesses.
change. As a result, the reconstruction of a crime scene
Having formulated a plan, the CSI then organises is constantly evolving as more evidence is disclosed. All
documentation of all the evidence, with the aim of creating of this evidence is included in the crime scene report and,
a visual record which will enable the forensics laboratory, together with the evidence recovered from the scene, is
detectives and lawyers to gain an exact representation of transferred to a forensic science laboratory to be analysed.
the scene and surrounding area. A designated note-taker
99
rn'!I Module6
li6iil Law and order
Writing (Task 2)
Lead-in 1 Look at the crime scene cartoon. What is the joke? What are the
police officers missing? What clues help the police?
Understand the task 2a Look at the essay title below. Are the ideas (1-7) for or against the
main argument?
Science is more useful than human judgement in stopping crime. To

what extent do you agree?
Humans make errors.

2 There is no replacement for common sense.
3 Science cannot find out the motives or take testimonies.
4 DNA is 100 percent accurate.
5 Science is more objective.
6 Scientific evidence may be inconclusive
7 DNA can be planted at a scene to incriminate someone who is
innocent.
b Note down some more reasons to support each view and decide
which opinion you agree with most and why.
Plan the task 3a Turn to page 190 and read the descriptors for task achievement.
Decide which points (A or B) best describe what you need to do.
In which part of the essay would you include these aspects?
1 A Answer the question. B Write about the top ic
2 A Give an objective overview B Present a clear viewpoint.
3 A Present a list of ideas. B Present a few developed ideas.
4 A Provide support for your ideas. B Ask new questions about the
top ic
5 A Answer all parts of the task. B Select one part of the task that
most appeals to you.
b Read the essay question in Exercise 2a again. Which of these
plans is likely to score highest for task achievement, and why?
Structure 1
Introduction: Police are the main fo rce to stop crime. My answer -
The police are an effective too l to stop crime.
Main body 1: The police are on the streets every day. The po lice use
judgement to catch crim inals They follow clues The
police have arrested many peo ple
Main body 2: The police now use lots of tec hnology. They have
helicopters, cameras and laboratories to hel p catch
criminals.
Conclusion: The police are usi ng sc ience we ll.
100
Module 6 ffl!I
Law and order ~
Structure 2
Introduction: Both human Judgement and scie nce impo rtant. My
answer - human j udgement sli ghtly mo re im po rtan t.
Main body 1: Hu man judgemen t is necessary, e.g. humans can use
logic to determi ne suspects fro m many DNA sa mples.
Main body 2: Co unter - Science can offer more obj ect ive evidence
t han hu mans, e.g. DNA bu t it can be w ro ng, e.g.
iden ti ca l twins share DNA , DNA can be pl anted.
Conclusion: Both are essentia l, po lice officers can work wi thout
science, but scie nce cann ot work without the po lice.
c Using your ideas from Exercise 2b, discuss how you could follow
the guidance in Exercises 3a and 3b to develop your essay
structure and argument.
Language and content 4a Look at the aspects below. Which of these are important in a
conclusion?
1 Summarise key argument/points
2 Include some new information
3 Restatemen t o f you r opi nion
4 Give questio ns fo r th e exa mi ner
5 Develop a final main poi nt
b Read the two conclusions below. Which one is better and why?
What is the writer's opinion?
Conclusion A
In co ncl usion , sc ience is a far more effective too l than human
judgement. Although human Judgement will never leave us, and is one
of the cores o f solvi ng cri me. Human judgement is one of the most
fun damen tal elements of solving crime. People can trust in the law.
Co ul d yo u trust in sc ience alone deciding yo ur fate?
Conclusion B
In co ncl usio n, although both elements are important in figh ti ng
crime, science is becom ing more important. Not only is science
hi ghly reliabl e and more obj ective than pure human judgement, in a
changin g wo rld, th e progress that science makes helps us fi ght against
crimes such as fraud in ways th at humans cannot do alone.
Write your opinion essay 5a Make a plan to answer the essay question in Exercise 2a. Form
your own argument and decide on key points. Think about:
• EXPERT WRITING page 196 • Wh at the question is as king.
How yo u can answe r ful ly.
Co ntrasti ng both hu man j udgement and science.
• The orga ni sati on of yo ur pa ragraphs.
• The developm ent of you r key poi nts.
• Inclu din g a restatement and sum mary in your conclusion.
b Write your essay. You should write at least 250 words .
Assess and improve 6a Work in pairs and review each other's essays. Complete the
checklist.
1 Is there an introductio n, we ll-organ ised paragraphs and co nclus ion?
2 Is th e w riter's standpoi nt clear from the beginning?
3 Does the w riter give clear reasons to defend thei r stand point?
4 Is each main po int introduced clearly with a to pic se ntence?
5 Are th ese main points developed and given suppo rt?
6 Does the wri ter contrast both science an d human judgement?
7 Is there a well - structured conclusion?
b Work on improving your answer. Use the feedback from Exercise

6a to help you.
Module 6
Law and order

Review
although both conversely despite neither
si milarly
the text. 1 _ _ harsh pun ishments, some individuals sti ll
co mmit crim es.
Most viewers 1 contribute I derive a lot of joy from 2 _ _ th e po lice nor the courts can completely
watchi ng detective shows on televis io n. These ki nds eradicate al l crimi nal acts.
3 Having police officers enter schoo ls to ed ucate
of shows tend to feature a detective and si dekick
young people on the dangers of crime has had
who 2 identify I involve clues and motives and then beneficial effects on their safety. _ _ , leafl ets
3 facilitate I conclude who must be the perpetrator. give n to parents about keeping their ch il dren safe
However, in real life dealing with the repercuss ions have also seen good resu lts.
of a crime 4 involves I contributes many different 4 _ _ some crimes are due to desperation in
te rms of fin ancial or emotio nal turmo il, it cannot
groups of peop le. It is not on ly the law enfo rcement
be den ied that greed motivates so me cri mes too.
agencies like the pol ice who 5 conclude I facilitate the 5 _ _ science and technology play a vital role in
capture of criminals and reduction of crime on our so lvi ng crime nowadays.
streets, there are also a multitude of other agencies 6 Arrests have red uced a great deal in the last
invo lved . The co urts, hos pi tals and sc ientific teams decade, but , _ _ th ere has been no reducti on
in re ported cr ime.
also 6 derive I contribute eno rm ously towa rds this.
b Put the phrases in the correct order to make
sentences.
b Complete the sentences with it or there. 1 the man ove r there/ It was/ co m mitted the
1 is reaso nable to co nclude that crime/ in th e motorbi ke helmet / th at
punishmen ts do go some way to deterri ng crime.
2 used to be more crime in ce rtai n areas 2 abou t people who com mit crim es/ is/ I find
wh ich was reduced by safety measures like most d ifficult to understand / what / how they live
increased lighting and mo re police o n the streets. wi th the guilt
3 Acco rding to recent figures, _ _ was a
reduction in th e number of wh ite-co llar crimes in 3 the fi ngerprin ts on the glass/ fin ally led them to
the last year. the cul prit/ it was/ that
4 _ _ co uld be argued that rehabi litation is
a more ho listic answe r to crime th an si mply 1
4 most people don t understand/ the judicia l
pun ish ment. processes invo lved in crime/ is/ what
5 has been an increase in the amou nt of
scienti fi c evidence used in courts.
c Rewrite the sentences using it or what.
6 _ _ has been cl aimed that crimin al activity is
something whi ch ce rtain people are genetically Of all the th ings th at we re sto len fro m my bag,
pred isposed to, although most experts refute this I miss my perfume the most because it was a
claim. present
_ _ _ __ _ _ what _ __ _ _ __
c Match the collocations (1-5) with the definitions 2 The weather was dark and stormy o n the night
(A-E). when the murder was co mmi tted .
1 a line o f argu ment It _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ __ _ __
2 a flawed argument 3 Th e politician predicted that there wo uld be a
3 to rej ect an argument red uctio n in the num ber o f t raffi c acci den ts after
4 a convinci ng argu ment the new roundabout was built
5 to propose an argument What _ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ __ __
A an argument with a major weakness

4 Acco rdin g to the ca mera footage, it was a w il d
B an argu ment which is very good o r strong animal that stole my plants fro m my garden, not a
C the reason ing of an argu ment person as I o rigi nal ly thought
_ _ __ _ __ _ it _ _ _ _ _ _ __
D to put fo rward an argu ment
E to di sm iss an argument

7a Training . 7bTesting
· • Re.~ding: Link ideas; Paraphrase (Matching sentence · • Listening: Section 1: Multiple choice; Form completion
. ' endings; Summary completion) ; • Language development and vocabulary: Improve
': •.:Nos~,bulary: Academic nOUf1S;Word families; ·· gr~mmatical accuracy; Prepositions
· ·;: c611ocations\r,ith plan , ·' ·' . . , · ,· Speaking: Part 1: Describe travel and transport
: ·.~r sp~~king: Deveiop topic-specific vocabulary; Speak rh'ore Reading: Matching sentence endings; Summary
.;"accu rately (Part 1) . . . rnmpletion ..
•'·Listening: Identify distractors (Section 1: Form • Writing: Task 1: Describe tables and charts
ccir,ripletion; Multiple choice): . ·
.;d [ahguage development: _Sente_nce fragments and run-on
. _' seritences; Punctuation . . . :. : . . . . .
' ' .,
-, ·-. . . : .
• Writing: Represent data clearly and accurately; Identify
.; :iriafc.uracies in writing (Task 1: Tables and charts) ·
Coco Taxi
You'll find Coco Taxis in Havana in Cuba.
They are fast and the fare can be negotiated
~
Dubai Trolley
.. The Dubai Trolley
f is the first tram
in the world to
be powered by
hydrogen. When
finished, the line
will stretch 7 km.
Lead-in
1 Read about the unique forms of transport above. Have you ever been on any of these
forms of transport? Which one would you most like to go on? Why? How practical do you
think these forms of transport are?
103
Reading (Matching sentence endings; Summary completion)
Before you read

Questions 6-9
1 What are the advantages and disadvantages of Complete the summary using the list of words, A-1,
living in an urban environment? below.
Link ideas; Paraphrase Cars in the city
2 a Look at the highlighted words in Question 1 of the The International Transport Forum is tackling the
test task and use them to locate the section of the matter of traffic 6 _ _ , now an issue in many of
passage which will give you the answer. Which of the world's cities even before the expected three-
these options is the best summary of the section? fold rise in the number of veh icles.
1 Bhatt was keen to continue with his project so that Disincentives, such as obligatory 7 _ _ for
young peop le could benefit from travelling by bike. driving in the city and restrictions on the number of
2 Bhatt found it difficult to get his ideas accepted at available parking spaces, are already encouraging
first but he succeeded in the end. people to leave thei r cars at home.
3 Bhatt wanted to solve Gurgaon's traffic problem However, the motivation for many people to change
by banning cars permanently from the city centre . their commuting habits in and around the city is
b Which of the endings in the test task (A-G) is largely due to improvements aimed at 8 _ _
most similar to your summary? Identify the traffic It is hoped that by providing funding for more
paraphrases in the options which helped you. bike share and bike lane schemes, the 9 _ _ of
the average person w ill be extended.
Test practice
A permits B lifestyle C safety
3 Read the strategies and complete the test tasks. D congestion E collisions F assessing
• TEST STRATEGIES pages 170 and 172 G calm ing H payment I lifespan
Questions 1-5
Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-G,
Task analysis
below. 4 Work in pairs and compare your answers .
Discuss the questions.
Amit Bhatt even tually obtained support for 1 In the first task, how did the first part of the
Raahgiri Day even though he sentence help you to locate the part of the
2 The concept for what became Raahgiri Day passage you we re looking for? Which linking
3 As wel l as the desire to improve people's health, words (e.g. even though) helped you to predict
Gil Penalosa and choose the correct option?
2 In the second task, wh ich paraphrases in the
4 Rather than having the stress of driving in the
passage helped you choose the correct option?
city, many people
Which other words, if any, were you tempted by?
5 Casey Neistat was fined because he
A drew attention to the dangers posed by motorists. Discussion

B ignored the rules of the road for pragmatic 5 Discuss the questions.
reasons. 1 In what ways might it be a good idea to close
C had to deal with initial resistance from the local a part of a city to traffic? Give examples of any
authorities. places you know that do this and assess how
D hoped a traffic-free environment wou ld successful it has been as an initiative
develop a sense of community 2 To what extent is cycling in cities potentially
dangerous? What could be done to encourage
E had roots in a simi lar project in a different part
more people to cycle and how could accidents be
of the world.
prevented?
F would prefer to use an alternative method of
transport.
G chose not to leave home unnecessarily at busy times
104 Student's Resource Book > Reading pages 66--67 MyEnglishLab > 7a Reading
Module7 1!11!1
On the move lf'-I
Proj ect as "a major initiative to encourage large numbers of
Streetwise the population to become more active and physicall y fit."

Indeed, in a 2009 survey it was revealed that 42% of adults
did as much exercise during a Bogota Ciclovfa as the World
Health Organization recommends in a week. A further goa l
was to create an urban centre where " thousands of peopl e
of all ages, levels of ability and ethnic, economic or soc ial
backgrounds enjoy the presence of each other and feel a
sense of belonging." In the sa me way, Gurgaon, dominated
by condominiums and extensive segregated private
properties, uses Raahgiri Day to promote integration and
provide residents with an opportunity to connect with other
people in the area.
The International Transport Forum pred icts that by 2050
the world's roads will be required to cope with 2 .5 billion
cars, three times as many as today, in urban areas which are
already chronically overcrowded . In the face of grow in g
concern, proposals have been submitted by tra nsport
planners to help resolve the issue: plans include converting
city centres into pedestrian precincts, closing roads to cars
at weekends and charging motori sts a fee to take a car into
town centres. Improvements to the public transport system,
including rapid bus lanes and subways, have also played their
part. However, it is the implementation of new regulations
a nd meas ures to encourage safer and slower driving which
has led to a significant proportion of people opting to wa Ik
or cyc le in preference to using public transport or their
Since some c1t1es have started to prioritise pedestrians
own cars. Cost-benefit ana lyses for planned investment in
and cyclists over motorists , it has made them healthier and
new walki ng and cycling pathways have included a value
more enjoyable places to live in.
for I ives saved by the reduction in accidents and all lives
Gurgaon , a city in northern India, has become ubiquitously prolonged through increased physical activ ity.
assoc iated with Raahgiri (" reclaim your streets") ever si nce
Cyclists and motorists have always resented sharing the
its inception. In 2013, it first closed 4.5km of city streets
road. Casey Neistat, a New York cyclist who was made to
to vehicles every Sunday in order to make them available
pay a $50 penalty for not riding in a cycle lane, produced
to approximately 60,000 weekly revellers who now pack
a film of himself cras hing into some of the thoughtlessly
Gurgaon's streets: playing, walking and riding bicycles.
parked cars that so often make using the cycle la nes a n
Raahgiri has become a ground -break ing event in India,
impossibility. For cycling, Amsterdam sets the pace, with
raising awareness about the benefits of non-motorised
over half its residents using their bikes daily. Now other
transport, and is also a model comm unity occurrence to
cities including London , New York a nd Paris are following
which other Indian cities can asp ire.
in its footsteps , expanding their bike-share schemes
During the preliminary stages of discussions on ways to a nd building new cycle lanes, some on quiet roads with
resolve Gurgaon's traffic chaos and congest ion , Amit Bhatt more stringent speed limits implemented for cars, others
of EMBARQ, a green think-tank, advocated a focus on running through central areas which separate cycli sts
how to move people aro und rather than on the expansion from motorised traffic. Such schemes are particul arly
of a vehicle-friendly system. However, from the outset, popular with women , who, transport planners say, are more
conv incing officials of the effectiveness of this approach apprehensive than men when it comes to sharing roads with
proved to be somewhat chal lengi ng: "This won't work roaring traffic and typically make up less than a quarter of
here," one told Mr Bhatt when he proposed the Raahgiri urban cyclists. With the construction of a n 80km network
and other alternatives to make Gurgaon 's streets more of separated two-way cycle lanes, their share of bicycle trips
pedestri a n-friendly. Bhatt persisted in trying to conv ince in the Spanish city of Seville rose from nearly zero to 7%.
them a nd finally succeeded after 200 schoolchildren cycled In Taipei, very few women cycled before the introduction
up to the city administration 's headquarters to demonstrate of its YouBike sha re sche me which sta rted six years ago;
public support. now around half of the city 's cycl ists are women.
The inspiration for Bh att's idea stem med from hearing abo ut It is all part of a movement which is accelerating around
Bogota's "Ciclovfa," during whi ch Colombia's capital closes the world, providing opportunities for people to walk, cycle
120km of streets on Sundays and holid ays. It was spear- and play on their city streets. Activists are working hard
headed by Gil Penalosa, the forme r parks commissioner in to e nsure past city planning mistakes are not repeated by
Bogota, who descri bes the implementation of the Ciclovfa lobbying for safe walking a nd cycling routes.
105
1-
~
Module?
Onthemove
co-ordination I compensation of several departm ents

of the city. Th is focus on small - scale developm ents
and people working together, in effect. led tot he
Academic nouns 6 distribution I parameter I expansion of the BRT
be ing a complete success.
la For each word (1-12), choose the closest
meaning (A or B). Word families
1 infrastructure:
2 Complete the table.
A a set of systems in place
B a traditional meth od of bu il d ing Noun Verb
2 implementation:
implemen tatio n 1
A developing a plan
B putting a plan into action inves tment 2
3 expansio n distribution 3
A a better version of somethin g
B an in crease in size expansio n 4 '
4 parameter: maintenance 5
A a set of fixed lim its
compe nsation 6
B someth ing w hi ch is large
5 investment:
A money given to im prove somethi ng Collocations with plan
B trai ning people to work as a team
3 Complete the text with the correct form oft he
6 distribution
verbs below.
A rece iving someth ing for free
B sha ri ng th ings in a planned way draw up go ahead oppose put forward unveil
7 integratio n
A comb inin g th in gs to work effectively The New York High Line is a park which has bee n
B the fa ir d ivis ion of resources constructed on a derelict elevated railway line. Pe ople
8 construction:
can walk along the tracks high up in the city, com pletely
A a modern approach to des ign
surrounded by plants and flowers. The plans for this
B the process of buildi ng ho uses, roads, etc.
park were first l _ _ by J oshua David and Rob ert
9 initiative
Hammond, whose ambition was to create a park in the
A a new approach to problem-so lving
B a controversia l decis ion to del ay an effect sky. Initially the plans were 2 _ _ by local resid ents
10 maintenance: and businesses because their intention was to rem ove
A repai rs to keep things in a good condition the tracks so as to improve the area's appearance.
B the movement of peop le in cities However, David and Hammond were so enthused
11 co-o rdination: by their idea that they enlisted the help of some lo cal
A the flow of ideas between people architects to help 3 _ _ a more cohesive set of plans.
B organising th ings or peo ple When they finally 4 _ _ the plans, the rail company
12 compensation: that owned the tracks was so impressed that they
A money paid to someone for a loss agreed that the plans could 5 _ _ . Now the pa rk ~:
B the fee li ng of sympathy for so meone
offers unrivalled views of this part of New York. !"
1;
the text.
4 Match the collocations (1-6) with their mea nings
The Brazil ian city of Cu ri t iba has one of the best Bus (A-F).
Rap id Transit (BRT) systems in th e world These bus
to draw up a plan
systems are comparab le to subways but operate
2 to put forward a plan
above ground They can be cost effective because
3 to unveil a plan
they use the roads of the city. This means that little
4 to go ahead with a plan
1 distribution I investment I compensation is required
5 to she lve a plan
from th e government because th e roads provide
6 to op pose a plan
t he 2 infrastructure I construction I distribution In
the case of Curiti ba, t he 3 initiative I investment I A to suggest a plan fo r consideration
implementation of the BRT was gradual; th e city B to sta rt to impleme nt a plan
planners avo ided large -scale projects. In place of that C to disagree w ith a plan
the 4 construction I initiative I maintenance process of D to postpone a plan unti l later
the BRT comprised several sma ll improvements. The E to prepare a plan, usual ly in writi ng
design of th e syste m req uired the 5 implementation I F to show a plan to other people for the fi rst t 1me

Module 7
On the move
m
Speaking (Part 1)
Speak more accurately

4a CD 7.1 Match the speakers (1-5) with the type of
mistake they make (A-E).
Speaker 1: _ _ Speaker 2: _ _
Speaker 3: _ _ Speaker4 _ _
Speaker 5: _ _
A Wo rd formation problems (e.g. invest instead of
investment}
B Lack of articles (e.g. in south of city instead of in
the south of the city)
C Problems with tense formation (e.g. Last year I live
in Saudi Arabia instead of Last year I lived ... )
D No subject (e.g. is hot here instead o f it is hot here)
E W rong choice of word (e.g. / work far from house
instead of/ work far from home)
b Listen again and write down everything you hear

in Exercise 4a. Correct the mistakes .
Lead-in 5a CD 7.2Listen to two answers to the Part 1 test.
1 Look at the photos. Which is most similar to the Which version is less accurate? What kinds of
place where you were born? What are the pros mistakes does the speaker make?
and cons of living in each place? b Listen to the incorrect student in Exercise 5a
again. In pairs, discuss some of the mistakes.
Develop topic-specific vocabulary Can you identify and correct them? What advice
2 Complete the conversation with the idioms would you give the student to help him improve?
below.
Test practice
a stone's throw away home from home
hustle and bustle live on top of each other pace of life • TEST STRATEGIES page 174
run -down • EXPERT SPEAKING page 187
Examiner: Where do you live?
6 a Read the questions and think about how best to
Candidate: I live right in the centre of Shanghai,
answer them.
only 1 _ _ from the Bund, actual ly,
which can be incred ibly hectic because
there are always mountains of tourists. I 1 Where do you live?
love being amongst the 2 _ _ of the 2 What do you like about where you live?
city centre though ; everyone going to 3 What would you change about it?
work ... people everywhere ... it's great! I 4 How has it changed since you have lived there?
really thrive on the fast 3 _ _ that city 5 What activities would you recommend to a
centres have, even if we all do have to vis itor to your town?
4 _ _ . Th ere's not th at much space I
Examiner: Have you always lived there? b Work in pairs and take turns to ask and answer
Candidate: No, I used to live in Hangzhou, which the questions in Exercise 6a . Note down any
is roughly 200 kilometres south of inaccuracies your partner makes. Use the list in
Shanghai. In Hangzhou I lived in a Exercise 4a for guidance . Record your answer if
pretty 5 _ _ neighbourhood, but in possible.
Shanghai I live in a nicer area. Still, it's
very much a 6 _ _ for me because Assess and improve
they are both coastal cities.
7 Think about the answers your partner gave and
3 Work in pairs and discuss the topics. answer the questions.
1 A place that is a home from home for you. 1 What mistakes did you note down?
2 Th e places that are a stone's throw away from 2 Did your partner self-correct when speaking?
where you live at the moment. 3 Were there any words which were mispronounced?
3 What the pace of life is like where yo u live.
107
MyEnglishLab > 7a Speaking
RI
l(iial
Module?
Onthemove
Listening (Section 1) d CJ 7.3 Complete the test tasks.
Questions 1 and 2
What time do members arrive at the meeting

place on Saturdays?
A 8.15 B 8.50 C 7.50
2 What benefits does the club offer members?
A individual train ing with the founder
B discounts on a climbing course
C coaching from other members
Question 3
Complete the form below.
Write NO MORE THAN ONE WORD AND/OR A
Name: Karen Whittaker

Mobile 07865 322 475
Nearest locations Th e city park, the river bridge
Membership cost 3 £ _ _
e Listen again and match the distractors in the

recording in Exercise 2d with A- C.
A The speaker mentions all the options.
B The dialogue includes words w hi ch sound similar
such as 'fifteen' and 'fifty'.
C Correcting information The speaker revises the
Before you listen
information they give.
1 The people in the photos belong to different
clubs. What are they? Why do people join clubs? Test practice
What clubs have you been part of?
Identify distractors 3 CJ 7.4 Complete the test tasks.
2 a Read the question and options. Match the
Questions 1-4
options (A, B and C) with the synonymous
phrases (1 , 2 and 3). Complete the form below.
1 What does Karen want to know about the Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A
climbing club? NUMBER for each answer.
A if she needs protective clothing
B when and where they meet Customer enquiry form: City Cycling Group
C if she needs experience Reason for calling 1 _ _
Name EdwardSlrn,!Mh-S
whether beginners can join or not
Address 2 _ _ , London, SW23 4GJ
2 what she shou ld wear to be safe
Mobile 3 07865
3 the location and time of the club
Email [email protected]
b Read audio script 7.3 on page 208 and underline Ability level 4 _ _
the correct answers in Exercise 2a, and also the
distractors. Question 5
c Match the distractors in Exercise 2a with their Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.
type (1-2).
5 Why does Anna think the Sunday club is not
Word matchin g The speaker uses the same words suitab le for Edward?
as in the answer option.
A the members are o ld
2 Similar cho ices The distractor is similar to the
B the routes are on flat roads
correct answer, but the correct answer contains an
C the fees are expensive
extra detail .

Punctuation
Module 7
On the move
m
3 Match the punctuation marks (1-7) with their
uses (A-G).
Sentences fragments and run-on sentences
Punctuation Use
• EXPERT GRAMMAR page 179 A It is used to expand
1 full stop .
1a Read the sentences below. Why are they on the sentence by
incorrect? introducing a list or a
second part of the same
1 Park full of exercise equipment and sports fields.
idea.
2 If this area received more investment
3 Built some new apartments which have access to 2 comma, B Used to show the exact
the river boat transport network. words spoken by a
4 Th is part of town is attractive it is a desirable place person.
to live 3 capital letter D C This shows that a letter is
missing in a contracted
b Match the sentence fragments in Exercise la
form, or shows
w ith the problems (A-D) .
possession.
A add punctuation or a connecting word
4 colon• D This marks the end of a
B it is missing a verb
sentence.
C it needs a subject
D there should be a second clause 5 semi colon ; E This shows the
beginning of a sentence.
c Rewrite the sentences in Exercise la so they are
correct. 6 apostrophe ' F It separates clauses,
phrases or words in a list
2 a Read the sentences and decide if they are correct
7 quotation marks ' ' G This is between a full
or not.
stop and a comma.
Tai Chi is a popular community activity all across It joins phrases and
China many older people gather in the ir local sentences which are
parks to do the ancient exercises together. linked, without having to
2 The martial art is a combination of deep breathing use a conjunction.
and relaxation with a series of gentle movements.
3 Because it maintains physical health. 4 Punctuate the text below.
4 Recently 50,000 students to their local parks all
over China to try to set a world record for the
most people simu ltaneously practising Tai Chi at
once.
5 Residents took part in 15 different places across
car clubs are an excellent way for people to save
Henan Province.
space and energy in urban environments the premise
6 In each location wore matching outfits in different
is simple people register with a company which rents
colours and the displays cou ld be seen from high
cars located in multiple locations all around the city
vantage points around the areas.
7 Residents of the province are hopeful that the after becoming a member customers are able to
Guinness Book of Records will confirm the record. access an online members area to reserve a vehicle
for a particular amount of time there are several
b Correct the incorrect sentences in Exercise 2a.
reasons why people join car clubs cost convenience
and attitude towards the environment joining
international car companies also enables people to
use these services while abroad
Student's Resource Book> Language Development page 69 MyEnglishLab > 7a Language development 109
1!!11 Module 7
lllliil On the move
5 Complete the main body of the answer using the

Writing (Task 1) figures below.
5% 10% 30% 50%
Lead-in
Publ ic transport, such as rai l and bus services, were
1 How do most people travel in the cities near you?
generally less popular in New York and Sydney Both
rail and bus had a share of approximately 1 _ _ for
Represent data clearly and accurately the modes of transport given for New York . This figure
2 Look at the chart below. Discuss what the chart was even lower in Sydney wh ere these two forms
is about and what key features you can see. of transport had about a 2 _ _ share each. This
is a sign ificant contrast to Hong Kong, wh ere publ ic
Modes of transport in three major cities, 2014
transpo rt was the most popular mode of transport
100 used (at 3 _ _ and just over 4 _ _ respective ly).
90 6 Look at the table below. Make notes with a

• New York • Sydney • Hong Kong partner on what you could include in both the
80 introduction and summary overview.
City transport mode shares in Asia, 2012
70
Beijing Delhi Seoul
60
Private tra nspo rt 33% 23% 23%
% 50 Rail 17% 4% 38%
Bus 27% 27% 27%
40
Walk 1% 35% 3%
30 Taxi 6% 0% 5%
Cycle 14% 6% 1%
Other 2% 5% 3%
Identify inaccuracies in writing

Private Walk Rai l Bus Other 7 Match the types of mistakes below with the
transport underlined sections of the sentences.
Note. Private transport includes privately owned vehicles and taxi use.
adverb placement article use incorrect preposition
3 Look at the two opening paragraphs describing
passive formation spel ling subj ect/verb agreement
the chart in Exercise 2. Which is the best
tense formation word formation
introduction? Why?
1 The bar chart outlines the share in modes of Transport in Asia
transport in 2014 of th ree cities New York, 1 Private transport, rail transport and taking the bus
Syd ney and Hong Kong. Th e share is measured in was general ly popul ar in all th ree cities, with the
percentage and the data is categorised into types except of Delhi, where rail travel was not so popu lar
of pub lic tra nsport. 2 Rather, travel li ng on foot especial ly was popu lar in
2 There is a varied share of pub li c transpo rt in the Delhi (with around a 35% share in trave llers)
three cities ou tlin ed in the grap h New York, 3 In these cities, betwee n 23% and 30% of people are
Sydney and Hong Kong. Whi le trave lling by car using private means of transport such as the cars.
is popular in Sydney, other forms of transport are 4 Conversely, ta ki ng a tax i was relatively un popular
more popular elsewhere. on al l three citi es.
5 Taxis had a maximum of 6% total tra nsport shaire.
4 Look at the two final summary overviews for the
6 Cycling be found to be qu ite a popular mode of
chart in Exercise 2. Which is the best summary
transport in Beiji ng.
overview? Why?
1 Overal l, the data show that the re are many forms Test practice
of transport that can be used to trave l Private
tra nspo rt is most popu lar in Sydney, whereas bus • EXPERT WRITING page 197
is more popular in Ho ng Kong, and wa lking is the
most popu lar in New Yo rk. 8a Write your report for the table in Exercise 6.
2 Overall, the data show that there is no one major Write at least 150 words.
form of transpo rt for all cities, but rather popular b When you have finished , check your work for
transport modes vary depending on the city meaning and grammatical accuracy.
110 Student's Resource Book> Writing page 70 MyEnglishLab > 7a Writing

Before you listen Questions 5- 10

1 What types of problems do people experience Complete the form below.
when travelling to other countries? Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A
Positive and negative language
2a cm 7.5 Listen and tick the sentence you hear. Customer complaint form
1 A Travelling by plane hasn't got mu ch better sin ce Name: Silvia 5
th e early flights of the 1950s. M obi le number 07865 6
B Travel ling by pl ane has got much better sin ce
Email si lvia2000@fastmailcom
the early fli ghts of the 1950s.
2 A Cruise ships are the best way to trave l if you Journey details service Lond on to 7 _ _
want to mix w ith like-minded passengers. Ticket type: Standard class
B Crui se ships aren't the best way to travel if you Date: 8
want to mix w ith like-minded passengers.
Issue: service delayed by over 30 minutes
b Read the questions below and change the Refund by 9 _ _
answers (A-C) into the opposite form (negative
Preferred contact method phone
to positive or positive to negative).
Ticket price 10 £
1 What happened on the bus journey?
A the driver was not polite
B the doors did not work Task analysis
C the bus broke down
2 At the end o f the bus jou rney the passengers 4 a Check your answers and then compare with a
A felt relieved. B were tired. C complained. partner.
c cm 7.6 Listen and answer the questions in b Read audio script 7.7 on page 209. Did you
Exercise 2b. answer any of the questions incorrectly?
How does reading the audio script help you
Test practice understand why your answers were correct or
incorrect?
c What do you need to focus on for Section 1 of
3 cm 7.7 Complete the test tasks. the IELTS Listening paper? How are you going to
Questions 1-4. improve your performance in this area? Make a
list of ways you could improve and discuss them
Choose the correct letter A, B or C.
with your partner. Ask your partner for their
What does Silvia want the train com pany to do? ideas.
A to te ll her why the tickets have increased in
Discussion
price
B to officially record her complaint about the 5 Discuss the questions .
train service 1 W hy do you th ink some people find travelling so
C to grant her some form of compensation stressful ?
2 What time was the train supposed to arrive? 2 How could transportation companies improve the
A 8 15 B 8.50 C 9.1 5 experien ce for their passengers?
3 What made Silvia's Journey worse? 3 Do you th in k travelling will be less stressful in the
A the ticket was so expensive future when it is more automated? Why/Why not?
B there were too many people on the train
C it was over an hour late
4 How does Silvia think the train company could
improve its service?
A by increasing the number of employees
B by reducing the number of passengers
C by having larger carriages with more capacity
111
Student's Resource Book> Listening page 71 MyEnglishLab > 7b Listening
l!J!I Module 7
llil On the move
Improve grammatical accuracy Prepositions

• EXPERT GRAMMAR page 180 3 a What i s the difference in me aning between the
sentences below?
The number of people w ho flew to their holiday
the text.
destination rose by 10 percent in 2015.
2 The number of people w ho flew to their holiday
Greyhound travel destination rose to 10 percent in 2015

b Match the sentences in Exercise 3a with the
One o f 1 a I the most ubi qui tous trave l logos in the meanings below.
USA 2 is I are th at of the coach co mpany Greyhound A The final figu re was 10 percent.
Lines. Greyhound Lines 3 was /were establ ished in B The increase was 10 perce nt mo re than before
1914 and 4 are I is still in o perati o n today servin g
4 Complete the text with the prepositions below.
over 2,700 destinations across 5 the I a co untry.
There are o nl y a handful of peop le w ho 6 do not I at by (x3) on over through to
does not know of the com pa ny and most Ameri cans
7 use I uses it at so me point in their lives . Greyhound
buses 8 has I have featured in severa l fam ous films The train travel of the
including Breakfast at Tiffany's. In ad dition, many
singers incl uded 9 the I a wo rd Greyho und in future could be here soon!
their so ngs specifically to refer to the name of th e
ce leb rated bus company. Fo r th ese reasons, it is li ke ly The Hyperloop is a high-speed train system pro posed
to have 10 the I a promin ent pl ace in history, o f 1 _ _ th e ent repreneur Elon Musk. It consist s of
cu ltural as we ll as comm ercial sign ificance.
tubes with ca psules carrying passengers that travel
2 _ _ t hem.Th e Hyperl oop will operate 3 _ _
b Work in pairs and discuss your choices in sending capsules throug h a t ube made from steel.
Exercise la. In the plans, the capsules float 4 _ _ a cushion
of air and might be able to t ravel 5 _ _ speeds
2 Correct the errors in the sentences.
of over 700mph. Th is means that t ravel ling ti mes
A number of passengers choosing to travel
could be reduced 6 a much lower level. In
internationall y by train are increasing.
2 Neither the train service nor the bus service are add ition, because th e capsu les are powered 7 _ _
operating today electricity, the Hyperloop is likely to bring many
3 The main shipping route across both the Atlantic environ mental advantages 8 _ _ air t ravel because
the Pacific have become rather crowded. it will use less f uel.
4 Recent data from ai rl ines suggests that passengers
are becom ing more dissati sfied with wa iti ng times.
5 Both children travels free with a package holiday 5 Work in pairs and discuss how the prepositions
deal. in the sentences change the meaning of what is
6 The conven ient way to travel across a continent of being said.
South Ameri ca are by overnight coac h. 1 There are three categories of transpo rt among I
besides th ose most commo nl y used by
commuters.
2 The findings were corroborated by I with the
research council.
3 The cost of transport increased from I by $2.50 in
2010
112 Student's Resource Book> Language development and Vocabulary pages 72- 73 MyEnglishLab > 7b Vocabulary
Module 7
On the move
Speaking (Part 1)
Focus on grammatical range and accuracy
4a Turn to page 183 and read the descriptors for
band 7. Which descriptors focus on accuracy?
b Think about your own speech and tick the
aspects below which apply to you . If possible,
use a recording you have made.
I answer questions fully and develop my answer
I can easily continue speaking for more than 10
seconds.
• I do not generally hesitate or pause for long
amounts of time when talking about myself
If I notice I make a mistake in language or
pronunciation, I correct it.
• I know my errors in pronunciation and try to
improve them.
• I generally speak clearly.
Vocabulary development If I use unusual vocabulary, I make sure I know
1 Look at the photo above. Would you like to travel how it can be used.
in this way? Why/Why not? What are the most I do not make many grammatical mistakes
popular ways to travel in your country? • I know my errors in grammar and try to improve
them.
c Work in pairs. Look at your lists in Exercise 4b
connection exped ition getaway idyll road trip and discuss what you could both do to improve
stopover trek voyage your accuracy in speaking.
1 Some people just want a complete _ _ when
Test practice
they go on holiday. Away from all the hustle and
bustle of life ... some kind of rural _ _ , but • TEST STRATEGIES page 174
that's not for me, I prefer going to places w ith
plenty of life 5 Work in pairs and take turns to ask and answer
2 I love flying, but I cannot bear it when I have the questions. Recor d your answers if possible.
to change planes I always fear that I'l l miss my
_ _ . This is why I prefer to have a _ _ for a 1 How did you get here today?
night or two near the airport. 2 How do you prefer to travel?
3 I'm qu ite a fan of cruise liners. I've always dreamt 3 What is your favourite form of transport? Why?
of going on a long _ _ somewhere remote 4 Would you say you are a well-travelled person?
or maybe even going on an _ _ somewhere Why/Why not?
exotic and discover new experiences. 5 Do you enjoy long-distance travel? Why/Why not?
4 It's such a _ _ to work. I drive, then take a train, 6 Are you planning any journeys at the moment?
then walk. It usually takes over two and a half How will you get there?
hours each wayl I don't appreciate that kind of
travelling at all. I'm a fan of driving though. I'd love
to go on a _ _ ... preferably somewhere with Assess and improve
very little traffic!
6 Look again at the list in Exercise 4b and discuss
b Read the sentences in Exercise 2a again. Write a your partner's performance in these areas .
Part 1 question for each sentence. Which areas did he/she do well at and which
3 Work in pairs and take turns to ask and answer ones need improving?
the questions . 7a CJ 7.8 Listen to a candidate answering questions
1 What kinds of journeys do you find stressful? 1-4 in Exer cise 5. Compare your perfor mance
2 What type of trip would you like to take next? with the candidate's.
3 Have you had any particularly exciting trips?
b With reference to the speaker in Exercise 7a,
Where?
discuss how you and your partner could improve
4 Which form of transport do you prefer us ing in your answers.
your daily life? Why?
113
Student's Resource Book> Speaking page 74 MyEnglishLab > 7b Speaking A and B
~ Module7
lliil On the move
Reading (Matching sentence endings; Summary completion)
Before you read

Questions 6- 10
Complete the summary using the list of words, A-I,
How might technology affect transport in the below.
future?
2 In what ways will cars differ from the o nes we have The advantages of self-driving cars
today? Do you th ink they wi ll ever become truly One maJor advantage of driverless cars wou ld be far
autonomous? If they do, how could this help us? fewer 6 _ _ on the road. It is probable that when
autonomous cars become more commo n, there wil l
Test practice be 7 _ _ wh ich wi ll discourage cars w ith drivers
2 a Which of these strategies can help you with the from using the roads at all.
following tasks: a) matching sentence endings A further advantage is that road 8 _ _ wou ld
b) summary completion c) both? increase and delays decrease as it becam e less crucial
for cars to keep so much distance between th em.
1 reading the subtitle and skimm ing the passage
The 9 _ _ woul d also gai n fro m increased output
quickly looking fo r to pi c se ntences
as com muters make constructive use of the time they
2 predicti ng w hat comes next
previously spe nt sitting beh ind the wheel.
3 usi ng clues to find the relevant place in the passage
Finally, autonomou s cars would faci litate a greater
4 scan ning th e passage
degree of 10 _ _ for vulnerab le members of
5 looking for paraphrases
society.
b Read the strategies and complete the test tasks .
A capaci ty
• TEST STRATEG IES pages 170 and 172 B ca r manufacturers
F
G
speed
regulations
C vehicles H protection
Questions 1-5 D independence I eco nomy
Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-G, E casualties
below.
According to ca r makers, self-dr ivin g ve hicl es • HELP

2 If Google's prototy pes are typ ica l, the design o f 6 Look for an opti on w hich means people who are killed or
futuristic cars injured.
3 Having fewer pr ivate ca rs in urban ce ntres
7 If so mething is banned, how is this done?
4 Car manufactu re rs of the future
5 Th e impact of a move towards driverless cars
Task analysis
A w ill create o pportunities fo r the new giants o f 3 Work in pairs and discuss the questions.
the technology world.
1 Which of th e two task types do you fin d easier?
B wi ll be disrupti ve for some bus in esses.
Why?
C wi ll involve a re str icti on on people's personal
2 Give exampl es fro m both tasks of parap hrases
freedom.
in the passage wh ich helped yo u to locate th e
D w ill be introduced at the high-end o f the
answers.
market.
3 Give an examp le from both tasks of how pred icting
E wi ll need to pri or itise comp uter progra mm es
the type of word you were looking for hel ped.
over machinery and equ ipment.
F will pro bab ly bea r little rese mblance to th e
models we kn ow today.
Discussion
G will enable a higher numbe r of new homes to 4 Work in groups and discuss the questions.
be bu ilt. In which ways has technology influenced
tra nspo rt in th e last 50 years?
• HELP 2 Do yo u think most peo pl e would wa nt to share
the road wi th rob ots? W hy/Why not?
Is 'According to car makers ... ' a fact or an opinion? 3 What potential pro blems mi ght arise from the use
2 Are the Google se lf-dri ving cars simil ar to or different in of co mpletely auto no mou s cars?
design from modern cars?

Module 7
On t he move
Motor
If autonoinous vehicles rule the -world

Self-driving cars promise to be as disruptive and
transformative a technology as the mobile phone.
The world's automobile manufacturers envisage the
future of self-driving technology as features like "piloted
driving". Initially such driver assistance will be installed
in luxury vehicles but will gradually become a common
feature of mass-market cars, just as electric windows and
power steering had done beforehand. Autonomous driving
will, from this viewpoint, make motoring less stressful but
people will still buy and own cars much as they do today.
However, a visit to a "pod parking" area at Heathrow
airport gives a contrasting view of self-driving technology.
Transfers between the car park and the terminal are Car insurance-worth $198 billion a year in America alone
provided by driverless electric pods moving on dedicated - is also likely to experience major upheavals as cover
elevated roadways. Using a touch-screen kiosk, a pod is switches from millions of consumers to a mere handful
summoned and your destination specified. A pod pull s up, of fleet operators. Automation would be far from popular
parks itself and drives you to your destination , avoiding news too for firm s selling spare parts and taxi drivers,
other pods and neatly parking itself on arrival. among others. For example, America's 3.5 million truck-
drivers sustain workers in businesses such as motels and
The spread of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems will restaurants, which will be in jeopardy now the first self-
be gradual over the next few years but self-driving vehicles driving truck has taken to the road.
that can be summoned and dismissed at will, such as the
ones described above, could do more than make driving But self-driving cars would also have enormous benefits.
easier: they promise to redefine urban life as we know According to the World Health Organization, approximately
it. Making existing cars suddenly appear as outmoded as 1.2 million people are killed on the road each year with
steam engines and landline telephones. Like the very first 94% of road accidents reputedly being the result of human
motor cars, which facilitated suburbanisation and became error, the main causes being drink-driving, speeding or
symbol s of self-definition , a driverless means of transport distracted driving. However, as driverless cars cannot drink
will also have unexpected impacts. Cars need look nothing alcohol, break the speed limit or get di stracted by a text
like existing ones: already, Google's futuristic pods are on message, accidents should be dramatically reduced, if not
the public roads of California and some concept designs, eradicated . In fact, once self-driving cars do become more
liberated from the need to have steering wheels and pedals, widely available, it is highly likely that some places will
have seats facing each other around a table. consider banning ordinary cars on the grounds of safety.
Autonomous vehicles will also challenge the very notion of As well as being far less dangerous, self-driving vehicles
car ownership. The idea that they will be owned and used would make traffic flow more smoothly because they would
just as cars are today is a "tenuous assumption", according not brake erratically, could be routed to avoid congestion
to Luis Martinez, of the International Transport Forum. and could travel closer together in order to increase the
Fleets of self-driving vehicles could, he says, replace all volume of traffic on the road. In addition, riders in these
car, taxi and bus trips in a city, providing the same level of vehicles would be able to use their journey more effectively.
mobility with far fewer vehicles and reducing urban vehicle Financial services company Morgan Stanley calculates
numbers by as much as 90%. With cars in constant use, that the resulting productivity gains could be worth an
much less parking space would be needed and by liberating incredible $5.6 tri II ion worldwide. Moreover, as illustrated
space wasted on parking, autonomous vehicles could allow in one of Google's videos showing a blind man doing
more people to live in city centres. errands in an autonomous car, self-sufficiency would be
within the reach of children, the elderly and the disabled.
All of this would be transformational for car makers, who
would be in a situation where rather than selling autonomous Some car-lovers will doubtless mourn the passing of
vehicles to individual drivers they wou ld be selling them to machines that, in the 20th century, became icons of self-
fleet operators. The va lue in car making wou ld shift from determination. But this independence is purely illusory: the
hardware to software and from products to services, says empty roads seen in car adverts are far from most people's
Mr Martinez. This would have the same negative impact experience of driving. Ironically, in a driverless future,
on existing car makers that smartphones had on Nokia and people will doubtless be incredulous as to why such a high
Kodak. Already, hi-tech newcomers such as Google, Uber rate of road deaths was tolerated for so long and why so
and Tesla are vying for control of the new technology. much money was spent on machines that largely sat unused.
115
l!J!I Module 7
fliil On the move
Writing (Task 1)
Lead-in 1 a Look at the photo. If you were getting on the plane, where would
you like to fly to and why?
b What are the most popular destinations to fly to from your
country? Why are they so popular and what type of people tend
to go to these places the most?
Understand the task 2a Look at the chart below. What does it show?
World air passengers, by country, 2014-2034
3000
V1
• 2014 • 2024 • 2034
0
0 2500
p
~
2000
-
QJ
..0
E
:::J
C
1500 "'
I·•
Q)
b.J)
1000
!
C
1,,
I" ~
QJ
V1
V1
ro 500
~
0... f,
0
1···
I• ~
i
Canada USA Brazil Mexico UK France China Saudi
Arab ia
b Answer the questions about the chart in Exercise 2a.
1 How is the data measu red?
2 How is the chart categorised?
3 What is the timeframe fo r the chart?
4 Is the information definite or not? How cou ld this change the
language you use to describe it?
5 What tense or forms will you use to write your answer?
c Work in pairs and discuss a summary overview for this chart. Use
ideas from page 110 to help you.
Plan the task 3 Turn to page 190 and read all the descriptors for bands 7 and 8.
Discuss where they foc us on the accurate representation of data
and where they focus on accurate language .
4 a Read the sentences below and tick the ones which are true for you.
Accurately rep resenting data
I always read the chart carefully and analyse what is bei ng shown.
I consider the categories and measu rements careful ly.
I look at the timescales and decide wh ich tense(s) shoul d be used.
I identify any general trends in the data
I look for similarities and differences within the data
I check my writing when completed to ensure the data is accurately
represented
116
Module 7
On the move
Accurate language
I think about how I can ex press th e figures in the diagram s.
I co nside r careful ly the gram mar I need to use and how to formu late
this co rrectly.
I am aware of my mai n errors and carefully co nside r these w hen
writi ng.
I proofread my writin g when I fi ni sh and correct any gramm at ical or
vocab ulary errors I spot
I proofread fo r mistakes th at I com mon ly make and think about
these sections carefu lly.
b Considering your answers in Exercise 4a, look at the chart in

Exercise 2a and decide how you can accurately represent the data
and which tenses and vocabulary are appropriate.
c Plan your answer to the chart in Exercise 2a. Before you start
writing, consider the following.
• Wh at th e cha rt means
How yo u can best grou p the main tre nds or features
How you can suppo rt these w ith data
How you can give an effective summary overview
• What language you need to use
Language and content 5 a Underline the expressions in the sentences which indicate future
possibility.
1 It is predicted that Canada wi ll remain the country with the hi ghest
nu m ber of air passe ngers.
2 Numbers of airlin e passe ngers in the Sou th American coun tries
shown may o nl y increase by a smal l amou nt.
3 The nu mber of people t rave lling by plane is expected to rise in all
co un tries.
4 It is estimated that Ch ina and Saudi Arab ia w ill see considerable
growth in num bers of ai rline passengers.
5 It is likely that the USA wi ll have the most airl ine passe ngers in 2034.
6 Air passenge r numbers could possibly double in all the countries
over th e next 20 yea rs.
b Which of the sentences in Exercise 5a accurately reflect the data

in Exercise 2a? Which do not? Correct these sentences.
c Look again at the words you underlined in Exercise 5a and
discuss with a partner the key trends and features of the chart.
Write your report 6a Write your answer to the chart in Exercise 2a. Write at least 150
• EXPERT WRITING page 197 words.
b Edit your work. Read your answer and check
1 th at yo ur in fo rmati o n is an accurate re fl ection of w hat is shown in
th e chart
2 for any mi stakes in gram mar o r spell ing. If you see any, correct them.
Assess and improve 7 a Exchange your report with a partner. Check each other's work
using the points in Exercise 6b and discuss the strengths and
weaknesses of each other's report.
b Do you notice any consistent mistakes being made? Make a note
of them to help your partner improve the accuracy of his/her
writing.
Student's Resource Book> Writing page 75 MyEnglishLab > 7b Writing

117
Module 7
On the move
2 a Add the necessary punctuation to the text below.
1 a Complete the sentences with the correct form of The Rise of the Segway
the words below.
compensate distribute expand implement invest segways also known as hover boards might be
maintain considered as a futuristi c form of transport yet they
are readily available to buy in most countries today
1 It is very advantageous to have areas of natural
beauty for peop le to visit. but these must be _ _ in fact you can see pictures on line of many celebrities
by ensuring there are rules to protect these areas. riding them and they might not even be an unusual
2 Although someti mes it is necessary to use parks sight in city parks however in some countries riding
and woodland to make way for new housing, a Segway on the streets is illegal this is largely
there is little _ _ for the loss of green spaces
because they are not deemed safe to be amongst
for existing residen ts in the area.
3 Although _ _ promotional material about traffic so before you consider buying a segway just
local services may be of use to res id ents, it is more remember they may be fun but you can't use them as
important t hat these services are run well. an everyday as a form of transport
4 The infrastructure at present cannot cope with the
numbers of commuters, and therefore the _ _
b Correct the errors in the sentences.
of rail and bus networks is an essential concern.
5 Some tourist attractions w ill _ _ e-ticketing Neither passenger leave the train until this d ispute
in order to fac ilitate a smoother booking and Is over.
payment process and reduce queues. 2 A number of train s along th is route is in creasing.
6 The more money is _ _ into keeping the area 3 The latest data recommends that people always
nice, the happier the residents will be. book their tickets in advance.
4 The final destinatio n of both flights TE223 and
b Choose the correct preposition, A, B or C. BA 11 5 are Ista nbul .
1 _ _ 20 percent of those surveyed had 5 This steam train holds the particular place in
compla ined about the train service. history as one of the earliest of its kind.
A on B at C over
c The following sentences are sentence fragments.
2 The number of passengers that trave ll ed to work
Rewrite them so they are correct. You may need
by bus has increased _ _ 10 percent this year.
to separate them into two sentences.
A by B on C through
3 Most of those su rveyed agreed _ _ the need 1 The new flats bu ilt on the univers ity campus
for a t ram system. excellent in terms of va lue for money and quality.
A over B by C on 2 Is a tranqui l park near my house which I ofte n go
4 _ _ the end of the year, the number of people to when I need to destress and relax after work .
wa lking to work had reduced significantly. 3 Alth o ugh the city is generally cons idered to be a
A through B at C to safe place to live.
5 The number of people commut ing long distances
4 Has become more attractive for coup les with
had risen _ _ the highest number seen for a
young children to move to since the new
decade.
shopp ing centre and resta uran t comp lex was
A by B to C on
constructed.
c Complete the sentences with the phrases below. d The text below contains two kinds of mistakes:
word formation and preposition use. Find and
shelve their plan oppose the plan unveiled their plan
correct the mistakes.
go ahead w ith the plan
1 The city bus company _ _ for a new terminal 'Bo-tk -tke, bw; Aflt-\ GM 0e,•re, pop1,1lM fon-t-ts of frAMpovt
in the city centre in a press conference yesterday. tfl ,Se,Utfl8, -;6d kt Afld. Je,01,1l A-!: ,WO<S. 0 -tke,v- fov-,1,1.s
2 After a lot of discuss ion, the schoo l decided to of frAMpov--t sko0e,d. lM8tY" d.tt{tv-e.flt.s bd(;0e.e.fl -!:ke, -tkv-e,e,
_ _ of red es igning the access from the car park GOIAflfrle,s. 'RAtl 0M, A kt8k w;e,d, fon-t-t of frAMpov--t tfl
to the main school building. Je,01,1[, 0ke,v-e,t?.s h"Avtlltfl8 b,0 foot 0"'-S e.xfre,,1,1.e, pop1,1lMi-t,0
3 The governm ent is going to _ _ to invest in
tfl -;6dkt. 0-tku fov-,1,1.s of -1:Y"AMpov--t, s1,1ck fov- c,0cUfl8 ov-
transport infrastructure until after th e electio n.
-!:Aktfl8 -!:Axts, 0e,v-e, flo-t 1,1 se,d. As ,1,1.1,1ck.
4 Local residents _ _ to build a motorway
around the edge of the town due to the potential
noise pollution.

Social networl(s
8a Training Sb Testing
Reading: Identify the writer's views/claims (Yes/No/Not Listening: Section 2: Matching; Note completion;
given; Multiple choice: select two answers) Multiple choice
Vocabulary: Vocabulary related to community; Academic Language development and vocabulary: Cause and
collocations; Describe emotions effect linking words; Noun phrases 2
Speaking: Develop topic-specific vocabulary; Real and Speaking: Part 2: Describe a famous person
hypothetical situations and reactions; Pronunciation - Reading: Yes/No/Not given; Multiple choice
connected speech 2 (Part 2) Writing: Task 2: Cause and effect essay
Listening: Follow lines of argument (Section 2: Matching;
Table completion)
Language development: Review of future forms;
Speculate on the future
Writing: Understand situations, causes and effects;
Develop a situation, cause and effect paragraph (Task 2)
'A community is like a ship; everyone ought to be prepared to take the helm.'
Henrik Ibsen
Lead-in
1 What do you think this quote means? To what extent do you agree with it and why? Why
is community important? What kind of roles do you play in your community?
119
Reading (Yes/No/Not given; Multiple choice: select two answers)

1 Work in groups and discuss the questions. 5a Read the strategies and complete the test tasks.
1 How helpful are peop le generally in your country • TEST STRATEGIES pages 171 and 172
towards those in need of assistance? Give reasons.
2 Do you think peop le today are more or less
altruistic than they were in the past? What makes
Questions 1-5
you think this? Do the following statements agree with the views/
claims of the writer? Write
Identify the writer's views / claims YES if the statement agrees with the views/
2 Read the passage to get an idea of the content claims of the writer
and structure . Is the passage mainly factual , NO if the statement contradicts the views/
argumentative or descriptive? claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer
3 a Look at these phrases from the passage . Which
ones express a fact (F) and which an opinion (O)?
thinks about this
1 Against the odds, both survived What Autrey did was representati ve of how
2 Autrey's good deed could be interpreted as heroic. most humans would react.
3 ... it might lead us to draw quite the opposite 2 The importance of altruism for human survival
conclusion ... is widely acknow ledged.
4 Various theo ri es have been proposed .. 3 Most biologists are cyn ical abou t the ex istence
5 Wilson maintains that this view is now generally of genuine altruism.
accepted .. 4 Pfaff's neuroscientific expla nation fo r al tr uism is
6 W ilson is dism issive of such speculation, credible
maintaining that .. 5 Humans have the potential to show altruism if
7 Pfaff ... is convinced that .. they feel supported.
8 All of which suggests to Pfaff that ...
9 Some of the extra neurons gained are most likely ..
10 According to Pfaff, ...
Questions 6- 7
11 Wilso n has also co nducted research, ..
12 ... the ir evide nce suggests that .. Choose TWO letters, A-E.
13 The encou ragi ng message is .. Which TWO of the following factors will encourage
altruism?
b Underline the words which indicate that they are
opinions (e.g. could be interpreted).
A faith in the goodness of human beings
c Which of the opinions are NOT those of the writer? B financial support from govern ment
C awareness-ra ising in schools
4 It is possible to understand the writer's opinion
D con fidence in our intuitive reactions
from the language used. Are words below from
E strong commun ity relationships
the passage adjectives or nouns? Are they
generally considered to be positive(+), negative
(-) or both, depending on the context(+/-)? b Work in pairs and discuss your answers.
cohesive co-operative coward daring dismissive
empathy exceptional heroic indifference influential
Task analysis
ord inary plausible ruthless sceptic sel fi shness 6 Work in pairs and compare your answers.
selflessness self-sacrificing spontaneous Discuss the questions .
1 Justify why you chose the answers you did. Which
parts of the passage helped you to decide?
2 Which, if any, of the vocabulary did you find
difficult? How did you deal with this?
120 Student's Resource Book> Reading pages 76--77 MyEnglishLab > Sa Reading A and B
Module 8
Social networks
How to be
Scientists offer different answers on

how to help altruism flourish. couched in moral language. He points to studies which
confirm that helpful instincts emerge naturally in even
One day, an ordinary New Yorker jumped in front of
very young children and to the spontaneous nature of
an approaching train to rescue a young man who had
many altruistic acts. Heroic feats of bravery are often
had a seizure and fallen on to the subway tracks. This
split-second decisions or indeed barely decisions at all,
ordinary New Yorker, Wesley Autrey, rolled them both
but more like impulses because there is often little time
into a drainage ditch and covered the stranger with his
to weigh the pros and cons before acting. All of which
body as the train passed over them. Against the odds,
suggests to P£aff that the wiring of our brains makes
both survived.
such actions natural. This is a plausible hypothesis since
Autrey, who has been feted round the world as a hero, the human brain increased in size very rapidly at a time
showed a selflessness which should restore our faith in in our evolutionary history when the benefits of co-
human nature. However, although Autrey's good deed operation were becoming evident. Consequently, some
could be interpreted as heroic, it might lead us to draw of the extra neurons gained are most likely dedicated
quite the opposite conclusion about the behaviour of to making us better team players. According to P£aff,
human beings. It is not because his action was ordinary the process begins when we visualize someone and then
that Autrey has since been proclaimed as one of the most link this image with our own self-image in our minds.
influential men of the year by Time magazine, but rather Having identified with the person, we are much more
because it was so exceptional. Amid the grim-faced inclined to try and save him. In other words, we are
indifference of city life, his self-sacrifice is striking. His hard-wired to act on empathy.
case simultaneously draws attention to the possibility of
Both Wilson and P£aff feel certain that a better
genuine altruism and highlights its everyday absence.
understanding of the science of altruism will help us to
Indeed, how we might have evolved to be self-sacrificing
has long been a challenge for Darwinism since those foster it. Though they have faith in our moral instincts,
they are not oblivious to the fact that these instincts
who renounce their lives to save their community
frequently founder. P£aff maintains that many human
do not transmit their genes. Even less extreme acts of
interactions are concerned with trust and we need to
kindness, such as sharing food with a sick friend, could
assume that other people are not intent on exploiting
disadvantage someone in the ruthless race to survive.
us. Where trust fails, relationships and ultimately whole
Various theories have been proposed to resolve this communities disintegrate. If, on the other hand, people
puzzle. David Sloan Wilson, Professor of Biology and become aware that everyone is fundamentally altruistic,
Anthropology and author of Does Altruism Exist? a basis will be provided on which trust can be established.
has long been an advocate of one particular theory Wilson has also conducted research supporting this
which is called group selection. The reasoning behind idea. Having acquired data on the level of altruistic
this theory is that groups of altruistic individuals can inclination of high-school students in Binghamton, he
flourish because they outperform groups of cowards. overlaid this on a map of the town. What this revealed
Competition within a group, he asserts, tends to make was that where residents were surrounded by caring
us selfish individualists, whereas competition between neighbours, they professed themselves willing to help,
groups turns us into co-operative, self-sacrificing team whereas selfish neighbours bred selfishness. Like P£aff,
players. However, although Wilson maintains that this Wilson therefore advocates grass roots schemes to
view is now generally accepted, it is a claim which many improve neighbourhoods and support social networks
biologists would disagree with. In any case, a sceptic in order to maximise people's potential.
could argue that supporting others on the assumption
that this will improve our collective strength would Wilson and P£aff are right in that we are more likely
imply we were not truly altruistic. Nonetheless, Wilson to promote goodwill through careful study of the
is dismissive of such specu lation, maintaining that the conditions that foster it and their evidence suggests that
beliefs or thoughts are immaterial; the resulting actions people are more altruistic when they are part of cohesive,
should be sufficient. flourishing environments. The encouraging message is
that we do have the resources to be better, as long as
In contrast, neuroscientist Donald P£aff, in The Altruistic we believe in the kindness of others. Therefore, reading
Brain: How We Are Naturally Good, is convinced that these powerful new books on the existence of altruism
our altruistic deeds are as selfless as they seem: they are could be the first step to making the world a much more
not, for example, simply careful cost-benefit analyses pleasant place.
1!1!!11 Modules
1:6.1 Social networks
4 _ _ policy: the actions that governmen ts take

Vocabulary regarding money, taxation , budgets and other
fi nancial aspects of the country
Vocabulary related to community 5 _ _ policy: the actions a governmen t
im plements in order to achieve its objectives for
1a Match the words below with the words with a the co untry as a who le
similar meaning (1-6).
b Complete the text with the collocations in
division guidelines inhabitant neighbourhood Exercise 2a.
project structure
1 commun ity 3 sch eme 5 policy Stoneville:

2 resident 4 netwo rk 6 sector
A great place to live
the sentences. The residents of Stoneville report a high level
1 The local government has introduced a new policy I of satisfaction with where they live. There are
structure on the provision of open spaces. two main 1 _ _ communities; Brazilians and
2 In the neighbourhood I scheme where I live, South Islanders, but the 2 _ _ community
there are several ways to get involved w ith town consists of a variety of people from many
plan ning. different countries . Many people moved there
3 Last year people started wo rking on a network I from the 3 _ _ communities of the countryside
project to provide assistance to elderly people. in order to find employment and live in a place
4 People who move into the apartm ent block are with better services and facilities. As the town
asked to respect other residents I communities and flourished, the government became aware of the
ensu re the cleanliness of communal areas. need for substantial investment in infrastructure.
5 We have a sector I scheme to enable new residen ts It introduced a series of 4 _ _ policies a few
to integrate into the village. years ago to set the standards for healthcare and
6 If you intend to join the local community education . The 5 _ _ policy aimed to effectively
centre, please follow the membership networks I integrate new citizens into the community. Overall,
guidelines on our website. it has been a great success and as a result ,
people enjoy living in Stoneville.
Academic collocations
2 a Complete the collocations with the words below. c Write a description of your community. Use the
vocabulary in this section.
ethn ic local rural virtual wider
Community
Describe emotions
1 _ _ com munity: a group of people that sha re 3 Complete the sentences with the correct
an environment adjective A, B or C.
2 _ _ co mmunity: a group of people who live in 1 The mayor was _ _ with the positive reaction
the countryside fro m the local co mmunity to her ideas fo r
3 _ _ comm unity: a group th at includes more develo ping the town.
than a sma ll number of people im med iately A delighted B devoted C supportive
concerned by an issue 2 It is important to be _ _ when someone goes
4 _ _ comm unity a group of people who ou t of their way to help you with somethin g.
id entify with each other based o n co mmon A li be ral B overwhelmed C appreciative
ancestra l, social, cultural or national experience 3 Th e secretary was _ _ by the gifts and
5 _ _ commun ity: a network of people who messages she received on her retirement day.
interact through social med ia, potentially crossing A su pportive B sympathetic C overwhelmed
geographical boundaries in order to pursue 4 The inhabitan ts of the town were when
mutual inte rests or goals the park was so ld to an apartm ent co nstru cti on
co mpany.
current economic key national social
A devoted B outraged C dreadfu l
Policy 5 Most people on the committee feel that the
decision to stop the funding for the youth club
1 _ _ policy: the ideas and guidelines that
was a mistake.
governments have about their citi zens' lives and
A dreadful B liberal C disgruntled
how to improve them
2 _ _ policy: a very important policy
3 _ _ policy: the policy that is being used now
122 Student's Resource Book > Vocabulary page 78 MyEnglishLab > Ba Vocabulary
Module 8
Social networks
Pronunciation - connected speech 2

Speaking (Part 2)
4a ca 8.3 Read and listen to the language examples
(A-D). Match them with the type of connected
Lead-in speech (1-4).
1 What kinds of activities do people in your A my train/ might rain C the best part
community share? B I'd li ke to help you . D Would you help me?
Sounds whi ch di sappear when a word is
con tracted .
2 a Discuss what you think the words below mean . 2 Words wh ich are difficult to separate because
Can you think of their opposites? th ere is more th an one way to separate th em.
3 When th e last sound of the first word and the first
attentive conscientious generous modest sensitive
sound of the fo llowing word both change to a
tolerant warm -hearted
new so und .
4 When /t/ and / d/ soun ds are between two
b Choose the correct option in italics to complete consonan ts they disap pear.
the two descriptions.
b Listen again and repeat phrases A-D. How do
My neighbou r's such a 1 generous I tolerant woman; the sounds change?
she's always volunteering to help the fam ilies on our
c Which of these pronunciation features do
street. For example, she offers to babysit so that the
you find the most difficult to achieve in fluent
parents can spend an evening in peace. She's extremely
speech? How could you improve them?
2 conscientious I tolerant of young ch ildren, even when
they are naughty. I'd imagine that it's because she used to
Test practice
be a teacher, so she's 3 modest I sensitive to the needs of
ch ild ren. Anyway, people are very grateful for her efforts, • TEST STRATEGIES page 174
but she's so 4 warm-hearted I modest. She thinks her help • EXPERT SPEAKIN G page 188
is nothi ng special.
5 a Read the task card. You have 1 minute to prepare
I th ink my grandfather is a very 5 conscientious I your answer.
attentive person because he's always availab le to
listen to peop le and he doesn't interrupt. He's also a Describe someone who has done something nice for
6 tolerant I warm-hearted man. I th ink th is co ul d be you. You should say:
because he lived in diffe rent countries so he wo ul d who this person is
have got used to integrating with peopl e from a variety what kind of person they are
of backgrounds. I've learnt to be more 7 sensitive I
what they did for you
conscientious in my studies from him because he
believes in do ing th ings pro perly. and say how you could do something nice for them in
return.
c ca 8.1 Listen and check your answers . b Work in pairs and take turns to talk about the
task card in Exercise 5a. Try to speak for two
Real and hypothetical situations and reactions minutes . If possible, record your answers . Time
3 a Read the sentences below. Which sentence your partner when he/she speaks and note any
relates to a real situation and which one relates examples of:
to a hypothetical situation? adj ectives fo r perso nal qualities.
1 By being part of my local com munity youth club, I • language fo r real an d hypotheti ca l situations.
wo uld really make a difference. • the pron unciation featu res above
2 By being part of my local com mun ity youth clu b, I
really made a difference. Task analysis
b ca Listen to the sentences and decide if
8.2 6 Work in pairs. Review your and your partner's
the speaker is talking about a real (R) or a responses and discuss the questions .
hypothetical (H) situation or reaction . 1 How many adj ectives fo r personal qualiti es did
1 R/H 2 R/ H 3 R/ H 4 R/ H 5 R/ H 6 R/ H you use and we re they used co rrectly?
2 How wel l did you use language to distin gui sh
c Read audio script 8.2 on page 210 and discuss
between rea l an d hypotheti ca l situations?
which language helped you identify the real and
3 How flu ent and connected was yo ur speech?
hypothetical sentences.
4 How could you improve in these areas?
MyEnglishLab > Ba Speaking 123

r."-1 Modules
~ Social networks
Test practice
3 a Listen again and complete the test tasks.
Questions 1-4
Look at the following reasons why different groups use
social networks.
Match each group with the correct reason, A-E.
Write the correct letter, A-E.
1 The elderly
2 Teenagers
3 Mothers
4 Single people
List of reasons
A Loneliness
B Popularity
C Reconnecting
D Entertainment
E Reassurance
Questions 5-10
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each
answer.
Social Pros Cons Future

networking
site
So Pals 5-- Harvests Movi ng
Popular in data on into
different users 6--
Before you listen countries postings
1 Can you name the websites from the images A netw ork 8 - - Continu e
EverywhereUs
above? Which ones do you use? How do they help for is poor to grow
people? How are they connected to community? 7--
Follow lines of argument Sweet Targeted Ch ild ish Expand to

at design other
2 a Read the test tasks in Exercise 3a. Decide on the
9-- No ap p 10 - -
order in which you expect to hear the following
Most
topics. What other topics might you hear?
med ia
Benefi ts of So Pals Draw backs of EverywhereUs supported
Single peop le Benefits of EverywhereUs
The elderly Teenagers Future of So Pals
Drawbacks of Sweet b Work in pairs and discuss how analysing
b Discuss the questions about the test tasks in the questions can help you follow the order
Exercise 3a. information is given in.
What type of talk do you thi nk it wi ll be (e.g.
Task analysis
presentation, tour, etc)? Why?
2 What synonyms can you think of for words within 4a Read audio script 8.4 on page 210 and mark
the questions? where the topics change.
c CJ 8.4Listen to the talk. Were your predictions b With a partner, discuss the language used to
from Exercises 2a and 2b correct? indicate a change in topic.

Module 8
Social networks
d Work in pairs and discuss the questions.

Language development 1 What are you doi ng later today?
2 What are yo u goi ng to do tom o rrow?
3 W here w ill you go thi s weekend?
Review of future forms
4 What w ill yo u be doing thi s tim e next week?
• EXPERT GRAMMAR page 180 5 How do yo u th ink yo ur life w ill have changed in
fi ve years' time?
1a Read the article and match the underlined future
forms (1-9) with the structures (A-1). Speculate on the future
2a Match the sentences (1-4) with the speaker's
New Universi ty Maker Space to open perspective (A-B).
The university 1 is creating a new space on the 1 Next year we might be living in a new co untry.
main campus for arts and innovation. The aim is that 2 Next year we wi ll be living in a new country.
by the time our students graduate, 2 they will have 3 Next year we are li kely to be li ving in a new
been practising transferable skills for the creative co untry.
industries for some time, which should improve their 4 Next year we are bo und to be li ving in a new
career prospects. The head of the Art School 3 will co untry.
be opening this new 'maker space' area at 4p.m. on
Friday. The centre 4 was going to open next month, A The speake r expresses a stro ng degree of certai nty
but the area was ready earlier than expected. abou t a future event/situation occurring and has
stro ng evide nce to support his/her view
A maker space is an area for a group of people to B Th e spea ker is speculatin g o n the poss ib ility of a
collaborate. While usually a public phenomenon , fu tu re even t/situation occurri ng and although he/
the Arts department has embraced this concept to she has so me ev iden ce of future possib il ity, the
enhance the students' creativity and is set to offer a evi den ce is not stro ng enough to be sure.
range of activities from needlework to games design.
Hopefully, all participants 5 will have made something b For the speculative sentences in Exercise 2a,
new by the end of term. The university claims that which structures are stronger or weaker in their
this innovation 6 is going to be of great benefit to prediction?
everyone. Students 7 will be able to meet a wider c Rewrite the text below to make it more
network of people and discover more about activities speculative.
that 8 are on offer. Practice sessions 9 will also be
provided for new crafts or skills.
The Rise of the
YouTube influencer
A present simple F future passive
B present continu ous G future perfect simp le
C going to H future perfect con tin uous
D fu ture w ith will I future in the past According to an online magazine, the top five most
E future co nti nuous influential figures for 13-18-year-old Americans are
all young adult You Tube stars. The magazine predicts
b Using the text in Exercise la, write the structures
that this trend will continue for the foreseeable future
used for each future form .
because of the way young people use the internet. It
c Complete the sentences using the correct form of has been suggested that the 'traditional celebrity' is
the verbs in brackets. There may be more than going to disappear because the You Tube stars are more
one possible answer. in touch with the lives of young adults. These internet
1 The com mu nity ce ntre for reti red peo ple _ _ stars have created a community which is very attractive
(b ui ld) by next summer. for young people seeking to demonstrate their self-
2 The counci l meeting _ _ (ho ld) on Saturday expression. Some sources estimate that in five years'
even ing. time YouTube will have taken over as the main channel
3 By Septem ber, I _ _ (help) with my fri ends' for cultivating a celebrity image, and communities of
street cl ea ning proj ect for a year. followers will be created for a plethora of celebrity
4 The town _ _ (receive) substan ti al investm ent types from niche writers to product advertisers to
to imp rove services for residents. fashion advisors. In the not too distant future people
5 The advertisi ng cam paign _ _ (focus) o n will be finding their heroes on line.
promotin g o ur local busin esses.
6 The leisure cen tre _ _ (start) o fferin g paren ti ng
classes, but there was little demand from the local
community.
125
Student's Resource Book > Language Development page 79 MyEnglishLab > Ba Language development
r;1!!I Modules
liiAiil Social netw orks
Writing (Task 2)
Lead-in c Discuss the causes and effects of the following.

1 Why do people do v olunteer work? What are the Write a list for each topic .
benefits of helping others in your community? 1 Decl in ing community spirit
2 Lack of affordable housing
Understand situations, causes and effects 3 Increased production of waste
2 a Read the p aragraph below and identify:

Develop a situation, cause and effect
• the situation • the cause • the effect paragraph
1 Modern lifestyles have undergone sign ificant 3 a Read the paragraph in Exercise 2a and match
change recently. 2 In some cou ntries, such as Japan, the functions below with the numbered sections
the number of people who live alone has risen to over (1 - 5) in the paragraph.
25 percent. 3 M any reasons have been suggested to Topic sentence
accoun t for th is increase. One such reason, which Transition sentence from reaso n to resul t
applies to several nati ons, is that the fam ily structure is Reason Resu lt Explanation of situation
of demonstrably less im portance to individuals these
b Put the sentences below in the most logical order
days than it had been previously, and more citizen s
to form a cohesive paragraph .
are in terested in career development rathe r than th e
creatio n of a family unit. 4 Howeve r, th ose countries A Not only do these groups meet in local hal ls, but
there are now also social events for mothers in
where livi ng alone is more prevalent might start to
local cafes and restaurants .
see its downsides. 5 For exam ple, property prices
B When more ch ild ren are bo rn, there are more
may rise as more and more peo pl e req uire a prope rty
mothers to accomm odate, whi ch in turn
for so le occupancy in preference to sharing. More
wo rrying than this is the loss of co mmu nity that cou ld necessitates an increase in th e number o f grou ps
ari se from living alo ne. Although living alo ne may
C As wel l as reducing social iso lation, th ese groups
enhance commu nity spirit.
not necessari ly be lonely, integration in a co mmu nity
D There has recently been an increase in the
o ften origi nates fro m bei ng part of a unit.
number of mother's grou ps in the local area.
E This could be the res ul t of th e sha rp ri se in th e
b Read the essay tasks (A-C) and answer the birth rate over the last year.
questions. F These groups are considered by many as a much-
needed part of soci ety.
A It would be of great benefit if all citizens undertook G However, so me say that th ese groups are
voluntary work within their own communities. preventing others from usi ng cafes and restauran ts
Discuss the effects of such voluntary activities. and should be co nfin ed to commu nity hall s.
B The traditional sense of community is

Writing practice
fragmenting as more people interact online
rather than with actual people in their local • EXPERT WRITING page 198
environments. What are the reasons for this, and
what are the effects? 4a Make an essay plan for one of the tasks in
Exercise 2b. Outline the causes and/or effects
C Despite living in urban environments, people and decide how you would organise your ideas
are more isolated than ever before. Outline the into clear paragraphs.
reasons for this situation. b Write the essay for your chosen task. Try to write
it in 40 minutes. Write at least 250 words.
Which tas k mostly deals with causes? What are
the causes?
2 W hi ch task mostly deals w ith effects? W hat are the
effects?
3 Which tas k deals with both? W hat are the causes
and effects?
12 6 Student's Resource Book > Writing page 80 MyEnglishLab > Ba Writing

• CD 8.6
THE b Complete the test tasks .
HUNl:iEl1
·~
CiAMES Questions 1-4
THE ADVENTURES OF Look at the following reviewer's opinions about
SHERLOCK HOLMES
, Tm different books.
. ; HOBBIT SIR ART HUR CONAN DOYLE
Match each book with the correct opinion, A-E.
Write the correct letter, A-E.
SUZANNE
COLLINS
1 Wuthering Heights
2 The Life of Pi
3 The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo
J.R.R. TULK IL'\ 4 The Maze Runner
List of opinions
A Puzzling D Bland
Before you listen B Stunning E Emotional
1 Look at the following book titles. What are the C Disappointing
titles in your language? Have you read them?
Do you know the plot? What do they all have in
common? Questions 5-9
Cause and effect
2 a Match the causes and effects, putting the cause answer.
first and the effect second.
The popularity of certain books The Making of The Shadow Thief
The creation of life-like special effects 5 The Shadow Thief was _ _ in 1951.
The development of sound in fi lm 6 The story explores the _ _ of the Russian
The development of CGI Revolution.
The disappearance of sil ent film 7 The film gives a _ _ portrayal of one main
The development of film versions character.
b Work in pairs and use the linking words below to 8 Th e film was delayed due to a difference of
connect some of the ideas in Exercise 2a. Write opinion with the _ _ .
five sentences. 9 The film has been _ _ the most this year.
was a key reason for was as a result of
was the cause of led to was due to
was as a consequence Question 10
c CD 8.5 Listen to three people talking about the
subjects in Exercise 2a and write down any
10 The reviewer thin ks The Shadow Thief is
words or phrases they use to talk about cause A overrated.
and effect.
B fantastic.
C doomed.
Test practice
• TEST STRATEGIES page 168 and 169
Task analysis
3a Work in pairs. Look at the test tasks in Exercise
3b and discuss the questions (1-4). 4 Work in pairs. Think about your answers and
discuss the questions.
1 What kind of talk might you hear?
2 What is the main subject? 1 Did you manage to fol low the talk and answer all
3 What areas will be talked about? In wh ich order? the questions?
4 In questions 5-9, what kinds of words are you 2 Which questions were easier? Which were more
difficult?
looking for?
Student's Resource Book> Listening page 81 MyEnglishLab > Sb Listening 127

~ Module8
~ Social networks
Cause and effect linking words d Complete the sentences with a correct linking
• EXPERT GRAMMAR page 181 word or phrase from Exercise lb . There may be
more than one possibility.
1 a Read the two sentences below. Which is correct 1 These days, people often feel stressed _ _ the
and which is incorrect? Why? sheer quantity of emails they receive.
A Lan guages were develo ped as a result of the need 2 Many older people now have started to use social
to communicate. media to communicate _ _ they want to stay
B Languages were developed as a result the need to in touch w ith younger members of their family as
communicate. well as those living abroad.
3 Communicating onl ine is far more convenient
b Choose the correct linking words or phrases in than talking by phone _ _ there is an
italics to complete the text. increasing number of 'talking' apps being created.
4 There is a wide array of communication options
The Development of Morse Code: avai lable nowadays _ _ the fact that the
breadth and complexity of technology has
changing communication in the 19th century developed so rapidly.
5 People now write fewer letters by hand _ _ ,
Morse Code was invented by an Ameri can called
some historians worry that a valuable source of
Samuel Finley Breese Morse. Before his invention,
cultural understanding could be lost
written notes were hand-delivered by messengers.
1 As a result, I As a result of the information could only
be delivered as quickly as the fastest horse. Other ways
Noun phrases 2
of commun icating included using flags, smoke signals 2 a Which of the underlined nouns in the noun
and semaphore telegraphs. 2 Because of I Because the phrase below is general and which is specific?
necessity for visual proximity between both parties, Th e problem w ith face-to-face meetings is they are
these forms could not be used in low visibility or at incredibly time-co nsuming co mpared to online
night This was very problematic and limited their forms of communication .
effectiveness Samuel Morse created a telegraph device
which transmitted messages using a special code b Read the sentences and identify the noun
w hich represented each letter of the alphabet. These phrases which follow the structure in Exercise
were sent electronical ly as we ll as via light and rad io 2a. Underline the general and specific nouns .
waves and 3 due to I therefore the issues relating to
other forms of sending messages quickly disappeared Teenage communication
4 Consequently, I As a result of Morse's system began 1 The issue of teen-adult com muni catio n has been a
to be used all over the world for long-distance concern for many parents all ove r the worl d.
communication. Although nowadays other forms of 2 Although the majority of parents think it is mainly
communication such as satellites have become more related to mood swings and the lack of desire to
widespread, it is still used by the Navy and in aviation. communicate with adu lts, this is not entirely tru e.
3 The main problem of adult and child misunderstanding
concerns vocabulary and language choice.
c Using the text in Exercise lb as a model, 4 The use of a specific set of vocabulary enables yo ung
complete the sentences with either 'clause' or peop le to bond and start to develop their adult
'noun/noun phrase'. identity w hile simu ltaneous ly di stancing themse lves
1 Because is fo llowed by a _ _ but because of is from more parental language.
followed by a _ _ . 5 However, the true impact of this lingu istic disparity is
2 The words as, since and because al l have the same not fully explored in research.
meaning and are fo llowed by a _ _ .
3 As a result of must be followed by a _ _ . c Complete the sentences in your own words .
4 Due to is followed by a _ _ . The issue of _ _ is the most important
5 Consequently and as a result are followed by a challenge for all new students
comma and then a _ _ . 2 The results of _ _ co uld be catastrophic fo r the
6 Therefore introduces a result and is followed by environment.
a 3 The question o f _ _ need s to be cons idered
careful ly when visiti ng another co untry.
4 The cause of _ _ might well be associated with
lifestyle factors.
128 Student's Resource Book > Language development and Vocabulary pages 82-83 MyEnglishLab > Bb Language development and Vocabulary
Module 8
Social networks
Speaking (Part 2)
Focus on grammatical range and accuracy
2 a Turn to page 183 and read the descriptors for
bands 7 and 8. What is the difference between
the bands in relation to the words below?
limited frequent complex error-free
b Which of the grammatical structures below do

you think are more complex?
Conditionals
Past simple
Present perfect continuous
Comparatives
Cleft sentences
Non-defining relative clauses
c Discuss the questions below. Try to use the
appropriate structures from Exercise 2b.
1 If yo u were going to meet your hero, what would
Vocabulary development you say to them?
1a How do we form our opinions of other people's 2 Which musician, author or artist do you admire
personalities? What do you think the people the most and why?
in the photo might be like in terms of their 3 How would you describe your favourite celebrity?
personality? What makes you think that?
b Complete the sentences with the words below.
Test practice
earth eye life nature tongue

I've always wanted to meet Barack Obama. He 3 a Work in pairs. Read the task card and discuss
doesn't seem self-important. In fact, he comes what kinds of structures you could use in your
across as really down to _ _ ,just like everyday answer.
people
2 With his overs ized glasses and fancy costumes, Describe a famous person you would like to meet. You
Elton John always appears larger than _ _ should say:
3 If I ever met my hero, I imagine I'd be so surprised who this person is
that I'd become _ _ -tied instantly. why you would like to meet them
4 I don't think it's good to meet the celebrities you what you think they would be like
admire as they're probably different from how
you've imagined them and you might not see eye and explain what you would say to them if you ever
to on issues. met them.
5 I admire successfu l businessmen such as Steve
Jobs. I'd imagine they'd have to be quite a force of b Prepare to speak about this topic. You have 1
_ _ to achieve what they have. minute to make notes.
c Match the phrases in Exercise lb with their c Work in pairs and take turns to speak for 2
meanings (A-E). minutes. Record your answers if possible.
A to be friendly and reasonable d CD 8.7 Listen to a student's answer and compare
B someone who is very determined it with yours.
C to agree with someone
D to become unab le to express yourself Assess and improve
E someone who is more exciti ng than most people
4 Work in pairs. Listen to your answers and
d Think of two people you know well and describe analyse them, using the list below.
them, using some of the phrases above. • Write a list of the grammatical structures you used.
• Did you use a range of grammar?
• Did you use any complex structures?
• Can yo u identify and correct any mistakes?
Student's Resource Book> Speaking page 84 MyEnglishLab > Bb Speaking A and B

129
E"!I Module8
li6ill Social networks
Reading (Yes/No/Not given; Multiple choice)
Before you read

1 Do you keep or would you like to keep pets or
working animals? Why?
2 Think of ways in which humans in your country
co-operate or work with animals.
2 Skim the passage. What is the main argument?

1 Our ties with animals are weaken ing as we
place more importance on technology than the
outdoors.
-"~:,.IJ. . J
2 Animals have been a key influence in shaping how
the human spec ies has developed.
i'"-« .) t\ -
··-··Ac-·,<
Test practice < - ·-·'"'~'")· . .. ,• '",
3 Read the strategies and complete the test tasks. Questions 6- 7

• TEST STRATEGIES pages 171 and 172 Choose TWO letters, A-E.
In which TWO of these ways did our ancestors benefit
Questions 1-5 from domesticating animals?
Do the following statements agree with the views/
claims given in the passage? Write A evolving super ior practica l sk il ls
B developing an understand ing of emotional and
YES if the statement agrees with the views/
nonverbal skills
claims given in the passage
C acqu iring a means of companionship in the
NO if the statement contradicts the views/
home
claims given in the passage
D expanding the range of suppl ies avai lable
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
E obtaining an important new source of nutrition
Complex tools were invented so that ape men
could kill large prey
• HELP
2 Develop ing co mmunication skil ls enabled
humans to com pete with animals for food C This may well be true, but does the passage actually say
3 The main significance of the cave paintings is this?
the high sta ndard of the art. E Is there an example of this?
4 Cave paintings portrayed more males than
females on the hunt. Task analysis
5 The relationship between dogs and humans in 4 Work in pairs and discuss the questions .
prehistoric t imes was mutually beneficial 1 Which of the strategies suggested for the Yes/No/
Not given task did you use? Wh ich did yo u find
• HELP most helpful?
2 In the multiple-choice task, w hy di d you decide
1 Why did our ancestors learn to make tools from rocks? against the options that you did not choose?
2 Are there any examp les in the passage of these
communication skills? Discussion
3 They may have been of a high standard but was this the 5 Discuss the questions.
main significance? 1 In what ways do domesticated animals and
humans communicate wi th each othe r? Are some
animals more successful than others?
2 To what extent do you agree with Shipman's
comment 'Our lin ks to the an imal world are
precious and shouldn't be taken for granted?' In
which ways are domestic animals still important in
ou r cu rrent lifestyles? Give reasons and examples.

Module 8
Soci al netwo rks
Th eanimalconnection
Interesting ly, dogs are rarely depicted in cave art which
Professor of anthropolo gy Pat Shipman believes that suggests that cave painters may have regarded them not
when our prehistoric ancestors began to interact so much as the game animals they tended to depict, but
with animals, there were adaptive consequences. more as fellow-travellers. As it was, not long after the
paintings were created, the dog became a domesticated
Humans became masters of the planet for a startling animal. Sometime later, for different reasons, so too
reason: our love of anima ls gave us unsurpassed power did the horse, sheep, goat and other an imals. Shipman
over nature. This is the claim of Dr Pat Shipman, of believes that the common explanation -food - is un likely,
Pennsylvania State University, who says in her book The since killing an animal in the wild would have had the
Animal Connection that our prehistoric ancestors' intense same outcome without the need to wait. A more likely
re lationship with other creatures propelled the human explanation, in her view, is that, rather than merely being a
race towards globa l domination . source of food, animals were transformed into renewable
Shipman traces humanity's animal connection to the
resources, providing milk, wool and opportunities for the
period 2.5 mil lion years ago when our hominid ancestors production of tools and cloth ing. This transition to using
first made too ls. These crafted pieces of stone still litter animals as living tools was to give humans a decisive
sites in eastern Africa and bear testimony to the mental edge i_n adapting to new environments and gaining an
transformation in our ancestors' brains . According to evolutionary shortcut. The development was also crucial
Shipman, the ape men had a menta l image of the kind because humans had to learn to put themselves in the
of implements they needed for a specific purpose and
mind of these creatures in order to get them to do their
created them by chipping away at a large piece of stone
bidding, thereby enhancing their ability to empathise,
until they achieved their desired result, which were
both_with animals and with members of their own species
tools for dissecting carcasses. Rather than using them
Shipman speculates that the affinity between humans
as weapons to kill animals or to fe ll trees, their primary
and dogs man ifested itself mainly in the hunt. Dogs
use was to process dead animals that had already been
would help humans to identify their prey, but they would
brought down by other carnivores such as leopards and also work, the theory goes, as beasts of burden, being
cheetahs. Until that point we had been a prey species, but
fed and cared for in return. Since transporting animal
the development of these devices transformed hominids
carcasses is an energy-intensive task, getting dogs to do
from predominantly plant-eating apes into predators,
this work wou ld mean that humans could concentrate
who began by scavenging for meat before going on to
their _energy on more productive work : hunting,
hunt on their own behalf.
gathering, reproducing. Shipman argues that because of
_It was at this crucia l point that our special relationship
this co-operation, humans and their canine friends got
with the anima l kingdom began . Meat provided our stronger together over time.
ancestors with a wonderful, rich and nutritious sort of
_Looking at _the situation today, our special relationship
sustenance but left them in a vu lnerable position and in w ith animals 1s revealed through ou r desire to have pets.
danger of being consumed themselves. To survive, they
"No other creature on Earth wou ld waste resources on a
had to improve thei r observationa l skil ls and learn about
member of another fami ly, let alone a member of another
the behaviour of a vast number of different species, not
species," asserts Shipman . It is a unique human attribute
only the ones they wanted to kill but also the ones they
because we have evolved such close ties wit h specific
wanted to avoid. The ability to make judgements about
animals over the millennia and because we are adapted
what other animals wou ld do next was most likely as
to empath_1se with other creatures . However, as society
important to obtaining food as was the knowledge of
becomes increasingly urbanised those ties are being
how to manufacture stone tools. In the end, this expertise
stretched and broken "Our links to the animal world are
would have become crucial to human surviva l; in fact, the
precious and shouldn't be taken for granted," says Shipman .
necessity for collaboration and the sharing of knowledge
about how prey animals and predators behaved was
to become a driving force behind the development of
symbols and language some 200,000 years ago.
This is well il lustrated in the paintings created by humans
20,000 to 30,000 years ago and discovered in caves in
France and other locations, which demonstrate that after
2 million years of evolution, humans had become utterly
fixated by animals as a result of our own dependency on
them for our own survival . In these artistic creations, there
are no landscapes and only a handfu l of poorly executed
depictions of humans. There are, however, stunningly
beautiful and superbly crafted artistic depictions of lions,
stags, horses, bulls and many other animals which have
been painted on walls, sculpted out of clay or rock and
even carved out of w ood .
131
EJ!II
Module 8
~ Social networks
Writing (Task 2)
Lead-in 1 Look at the ways of communicating. How has communication in

your country changed over the last 20 years? What positive and
negative effects do you think this has had on society?
Understand the task 2 a Read the essay task. What kinds of effect could the writer write
about?
Spending time online has affected the communication skills of young
people both positively and negatively.
Discuss the effects of increased online activity on communication skills.
b Read the plan for the essay in Exercise 2a. What effects does the
writer mention in his/her plan?
"Pcivci i : ANSWcR.: Move -posLtLve tviciV\, V\,egcitLve effee,ts

W H-Y 7 shLL tciL!z wLH1 -peo-pLe/ Move fLex.LbLe e,oV\.,\,V\.,\,t,mLwtovs
"Pcivci 2 : yo1A.V\,g -peo-pLe stLLL tciL!z fcie,e-to-fcie,e wLtvi otvievs, e.g . cit
se,viooL, 01A.t, WLtvi fciltv\.LL!::J . (V\,tevV\,et 1A.se V\,Ot sto-p-pecl H1Ls ciLtviwgvi
V\.,\,Cl !::J be tvier1 clo Lt Less .
"Pcivci 3 : Move fLex.LbLe e,oltv\.ltv\.lA.V\,Lwtovs . IV\, evV\,et ltv\.WV\,s vici tJOIA.V\,g

-peo-pLe e,oV\.,\,ltv\.lA.V\,Lwte LV\, V\,ew ciV\,cl c/Lff wcir1s - Tvier1 e,ciV\, s-prnlz, tex.t,
ltv\.esscige, Fcie,eboolz -post, bLog ciV\,cl fcie,e-to-fcie,e wLtvi Sizrj-pe . MCltJbe
eveV\, bettev e,oltv\.ltv\.1A.V1,Le,citovs veciLLtJ?
"Pcivci -'/-- : C.0V1-e, . OV\,LLV1-e tLV\.,\,e vicis -posLtLve effee,ts OVI- e,oV\.,\,V\.,\,l,(_V\,LwtLoV\,
SR,LLLs of tJOIA.V\,g -peo-pLe.
c Write your plan for the essay in Exercise 2a. Use your own ideas.
d Work in pairs and compare your plans. Answer the questions
below.
1 How well have you answered the questio n?
2 What improvements ca n you make?
3 Are your arguments logical ly ord ered?
4 Is the paragraph structure cl ear?
5 Have you used linking words/ phrases effect ively?
6 Have you provided supporting information for your main arguments?
132
Module 8
Social networks
Plan the task 3a Turn to page 190 and read the descriptors for lexical resource.
Work in pairs and discuss the differences between bands 7 and 8.
b Read the list of good practice for lexical resource below and add
your own ideas .
1 Try to va ry vocab ulary.
2 Avo id repetitive use of wo rds/phrases.
3 Check wo rd fo rm s are correct.
c Write some sentences you could use in the essay task in Exercise
2a using the words below.
adolescence ameliorate communicative abi lity deficit deteriorate
isolated linguistic sociali sation technological verbal
Language and content 4a Complete the sentences with collocations.

1 Teenage rs mi ght use soc ial medi a as an extension of
r_ _ -1 _ _ re lationships.
2 In te ract ing f_ _ - to-f_ _ is still a pop ul ar method of
co mmun icati o n.
3 Tee nage rs overwhelmingly use texting as t hei r main m_ _ of
co mmun icatin g.
4 M any you ng peo pl e prefer usi ng c_ _ rooms to using the
te lep hone.
5 Faceboo k is pro bably the wo rl d's most popular tool for staying in
c_ _ w ith frie nd s.
6 Th ere are many di sadva ntages to m _ _ in pe rso n compa red to
sim pl y gettin g int_ _ o nline.
b Read the paragraph below. Correct the five underlined mistakes .
1uKA5e,v-.s COJ,t,1.J,t,1.iAKtCAh A1{te,v-e,n.t\0 frnJ,(,1. J,t,1.AK~ o{;ke,v- 5v-01Ap.s. J-/ot

oK\0 Ao t ke,~ pA.s.s J,t,1.oY-e, {1J,t,1.e, 0Kl1Ke,, b1At tke,1v- oKltKe, coKve,v-Mt10K.s
te,KA to be, .skov-t bACk AK?\ fov-t;iAY"A d.1Alo51Ae..s 0i1tk A VAY"td~ of
fv-1e.n.A.s . 1k1.s kin.A of COJ,t,1.J,t,1./AvltCAiton. CAK lA.st fov- kolA Y-.S An.A J,t,1.Av\.~
tun.A5e.v-.s Ao tk1.s 0ik1le, .StJ,t,1.1AltAn.w1A.s plA~1n.5 coJ,t,1.p1Ate.v- 5AJ,t,1.e,.s .
1 k1.s J,t,1.e,An..s t kAt J,t,1.tAK1n.5f1Al COJ,t,1.J,t,1.IAvltCAt1on. 1.s lo.st 0ik1le. d.1.sfrAct!on.
COJ,t,1.J,t,1./A vltCAt!oK be,coJ,t,1.e,.s t ke, v\.OY"J,t,1.Al.
c Discuss what other words the writer of the text in Exercise 4b

could have used to describe how teenagers communicate.
Write your essay 5 a Read your plan from Exercise 2c. Make a list of words and
collocations you could use in your essay. Work in pairs and
discuss your ideas.
b Write your answer to the essay task. Write at least 250 words.
Assess and improve 6a Underline any unusual items of vocabulary you have tried to use.
Work in pairs and discuss whether you think these words have
been used correctly or not.
b Improve the lexis in your answer. Use comments from Exercise
6a as a guide.
R'!I
l:iiii:.tl Module8
Social networks

Review the sentences.
The school is to build I wa s going to build a sports
1 a Match the sentence beginnings (1-5) with the centre here, but they co uldn't secure funding for it.
endings (A-E) . 2 A new local government representati ve will
1 Th ere is an event in the local community appoint I will have been appointed by next
2 The co uncil im plemen ted a new residen ts' parking summer.
3 In order to cl ai m discounts on the town's 3 Th is city is going to receive I is receiving a $200
attractions, proof th at you are a milli on investment in transpo rt next year
4 In every co mmunity it is important to have a 4 Next summer, we will be celebrating / will have
support celebrated the 200-year anniversary of th is village
5 Although governme nts have control ove r national and the re will be parades and pa rties all summer.
issues, 5 Next year, stude nts will provide I will be provided
with pens and books fo r schoo l in the first
A scheme which has reduced congestion in many semeste r.
areas. 6 Due to having received a promotio n, I'll be moving I
B netwo rk for those who are disadvantaged or I will have moved to the co mpany's New York
vu lnerab le. office next yea r.
C po li cy can also be set at a loca l level by local 7 The library was going to open I is going to open
government. its new wi ng t his month, but this has been
D centre to raise funds fo r local ch ildren. postponed due to prob lems w ith the roof.
E reside nt in t he local area wi ll be requ ired. 8 The winni ng city in t he bid to host t he next
b Use TWO words below to complete the Olymp ic Games is announcing /will be announced
sentences. next month.
benefits cause diversity impact issue migration b Correct the errors in the sentences.
overcrowd ing poverty The students couldn't stu dy abroad that summe r
because of the uni ve rsity cou ldn't fun d the places.
The _ _ of _ _ includes lack of jobs, lack of 2 The carn ival was cance lled at the last m inu te as
education and a fragi le economy. rain.
2 The _ _ of _ _ can be both positive and 3 As a res ult the rise in ho use prices, many people
negative for a receiving co un try. struggled to buy a pro perty in the area .
3 The _ _ of _ _ is becoming more and more 4 The student wo n a sc holarship due to she had
sal ient as increasin g numbers of cit izens move to excellent res u Its.
large cities . 5 Many peop le gathered in t he town square to
4 The _ _ of _ _ are numerous and range ce lebrate therefo re crowded .
from new tastes and music to new beliefs and
attitudes. c Put the words/phrases in the correct order to
make sentences.
c Complete the sentences with the correct word or
a lack of/ Th e cause of / teenagers / may/
phrase below.
loneliness amongst/ 'real' fri endships./ we ll be
because of due as a resu lt therefore
2 underestimated./ of/ The issue/ cybe r-bul lying /
It is often difficul t to understand young children's must not be
reactions to situatio ns _ _ their inabi li ty to
express themse lves clearly at a young age. 3 needs to be/ onli ne perso nal secu ri ty/
2 More and more teenage rs are becoming further add ressed . / The questio n of
interested in read ing _ _ to the popu larity of
books such as the Harry Potter series. 4 tired eyes. / spendi ng/ on line/ The resu lt of /
3 Onl ine co mmunicatio n brings a ce rtain number is often/ headaches and/ too much ti me
of risks for th e younger generation _ _ laws
sho ul d be introduced to combat t hese ri sks. 5 is that/ w ith on line co mmunicati o n /
4 Ou r local co mmun ity has o rgan ised a series of The problem / it is impersonal
parties in t he neighbourhood _ _ , people
have been able to meet each ot her more.
13 4 MyEnglishLab > Module Test 8 MyEnglishLab > Review Test 4

Being successful
9a Training 9b Testing
• Reading: Infer meaning and attitude (Multiple choice; • Listening: Section 3: Sentence completion; Multiple
Yes/No/Not given) choice
Vocabulary: Vocabulary related to talent; Collocations for • Language development and vocabulary: Estimation and
success and talent; Describe personal qualities indication; Replace thing
Speaking: Develop topic-specific vocabulary; Create Speaking: Part 3: Discuss work and skills
thinking time (Part 3) • Reading: Multiple choice; Yes/No/Not given
• Listening: General and specific language (Section 3: • Writing: Task 1: Describe changes over tim_e
Sentence completion)
• Language development: Explain how something works;
Describe what something looks like
•. Writing: Work with unknown vocabulary; Write about
unknown processes (Task 1: Diagrams)
Cl '
Are grateful •···
Give compliments
•
r;.~
Congratulate
·······································• Are forgiving
others on their
r\fl]
victories •······:
©Share
Read regularly •········
··.:·.·.·::.·.·.-. .. ~~~~.~.~i~~ .........•
y
information •···········: ~
-•-
Want others
' I , , • to be successful
'•'
Share ideas •··· ··· ··
······• Are always learning
Are happy •·····:
0
Are not afraid •·········· ················ ··· ·········· ·········
of change : .....• Keep a 'to-do' list :....• Have life goals
Lead-in
1 What do you think of the info graphic above? To what extent do you agree that these
points define a successful person? What points would you add/remove? Why?
135
Reading (Multiple choice; Yes/No/Not given)
Before you read

3 What was unexpected about Carson's
1 What is the meaning of multitasking and why has laboratory tests?
it become common in the 21 st century? A Being required to switch tasks made
pa rticipants more creative.
Infer meaning and attitude B Th e original idea s produced by participants
2 a Look at the underlined words in the reading bore little re lation to genuine creativity
passage and answer the questions. C Switch ing attention between different tasks
led to higher levels of achievement overall.
1 What is a 'click-hole'? Do you thi nk the writer
D An ability to sw itch tasks is a commo n feature
ap proves of task switch ing?
2 What does 'po rous' mean? Is porous positive or of writers and artists.
negative in the context? 4 What is the advantage of low latent inhibition?
A It encou rage s us to igno re extraneo us
b Look at these phrases in the context of the
information
passage and answer the questions.
B It prompts us to aban don an activi ty wh ich
1 Of course, there is much to be said for "focus", but has become time-consumi ng.
there is much to be said for immaculate handwriting C It prevents us from becoming ove rstressed
too .... the world has moved on. (line 55-57) about what we are doing.
Does the writer think that focus is essential? Why? D It gives us the opportunity to view a situation
2 For those who insist that great work can only be from a different angle.
ach ieved through superhuman focus, think long
5 What is the writer's main purpose in the passage?
and hard on th is discove ry. (line 90- 92)
A to exp lain the differences between
What does 'this di scovery' refer to? What point is
multitasking and task sw itching
the w riter making?
B to highlight the dangers of wo rk ing on
multi pl e projects at the same ti me
Test practice C to wa rn readers about the potential pressures
3 Read the strategies and complete the test tasks. of modern life
D to increase awareness of the benefits of
• TEST STRATEGIES pages 171 and 172 successful multitaskin g
Questions 1-5
Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D. Questions 6-9
What does the w riter say about the impact of claims of the writer? Write
multitasking in the modern wo rld ?
A Job applicants w ho ca n do several things at
claims of the writer
the sa me time have a big advantage.
B Ach ieving a satisfactory work- life balance can NO if the statement contradicts the views/
be stressful claims of the writer
C Being able to do what you want when you NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer
want is a great pleasure. thinks about this
D Technology has a bad effect on children's
performance at schoo l. 6 Real multitasking requires one or both of the
tas ks to be done al most au to matically
2 What did David Strayer's study reveal?
A It is more dangerou s to speak on a mobile 7 Task switching is a way of cop ing with
phone wh ile driving than to have drunk alcohol. underlying anxiety abou t uncomp leted wo rk.
B It is safe to drive while talk in g o n a mobile if 8 Paying attention to just one activity at a time
you have both hands on the steering wheel should be a realist ic goal in the modern world
C A driver's reaction time is slower when 9 Simultaneous involvement in different office
speaking on a mob il e phone. tasks means very few are co mpleted on time.
D Most people do not accept that total
co ncentration is required when dri ving.
136 Student's Resource Book > Reading pages 86--87 MyEnglishLab > 9a Reading A and B
Module 9
Being successful
Multitasking: how to survive in the 21st century

as our attention flits between the different tasks. We do this
Modern life now forces us to do a because we can't forget about all our unfinished tasks. It is
the overlapping possibilities that take the mental toll as
multitude of things at once - but can we? our subconscious keeps reminding us that the task needs
Should we? ssattention. Of course, there is much to be said for "focus",
but there is much to be said for immaculate handwriting
he superpower we all want is the capacity to do several too. People are not perfect and the world has moved on.
T things at once. However, unlike other superpowers,
being able to multitask is now taken for granted and
Whilst there is something rather appealing about blocking
internet access, it is also somewhat futile.
widely regarded as a basic requirement for employability. Task switching is often confused with a third , quite
Fuelled by technology and social change, the boundaries different activity, the guilty pleasure of becoming
between work and play have become somewhat blurred. distracted and disappearing down an unending click-hole
Because you can do your weekly shop whilst sitting at of celebrity gossip and social media updates. The final
your desk and handle a work query while queuing at the type of multitasking is simply the condition of having a
supermarket, time once wasted is now productive. lot of things to do, which can in fact be highly productive.
Nevertheless, it is perhaps only now that we are starting Coordinating multiple projects is not the same as doing
to concede that the blessings of a multitasking life are them all at once, and not necessarily a stumbling block to
not unmitigated. The majority of people living in more getting things done by the deadline. In fact , when a team
industrialised countries feel overwhelmed by the sheer of psychologists interviewed almost 100 exceptionally
number of activities in which they might plausibly be creative people, every one made a practice of keeping
engaged at any one time. Equally, teenagers do their several projects going simultaneously.
homework whilst simultaneously listening to music, Moreover, even frenetic flipping between Facebook, email
watching TV and chatting on their mobiles. Whilst and a document can be beneficial. When psychologist
youngsters might believe that they are deftly managing Shelley Carson recruited subjects for a test of rapid task
all these inputs concurrently, various studies suggest switching, each individual was given a pair of tasks to do
otherwise. online: solve a set of anagrams and read an article from
Indeed, there is overwhelming evidence in favour of the an academic journal. Half the participants were presented
proposition that we should only focus on one activity with the tasks sequentially but the other half had to switch
at any one time. Consider a study led by Professor of between the two tasks every few minutes. As predicted,
Cognition and Neural Science, David Strayer, who used a task switching delayed the subjects and confused their
high-fidelity driving simulator to assess the performance thinking, leading to a poor performance. However, the
of drivers who were speaking on a mobile phone. While involuntary multitaskers produced a greater number and
these drivers did not adopt the aggressive, risk-taking variety of answers and showed more originality on tests of
style of drunk drivers, they were found to take much "divergent" thinking, such as listing all the consequences
longer to respond to events outside the car and also failed of a world in which everyone has three arms. One might
to notice many of the visual cues around them. Strayer's reasonably object that these tasks are trivial measures of
infamous conclusion: driving while using a mobile phone innovative thinking but it appears that scores on these
is as dangerous as driving while under the influence. laboratory tests for divergent thinking correlate with
substantial creative achievements, such as creating an
Less famous was Strayer's finding that it made no difference
90 award-winning piece of visual art. For those who insist
whether the driver was using a hand-held or hands-free that great work can only be achieved through superhuman
phone. The problem, it seems, with talking while driving
focus, think long and hard on this discovery.
is a shortage of mental bandwidth rather than a shortage of
hands. Yet this discovery has made little impression either Carson and colleagues have also found an association
on public opinion or, surprisingly, the law. In the UK, for between significant creative achievement and a trait which
example, it is an offence to use a hand-held phone when psychologists term "low latent inhibition". Latent inhibition
driving but perfectly legal to use a hands-free device. is the subconscious filter that allows us to ignore apparently
irrelevant stimuli and prevents us from being overwhelmed
However, before concluding that multitasking is wholly
by them. Yet people whose filters are a bit porous have
negative, it is probably useful to define our terms. There
a big creative edge. "The act of switching back and forth
are at least four different practices which fit under the
can grease the wheels of thought," says psychologist John
label "multitasking". One is genuine multitasking, such as
Kounios. He suggests that doing something totally new can
playing the piano and singing or patting your head whi le
help us abandon bad ideas that we are fixated on, leaving us
rubbing your stomach. It is possible but at least one of
free to solve the problem in another way.
the tasks needs to be so practised as to be done without
conscious thought. Then there is the challenge of creating a It wou ld seem that in an age where we face constant
presentation while also fielding phone calls and monitoring distraction, people who are particularly prone to being
your email. A better term for this would be task switching, distracted are in fact flourishing creatively.
137
1!11!1
Module9
~ Being successful
b Complete the sentences with the collocations in

Vocabulary Exercise 2a.
The team 's coach played a _ _ in us winning
Vocabulary related to talent the championship last year.
2 Proble m-so lvin g is an example of a _ _ which
1a Choose the correct definition of the words (1-6).
improves employment prospects
1 achievement: a goal that you succeed in achieving I 3 Polymaths are people w ho have a _ _ of
a competition that you win expertise and knowl edge.
2 investment: a technique for making something I the 4 The di rector of the company has been the _ _
time and energy spent on doing something behind its recent success
3 motivation the eagerness I the pressure to do 5 Being se lected to represe nt their coun try is the
something _ _ for most sportspeople.
4 commitment: a promise I desire to do something 6 Inventors have to make a to continue their
or behave in a particular way wo rk after every failure
5 capab il ity the natural ability to do something I the
approach to a difficult task c Write five questions of your own using the
6 coordination the organi sation of people or things collocations in Exercise 2a. Work in pairs and
so they produce better results I work well together take turns to ask and answer your questions.
b Complete the text with the correct form of words Describe personal qualities
from Exercise la.
3 a Complete the definitions with the words below.
Talented people ca n be found in a variety of
accomplished expressive innovative inspirational
professions ranging from those involved in
single-minded tenacious
entertainment to more mundane roles in co mmercial
organ isations. However, they al l share some 1 A_ _ person has one clear aim and works very
fun damenta l cha racte ri stics. One of which is making hard to achieve it without deviating from thi s goal.
a 1 _ _ to themselves to perform a particular 2 Someone who is _ _ provides encouragement
task, despite the possi bility o f thi s bei ng challengi ng or fosters motivatio n in oth ers.
or time-co nsu m ing. Although they may possess the 3 A _ _ in divi dual is unwi lling to stop trying even
requ isite 2 _ _ to ach ieve this, they still need to when the re are setbacks.
have a high level of 3 _ _ in o rd er to fulfi l such 4 Someo ne who is _ _ te nds to show very
challenges. Without this, there is a tendency to clearly w hat they th ink o r feel.
abandon the task due to a lack of desire. The 4 _ _ 5 An _ _ perso n uses or creates methods and
of talented people result from the presence o f these techniq ues that are new, d ifferent and superior to
characteristics combined w ith conside rab le hard work. those that existed before.
6 An _ _ individual is very ski lful or very
c Work in groups and discuss the topics . successful in the area in wh ich they work.
1 An ach ievement you are incred ibly proud of b Choose the correct option in italics to complete
2 Someth ing you invested a lot of time and effort in the text.
3 Your motivatio n to study English
4 A ti me when you showed commitment to something Bi ll Gates' cons iderable financ ial success
5 A unusual ski ll or capa bility yo u possess demonstrates that he is clearly an 1 accomplished I
expressive I innovative busi nessperson and his
Collocations for success and talent decision to use his wealth to fund the Bi ll and
Melinda Gates Fou ndation is an 2 expressive I
inspirational I accomplished model for eth ically
the definitions.
minded businesspeople. O ne example of the
1 transferable I changing skill a skill developed in foundation's work in clu des its 3 innovative I
one situ ation wh ich ca n be used in another tenacious I expressive determination to rid the
2 wanted/ desired outcome the res ul t that someone developi ng world of pol io desp ite many hurd les
wants from a situation such as geographical and cu ltu ral barriers to
3 broad/ ranging spectrum possess ing a large vacci natio n. At present, another of the chari ty's
num ber of someth ing objectives is fi nding 4 single-minded I expressive I
4 driving I pushing force the power or energy which innovative ways of handl ing money in countries
sets so mething o r so meone in mot ion that do not have a traditio nal banking structu re.
5 overriding I pivotal ro le: something o r someone
im portant for the success of so mething else
6 mutual I concerted effort: a se ri ous attempt to do
or ach ieve something

Module 9
Being successfu l
Create thinking time

Speaking (Part 3)
3a CD 9.1 Listen to a candidate's answer and read
audio script 9.1 on page 211. Underline the
phrases the candidate uses to get some 'thinking
No pressure ... time' and to deal with unknown words.
b How does the candidate use his voice to signal
••• no diamond thinking time and when he is unsure of a
specific word?
c Read the phrases below (1-8) and match them
with the functions (A-D).
1 That's an interesting question ..
2 What I'm trying to say is ..
3 Success and society? Well. ..
4 You want to know my feelings on ..
5 I've not thought much about this before, but ...
6 So, you're asking whether I think ...
7 I'm not sure if thi s is the righ t way to put it, but ...
8 Talent and its importance ...
A Select keywords and repeat

B Reformulate the question
Lead-in C Use a thinking-time phrase
D Signal an explanation
1 What does the metaphor about success mean?
What personal qualities would you say great d Work in pairs and discuss the topics . Use the
achievements are based on? techniques in Exercises 3b and 3c to create
thinking time .
Develop topic-specific vocabulary 1 Tal ent is natu ral and cannot be learnt.
2a Complete the text with the idioms below. You 2 Everyone is talented in more than one area
may need to change the form of the idiom and/or 3 Child ren shou ld be taught that making an effort is
pronouns. There is one idiom you do not need. more important than success.
be a cut above go to great lengths Test practice

have a hidden talent put you r mind to
set your sights on stand out from the crowd > TEST STRATEGIES page 175
> EXPERT SPEAKING page 189
During the first decade of the 21st century, talent
shows such as The X Factor, American Idol and The 4a Read the discussion questions below. Think
Voice became an extremely popular genre of te levision. of some words in your language which you do
In these shows, the contestants usual ly perform songs not know in English but would be useful when
in an attempt to try to capture the judges' attention answering the questions .
by 1 _ _ . In order to win, the contestants have to
2 _ _ the other performers. Many of them have Which personality traits would you say are the main
3 _ _ to take part in the contest and have been contributors to being successful?
practising for many years. Some have even given up 2 What do you think about teaching children and
their jobs for this once-in-a-lifetime opportunity. These young people that success is something they should
talent shows are an absolutely fascinating example always aim for?
of the psychology behind the quest for success in 3 How can the pressure to be successful be damaging
the music industry as those who win these talent for individuals?
shows often state that they had 4 _ _ becoming
a successful performer from an early age. Sometimes
there are unexpected winners and it is not always b Work in pairs and take turns to ask and answer
the case that the people with the best voices win. the questions in Exercise 4a using the techniques
This demonstrates that winning can be more about A-D in Exercise 3c.
5 _ _ achieving success rather than actual talent.
Task analysis
b Write six questions using each of the idioms in 5 Work in pairs and analyse your responses. Check
Exercise 2a. Ask them to the class. you used some of the techniques in Exercise 3c.

- Module9
~ Being successful
Before you listen b CJ 9.2 Listen to the students discussing their

presentation. Which of the topics in Exercise 3a
1a Look at the photos of world record breakers.
do they mention?
What records do you think they broke?
b What characteristics do you think people need to Test practice
possess to break a world record?
General and specific language 4a Listen again and complete the test task.
2 a Read the sentences. Which one is general and
which one is specific? Why? Questions 1- 5
1 To break a land speed record, it is essential to have Complete the sentences below.
bravery, great skil l and determination. Write NO MORE THAN THREE words for each answer.
2 There are many qualities needed to be a record
breaker. The group is go ing to use _ _ to ide ntify
what it takes to be successful
b Make the underlined words more specific by
2 They will try to identify _ _ of the individuals
adding the words below before them.
they focus on.
long-term financial personality pivotal quality of 3 By moving from examples to theory, they are
successful tech taking an _ _ .
1 Commitment plays a role in being successful 4 The female who has the is discussed as
2 Financial success can improve the life that people an example
have. 5 Penny thinks that the ir _ _ wi ll ensure the ir
3 Many entrepre neurs have created start-ups in the work is taken serio usly.
last 20 years.
4 Success is largely down to the traits of an
b Work in pairs and compare your answers. Have
individual.
you used the same amount of detail?
5 If you want to be successful in business, you must
think about the goals.
Task analysis
c Read the sentences in Exercise 2b. How does the
meaning of each sentence change with the added
5 a With a partner, discuss which words in the
answers are general and which are more specific.
words?
b Read audio script 9.2 on page 211 and find other
3 a You are going to hear a group of students
examples of phrases containing general and
discussing success. Which of the subjects below
specific nouns.
do you think might be more abstract?
1 Characteristics of record breakers
Discussion
2 Examples of new records
3 The first records set 6 What do you think drives individuals to
4 Ideas on how record-breaking inspires others accomplish these kinds of achievements? How
S Theories about the characteristics of successful do these individuals do this? Do you think it
people is through luck, hard work, natural ability or a
combination of all three factors?
140
Module9
Being successful
1!1111
~
Describe what something looks like
3a Match the sentences (1-4) with what they are
describing (A-D).
Explain how something works
1 The maJority of these types of traditional bui ldings
• EXPERT GRAMMAR page 181 are constructed from brick and stone.
2 Thi s fitness device consists of a sma ll computer
1 a Match the phrases (1-4) with the grammatical and a battery
structures (A-D) . 3 The new stadium is shaped like a long oval.
1 the part which makes 4 Many internal medical devices are millimetres in
2 the thing which is used diameter.
3 the bit that you use to move A structure
4 what you use to make B size
A noun+ relative pronoun+ present simple passive C material
B relative pronoun+ present simple+ infinitive D form
C nou n + relative pronoun + present simpl e b Underline the descriptive language used in the
D noun + re lative pronoun + present simple+ sentences in Exercise 3a.
infinitive
c Complete the sentences using similar phrases
b Match the sentence beginnings (1-4) with the to those in Exercise 3a. Use no more than three
endings (A- D). words.
1 It is what people use His new diet predominantly _ _ protein to
2 This is the thing that build muscle strength.
3 They are what you 2 The durability of the building was due to it having
4 It is the part which is _ _ flexible glass and modern plastics.
A used to change the settings. 3 Our new tracking sensor is only a few _ _ .
B to measure their temperature. 4 Some new running shoes have a heel _ _ disc
C makes climbing up mountains easier. for extra comfo rt.
D use to control the air flow 5 The new rowing machine _ _ lightweight
materials in order to improve performance.
2 Read the text and underline the language which 6 The bicycle repair kit _ _ some glue and a
explains how bionic limbs work. selection of plastic strips.
d Look at the photos of objects from Module

5. Choose one object and describe it to your
partner using language from this section.
Prosthetic body parts have been in existence for
centuries but today, bionic arms and legs are so
highly developed that they ca n enable disabled
athletes to achieve outstanding results. Modern
limb technology is complex in its design with each
element providing a specifi c function. For example,
at the top of a bionic leg is the socket which joins
th e artificial element to its host's body. Then there
is the pylon. It is the section which is used to
provide support. This element is much like a metal
pole which acts as a substitute for the actual leg.
Lastly, the bionic leg needs a suspension system .
Thi s is the part that surgeons use to attach the
limb to the body and it is usually a belt or set of
straps. Some bionic limbs even have small motors.
Th ey are what people use to control the prosthetic
device so that it moves in a more natural fashion.
e Choose another object and write a description

of it using language from this section. Compare
your descriptions in pairs.
Student's Resource Book> Language Development page 89 MyEnglishLab > 9a Language development 141
- - - - Module 9
~ Bein g successful
Water supply: Roman Aqueduct

Writing (Task 1)
Aqueduct City
Lead-in
bridge
1 What famous modern cities can you name? What
factors make cities famous nowadays?
Work with unknown vocabulary

2 a Look at the follow ing diagram. How did this kind
of city design keep the inhabitants safe?
Pastern
Inner Donjon,
gate Water supply: Modern Syphon
bailey or keep
Chapel
Storehouse Treatment
plant
Moat
b Whether the nouns are known or unknown to

you, think of the verbs that describe the activity
Outer shown. Read the sentences below. Choose the
bailey correct verb in italics in each case.
1 The reservoir adds I supplies I begins the city's water.
List,
Barbi can 2 The water collects I inserts I enters through the
o r ward
intake in the reservoir.
Stables Portcullis 3 The wate r pushes I flows I falls though the condu it.
4 The treatment plant adds I forces I sanitises water
Drawbridge
for the city.
b Use visual clues in the diagram to match the c Read the sentences about the aqueduct and put
words below with their descriptions. them in a logical order.
drawbridge keep moat 1 The water enters the system from the intake and
then flows through the conduit.
The _ _ is the circle of wate r surround ing the 2 This entire system works due to gravi ty, as the
city walls. enti re flow of the water is downhill.
2 The large gate that lowers to allow people 3 When the land reac hes a low poi nt, an aq ueduct,
entrance is known as the which is sim ilar to a bridge-like structure, ca rries
3 One of the buildings in the walled city was a the water across thi s area.
_ _ , which is the largest bu il ding. 4 Finally, the water reaches its destination.
c Now write one explanatory sentence for another 5 Water from the reservoir is supp li ed to the city via
word in the diagram that you are unsure of. an aq ueduct.
6 The water is drawn from a reservoi r, which is a
Write about unknown processes large body of water simi lar to a lake.
3 a Look at the diagram of the Roman and modern Test practice

aqueducts above . Work in pairs and discuss:
4a Write an explanatory paragraph about the syphon
1 what the overall process is.
system in Exercise 3a. Think about which verbs
2 how fam il iar you are w ith the two processes.
you can use and a logical order for your paragraph.
3 where the diagrams start and fini sh
4 what the d ifferen ces are between the two b Write an overview sentence which explains the
d iagrams. difference between the two diagrams in Exercise 3a.
5 what each word given m ight mean.
6 the type of word s used
142 Student's Resource Book> Writing page 90

Test practice
3 a You are going to listen to two students and their
supervisor discussing their research into working
environments. Read the questions in the test
tasks and think about:
1 how information might be paraphrased.
2 possible answers.
b CJ 9.4 Complete the test tasks.
Questions 1-6
Complete the sentences below.
Before you listen
1 Charlotte's research mainly focuses on _ _ .
1 What job would you most like to do? Why? 2 Professor Hickey wants Jim to _ _ .
3 Jim has _ _ of his research to finish
Deal with abstract ideas
4 Both students agree that _ _ aids productivity.
• TEST STRATEGIES page 168 5 Jim has found that it is not _ _ to increase
2a CJ 9.3 You are going to listen to four people talking workspace.
about different working environments. Match the 6 Professor Hickey warns Jim that he might not
speakers (1-4) with the environments (A-D).
Speaker 1 A forward-thinking workp laces
Speaker 2 B hectic workplaces
Speaker 3 C home working Questions 7-10
Speaker 4 D lone working Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.
b Listen again and note down the key points each
7 Charlotte is _ _ her findings.
speaker makes.
A unsure about
Positive Negative Overall B confident of
points points opinion C su rpri sed by
Speakerl 8 Jim thinks his and Charlotte's research is _ _ .
A comp limentary
Speaker2
B contradictory
Speaker 3 C unconnected
Speaker 4 9 Charlotte _ _ Jim's conclusions.
A is sceptical of
c Read the questions and select your answers B agrees with
based on your notes. C misunderstands
1 Speaker 1 believes busy environments are 10 Professor Hickey thinks Charlotte _ _ .
A exciting. B tiring. C unpleasant. A has designed her research well
2 Speaker 2 thinks productivity B should think more critically
A fluctuates with working environments. C needs to return in a week
B is hard to measure.
C is only one part of work.
3 Speaker 3 believes that creativity Task analysis
A is more abundant these days. 4a Work in pairs and discuss your answers. Which
B needs fresh environments. ones are you most sure of? Why? Were any
C relies on technology. questions or answers more abstract? What made
4 Speaker 4 is them abstract?
A not convinced he can work alone.
b Check your answers in audio script 9.4 on page
B a reflective worker.
212 and think about why you got certain answers
C good at dealing with other people. incorrect.
Student's Resource Book> Listening page 89 143
~ Module9
~ Being successful
Estimation and indication d Discuss the questions below using language of

estimation and indication .
> EXPERT GRAMMAR page 181
How has industry changed in your cou ntry in the
1a Read the two paragraphs below. In what part last 20 years?
of the IELTS test might you find this type of 2 W hat ki nds of people tend to be most successful
language? in bus in ess?
3 Where do you see yourself working in ten years'
A These days it can be difficult for employers to
time?
choose their employees because many people
have more or less the same q ualificat ions. In
the past, fewer people went to university, but
Replace thing
now approximately 50 percent of yo ung peop le 2 a Read the two paragraphs below. Which is a
have a degree. Also, the re is less divers ity ... many better example of academic writing? Why?
peop le study the same kinds of subjects such as A There are many th ings to co nsider when thi nking
eco no m ics, business, m arketing and so on. abo ut changes in the wo rkplace. Firstl y, things
B The diagrams show that t he facto ry size has such as flexible wo rking have become more
app roximately doubled in a ten-year period. It can common in some places. These help some peop le
also be see n that wh ile the ove rall size has grown, do more essential things in their lives like ca re for
the types of Jobs done have changed. In 1995 child ren wh il e they are still in employment.
there were about 10 managers, however, this grew B There are m any factors to co nsider when thinking
to around 15 in 2005 about changes in the workplace. Firstly, benefits
b Look at the underlined words in Exercise la and such as flexib le working have become more
complete the sentences. commo n in some workp laces These help some
emp loyees do more essential activiti es in the ir
1 _ _ are used before num bers and quantities to
lives like care for children while they are still in
give an app rox imate size.
emp loyment.
2 _ _ indicates that there are further examples.
3 is used before a no un to show an b Consider the topic of work and complete the
approximation. table below with relevant vocabulary.
4 are used before a noun to refer to a
category wh ich is si m ilar. 1 Thing factors,
2 Person employee,
c Complete the sentences using the words and
phrases below. You need to use some words/ 3 Place workplace,
phrases more than once.
c Complete the sentences with a more specific
about and so on kinds of more or less
alternative to the underlined word . Make any
1 Honesty, loyalty, kindness ... In my experience, it is other necessary changes.
really peo ple with these _ _ qual ities that make 1 One of the biggest th ings that employers have
the best friends. to cope with is ens urin g they can pay their
2 The re has been a significan t change in the amount employees thei r wages each month.
of money the creative industries have invested 2 Whereas doing tra ining can be a valuable
in new techno logy. Now, _ _ 15 percent of expe ri ence, these peop le o ften do not receive any
turnover is spen t in th is area, in d icati ng that these pay.
_ _ compan ies are embracing new techniques. 3 People need to ens ure that the ir staff feel va lued
3 It shows that , rather than learn ing new sk ill s in and respected at wo rk if they want to get the best
leisure ti me, people prefer to be en tertained by from their empl oyees
activities such as going to the cinema, watching 4 Insu rance fo r bui lders can be extremely high. The
TV places they wo rk in are ofte n qu ite hazardous
4 I am not sure if we wil l see a great change in art despite regulations to protect their safety.
fo rm s in my lifetime. I think art has pushed most 5 Many academics have cla imed that the most
of the boundaries it can and I suspect, although sign ifi cant th ing in o ur working lives in th e last 50
we may see great new art ists, wonderfu l and yea rs is the in corporation of new techno logy.
innovative installations, pain tings _ _ , the
actual forms art takes w ill remai n _ _ the same.
144 Student's Resource Book> Language development and Vocabulary pages 92- 93 MyEnglishLab > 9b Vocabulary
Module9.,
Being successful ~
Speaking (Part 3)
Vocabulary development
1 a Look at the picture. Which do you think
employers value most when it comes to
recruiting staff: qualifications or experience?
Why might that be? What qualities, skills and
knowledge do you think will be important in the
job market of the future and why?
b Complete the sentences using the words below.
There are three words you do not need to use .
apprentice corporation entrepreneur incentive
industry lucrative monopoly overheads redundant
turnover worth
Focus on Pronunciation
Whilst there are many benefits of being an _ _ ,
setting up a business on your own can also be
2 CJ 9.5 Listen to two candidates answering a
rather risky
Part 3 question . Turn to page 183 and read the
descriptors for pronunciation. Discuss their
2 The employees were given an _ _ of $500
performance.
each to complete the proJect in advance of the
deadline.
3 In many countries a single company has the
Test practice
_ _ on the provision of te lecommunication • TEST STRATEGIES page 175
services.
4 Companies based in central New York have 3 a Before answering the questions below, discuss
extremely high _ _ due to the tremendous what features of pronunciation you could use to
running costs they incur for their premium increase your overall speaking score.
location.
b Work in pairs and take turns to ask and answer
5 One of the consequences of the global financia l
the questions. Record your answers if possible.
crash was that many companies were forced to
make many employees _ _ so as to reduce
1 How has technology impacted the way people
costs and stay afloat
now work?
6 The current _ _ of technology companies
2 What sk ills would yo u consider to be essential in
is increasing dramatically compared to those
the modern workplace? Which workplace skil ls
involved in manufacturing, which is good news
from the past have retained their importance?
for their shareholders
Why?
7 Some people argue that the ri se of the _ _
3 Wh ich jobs are most val ued in yo ur society?
has been hugely detrimental to both the global
Why is this? How likely is it that this will change
economy as well as small businesses, w hi ch face
in the future?
stiffer competition than ever.
4 How do you think the workplace and offices of
8 Having grown up in poverty, she chose to pursue
the future are going to change?
a career in the field of banking
c Work in pairs and discuss the questions .
1 Would you rather work for a corporation or Assess and improve
become an entrepreneur? What chall enges might 4a Work in pairs and analyse your responses.
you face in each situation? Discuss the questions below.
2 What kind of incentives do you thi nk are
1 What are your strengths and weaknesses in
motivating for employees? Why?
pronunciation?
3 Which industries and types of company do you
2 What aspects do you need to practise?
think will be lucrative in 50 years' time?
3 How could you improve them?
b Repeat the test task in Exercise 3b and try to
work on these aspects.
Student's Resource Book> Speaking page 94 145

1111
GJ.11 Module 9
Being successful
Reading (Multiple choice; Yes/No/Not given)
Before you read

5 In the last paragraph, Rifkin makes the point that
1 In what ways do you think the world of work is A freedom is no lon ger so mething to be valued
changing? Can people expect more or less job in the way it once was.
security these days? Why? B th ere has been a change in perce ption abou t
what it means to feel free.
Test practice C younger people need to learn to disconnect
2 Read the strategies and complete the test task. from one another if th ey are to feel free
D there is now less freed o m for the younger
• TEST STRATEGIES page 172 generati on to choose w hat they w ant to do.
Questions 1-5
Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D
• HELP
Be careful not to be distracted by simil ar word s in th e
1 W hy does the w riter mentio n BlaBlaCar? passage. Read th e question carefully.
A It has been the most financ ially successful 3 What might the 'negative effect ' in 3A be?
new small business.
B It is rep rese ntative of the new approach to Test practice
earnin g money.
C It recruits emp loyees from co untries all over 3 a Read the instructions and answer these
the worl d. questions about the Yes/No/Not given task.
D It was the first exampl e of an internet 'sharing 1 Whose opinions are you looking fo r?
platform' 2 How wil l you find the correct pl ace in the passage?
2 W hy does the writer say th e 'sharing economy' 3 Are the statements in the same order as the passage?
is a possible solution to the curre nt emp loym ent b Read the strategies and complete the test task.
cr isis?
A It has the potential to be more efficien t than • TEST STRATEGIES page 171
old ways of trading.
B It could eventually guarantee pe op le a more Questions 6-9
pred ictab le so urce of income.
C It promises to provide better wo rking claims of the writer? Write
conditions for many emp loyees.
D It might open up different kinds of work to
th e unemployed.
3 W hat is Car l Frey's op ini on of the 'sharing'
economy?
A It may have a negat ive effect on peop le who NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer
are still in traditional Jobs thinks about this
B It will beco me popular because of the savings
to be made in the wo rk force. 6 A co mbination of circum stances co ntri buted
C It may com pensate for the inevitable loss of towards BlaBlaCa r's brea kthrough.
Jobs to sci entifi c progress. 7 BlaBlaCar is regarded as a th reat to an
D It will benefi t the economy to have people es tablished business
wo rkin g independently with different 8 Many people choose to leave th ei r permanent
compan ies. jobs in o rder to se ll thei r services on li ne.
4 Jeremy Rifki n believes that 9 Th e sharing economy is already having a
A th ere is sti ll a cha nce that new inventions will dramatic effect on the economy.
generate employment.
B most yo ung peop le are reluctan t to wo rk for
established busi nesses. • HELP
C young peop le are already accustomed to 6 What prevented Mazzella from launching his idea in 2003 7
working in a vari ety of different ways.
8 This seems poss ible but is there evid ence for this in the
D governments have a responsibil ity to decide
on a po li cy for future j ob losses. passage?
146
Module9 ~
Being successful ~
The sharing economy

n the 'gig' or 'sharing' economy, say the experts,
we will do lots of different jobs as technology
releases us from a nine-to-five working day.
But will it be all good?
Although the idea for the 'ride-sharing platform' BlaBlaCar was
first conceived in 2003, it was not until much later that it could
be put into practice. Apart from the technological changes,
- Facebook and smartphones - external factors, such as the
undertaken by the Oxford economists Carl Frey and Michael
financial crash, made a huge contribution to its success. Thus
Osborne, compiled a list of the occupations most under threat
demonstrating to the generation seeking work for the first time,
and, of 702 occupations, almost half fell into the high-risk
both the fragility of capitalism and the necessity to investigate new
category of "potentially automatable". Asked if he thought
revenue streams. The other key factor enabling success was the
the gig technology of sharing platforms might mitigate those
2010 ash cloud, which gave BlaBlaCar the traction of publicity as
effects, Frey said that although people remained very attached
a smart solution for people stranded far from home. In the years
to payroll, the rise of sharing platforms is giving people
since then, Frederic Mazzella's concept of being able to rent spare
opportunities to establish a market to utilise their skills. He
seats in cars has become a multimillion-euro success story.
suggested that one result of doing this would be more pressure
While BlaBlaCar has little infrastructure and fewer than 300 on the wages of the full-time employed and a reduction in
employees in territories all around the world, its internet platform protected working conditions. He does not, however, believe
finds seats for more than 2 million journeys a month and the chief that because technology disrupts labour markets in one
executive of the French rail operator SNCF recently cited the ride- sphere it will automatically provide the solutions in another.
sharing business as his company's most significant competitor. "My reading of the evidence so far is that there will be less job
While SNCF has thousands of miles of track and untold rolling creation and ever-greater labour savings. It is not necessarily
stock to maintain and renew as well as thousands of employees true that we will have a jobless future. But I struggle to see
to reward, BlaBlaCar's infrastructure and organisation is provided which industries will emerge to balance the loss of jobs."
free of charge by its 10 million active members.
The writer and economist Jeremy Rifkin has been predicting
BlaBlaCar is a perfect example of the possibilities of the emerging a shift since 1995. "At that time, standard economic theory
"sharing economy" which finds spaces for employment in the argued that new technologies would create more jobs than
inefficiencies of capitalism and exploits them through the sheer they destroy. I didn't believe that." Rifkin believes that
scale of the "sharing platform" on the internet. Being a member conventional capitalism is already over and he is advising
of BlaBlaCar, working as a cab driver for a few hours for Uber, or governments and corporations how to deal with the fallout.
selling knickknacks on Etsy are activities which are increasingly One key component of a possible solution he believes will
part of the working profile of large numbers of people these days. be the sharing economy, which he calls the "collaborative
All of which exploit spare capacity in assets or under-utilised skills, commons". "We are in an age of new communications
using the reach of technology to find a market. At a time when full- technology, new sources of energy and new modes of
time jobs in traditional industries are disappearing, these multiple transportation . When these three merge then you get a
micro-businesses are an enticing source of potential revenue. fundamental change in how people work."
Indeed, the novelty of these models has convinced some policy- That shift is already the reality in the "millennial" generation,
makers that freelancing over digital platforms might be something he believes. "They already exist in a hybrid economic system.
of a panacea* to depressed and stagnating economies, and a Part of the day they may be in capitalist markets, buying and
portfolio of such interests may even represent the future world of selling and producing goods and services that are sold at
work. So far, they are probably less economically consequential margins to produce profits, and they will continue to do this.
than the hype suggests, but, as BlaBlaCar shows, zero-marginal - At the same time, they will be producing virtual goods at near
cost ideas can grow exponentially at a rapid pace. Even so, if this zero costs and sharing them for free, as with music".
patchwork of employment and shared services represents the
A lot of the change, he suggests, connects with a transformed
future, it will certainly not involve secure salaried careers from
idea of freedom . When the older generation considers
hierarchical employers and may well include low wages and weak
freedom, it imagines it as autonomy, self-sufficiency,
collective bargaining rights. Despite these reservations, it might
personal choice and exclusivity. However, when the younger
also be an opportunity and perhaps a necessity.
generation think about the meaning of this word, it is no
Way back in the 1930s, John Maynard Keynes prophesied that longer about exclusivity, it is about inclusivity. "For them, the
the term "technological unemployment" would become a familiar more networks they belong to, the more social capital they
part of the language. Or, in other words, the way that computers establish, the freer they feel ," he says. "It's about expanding
and robots would soon replace the workforce. A 2013 study, the network. This is the sharing economy."
'something that people thi11k will make everything better and solve all their problems
147
Module 9
Being successful
Lead-in 1 Look at the photos. How do you think workplace s have

changed over time? How might these changes have contribute d
to workplace productiv ity? How important is the working
environm ent to work efficiency ? Why?
Understand the task 2 a Look at the plans below of a UK office and discuss the questions .
1 What do the diagram s show?
2 What similarities are th ere betwee n th e tw o diagram s?
3 W hat differences do yo u no tice between the diagram s?
4 What tense(s) wou ld you use to w rite abou t these di agrams?
Office plan 1975 Office plan 2015
Accounts Sales & acco unts Directors

E teams
0
2
Q.J
((
([
8 1:::::1 8
A
1:::::11:::::1
1:::::1 8 1:::::1
(ODDO)
u A
C
~
(L
1:::::1 1:::::1 CEO \:::J 1:::::1 8
CJ
g
J!! Sales team 88
C Des ign team B Design & HR
0
u DD) ~
88
tea ms
Fj
Director ([J
(DD Reception
(\}; iD Reception
M anagers
(DD Copiers
Director
•• ••
b Complete the sentences about the diagrams in Exercise 2a using
the phrases below.
were able to use were changes were organised
Th ere _ _ in the working environme nt of some companies.

2 Departmen ts and employees _ _ in separate spaces in 1975 .
3 In 2015 , emp loyees _ _ some additional space for relaxation.
c Work in pairs and discuss the details from the diagrams that
support the statement s in Exercise 2b.
148
Module9 ~
Being successful ~
Plan the task 3a Turn to page 190 and read the descriptors for task achievemen t.
Answer the questions .
1 Which band describes key features we ll , but co uld be more
thorough?
2 Which band presents a clear overview of th e main stages or trends?
3 Which band describes and explains key features very wel l?
4 Which band cove rs al l of the task req uirements thoro ugh ly?
b Read the test task instructions below. What are you required to
do? Underline the key words that show the requiremen ts.
The diagrams below show the floor plans for a UK office in 1975 and
then in 2015.
c Look at the office plans in Exercise 2a. With a partner, discuss

how you can fulfil the requiremen ts using information from the
diagrams.
Language and content 4a Match the words that can be used to describe workplaces below
with the definitions (1- 6) .
contemporary functional hierarchical open-plan integration
partition
_ _ (n): the act or process of joining parts or elements into a

w hole
2 _ _ (adj ): belo ngi ng to the present time/ modern
3 _ _ (adj): if a system, o rganisation, etc. is like this people or
things are divided into levels of im portance
4 _ _ (n): a structure that divid es a space into separate areas,
usually a wal l
5 _ _ (adj): designed to be useful rather than simp ly vi sually
appeali ng
6 _ _ (adj ): having a large space not separated by many wall s
b Work in pairs and use the terms (1-6) to make comparison s about
the diagrams in Exercise 2a.
1 open-p lan layout 4 functional appearance
2 co ntempo ra ry design 5 hierarchical design
3 integration of teams 6 partitioned areas
Write your report 5a Plan your description of the diagrams in Exercise 2a and make
> EXPERT WRITING page 199 notes . Make sure your plan fulfils the task requiremen ts .
b Write your report. Write at least 150 words.
Assess and improve 6a Work in pairs. Review your reports and discuss the questions.
1 Have yo u covered all of th e requirements of the task?
2 Have you given an overview and summarised key changes and
co mparisons?
3 Do the main body paragraphs detail key compari so ns and changes?
4 Which information did you take from the diagrams to develop yo ur
answer?
b Work in pairs to improve your reports . Use the feedback in
Exercise 6a to help you .
Student's Resource Book > Writing page 95 149

Module 9
Being successful
2 a Put the phrases in the correct order to make

Review sentences. Can you guess what they describe?
1 whe n travel ling overseas / the thing / this is/
1 a Complete the sentences with the words below. people need
broad concerted desired driving pivotal transferable 2 to con trol the temperature / the thing that/ it is/
fo rce behind can be used
1 A leader 1s someone who 1s a
the motivation of their team.
3 which stops / this is / the liquid / the car
2 It is important to learn _ _ ski lls as they give a
ove rheating
can didate the ability to be emp loyed in different
sectors.
4 keep coo l / what people use / it is / help them/ to
3 There is a _ _ spectrum of ways in which an
ind ividual ca n show ab ility.
5 what you/ to help you/ see in the dark / they are/
4 If people work hard enough, then it is
eat
often co nceivab le th at they wi ll achieve the
o utco me
6 w hat you use/ these are / w hen skiing/ to help
5 A proj ect co-ordi nato r plays a _ _ role in any
you balance
large-scale development.
6 Nobody can do we ll based on abi lity alone. Most
7 hot drinks/ to make / this is/ bo ils water/ the
success requ ires a _ _ effort.
thing that
b Match the phrases in the columns to make
sentences. 8 when watc hin g TV/ it is / to change channe l /
use/ what peopl e
Most new consist o f rubber or
trainers synthetic
material. b Write a definition for the following words.
Most memory were the size of a small 1 functional: 3 partitioned :
sticks hi ghlighter pen. 2 open- plan: _ _ 4 contemporary: _ _
The earl iest are made from a small car. c Match the words in Exercise 2b with a word
computers below to make compound nouns.
Top-of-the - are shaped like glare-free layout design appearance areas
range laptops screens and
a ve ry long d Write a paragraph describing your classroom,
battery life office or a room in your house using the words
above .
c Replace the underlined words with a more
e Choose the correct option in italics to complete
specific word below. You may need to change
the text.
the form of the word . Make any other necessary
changes .
factor employee manager issue cou ntry
Changes in entrepreneurship
There are essential qualities that all entrep reneu rs
It is important t h a t ~ are treated well in the
have such as the tenacity to never give up, inspiration,
wo rkpl ace and that the ir rights are respected.
creativity and effort. With out th ese 1 kinds of I more or
2 Th ere are many things that are impo rtant when
looki ng fo r a new job such as wo rking hours and less characteristics, there is li ttle roo m for success. Over
cond iti o ns and opportun iti es for advancement. the last 20 years the number of entrepreneurs has ri sen,
3 Th e righ t to paid maternity leave is applied to all partly due to the abi lity to set up a bus iness o nli ne. In
in some countries, but it is a th ing which can leave fact, the growth of small on lin e busin esses has ri sen
smal l businesses in financ ial troub le. by 2 approximately I variously 50 perce nt in thi s time.
4 There are lots of skills necessary for people who Howeve r, so me business experts claim the on lin e market
run th ings such as the abil ity to motivate and
is 3 more or less I about saturated now. Thi s remai ns
enth use staff and delegate effectively.
to be seen as tech nology is constantly changing, but
5 Lots of places have different laws that apply to
their workers and their businesses. Some of these wi th the advent of new tech nologies and ways of social
protect wo rkers, w hile others boost company networking, such as smart glasses, YikYak and 4 so on I
produ ctivity and profit. go on, we don't see an end to the online business bubble.

10a Training lObTesting
• Reading: Paraphrase ideas (Matching sentence endings; Listening: Section 4: Table completion; Note completion
Multiple choice) • Language development and vocabulary: Past modal
Vocabulary: Nouns for hypothesising; Academic verbs; Verb patterns
collocations; Phrases for speculation • Speaking: Part 3: Discuss inventions
• Speaking: Develop topic-specific vocabulary; Use • Reading: Matching sentence endings; Yes/No/Not given
speculation in your answers (Part 2; Part 3) • Writing: Task 2: Opinion essay
Listening: Metaphors and similes in lectures (Section 4:
Note completion)
Language development: Unreal conditionals, wish and if
only; Other hypothetical forms
Writing: Write about hypothetical alternatives; Develop a
coherent argument (Task 2)
Tim Berners-Lee
Hedy Lamarr
Momofuku Ando
Lead-in
1 Can you match the people in the photos above with their inventions? What do you think
makes a great inventor? Is it more important to be creative or knowledgeable to be an
inventor? Why?
instant noodles radio guidance technology world wide web
151
Reading (Matching sentence endings; Multiple choice)

1 What do you think makes someone creative? 4 Read the strategies and complete the test task.
How would you define creativity?
Paraphrase ideas
Questions 6-9
2 a Read the title and subtitle, then skim the reading
passage to find out how the argument develops . Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D.
b Work in pairs and look at the highlighted words 6 What does the writer say about the process
in the first part of question 1 in the test task experienced by creative peop le?
below. Follow steps 1-3. A It is often the case that it leads to a fo rm of
1 Brainstorm paraphrases of the words/idea mental illness.
2 Scan the passage and underline the part which B The initial phase can be extremely time -
paraphrases question 1. consu ming.
3 Choose the best optio n (A- G) to complete the C The most common way to find a so lu tion to a
sentence. How is this expressed in the passage? problem is w hen asleep.
D It is always a struggle to transfer ideas from the
Test practice brain to the w ritten word.
3 Follow the same strategy as in Exercise 2b and 7 By studying how to become more creat ive we
complete the test task. learn that it is important to
A take risks w ith the way that you approach
• TEST STRATEGIES page 172 ideas
B take every oppo rtunity to rest yo ur m in d.
Questions 1- 5 C be orga ni sed and meth od ical in the way you
Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-G, work.
below. D clarify your ideas by speaking to other people.
Write the correct letter A-G. 8 The writer says that the urban myth he refers to
A is scie ntifically improbab le.
A test which eva lu ates the ab ility to be rati onal B is comp letely and utterly fa lse.
C provides him w ith dail y encouragement.
2 A typical indication of a high IQ
D explains w hy creativity is innate rather than
3 The proven link between better food intake and acq uired.
higher intel ligence
9 What point does the w riter make in the last
4 Visualis ing the brain as a division into 'rational' paragraph?
and 'emotional' halves A Schools fail to encourage the development of
5 The complexity involved in the creative process creativity.
B Students whose right and left- brain thinkin g is
A can be obtained by trying to drive brain rhyth ms imbalanced fai l to achieve academ ic success.
more directly. C Schools are exclusive ly focused on ski lls useful
B is now recognised as an ove r-simp li stic for technology
interpretation D It is essential for the modern age that creativity
C is the speed at w hich someone can handle is nurtured at sc hoo l.
information
D gives a good indi cation of how successfu l a
person might be in the future. Task analysis
E involves different parts of the brain interacting 5 What helped you indentify the parts of the
together perfectly passage and choose the correct options?
F is the correlation between th e logical and
creative hemispheres of the brain. Discussion
G demonstrates that genetic factors are not the 6 Would you describe yourself more as a rational
only consideration or a creative person? Why?
15 2 Student's Resource Book > Reading pages 96-97

Module 10
Cutting edge
The scien ce of imag inati on

Are creative people's brains different from other
people's? Professor John Stein explains what creativity
looks like from a neuroscientific perspective.
How do you quantify creativity? Is it different from
intelligence? Among academics there is no agreement about
what intelligence is, yet IQ* measures of aptitude in memory,
logic and comprehension seem to capture something useful
about the brain's processing ability that is a good predictor
of both academic and other types of achievement. The speed
of this explains why different intelligence subtests, such as
verbal and nonverbal reasoning, correlate with each other
fairly well. Thus "g", the general intelligence factor believed
by Charles Spearman in the 1920s to underlie all other
intellectual attributes, is most likely explained by the speed
and effective exchange of data between the front and back,
and left and right hemispheres of an individual's brain.
The efficiency of this interchange, which is mediated by
synchronisation of the rhythms of the brain, is a product
of both genetic and environmental aspects. Temporal
processing seems to be even more heritable than intelligence
itself but environmental factors play just as important a
role in intelligence. For example, the specialised neurons chemical elements into what we now refer to as the periodic
which mediate the synchronising rhythms are especially table. The fourth and final stage, that of recording ideas on
vulnerable to dietary deficiencies, particularly during paper, requires the left hemisphere's strengths. Mozart said 'It
childhood. General improvement in diet is one explanation rarely differs on paper from what it was in my imagination."
for the "Flynn effect": the increase in the average IQ in all Others are not so lucky; Einstein spent huge amounts of time
developed countries by 30 points over the past century. attempting to capture in symbolic form the visuo-spatial
It is widely agreed that intelligence tests only capture verbal intuitions that had come to him in a flash.
and spatial reasoning and other 'left-hemisphere' traits, We can all profit from our perception of the creative process
such as linear and 'convergent' thinking. In order to include by consciously facilitating each of these stages: deliberately
other attributes, such as emotional, holistic, lateral and giving our imagination free rein, brain-storming, allowing
imaginative thinking, generally deemed to be characteristic lateral thinking by free association and then sleeping on
of right-hemisphere processing, Spearman used a factor "s". the new ideas or changing task completely. It is surprising
This assumed difference is, however, misleading as in reality how often ideas will arrange themselves into coherent plans
both hemispheres work collectively in dealing with any one and how a flash of insight will make clear how to convey the
task. Whilst differing kinds of thinking do involve activity in information so others can understand it. A widely believed
diverging parts of the brain, they do not do so in the clearly urban myth claims only 1oo/o of our brain is generally in use
compartmentalised way envisaged by early phrenologists*. and suggests that if we used more, we could all aspire to
Even simple thought processes tend to involve several parts be a Leonardo da Vinci. However, Nature would not allow
of the brain and the intricate nature of the systems involved us to expend 2oo/o of all the energy generated by the body
in creative thought range widely over both hemispheres. on the brain (which is 2o/o of our body weight) if 9oo/o of it is
Creative people are those who have the ability to think likely to be wasted. But this conjecture has a grain of truth:
unexpected new thoughts and produce innovative concepts. if we could learn - as we can through practice - to optimise
They are highly likely to be the fortunate ones and to have the connections between the different parts of our brains to
both inherited and developed methods which enable their increase its efficiency, we can only speculate how much more
brains' two hemispheres to work optimally together. creativity would be released.
Where highly creative people are concerned, four different Meanwhile, ensuring that our educational systems foster
stages in their pattern of work can be discerned. For which rather than stifle creativity is vital. Modern education quite
preparation, namely immersion in the problem, can take many properly stresses the importance of developing reasoning,
years. Often, preparation involves deliberately instigating verbal and literacy skills, which are of supreme importance
crazy ideas so as to provide the raw material for the mind to in this technological age. However, the non-verbal, holistic,
then work on. This is why creative people tend to be highly emotional right hemisphere is necessary if we are to generate
impulsive and possess a more easily activated right prefrontal any new concepts or innovative ideas, as will be required if we
cortex: the part of the brain involved in divergent open- are to cope with the rapid pace of change in the 21st century.
ended thinking. Incubation, when a problem is deliberately It has been found that creative people are quite often deficient
set aside to allow for imaginings and ideas to interweave in logical, literate left-brain skills, but superior in holistic,
subconsciously, with luck will naturally lead to the third visuo-spatial right-brain ones. A disproportionate number of
stage, whereby insight and illumination will burst forth in creative artists, engineers and architects fall into this category.
your mind with wonderful clarity. In the case of Mendeleev, The implication of this is that we must create space for arts,
sleep gave rise to his imagination, logically ordering all the fantasy and imagination - our future may well depend on it.
" IQ (intelliget1ce quotient) - your level of intelligence, as measured by standardised tests "phrenology: 19th-century practice of studying the shape of people's heads
IRII
~
Module 10
Cutting edge
Academic collocations
Vocabulary
4a Choose the correct adjectives (A-C) to complete
the sentences below.
Nouns for hypothesisin g Innovation is good, but some advances have _ _
1 a Match the words (1-6) with the correct implications for society, such as nuclear power.
definitions (A-F) . A underlyi ng B wider C abstract
2 The _ _ perception of modern art varies from
1 assumption
appreciation to disdain.
2 concept
A intense B abstract C public
3 implication
3 There has been _ _ specu lation about the
4 insight
provenance of the newly discovered painting.
5 speculation
A heavy B underlying C intense
6 inference
4 There is an _ _ assumption that creating art is a
A a possible future effect or result of an action, event compu lsive action for many creative people.
or decision A underlying B everlasti ng C omn ipotent
B an abstract idea of how somethi ng is 5 Comm unicati ng _ _ co ncepts to young
C when you guess about the possible causes or ch ild ren can be very challengi ng.
effects of somethi ng witho ut knowing all the facts A publ ic B abstract C straightforward
D something that you bel ieve is true although you b Complete the text with the correct form of the
have no defi nite proof collocations in Exercise 4a.
E a conclusion formed on information that you
have
F a deep und erstandi ng of something, especially a Creativity- the force of the future
complicated situati on or idea Forbes magazine recently conducted a survey on
b Write the verb forms for the nouns 1-6 in Exercise creativity among business leaders with some intriguing
la. Which noun does not have a verb form? results. Many respondents cited the abstract 1 _ _ of
creativity as critical to the success of the global economy.
2 Choose the correct option in italics to complete Although the public 2 _ _ of creativity concentrates
the text.
on the traditional art forms, business leaders see things
differently. Many businesses have evidence that creativity
Creativity is for everyone has enhanced production in their organisations. There is
certainly an underlying 3 _ _ that the 'imagination'
Many people 1 speculate I assume that creativity is economy will be responsible for creating new solutions to
somethi ng that humans are born with or withou t. many of the world's problems. The manner in which the
However, thi s is actually conj ecture and not based on world of business harnesses creativity to foster new ideas
actual evidence. Recent academ ic studies have shown will have wider 4 _ _ for problems such as climate
that creativity is present in everyone, but that most change and disease.
people cannot 2 conceive I infer of it in themselves.
A study of 300 elderly people at George Washington
University found that creative activities slowed the Phrases for speculation
aging process. There are several positive 3 insights I 5 Complete the sentences with the correct words
implications of this study includ ing fewer hospital visits below.
and improved mental health in the elderly. Experts
chances confident guess impression likelihood
suggest we need to expand our 4 concept I inference of
surprised
creativity. As neurologist Richard Restak says, 'Creativity
is critical to solving problems in all parts of our lives.' 1 I get the _ _ that it is difficult for creative people
to predict how successful their work will be.
2 I would not be _ _ if many cu ltures lost some
3 Work in groups and discuss the questions . of their traditio nal artistic practices.
1 What assu mptions do you have about creative 3 The _ _ are that everyone ca n fi nd something
people? creative that they ca n do competently.
2 Why do people like to speculate on artists' 4 I am _ _ that creativity in children can be fu lly
inspiration? developed if they are given encouragement.
3 What are the implications of removing creative 5 In all _ _ , music will on ly be avail able
subj ects from the school cu rricu lu m? electron ically in the future
6 My _ _ is that in the future, science-fiction
novels will become a thing of the past.
Module 10
Cutting edge
Speak ing (Part 2; Part 3) Use speculation in your answers

3 a Read the task card and make some notes for your
answer. Where could you use your imagination
to answer the prompt?
SOMech,V\s ;: oari"
+o l:.e.'S
Describe something you made that did not go as
planned. You should say:
#~+ SoM.e. ~re. , ''ll'.: , ,, ,
t <?:~111n
e~
: l>ifffRfN
~------- ---·
T
,,,,.,_,,, , \ , ,. . . sornethlt')g
what you made
what problems you had
l'UiiD i!fint
1 wnef-ner be ; that oarmt
,t-
. - -. -- -. ---- --- --... ------- -- ------ --. : ~~
•'-
how you tried to solve the problems
and explain how you would do things differently if you
two idea s : ALLOWING ""'t MiNI) tried to make the same thing again.
COMING TOGETl-lER TO , t..o roaw.
CREATE SOMETUiNQ : FREE•LIv
•
.-!l!lll"W!• :· riusi-rN6<-voui-iisi-i-Nc:rs b CD 10.2 Listen to Jing answering the task in
: co proc tuce Exercise 3a. Make notes on her answer.
·- ------ --- ------ -·: SOM ETHI NG
c Read audio script 10.2 on page 213 and underline
DO\NG 1-t11ns :diff
ove.v "'-' ove.v
eren t
EXC TTT~ G ~o\i"'-
the parts where Jing speculates on events. What
but vnak.1vig 1t f'ye sh
: grammatical structures does she use to speculate?
avicil cil1ffer evit each t1vne : ~~ tfff>R{/t;/i,w-/ule
d Read your notes in Exercise 3a again. Add some
ideas which speculate on events .
Test practice
Lead-in
1 Read the definitions of creativity in the poster. 4a Read the Part 2 task card and the Part 3 discussion
Which one(s) do you agree and disagree with? questions below it and prepare some ideas.
Discuss your ideas in groups.
Part 2
Develop topic-specific vocabulary Describe a creative project you were involved in.
2a Match the phrases (1-5) with their definitions Yo u sho uld say
(A-E) . what your ro le was
1 to waste your talent what the project was aimed at creating
2 to have a vivid imaginatio n
what you learnt from the project
3 to stifle creativity
an d explain how you felt abou t the fi nished item.
4 to have artistic flair
5 to th in k laterally
A to have a way of doing things that is in te resting
Part 3
and shows imagination
B to stop creativi ty from happeni ng o r developi ng In w hat ways is creativity val ued and rewarded in
C to use your imagination to see relationships
society?
between things that are not normal ly tho ught of
W hat opportunities for creativity does modern life
together
provide?
D to have the abil ity to imagi ne un likely situati o ns
ve ry clea rly In w hat ways would you expect to find creativity in
E to have ability which you do not put to good use the work place nowadays?
How can more creativity be brought into ou r
b CJ 10.1 Listen to five speakers. Complete each
everyday lives?
of their sentences with phrases from Exercise
2a. You may need to change the form of the
language used. Use no more than three words. b Work in pairs and take turns to ask and answer
c Work in groups and discuss the topics. the questions for Parts 2 and 3.
1 A time when you were creative
2 A talent you had as a child
3 A problem you solved in an unusual way

Module 10
Cutti ng edge
c Read what Speaker 2 says below. What is the
Listening (Section 4) comparison that the speaker is making? Why is it
appropriate?
anatomy of songs
Of course, music has changed a great deal
0.00 lndie 3.00 in the last hundred years. In one way the
divers ity of music has changed, and as this has
t t t t t happened our taste in music has become more
banjo hey! twenty-something hey! faster diverse We the listeners are sponges, soaking
problems banjo up everything around us, no matter what it may
Country 3.00 be. So, nowadays we cannot simply say Tm a
0.00
jazz buff' or 'I'm into rock', generally we are into
t t many different musical genres, and this can
t twangy depe nd entirely on mood.
4-chord trucks, heartbreak, momma said,
intro America, twangy brts brts
0.00 Blues 3.00

Test practice
t t t • TEST STRATEGIES page 168
gurtar complaining more gurtar
3a CJ 10.4 You are going to hear a lecture on robotic
0.00 Pop 3.00 music making. Listen and put the topics (A-E) in
the order you hear them.
t t t t t A Sampling music
80s sample auto-tune Prtbull weird key lazy
change fadeout B Cultural importance of songs
C Music created by the masses
0.00 Classic Rock 3.00 D Reverse-engineering songs
E Robotic pop stars
t t t t t b Listen again and make a note of the metaphors
come on! gurtar solos cars, girls drum solo all right!
or similes you hear. Discuss your ideas in pairs.
Before you listen 4 a Read the notes in the test task below. Think
about what the missing words might be and
1 Look at the infographic for songs. Do you think
discuss your ideas in pairs.
there is any element of truth in this infographic?
Do you think songs tend to require a lot of b Listen again and complete the test task.
creativity or do you think they follow a formula?
Why/ Why not? Complete the notes below.
Metaphors and similes in lectures answer.
2 a Read the definitions and examples of metaphor
Can music be created by computer?
and simile from song lyrics. Decide which
definition and example is A) a metaphor and B) a Against:
simile. John Covach: Songs need cultural relevance to
appeal to the 1 _ _
A figure of speech that identifies something as
Compares writing a good so ng to 2 _ _ -
being the same as anoth er unrelated thing and
conditions key
therefore highligh ting relevan t similariti es between
For:
these two things. Susan Schmidt-Horning: Many songs reassembled
2 A figure of speech wh ich is a direct comparison of
in the way a 3 _ _ might be
one thing with another thing of a different kind,
Sampling: This is us ing 4 _ _ of an older song.
using wo rds such as like or as. For some, this is seen as 5 _ _ , but it is often
A My love is like a bridge to your soul. allowed
Hatsune Miku: Not 6 _ _ but very popular
B You're the tower in my life. music star.
But is a 7 _ _ of her followers (plays their music)
Summary:
b CJ 10.3 Listen to two people talking about music . The 8 _ _ fora great song is both social and
What is the subject discussed by each speaker? musical.
What is the metaphor or simile they are using?
156
Module 10
Cutting edge
3 Work in groups and discuss the topics . Use

Language development hypothetical structures from this lesson.
1 Explai n a situation in you r past w hich you wo ul d
Unreal conditionals, wish and if only like to be different
• EXPERT GRAMMAR page 181 2 Imagi ne how an aspect of your life cou ld be
different now
1 a Read the sentences. Which describe an event 3 Describe a regret you have.
that happened and which describe an event that
did not happen? Other hypothetical forms
1 A I wish I had stud ied a more arts-based subject 4 a Read the sentences and underline the phrase
at university. which is used for hypothesising.
B I am glad I studied a more arts- based subject at 1 Suppose we had n't met James We wo ul dn't have
university such a great creative team fo r the project
2 A If only I had more time, I wou ld do something 2 Let's transport the musical eq uipmen t by car in
creative. case somethi ng gets damaged .
B I wo ul d often do creative thi ngs if I had the 3 Ifs time the com pany started add ing some mo re
ti me. innovative ideas to its range of kitchenwa re
3 A Studying an arts-based su bj ect has lead me to products.
an inspiringjob. 4 What if yo u'd been bo rn in Ca liforn ia? How would
B If I had stud ied a more arts-based subject at your life have been different?
university, I might have found a more inspiring
b Decide if the sentences in Exercise 4a are
job.
describing the present or the past.
b Underline the sections in Exercise la that show
c What verb forms are used after the hypothetical
past hypotheticals.
forms in Exercise 4a? Why are they used?
c Answer the questions below.
d Complete the text using the correct form of the
1 Are / wish and if only used to express regrets or verbs in brackets.
future desires?
2 What tense is used after wish and if only to ta lk
about the present? Why is being creative so hard?
3 What tense is used after wish and if only to talk Scientists have suggested that our own brains
about the past?
could be sabotaging our cha nces of creativity .
2 Decide if the sentences are correct or incorrect. This is in part due to cognitive bias, w hich
Correct the incorrect sentences.
means that w e are influenced a lot by our
If only more people will take up some kind of craft
patterns of thinking. Supposing someone
hobby, I think stress levels could fall dramatically.
2 If I had grown up in a city, I would have been 1 _ _ (think of) a great, but unconventional
exposed to a wider variety of people and id ea at work. It is likely that that person would
experiences not discuss their idea in case their coll eagues
3 Teachers often wis h the school curriculum is more 2 _ _ (disagree). This is a form of cog nitive
creative so that their teaching cou ld be more
bias which affects our thinking patterns. But
inspiring.
4 If she had fol lowed her heart and gone to design what if people 3 _ _ (create) new patterns
schoo l, she wou ld be a graph ic designer now of thinking? Some scientists argue that people
5 Many adults wish their jobs are invo lving more can retrain their thinking patterns to foster
opportunities to be creative.
more creativity . Perhaps it is time people
6 I might not started building websites if I had not
4 _ _ (begin) to take control of cognitive
taken that short evening class last year.
bias and reduce its effec ts.
Student's Resource Book> Language Development page 99 MyEnglishLab > 10a Language development A and B 157
IIRI Module 10
~ Cutting edge
Develop a coherent argument

Writing (Task 2)
3 a Complete the text with the sentences (A- D) to
make a logical, coherent argument.
Teamwork is a key factor in innovation. Developing

new ideas or projects involves many skills. l _ _
Lead-in It is unlikely that these abilities can be found in one
1 a Look at the visual representation of a phrase in single person. 2 _ _ Nowadays, large projects
English. Work in pairs and try to work out what it are often undertaken by a group of people. 3 _ _
means. This requires architects, bu il ders, surveyors and
many other people, all of whom bring a different
b What kinds of skill do you need to solve these skill set to the project. 4 _ _ Therefore, in order
kinds of problems? How can these skills be used to innovate and develop society to the best of our
in other areas of life? abilities, collaboration must be seen as a key tool.
Write about hypothetical alternatives A As a resu lt, working in a team can offer many
2 a Giving hypothetical alternatives can be done advantages as team members can possess a range
with past, present and future situations. Match of different ski lls and talents.
the sentence beginnings (1-5) with the endings B These sk ill s incl ud e those suc h as creativity,
(A-E). Which are past, present and future? perseverance and logic.
C If bu ildings were solely in the hands of builders,
1 If children we re taught more creative ski lls at
then they may be structurally sound but they
schoo l,
might lack the design and functionality that more
2 Without creative th inkers like Leonardo Da Vinci,
creative people can bri ng to them.
3 It may well be possible to envisage a wo rld
D An example of this is the co nstruction of a build ing.
w ithout creativity,
4 If we did not invest in creativity, b Read the statement below. Plan your points
5 If humans had not used si m ple creative problem- to support the statement. Make sure they are
solvin g ski Ils, ordered coherently.
A the sc iences and arts wo ul d not be the thriving Everybody is capable of so me kind of creativity.
arenas that they are today. c Work in pairs and share your ideas from Exercise
B but it wo uld be an uninspiri ng place with little to 3b.
engage the m ind.
C they wou ld never have invented things like the Test practice
wheel, boats or aeroplanes.
D t hey may gain more ski ll s needed to solve the • EXPERT WRITING page 200
problems our planet may face in the future.
E the re wou ld be fa r less progress in sc ience and the 4 a Read the following essay question and make a plan
arts. of your answer. Focus on the aspects given below.
b Read the paragraph below and underline any Creativity is the key to prob/em-solving . To what extent
hypothetical situations mentioned. do you agree with this statement? Give reasons to
Creativity is an abi li ty that shoul d be encouraged in support your answers.
schoo ls Many schools nowadays are more focused
on exams an d maths and language skills. However, Ensuring yo u answe r the questi on
if this continues, it might not develop a chi ld fully Your main poi nts
enough. W ith out having their creativity fostered, • Support for yo ur main points
chi ldren may only grow up to deal w ith logical tasks, Presenting some hypothetical alternatives to
but not thi nk creatively about what they can do with support your argumen t
their lives and for the world. Thi s could mean that • Th e order of yo ur paragraphs
the world would be a less innovative pl ace. The logical orde r of info rmati o n w ithin your
paragraphs
c Read the statements below. How could you
• What to include in your introduction and co nclu sion
develop them using hypothetical situations?
1 Learning art and music as a child is less important b Write the main body paragraphs of the essay.
than learn ing maths and sc iences. Focus on making the argument coherent. Use
2 Scientists are also creative but in different ways to the feedback from Exercise 3c to help improve
musicians and art ists. your answer.
3 Creativity has changed the world in a number of c Work in pairs and share your paragraphs.
ways. Discuss the points in Exercise 3c.
158 Student's Resource Book> Writing page 100 MyEnglishLab > 10a Writing
Test practice
4 CD 10.6 Complete the test tasks.
Questions 1-8
21st-century Medical Innovations
Innovation Pros/ Cons Implications

fMRI (brain + provides Ability to
scan) information on assess how
language and drugs
Before you listen
memory 2--
1 What do you think is the most important medical + detects illness
advance in history? Why? + helps l _ _
in their work
Hypothesising Artificial + have already May reduce
2 a Read the statements below. Which statement is kidneys and been developed existing
hypothetical and which is not? livers 3--
1 Let's ask ourselves where we wou ld be without 4-- + helps people
penicill in Well, we would not be able to fight transplant who suffer
infection. We would probably have a much trauma - problem
shorter life expectancy and be more susceptib le to of S _ _ (loss
all sorts of diseases. of self)
2 Leeches were used for thousands of years for Gene + tells us about As yet
treatment of a variety of illnesses. They also had 6-- ourselves undetermined
a resurgence in popularity for medical use in the (most + possibility
1980s, when they were used to reduce swelling significant of 7 - -
and promote heal ing. breakthrough) medications
b Underline the language of hypothesis in the + helps us
statements in Exercise 2a. understand how
we evolved
3a CD 10.5 Listen to four people hypothesising and - could be used
match each speaker to the question they are to 8 - -
answering (A-D). against ind ividuals
Speaker l _ _ Speaker 3 _ _
Speaker 2 _ _ Speaker 4 _ _
A Do you think people will commonly live to be a Questions 9- 10
100 years old in the future? Why/Why not? Complete the notes below.
B What kind of medical innovations do you think Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
the world will see in the next 50 years?
C What do you think the wo rl d would look like 9 Other issue: Who views data? e.g. A _ _ may
w ithout doctors or hospitals? be chosen on genetic strength.
D What would have happened if painkillers had not 10 Homework Prepare _ _ .
been developed?
b Read audio script 10.5 on page 213 and underline
further examples of language used to hypothesise. Task analysis
5 Work in pairs and discuss your answers.
Student's Resource Book > Listening page 101 MyEnglishLab > 1Ob Listening 159
Module 10
Cutting edge
Past modal verbs Verb patterns

• EXPERT GRAMMAR page 182 4a Are the verbs below followed by the infinitive or
the gerund?
1 Match the phrases (1- 3) with their functions deny involve manage promise risk
afford avoid
(A-C) .
suggest
Medical science could have found a cure for the
common cold if there was more interest in the
topic. the verbs in brackets.
2 The government should have invested more in
Many parents can not _ _ (afford/pay) for their
engineering companies to encourage innovation.
children to go to medical school.
3 The attempt to fl y a hot air bal loon across the
2 Driving inn ovation forward _ _ (involve/
Atlantic would have been successful if the burner
ensu re) that th ere are plenty of opportun ities for
had not failed
people to express their ideas.
A to say that a d ifferent acti on in the past was 3 Potential inventors shou ld _ _ (avo id/spend)
recommende d too much ti me on social media or the internet if
B to talk about oth er poss ibi lities if something in the they want to develop th eir ideas full y.
past had been different 4 The government _ _ (deny/su bsidise) the
C to imagine an alternati ve resu lt if something in the techno logy in dustries mo re than they subsidised
past had been different the engineeri ng industries
2 Complete the text with the words below. 5 Last year my teac her _ _ (s uggest/partic ipate)
in a design co m petition
cou ld (x2) may shou ld would not 6 Several wel l-known acto rs have _ _ (p rom ise/
invest) in a new organi sati o n for young people to
Innova tion under the sea get involved in design and techno logy
c Work in pairs and take turns to ask and answer

Jacques Cousteau's television programmes captured the questions below, using suitable verbs .
the hearts of many as they foll owed his quest to
1 What would you reco mm end to so meone who
understand the underwater world. However, his life
has lots of ideas fo r inven ti ons?
1 _ _ have been very different. In 1933 Cousteau
2 What ki nds of thi ngs have you made? What did
had a serious car accident which almost took his life.
the process involve?
During his rehabilitation he took up swim ming and
3 How wou ld yo u encourage someo ne to be more
became fascinated by the sea. If he had not had the
inventive?
accident, he 2 _ _ not have become so interested
4 What would yo u suggest do in g if so meone you
in the sea. Later in life Cousteau served in the French
knew had a great id ea for a prod uct?
Resistance movement during the Second World
War. His life 3 _ _ have been cut short by this
dangerous work, but he su rvived and went back to his
underwater research. His work was expensive and at
times Cousteau struggled to fin ance his expeditions.
He realised that he 4 have used the media
to generate attention and he started writing books,
films and TV programmes. It could be argued that if
Cousteau had not dedicated himself so thoroughly to
his work, we 5 _ _ have furth ered our knowledge of
the sea nearly so quickly.
3 Work in pairs and discuss the topics .

1 Choose an event in yo ur past and imagine an
alternative outco me.
2 Th in k of a decision yo u have made recently and
imagine making a differen t decision.
3 Imagin e a different outcome to a recent world
event
Vocabulary
160 Student's Resource Book > Language development and Vocabulary pages 102-103 MyEnglishLab > 1Ob Language development and
Module 10
Cutting edge
Speaking (Part 3)
Alexander Graham Bell invented the

telephone in the late 19th century.
Vocabulary development Focus on lexical resource

1 What do the photos above illustrate? What do 4a Turn to page 183 and read the band descriptors
you think the difference is? Is the difference for lexical resource. Discuss the differences
important? Why/Why not? between band 7 and 8.
2 Choose the correct option in italics to complete b CJ 10.7 Listen to a candidate answering a Part
the sentences. 3 discussion question. Discuss her use of lexis
1 Last year's best-selling I state-of-the-art gadget was and make notes of any examples of high-level
the tab let, which outperformed mobi le phone vocabulary.
and laptop sales by 20 percent.
2 Honda is considered to be the automobile Test practice
company whic h does the most pioneering I life- • TEST STRATEGIES page 175
enhancing research into robotics and design.
3 An example of best-selling I cutting-edge 5 a Read the Part 3 discussion questions and make
technology in medical science is nanotechnology. notes on some vocabulary you could use to
4 The company only uses state-of-the-art I world- achieve a high score. Use language from the unit
leading chairs to ensure their employees suffer less to help you.
from back problems.
5 Philips is a world-leading I cutting-edge company Why is invention vital fo r the development of
in the consumer electronics industry. society?
6 Nowadays surgeons can change people's lives
2 What do you think it is that might drive people
with operations to give patients new, pioneering I
to invent?
life- changing replacement limbs.
3 How have recent technological inventions or
3 Complete the text with words below. discoveries changed the world?
instigated laid the groundwork launched 4 Wh at wou ld you say have been the most useful
spearheaded took the lead inventions?
Alibaba is an excellen t example of innovation. The b Work in pairs and take turns to ask and answer
company was 1 _ _ in China in 1999 and was the questions in Exercise Sa. Record your
2 _ _ by Jack Ma, businessman and philanthropist. answers if possible.
Alibaba is an e-commerce company and it is the world 's
largest on line business-to-busi ness trading platform for Assess and improve
small businesses. People see it as a mix of eBay, Amazon
and PayPal and as such it 3 _ _ on the idea of one 6 a Analyse your use of vocabulary in Exercise Sb
company diversifying into a range of industries rather with a partner.
than the more traditional approach of focusing on one b Work in pairs and discuss how you could both
industry. The company has become so powerfu l that in improve your vocabulary. If possible, listen to
2009 it 4 _ _ anew sales holiday. Called 'Singles Day', your recorded answers first .
it is a kind of anti-Valenti ne's Day where people organise
parties to meet friends, generating enormous sales for
Alibaba each year. Perhaps Alibaba has 5 _ _ for
other organisations to adopt, or even adapt, their model.
161
Student's Resource Book> Speaking page 104
B!II Module 10
~ Cutting edge
Reading (Matching sentence endings; Yes/No/Not given)
Before you read • HELP

1 Which scientific ideas or innovations do you Look at the second paragraph for why better ideas were
think are the most extraordinary? Why? delayed.
2 a Read the title and subtitle and then skim the 2 The passage says they were looking at theories 'in the
reading passage to get an idea of the argument. context of their times'. What is another way of saying this?
b Which of the following advice is appropriate

for these tasks? Write A (matching sentence Questions 5-9
endings) , B (Yes/No/Not given) or C (both). Do the following statements agree with the view/
1 Highlight the key words/ideas in the question or claims of the writer? Write
stem and use these to find the place you need in YES if the statement agrees with the views/
the passage. claims of the writer
2 Underline paraph rases in the passage which have
the same meaning as the options
3 You are identifying the opinions or claims of the
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer
wri ter.
4 The question s follow the same order as the thinks about this
information in the passage.
5 People w ill co nsciously reJect a new theory if it
5 Predict how th e stem of the sentence might end
is contrary to their ow n prejud ices and beliefs.
Test practice 6 Ptolemy's Earth-centric vi ew of cosmology was

an acceptable theory for hund reds of years.
3 Read the strategies and complete the test tasks.
7 The people respo nsible fo r testing Galil eo's
• TEST STRATEGIES pages 171 and 172 theory were at fault for refusing to examine his
evidence
Questions 1-4 8 Experiments are becoming a less common way
Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-F, of verifying a scientific theory.
below. 9 An awareness of good science will reveal itself
Write the correct letter, A-F. over time.
The delay in sc ientific advances has been

blamed by some scie ntists on
• HELP
2 Science histo rians view new hypotheses in 5 Did people know it was wrong when they rejected it?
relation to 6 It was later rejected but was there a reason why it lasted
3 It is be li eved by some sc ience histo rians that all for ce nturies?
new ideas shoul d be given
4 The Quine-Duhem thesis states that any
Task analysis
sc ientific investigation is open to 4 Work in groups . Compare your answers and
answer the questions.
A an equal amo unt of respect irrespective of t heir
1 How easy did you find it to sk im the passage for
intrinsic merit
the mai n ideas? Which strategies did yo u use?
B the dangers of fellow sc ientists attacking a 2 W hat strategies did yo u use to deal wi th
proposal on pri ncipl e. unfam iliar wo rds? For example, wh ich wo rds did
C multiple interpretations, depend ing on how the you igno re? Did you use the context or prefixes/
issues is approached. suffixes to help you?
D the acceptance of established theor ies that were 3 How con fi dent were you of your answers to the
faulty questions? What did yo u find particu larly difficult
to do? In wh ich areas do you th ink you have most
E the problems entailed in having to prove a
improved?
thes is was incorrect.
F the period in which people live and the way in Discussion
which society has developed.
5 In which areas do you think we are most likely to
see scientific progress over the next 50 years?
162
Module 10
Cutting edge
If "wrong" scientific ideas had not been so widely

accepted, might "right" ideas have arrived sooner?
Philip Ball argues it is just not that simple.
If you believe in scientific progress, you w ill agree that

the fate of all theories is to be replaced with updated and
improved ones. Newton's theory of gravitation was good;
Einstein 's improved on it; some day we will find another
one that is better still , and so on. But does this mean that Whilst we love to deride people who dismissed an
the best theories are actually impeded by inferior ones? idea that proved to be right, sometimes they had good
Some em inent scientists think so. The cosmologist Joe grounds for doing so. There was no widely accepted
Silk arg ued that Copernicus's Sun-centred universe empirical evidence for quantization as a fundamental
was "held back" by Ptolemy's Earth -centric version. property until Einstein's work on the specific heat of
According to the physicist Steven Weinberg, meanwhi le, solids in 1907. A similar defence can even be made for
Ptolemy himself suffered from similar issues: the ancient those who alleged ly refused to look throug h Galileo's
astronomer allowed his scientific acuity to be clouded telescope to confi rm his claims with thei r own eyes.
by the "bad theory" of astrology. Weinberg also arg ues After all, the tel escope was a new invention of unproven
that the 14th-century French polymath Nicole Oresme reliability and w ithout some practice it was far from
was on the threshold of discovering heliocentrism* before simple to use or to interpret what one saw.
he "finally surrendered" to the misconceived Ptolemaic
So, how can we distinguish "good" theories from "bad "
orthodoxy - the good idea crowded out by a bad one.
ones? When we are taught the scientific method at
Historians of science tend to be much more relaxed about school, the answer is usually to do an experiment.
"wrong" ideas. Their task, after all , is not to adjudicate on Unfortun ately, the notion that experiments can be trusted
science but to explain how id eas evolved. This requires to deliver a clear verdict on the rights and wrongs of
them to understand theori es in the context of their times: theories is simplistic. Defending conclusions against rival
to exam ine how people thought as they did rather than interpretations in peer review means that a clean, decisive
to decide on the best one. At its worst, however, this experimental result quickly becomes a battle against
position has at times led to the suggestion that there is no potential confounding factors and alternative explanations.
right and wrong in the history of science. In this extreme If you have ever experienced that yourself, you will have
"relativist " view, modern science is no more valid than encou ntered something called the Quine-Duhem thesis,
medieval philosophies, and today's theori es have gained wh ich says, in essence, that there is always more than one
acceptance solely because of social and political factors , way to read the data. (More strictly, the thesis is that no
not because they are objectively any better. scientific hypothesis can make predictions independently
from other hypotheses). The Quine-Duhem thesis
Plenty of sc ientists and histori ans have rejected extreme
deserves to be much more widely recognised among
relativism and accepted that science develops ever-more-
workin g scientists; the fantasy that experiments resolve
reliable theories about the world , but I believe the idea
everything looks increasingly threadbare.
that better theories are inhibited by worse ones should be
resisted, not so much because it makes for bad hi story Indeed, some famous scientists have explicitly refu sed
but rather because it denies the realities of how sc ience to accept experimentation as the ultimate authority.
is done. After all, no-one ad heres to a wrong theory in the If observations of the 1919 solar eclipse had fail ed to
face of a better one, knowing that it is unsound. We do support general relati vity, Einstein averred that he would
so because we are human and stubborn , attached to our still have insisted his theory was correct. If a theory were
own ideas and also because we are prone to confirmation discarded the instant an experimental resu lt seemed to
bias, seeing only what suits our preconceptions. contradict it, progress wou ld be nigh on impossible.
Moreover, we also bel ieve the old theory provides a better
Ultimately, science does appear to be capable of
account of the situation as it is.
developing ever more dependable, more accurate, more
What is more, theories are not only (or even) classed as predictive theories. But this in itself does not mean that
good because they are eventually proved 'right' but when we shou ld imagine that bad theories or ideas prevent
they offer an adeq uate account of the reasons for the the progress of good ones. To do so is to put the cart
current situation, without too many arbitrary assumptions. before the horse, or to suppose that history has a goal .
They shou ld be both consistent with and motivated by Instead , further detailed exploration into how science
observations, and ideally they shou ld also have a degree of evolves is needed: as David Wootton argues in his book
predictive power. Ptolemy's cosmology larg ely met those The Invention of Science, to understand how reliable
cond itions for centuries as did Newton's theory of gravity. knowledge and scientific progress can and do result
In contrast, Max Planck's proposed quantum fell short, from a "flawed, profoundly contingent, culturally relative
at least initially. Taken at face value, quanta undermin ed and all-too- human process".
the Newtonian physics that was otherwise so successful , • heliocentrism: an astronomical model in which the Earth and planets
without (at that point) any compelling reason to do so. revolve around the Sun at the centre of the solar system
163
!19!1'!1 Module 10
~ Cutting edge
Lead-in 1 Look at the inventions in the photos. What are they? What are the
positive or negative effects of these inventions?
Understand the task 2a Work in pairs. Read the essay question and discuss the questions
below. Make notes.
Scientific innovation is always a positive thing and should be

encouraged. To what extent do you agree with this statement? Give
reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your
knowledge or experience.
What does the question mean?

2 What is your opinion/answer?
3 What might your main points be?
b Read some opinions about the essay question in Exercise 2a.
Are they for or against innovation, or could any be both for and
against depending on how the paragraph was developed?
1 Despite the negative effects of some innovation, we should
encourage it in all its forms as the benefits outweigh the drawbacks.
2 Innovation is absolutely essential to the development of humanity.
3 Innovation is a part of development but we must remember
the importance of restricting and regulating how innovation is
undertaken .
4 Some innovations have had detrimental effects on the natural world
5 Innovation is unstoppable and we must live with the consequences.
c Read the hypothetical statements (A-E) and match them with the
points in Exercise 2b (1- 5).
A If we continue making weapons, we might be in the situation where
we have no planet to care for.
B Imagining a world w ithout electricity or medicine is arguably worse
than imagining a world w ithout more negative innovations like
surveillance technology.
C People innovate on their own, in small ways, and as such it woul d
be impossible for it to be curbed by the state.
D A world without innovation would mean that we would be
susceptible to illness and disease and have a far more difficult life
without today's necessi ties such as artificial heating and lighting.
E If factory farming had not been developed, many animals would
have had much happier lives.
d Work in pairs and discuss whether you could incorporate any of
the ideas in Exercises 2b and 2c into your own notes for the essay.
164
Module 10
Cutting edge
Plan the task 3a Turn to page 190 and read the descriptors for coherence and
cohesion . Discuss the questions below.
1 Why should you always plan an essay before writing?
2 How do you organise your paragraphs?
3 In which part(s) of the essay do you state your answer?
4 What do you include in your main body paragraphs?
5 How do you sequence your ideas in a paragraph?
6 How do you link ideas together?
b Look back at your ideas in Exercise 2a and make a plan for your
essay. Ensure you think about the questions above.
Language and content 4 Read the list of innovations below and discuss both their positive
and negative effects .
1 cars 3 money 5 plastic
2 fertiliser 4 nuclear energy 6 the internet

- -- -- - -- - - - -
cultu re form of transport lack of activity material process products
Money has stim ul ated a _ _ of consumerism which promotes

the idea that people need to constantly update and have the best of
everything and dispose of th e old.
2 Excessive use of the internet can lead to w hi ch can have
negative effects on the mental health of individual s.
3 Nuclear energy may be undesirable but is necessary. Thi s _ _ is
one of the cleanest ways of producing sustainable energy.
4 Ferti lizers are commo n in arable farming. These _ _ help crops
grow bigger and faster
5 Plastic is not good for the environmen t This _ _ is not
biodegradable and is difficult to recycle.
6 Cars have given everyone a great deal of convenience. Thi s _ _
has made it possible for us to travel more easily and save time.
b Work in pairs and discuss how you could extend sentences 1-6 in
Exercise 5a using the discourse markers below.
although as a result consequently however in addition in turn
Write your essay 6 Write your answer to the essay question in Exercise 2a. Write at
• EXPERT WRITING page 200 least 250 words.
Assess and improve 7 a Work in pairs and review each other's essays, using the checklist
below.
Argument Does the w riter explain his/her point of view in the

quality introd uction?
ls each po int valid and well develo ped?
Logical Has the writer organised his/her points well?
ordering Are there explanations and examples fo ll owing the
main points?
Clarity of Are con nections between ideas clear?
points Are there any points of argument that are not
exp res sed clearly?
Paragraphing Is there a clear introduction and concl usion?
ls there one clear point for each of the body paragraphs?
ls the content arranged logical ly w ithin the paragraphs?
b Using ideas from Exercise 7a, work together to improve each

other's essays .
l Student's Resource Book> Writing page 105 MyEnglishLab > 10b Writing
165
Module 10
Cutting edge
Review 2 a Complete the sentences with the correct form of

the verbs in brackets.
1 The directors of the o rgan isation wis hed that they
1a Complete the text with words below. _ _ (invest) more in staff trai ning.
wider implications speculate concept 2 If only the education system _ _ (include)
in all likeli hood assume public perception more creative activities for teenagers.
3 If I had studied harder at high school, I _ _
At the en d of th e twentieth century the se lf-he lp (gone) to med ical schoo l.
indu stry started to grow substantially and nowadays 4 Suppose the internet hadn't been invented. We
it is estimated to be worth bil lions of doll ars. The _ _ (be) able to co mmunicate in such a global
1 _ _ of the self-help industry is for people to way.
improve thei r lives by implemen ti ng ideas and 5 It's t ime scienti sts _ _ (focus) more on find ing
tech niq ues which will change their lives for the life on other pla nets.
better. M any people 2 _ _ that the industry has 6 What if people had n't invented mobile phones?
been built on solid scientifi c prin ciples; the 3 _ _ How _ _ you r life _ _ ? (change)
of the sel f-help industry is that it is organised and run
b Complete the sentences with the correct past
by expert academi cs and doctors. This has 4
modal forms below, to match the meanings in
fo r soc iety because if people bel ieve they can so lve
bold.
the ir own probl ems, they may not seek profession al
help. Psychologists 5 _ _ that peop le could be could have would have should have
doi ng more damage than good by using self-help
Th e number of people su fferi ng fro m malaria
programmes , books and on li ne resources. 6 _ _ ,
_ _ been sign ificantly red uced by using
there are probably both benefits and drawbac ks
specially designed mosquito nets.
depending on th e individual.
= this expresses a possible alte rnative if someth ing
b Choose the correct option in italics to complete in the past had been differen t
the sentences. 2 The government _ _ co nsulted some
1 The govern ment prom ised to invest I investing tec hnology experts to help them before they
more in the developmen t of space probes. changed their poli cy o n online fraud.
2 The co mpany managed expand I to expand its = th is suggests a differen t past action was
range of innovative products. recommend ed
3 Becoming a co ncert musician involves practising / 3 The Philae probe _ _ provided more data if it
to practise fo r many hours per day. had not broken down on the surface of a comet
4 People who wan t to pu sh their boundaries = this imagines an alternative result if something
should avoid becoming I to become negative after in the past had been different
setbacks. c What is the difference in meaning between the
5 Athletes who take chances risk losing / to lose pairs of sentences?
matches, bu t it is often worth tryi ng.
1 A Air conditioning systems shou ld have been
c Choose the correct phrase in italics to complete designed to be more environmen tally frien dly.
the sentences. B Air conditi oning systems could have been
It is only when we thin k about a situation deeply designed to be mo re envi ronmen tally fri endly.
and fro m many different angles that we can begi n 2 A If inventors in the past had been better at
to develop a useful insight I concept. show ing off their inventions, more yo ung
2 I get the impression I I would not be surprised if people wo uld have chose n to study science
my son st ud ies biology later in life; he's al ways subjects at univers ity.
exam ining insects and bi rds in the garden. B Inventors in the past shoul d have bee n better at
3 Due to th e way th e workp lace is changi ng showi ng off their inventi ons in order to in spi re
nowadays, the chances are I my guess we wou ld more young people to study science subjects at
recogn ise ve ry few jobs of the fu ture. university.
4 From observing modern graduates I am confident / 3 A The intern et wo uld have been less innovative
I get the impression that j ob satisfaction cou ld be as if it had been managed by nati o nal security
important as salary and career progression for them. agencies.
5 W hen the interviewer thanked me for coming B The inte rn et cou ld have been less in novative
there was an assumption I inference in his to ne of if it had been managed by natio nal security
voice wh ich suggested that I had been successful. agencies
6 My guess I In al/ likelihood is th at our approach
to success wi ll have to change signifi ca ntly in th e
future.

page
Test strategies 168
Expert grammar 176
Speaking assessment criteria 183
Expert speaking 184
Writing assessment criteria 190
Expert writing 191
Audio scripts 201

Before you listen
Listening paper
Read the instructions and notice how many words you
can use for each answer or whether the answe r wil l be
The Listening paper tests your abil ity to understand a number. If the instructi ons say 'up to TH REE words
spoken English. The test itself is approx imately 30 minutes, and/o r a number', you can use one, two or three words
after w hich you w ill be given 10 minutes to transfer your or a number.
answers from the question paper to the answer sheet.
Skim - read the questions to give you an idea of the
There are four different recordings w ith ten questions
co nte nt of the recording.
each. There will be more than one task type for each
Think about the part of speech you will need fo r the
recording Each recording is played just o nce. You must
answe r (e.g. noun, verb , adjective).
write yo ur answers in pencil Incorrectly spelt wo rds are
Try to pred ict how the answers may be paraphrased in
marked as incorrect.
the recordi ng.
General advice For table q uesti ons, check how the info rmation is
o rganised and fo r sho rt-answe r q uestions, pay attenti o n
Before you listen to the question words (th ese wi ll tel l yo u w hat kind of
Read the instructions carefully so you know the number answer you need) and the most unu sua l wo rd s (th ese
of words requ ired or if any answe rs could be a number. ofte n help you kn ow w hen the answe r is com in g).
Read the questions to help you predict the topic, the order While you listen
you wi ll hear the informatio n and the possib le answers. Listen fo r any corrections. Somet imes th e speake rs wil l
This wi ll help you focus when you listen to the recording. change w hat they say and th is cou ld be an answe r so
Think about w hat synonyms and parap hrases you might be ready to change your answer.
hear in the recording.
Reme mber you r answers MUST be taken di rectly fro m
While listening the reco rdi ng so listen ca refu lly and write down exactly
Listen carefu lly to the introduction because it wi ll give what the speakers say.
yo u info rmatio n abou t the recordings. After you listen
Note down you r answers qui ck ly - do not worry about
Check your answers carefully. Review the num ber of
spel ling at this stage.
words , the spelling and the form o f the word.
Do not panic if you m iss an answer. Just move on to the
Re membe r that yo ur answers MUST be gramm ati call y
next q uestio n
correct.
Pay attenti o n to signposti ng language - this w ill help
you move on to the next qu esti on.
Multiple choice
Use th e ti me between th e recordi ngs to read ahead .
Read the next set of q uesti o ns and predict the content In a listening mu ltip le-c ho ice task, you w ill see a question
o f the next recordi ng. or statement fol lowed by some optio ns. Th ere are three
Remembe r that the answe rs must be th e exact word types One type is a questio n o r pro mpt fol lowed by three
forms from the reco rd ings. options (A-C) where yo u have to choose the correct
option. Another type has a question and multiple options
After listening from w hi ch you have to choose mo re than one correct
Make sure you transfer yo ur answers to the answer sheet answe r. All the multiple-cho ice questions wi ll be in o rder,
carefully and check they match the question numbers. but you may hear the options in a d ifferent o rder.
Check your spel ling. You mu st spel l answers correctly
and use capital letters whe re necessa ry. Before you listen
If yo u have any gaps o n yo ur answer sheet, have a Look at all the multi ple-cho ice q uestions. Ca n you see
guess and wri te somethi ng. the flow of the top ic? How do the questi o ns progress?
Ask ing you rsel f these qu estio ns can help yo u
understand the progress of the record ing.
Gap-fill tasks (form/note/tabl e/sentence/
Look at each question or state ment. W hat key words
summary completion) and short-answer
can you listen fo r? These are often the most unusual
questions words or num bers (e.g. Florida, ten thousand). Thi nk of
In the Listeni ng Paper you w ill often see co mpl etion how the q uesti on or statemen t might be sai d di ffe rently
questio ns. For this question type you wi ll see a fo rm, as you are un likely to hear th is in fo rmation in exactly
sentences, a sum mary, a tab le o r some notes w ith some the same way.
gaps that you need to complete w ith words or numbers. Look at the answer options and try to think o f
For the sho rt-answer questio ns, you have to answer a synonyms o r synonymous ph rases fo r each opti o n.
question w ith wo rd s from the reco rding. All the completion
questions will be in the o rder you hear the information
168
Test strategies I
While you listen Label a map/plan , diagram or flow chart
Try to keep up with th e recording. Eliminate incorrect Sometim es you w ill be asked to label a map, plan or
answers to help you choose the correct answer. diagram or to comp lete a flow chart. In this type of
Remember, even if you hear the same wo rd in th e question, you may have words next to the image th at you
recording as yo u see in an option it does not need to add to the correct place (there wi ll be a letter for
necessarily make it correct. Li ste n for detai ls and check . each word), or you may be requi red to w rite the wo rds.
Ci rcle the option you thi nk is correct on you r answer You wi ll hear the answers in order.
paper and strike through optio ns you believe are wrong. Before you listen
After you listen Read the in stru ctions careful ly. Do yo u have options to
When transferrin g your answers, make sure you w ri te choose from or do you need to complete spaces?
the letter down (A. B o r C) and NOT the answer in wo rd Look at the visua l info rm ation. From what perspective is
form. it shown? (Above, front view, etc.) What orde r w ill you
If you are unsure of an answer, but have discou nted hear the information? Look at the q uesti on numbers
one or two answers from that question, take an and think about how yo u can describe th e visual
educated guess. You ca nn ot lose points fo r guessing. information in that order.
Look at any words given in the visual. You w ill hear
Matching / Classification (information, these words so thin k about how they relate to th e
features, sentence endings) answe r spaces.
Matching/classification questions involve matching a set While you listen

of items from t he recording to a set of optio ns or Try to follow the map carefully. You w il l be given a starting
categories. There are many varieties of information that point. You can use your pencil to follow along as you go.
you may be asked to match or classify. For example, you Note down the answers as yo u hear them. (Write the
may have to match people to their op in ions or places to letters if you have options o r th e words if there are no
the ir descri ptions. You may also have to match sentence option s given.)
halves to form co m plete sentences.
After you listen
Before you listen
Make sure yo u transfer yo ur answers carefully.
Skim read the questions and th ink about what you are Remember to use the correct fo rm at (letters o r
going to hear on the recording. numbers), th e correct word form (nou n, verb, adjective)
Read the questions and matchi ng categories in more and check you r spe lli ng. If your spel ling is not correct,
detail . Notice what you are matching or class ify ing. your answer wi ll be marked as incorrect.
Remember that the information on the reco rding w ill
be in the same order as the questi ons.
Underline key words in th e questions.
Think abou t how th e information in the questions Reading paper
cou ld be paraphrased in the recording.
While you listen Th e Academic reading paper tests your abil ity to
Listen for different speakers if yo u are match ing names understand w ritten Engl ish in an academ ic environment.
of people to opinions o r actions. The total ti me fo r the test is 60 mi nutes, and there are 40
Pay atten tion to key wo rd s and paraphrases in the questions yo u need to answer. In total, the passages are
questions. 2,000-2,750 wo rds long and this is spread ove r three
different passages. Th ere are a variety of questio n types,
If you are not l 00 percent sure o f th e answer, note
and you w ill have up to 4 question types for each text.
down the possib le answers and then eliminate the
wrong possibi lities at th e end of the record ing. Note In the Readi ng test you MUST write your answers
on the answer sheet during the 60-min ute time li mit.
If you are listen ing to mo re than one speaker, be
No extra time is given at the en d of the test to transfer
prepa red for speakers to change what they say. If th is
them. Write your answers next to the correct num ber, and
happens, you may need to change you r initial answer.
pay extra attention if you leave an answer blank. W here
After you listen possible try to take a guess and fill any gaps.
Check that yo u have an answer for every question and
w hether or not you ca n use one of the options more General advice
than once. If not, make sure yo u have a d ifferent option
for each answe r.
DO al locate the right amount of t ime for each set of
questions - you have 40 questions and only 60 minutes.
Tra nsfer your answers onto the answer sheet. Make sure
Spend abou t 20 min utes on each passage.
you follow the correct format for you r answers. Usual ly
DO start w ith Part 1 and work through , as the passages
this means you must w rite the letter (A, B, C, etc.) and
become increasingly difficult.
not the words in the list of options
169
I Test strategies
DO move on if you cannot find an answer in 2 minutes. · Copy the words exactly as they are spelt in the passage.
DO start by reading the questions. These are often written Be careful not to change the words in any way.
in easier language and you can get a feel for the main After you read
ideas in the text from the questions.
Make sure the spelling is correct or you wi ll lose marks.
DO check yo u have written answers in the correct form Check that you have not written more than the
as given in the rubric and have not exceeded any word maximum num ber of words stated in the instructi ons
restri ction s.
or you will lose marks. Nu mbers can be written either
DO double-ch eck the spelli ng of your answers. US or UK as figures (e.g. 30) or words (thirty). Hyphenated wo rd s
spelling is fine. If you make a mistake, put a line through the count as one word and contracted words are not used.
old answer and rewrite the new answer clearly beside it. Make sure yo u have not repeated words from either
DON'T go back and change answers unless you are sure. side of the gap.
Studies show test takers more often change correct Read what you have written carefully to make sure it
answers to the wrong answers. makes sense in terms of meaning and that it fits
DON'T read everythin g. Even native speakers cannot read grammatically (e.g. Do you need singular or plural words?).
all 2,750 words carefully and comp lete the tasks. Scan to
locate information, then read carefully for the answer. 2 Diagram labelling (Section 1)
In this task, you have to complete labels on a diagram. The
diagram is based on a description from the passage and
Completion tasks you have to relate it to information in the passage. A word
1 Notes, tables, flow charts (Section 1), limit is given. The answers may not come in the same order
summaries, sentences (Section 2) as the passage but are usually from one or two paragraph s.
In these reading tasks, you are looking for details or the Follow the strategies for other completion activities.
main information in a passage wh ich is usually factual You
3 Objective summary completion (Section 3)
have a summary of part of the passage and have to
complete it, using words fro m the passage. You will not In this task, you have to complete a summary by using the
need to, or have the time to, read the whole text; you need words in a box, NOT words from the passage. Th ere are
to scan the passage to find the parts you need to read in always more words in the box than there are gaps in the
order to do the task. You might have incomplete notes, a summary.
table, a chart, sentences or a piece of continuous text - a Follow the strategies for other completion activities.
summary - to complete with a maximum given number of
words from the passage. The answers usually come from True I False I Not given (Section 1)
one part of the passage bu t the answers to the notes and In thi s reading task, you are reading to identify specific
summary may not come in the same order as the passage. information and the passage is generally factual/
Before you read descriptive. You are given statements; you wi ll have to
decide whether the information in the passage agrees
Read the instructions so that you know the maximum
with the statement (True), says the opposite of what is
number of words/numbers you are allowed to use.
stated (False) or whether the information is not
Read the task and the title of the task (if there is one) to
mentioned in the passage (Not given). It is very important
get a good idea of what information you are looking
to base your answers on what you read in the passage
for. Remember that if the information is in note form,
and not on what you consider to be the correct answer
there wi ll probab ly not be articles, pronouns, etc.
from personal knowledge. If you th ink the answer is True
Sentences are different and a sum mary consists of
but cannot find it mentioned in the passage, the answer is
complete sentences which are connected together
Not given.
grammatically.
The statements follow the order of the information in the
Und erl ine the key words. These will be the 'con ten t
passage but may appear in different parts of th e passage.
words' such as nou ns, adjectives and verbs which carry
There may be some paragraphs which do not relate to
meani ng, and they will help yo u to locate the
any of the questio ns.
information you need to find
Predict what kind of information yo u are looking for by Before you read
reading the words around the gaps. Think about the Read each statement carefully so that you know what
grammatica l function (noun, verb, etc.) as well as the information you are looking for. Underl ine the words
kind of meaning. which wi ll help yo u to find the relevant section in the
passage.
While you read
Read the title and subheading then skim the passage
Locate th e section in the passage which gives you the
(use topic sentences to help you read faster) or skim the
answer. If there are subhead ings, these may help you to
first and last paragraphs so that you know what th e
fi nd the correct section.
passage wi ll be about. If you skim efficiently, it will be
Read the relevant part carefully. Underl ine the answer easier to find where in the passage th e answer is
you need.
located. Do not wo rry abou t understanding every word.
170
Test strategies I
While you read Matching tasks (Section 2)
Scan the passage to find the relevant information for 1 Matching headings
the fi rst question. Look for paraphrases or synonyms of In this reading task, you wi ll have a passage divided into
the statements: they will probably not be written in the paragraphs or sections (i.e. with more than one paragraph)
same way. and lettered A, B, C, etc. You are given a list of headings with
Read the information careful ly and decide on what it is Roman numerals (i, ii, iii, iv, etc.); each heading summari ses
saying. Does it match the statement or contradict it? one of the sections. The questions are testing your abil ity to
(Make sure that both parts agree or disagree in more identify the main idea of a paragraph or section and to
comp lex statements) It may be that the idea may seem recognise the main idea and supporting details.
to belong in the passage but there is no information on There are more headings than sections so not every
this actually stated, in which case it is Not given. heading is used. Headings cannot be used more than
Check words which quali fy a statement, e.g. frequency once and it is also possible that not every section will
adverbs such as rarely, sometimes, quantifiers such as have a heading. With th is task type, you have to match
most, few or verbs such as refuse, suggest, believe, each heading to a section of the passage
confirm, deny In th is part of the test, the Iist of headi ngs always come
Do the same for the other questions. before the passage.
After you read Before you read
Make sure you have written True/False/Not given in the Read the instructions.
format stated in the instructions (i.e. not T/F/NG) Read the title and subhead ing of the passage so that
you know what it wi ll be about.
Yes/No/Not given (Section 3) Always read the headings before you read the passage
In thi s reading task, the passage is main ly argumentative. so that you know what you are looki ng for, and
You are given a number of statemen ts and asked whether underl ine the key words. Think of one or two questions
they agree with the views or claims of th e writer. You have that you would expect a paragraph with this heading to
to write Yes, No or Not given, based on evidence or lack answer.
of evidence from the passage. This type of question tests Cross ou t any headings wh ich are definitely not
your abi li ty to recognise op inions and/or claims stated by connected.
the writer.
While you read
Fol low the strategies for True/False/Not given.
Skim each paragraph or section to identify the main
topic or idea. You wil l do thi s faster if you can identify
Short-answer questions (Section 1)
the top ic sentence and see how each paragraph is
In this read ing task, you will have to scan the passage for organ ised. Focus on the main idea, not on match ing
specific information and then give a short answer in no wo rd s with th e same meanings.
more than the number of words stated, using words or Choose the head ing wh ich summarises the general
numbers from the passage. The questions follow the order topic of each paragraph. If you are unsure, match the
of the text. other head ings first and leave this one until last.
Before you read Remember that there are always extra head ings which
Read the instructions so that you know how many you will not need to use
words you are al lowed to use. After you read
Read the questions/statements and underline th e words · Check that the extra headings could not fit with any of
which wi ll help you to locate the answers in the passage. the sections.
While you read 2 Matching information
Scan the passage to fi nd the re levant paragraph. The In this read ing task you have a passage divided into
questions will fol low the same order as the information paragraphs or sections lettered A, B, C, etc. and a list of
in the passage. Look for paraphrases of the words in the questions containing information wh ich relates to one of
questions/statements. the paragraphs or sections. The information is not in the
Underline the in fo rmati on you need. same order as it appears in the reading passage. You have
to match this information to one of the paragraphs. If a
After you read
paragraph can be used more than once, the instructions
Make sure you have kept to the word lim it, otherwise
will tell you this. A paragraph may not have a question.
your answer will be marked wrong. Numbers can be
written as wo rd s or figures; hyphenated words count as You are tested on your abil ity to scan a text to find specific
information, such as detai l, reasons, examples, etc.
one word.
Check you have copied the words correctly as they Before you read
appear in the passage. Read the title and subheading of the passage to get an
Check that the answers fit grammatically with the idea of what it is about.
questions/statements.
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I Test strategies
Read the questions and underl ine the type of · Underl ine the key ideas in the question or stem; th ey
information that you are looking for, such as wil l help you choose the ri ght place in the passage.
descriptions, problems, causes, etc.
While you read
While you read Scan the passage to fi nd the place where the
Read the passage quickly to get an idea of what it is about. informati on is located.
Read each paragraph and decide whether it contains Underl ine th e relevant part and read the opti ons
any of the information in the questions. Look for careful ly to see which one of them matches each stem
paraphrases of the key ideas that yo u un derlin ed. There or answers the question
may be more than one piece of inform ation in a Write down the options you choose making sure yo u
paragraph, or none at all have chosen the correct number.
After you read After you read
· Check that the answer yo u choose has exactly the same Check that the opti ons you have not chosen do not link
information as the paragraph. to any information in the passage.
3 Matching features
In th is read ing task yo u have to match a list of statements Multiple choice (Section 3)
or inform ation to a list of options in a box, lettered A, B, In th is readi ng task, you may have a question with four
C, etc. The options co uld be a range of features from the possible answers or the first half of a sentence with four
passage such as names of people, places, dates, etc. possible sentence endings. You have to choose one possible
Options may not be used an d so me may be used more answer (A, B, C or D) The questions are in the sam e order as
than once If they are to be used more than once, the the information is given in the passage. The questions are
instructions wi ll tell you th is. The focus of thi s part is to testi ng main poi nts, specific in formation or detail
ski m and scan to recognise op in io ns, etc. and make
Before you read
connections before read ing for more detail The 'features'
are listed in the same ord er as they appear in the read ing Skim the passage first to get a general idea of what it is
passage but th ey may appear more than once in different about
parts of the passage. Read each questi on/i ncomplete statem ent and mark
the key words
Before you read
Read the instructio ns.
While you read
· Read the list of features and list of statemen ts. Locate the re levan t part of the passage and read it
careful ly.
· Underline key ideas in the statements.
Pred ict what the answe r might be. Try to answe r in your
While you read own words.
Scan the passage and unde rline al l references in the Read all fou r options ca refully and eliminate any
passage to the options in th e box (e.g. the people). options which you th ink are inco rrect.
Find the relevan t parts for each name or date, etc. and Choose th e one wh ich is closest to you r answer.
read it ca reful ly. Loo k fo r parap hrases of what is said in
the statements. After you read
Match each stateme nt to an option. If no ne of the opti ons seem co rrect, go back an d read
the relevant section again , comparing each option to
Multiple-choice questions: selecting more what you read
than one answer (Section 2)
Matching sentence endings (Section 3)
In this readi ng task you have to choose two options from
In th is read ing task you are given on e part of the sentence,
a li st of five Yo u are given a questi on and a nu mber of
the stem, (numbered) which is based on information in the
statemen ts. Yo u may need to complete a 'stem' (th e fi rst
passage and you have to choose th e best ending for the
part of the sentence) or select the best response to a
sentence from a series of options (lettered). There are extra
question. You may have to choose the best two answers
options wh ich you do not use. The sentences are in the
from five alternatives (A- E) or the best three answers from
same order as the information in the passage and each
seven altern atives (A- G). The answers may come from
option can be used on ly once.
one part or different parts of the passage and the
questi ons are in the same order as the info rm ation in th e Before you read
passage. The questions may test understanding of main · Underl ine key inform ati on in the stem which might
ideas, specific info rm ation or details Th ey may focus on help yo u to locate whe re it co mes from in the passage.
facts or opi nions.
While you read
Before you read Predict how the first stem might end , using any linking
· Read the instructions careful ly so that yo u know how words to help you.
many options to choose.
172
Test strategies I
Use any names or key wo rds to fi nd the part of the Before you write
passage that yo u need to focus on. Look carefully at the image(s) and the title so you
Read the optio ns and fi nd the on e w hich paraph rases un derstan d w hat info rm ation is bei ng shown in the
the ideas/language in the passage. chart, diagram or map/pla n
Cross out the options you choose as you go through the Notice the way the in formatio n is o rganised and any
tas k. Leave any that yo u cannot do fo r the mo ment and labels, keys or catego ries.
go back to them later when you have fewer choices. Loo k fo r any co nn ecti ons or relati o nships in the
Be careful not to be distracted by si m ilar info rm ation or information and also fo r anything that stan ds out as
language from th e passage (i t is more like ly to be di ffere nt
parap hrased) . Identi fy an overv iew Thi s means und erstand ing the
general pu rpose and/ or message presented by the data
After you read
or im age(s)
Read the com pleted sentences to make su re th ey are
co herent and factual ly correct While you write
Start w ith an introductio n w hich descri bes the visual
inform ati o n in general. Try to use syn onym s or
paraphrase th e title w herever possi ble.
Writing paper Describe the mai n trends shown in the visual
inform at io n.
Th e Academic writing paper tests you r ab il ity to write Select so me facts and numbers to illustrate you r mai n
academic texts. You w ill be requ ired to inte rpret and po ints, reme mbering to descri be th em accurately.
describe visual info rmatio n in Task 1 and w rite an essay in Finish wi th an overview w hich expl ai ns th e ove ral l
Task 2. Th e paper is one hour long, wi th 20 m inutes purpose of th e inform ati on.
recom mended fo r Tas k 1 and 40 m inutes reco m mended Do not include your o pinion or com ment on the
for Tas k 2. You ca n w ri te in either pen or pencil. reaso ns fo r th e in fo rm ation .
Use signposti ng wo rds to show the relationship
General advice betwee n th e information such as simi larities, differences
and trends.
Read the quest ions ca reful ly and make sure you
und erstand exactly what yo u are being as ked to w rite W rite cl ea rly and wri te at least 150 words, otherwise
about yo u w ill lose marks.
Plan each task to make su re you answer all parts of the After you write
questi on an d o rgan ise your id eas cl early and logically. Read you r descri pti on and check that you have
Spend about five minu tes do ing th is fo r Task 1 and no described the info rmation accurately and organised
more than ten m inu tes do ing th is fo r Tas k 2. you r answer logical ly.
Wri te yo ur answe r o nce on ly - yo u do not have Co rrect any errors in gram mar, spel li ng and
enough time to write two versions. punctuation . Cross out any changes neatly and write
Remem ber to w ri te in paragrap hs and co nn ect you r the co rrect io n cl early above o r be low the word o r
ideas with signposti ng words. section w hich has been crossed o ut
Include a variety of gram matical structures, incl uding
co mplex o nes, and make su re yo ur vocab ulary is Task 2: Essay
specific to the to pic. Task 2 is an acad em ic essay and there a vari ety of fo rm s
Remem ber to use a formal register for both tas ks and You may be asked to discuss an opinion, provide solutions
t ry to avoi d using feat ures suc h as co ntractions. to a prob lem, co mpare and contrast or explain the causes
Leave some time to check and ed it yo ur writing. Read it and/or effects of somethi ng. Th ere may be two parts to the
once to check it makes sense. Then, read it agai n and question and you must make sure you address both pa rts
chec k for accurate usage of language, punctu ati on and in the essay. You must w rite at least 250 wo rds.
spel ling. Before you write
Carefu lly read the question, focusi ng o n the key words.
Task 1: Factual description Identify the type of essay and exactly w hat yo u are
Task 1 is a factual descri pti on of so me visual info rmati on req uired to write abou t
You m ight be asked to describe a chart, diagram or map/ Note down your ideas and organ ise them in to a logica l
plan Th ere may also be more than o ne chart or image on o rder.
a con nected theme. You mu st w rite at least 150 wo rd s. Note down some top ic-specific vocabu lary w hich yo u
You are not required to give your opinio n in this task. co ul d use in your essay.
Think about some high- level grammati cal stru ctures
w hich wo uld be appropriate fo r the essay.
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I Test strategies
Wh ile you wri te Before you speak

Write an introduction wh ich provides some Listen carefu lly to the questions and notice the tense
background information to the essay question and the exam iner uses.
clearly states your answer. Remember to paraphrase the If you do not hear the question fully, ask the examiner
essay question where possible to repeat it.
Write a topic sentence at the beginni ng of eac h
paragraph, then add supporting points by in clu ding
While you speak
explanations, reasons or examples. Use ex press io ns such as That's an interesting question or
Summarise the main poi nts in the conclusio n Do not
Let me see to give yourself some thinking time before
you answer.
introduce any new ideas in the concl usion .
Answe r the q uesti on directly and then give some
Write cl early and write at least 250 wo rds o r yo u w ill
addi tional inform ation to expand on your answe r. Use
lose marks.
this ad d itional information to show your ra nge of
After you write language, both lexically and gram matical ly.
Read your essay and check that yo u have o rgani sed Speak fluen tly, but not too fast. You shoul d speak
yo ur id eas logically in paragraph s and ex pressed the m w itho ut too mu ch hes itatio n, and use features of
us ing hi gh- leve l gramm at ica l stru ctu res and topic- pron un ciation and intonatio n to res pond app ro pri ately
speci fi c vocab ulary. and co mmun icate nuances of mean ing.
Correct any erro rs in gram mar, spell ing and Remember to be as accurate as possi ble; se lf-co rrect if
pu nctu ati o n. Cross o ut any changes neatly and w rite yo u make a m istake.
the co rrection clearly above o r below t he wo rd or Use lin ki ng wo rd s to show how yo ur id eas relate to
secti o n which has been crossed o ut. each oth er.
Part 2: Individual long turn

In Part 2 , the ca nd idate is given a task card which has a
Speaking paper topic and spec ifically fo ur po ints to talk abo ut. Three of
these po ints usu al ly focus on descri bing som ethi ng and
The Speaking paper is a test of your ab ili ty to the final poi nt asks fo r reasons fo r so mething. Th e
comm unicate info rm ati o n and ideas in Engli sh on a variety cand idate is given exactly o ne minu te to prepare and
of to pi cs. The test lasts for 11-14 mi nutes and is divi ded sho ul d th en ai m to talk for 2 minutes. During th e o ne-
into three parts. Part 1 lasts fo r 4- 5 minutes and co nsists of minute prepa ration tim e ca ndi dates ca n make notes and
general questions on fami liar lifestyle topics such as fam ily, wi ll be given a piece of pape r an d a pencil to do so.
ho bbies and studies. Part 2 is the 'long tu rn' and requires After your talk, th e exam iner m ight ask o ne o r two more
you to speak fo r 2 minutes about a top ic given to you by questio ns on the topic.
the exam in er. Part 3 is a d iscuss io n on a top ic rel ated to
that in Part 2 at a mo re abstract and conceptua l level. Before you speak
See page 183 for th e assess ment criteria for the speaking Read the task card carefu lly and noti ce exactly w hat yo u
paper. are bei ng asked to tal k abou t.
Th ink abo ut so me gramm atical stru ctures and to pic-
General advice spec ific voca bulary w hi ch will be useful for your answer.
W rite down key wo rds and ideas to help yo u; do not try
Speak as much as you can. You have 11-14 minutes to to write whole sente nces as there is not enough tim e.
show the exami ner th e exten t of your lingu isti c skills.
Make su re yo u use al l the o ne- mi nute preparati o n tim e
M ake sure yo u expa nd yo ur answe rs by giving to plan what you want to say and orde r your id eas
exam ples, desc ription s and reaso ns w herever possible. logica lly
Speak clearly and con fidently and remember to smile at
th e exami ner.
While you speak
Follow the pro mpts o n the card to make sure you talk
Try to sound inte rested in the to pics and questions
about all of th e things o n the ca rd, usi ng yo ur notes to
Demo nstrate both th e range and acc uracy of yo ur
help you .
lingui st ic sk ill s.
Expand on each po int to make sure that you are ab le to
speak fo r th e ful l 2 m inutes. Yo u can do this by
Part 1: Introduction and general questions includ ing descriptio ns, reaso ns, exampl es and co ntrasts.
Part 1 foc uses on gen eral qu esti o ns abou t the candidate Use a ra nge of grammati ca l structures and to pi c-
and lasts 4-5 minutes. Th e exa miner w il l as k the specific voca bulary in yo ur an swer.
can di date to introduce th emse lves an d wi ll th en ask Listen ca refully to any fo llow- up q uesti ons that the
further q uest ions o n a range o f fami liar to pics. exami ner m ight ask befo re moving on to Part 3. Give
you rself ti me to think w ith phrases such as I'm not sure
about th at o r That's a good question.
174
Test strategies I
Part 3: Two-way discussion
In Part 3, the examiner asks the cand idate some more
abstract and conceptua l questio ns on the top ic in Part 2.
This part is 4-5 m inutes. Although it is a two-way
discussion, the cand idate is expected to talk more than
the examiner and to take the lead in the discussion.
Before you speak

Listen careful ly to the questions so that you are clear
about what you are being asked. Remember that the
questions in Part 3 are li kely to be longer and more
comp lex than the questions in Part 1.
If you do not understand a question, ask the exam iner
to repeat it, speak more slowly or explain a word. The
examiner can help you w ith this in Part 3.
While you speak

Use thinking-time expressions such as That's an
interesting question or Let me see in the same way as in
Part 1.
Give thorough answers as much as possible by givi ng
reasons, contrasts and examples wherever you can .
Be prepared for the exam iner to ask you to explain or
justify your ideas.
Do not speak for too long on one question. The
examiner wil l ask you fo ll ow-up questions to help you
keep talking.
Speak fluently and clearly, but do not rush. The
questions in Part 3 require some thought, as wel l as a
range of grammatica l structures and vocabu lary.
Be as accurate as you can and remember to se lf-correct
if you hear yourself make a mistake.
Use linking words to show how your ideas re late to
each other.
The future simple has continuous, perfect and mixed
Module 1 forms that follow the patterns above.
In 2070, we will be studying on Mars.
Synonyms, prefixes, word formation (page 13) By this time next year, my class will have graduated
My teacher will have been teaching here for 50 years in
Synonyms (words of a similar meaning) January!
Using the internet can improve your pace of learning. Further ways of expressing the future include present
Using the internet can improve your rate of learning. simple, about to, expect to and modals such as could or
might.
Prefixes (initial letters before words)
If you don't check the instructions, you won't understand
if you don't check the instructions, you'll misunderstand
Module 2
Word formation (changing nouns, verbs, etc.)
Sometimes watching video instructions can make a task Present simple, past simple and present
simpler
perfect passive (page 29)
Sometimes watching video instructions can simplify a task.
1 We use the passive to change the focus of a sentence.
We can move the object of the verb to the subject
Tense review (page 16) pos ition to change the emphasis of a sentence.
1 Simple tenses, e.g. present simple, past simple This is an interesting report. It was written by our
manager
Use the simple form of the verb and the auxiliary do or
did for negative and question forms. The majority of the world's rice is grown in Asian countries.
Do you go to school every day? In these sentences the active forms are possible (Our
I didn't do my homework yesterday manager wrote it/The Asian countries grow the majority
of the world's rice), but the writer has chosen to use
2 Continuous tenses, e.g. present continuous, the passive to change the focus and emphasis in the
past continuous sentence.
Use the -ing form of the verb and the auxiliary be. 2 We also use the passive when we don't know who did
an action or when the person who did an acti on is not
I'm learning to speak Hindi
important or when it's not necessary to mention who
Ahmet wasn't having lunch at 2p.m. yesterday
was respons ible. This is often the situation in academic
3 Perfect tenses, e.g. present perfect, past perfect English which describes processes or procedures, such
as IELTS Writing Task l So, the passive form is often
Use the past participle of the verb and the auxiliary
used in this type of academic English task .
have or had.
The patient was asked to fill out the form with their
Huan hasn't seen the teacher yet. personal details. (It is not important who asked the
I hadn't learnt any Greek words before I arrived in Athens. patient to fill out the form)
4 Tenses that are a combination of continuous A long pipe is connected to the turbine. (Who
and perfect, e.g. present perfect continuous, connected the pipe is not importan t.)
past perfect continuous This window has been left open. (We don't know who
Use had/have + been + -ing form of the verb. left the window open.)
Daniel hasn't been studying very much, so he probably 3 We form the passive by using the verb be+ past
won't pass. partici pie.
Mariella had been studying a lot, and she got a good Present simple The report is written.
grade. Past simple The report was written.
Present co nti nuous The report is being written.
5 Future forms Present perfect The report has been written.
There are three common future forms: present Past continuous The report was being written.
continuous, be+ going to+ simple verb, future simple Past perfect The report had been written.
(will/won't+ simple verb) Future simple The report will be written.
Bella is sitting a music exam tonight Modal The report should be written.
Yasmin is going to study English in Australia.
One day, people will study in any country they want.
176
Expert grammar I
4 We often use the pass ive with impersonal it We can reduce the clause when the form is an -ing or
co nstructions. past participle.
It is claimed that feedback is the most important part of The reason which was given for the factory closure was
a teacher's role. the rising cost of electricity. = The reason given for the
5 Adverbs fo llow the same ru les as with the active; factory closure was the rising cost of electricity.
be.
before the subject or after the verb Sometimes we can replace the re lative clause with an
infin itive form.
Research is usually done by academics and students.
6 We can introd uce the person who did the action by The person who you should talk to is the librarian. = The
add ing by to a pass ive sentence.
person to talk to is the librarian.
The best presentation was done by the last group of
students.
Relative clauses (page 32)

Relative clauses give extra information about someth ing Real and unreal conditionals review (page 45)
in a sentence and begin with words such as which, who or
Cond iti onal sentences have two clauses; an if clause and
that. There are two types of relative clause; defining and
a main clause. The if clause proposes a situation and the
non-defining.
main clause explains the consequences o f the if clause.
1 Defining relative clauses are part of the description of Conditional forms describe real and unreal situatio ns.
something in a sentence. They give us speci fi c details
1 Real conditionals describe situations w hich are true
about the subject or object in the sentence.
those wh ich happen often or regu larly, or situation;
This is the book which is the most useful for your essay. which are li ke ly to happen.
Susan Jones is the person who would be suitable for this
position. When I study, I listen to classical music.
If I finish my work early, I go home.
- Defining relative clauses do not have commas I won't be able to afford to move if I don't save money
around them. every month.
- We can rep lace the relative pronouns who and which
2 Unreal conditionals describe situations which are less
with that.
likely to happen, impossib le or imaginary according to
- We cannot remove defining clauses from the
the speaker.
sentence.
2 Non-d efinin g relative clauses give us extra details
If the government wanted to improve education, they
about something in a sentence. These detail s are not
would invest more heavily in teacher training. (the
speaker thinks this is unlikely or impossible)
essential to the description of the subject or object of
the sentence.
If I understood more about economics, I'd be able to
contribute to the discussion. (the speaker is imagin ing a
The project, which has cost more than predicted, will situation)
finish this week.
3 The clauses in both real and unreal conditio nal
Your final grades, which were agreed by two tutors, are
sentences can be connected with other words such
available on the university's intranet.
as provided that, otherwise, unless and supposing. It is
- Non-defining relative clauses must have commas important to use these words to introduce the correct
around them.
- We CANNOT re place the relative pronouns who and
in
clause (main or and use the correct positive or
negative form of the verb.
which with that.
Unless something is done to protect the world's
- Non-defin in g re lative clauses can be removed from
rainforests, they will disappear
sentences because they are not essential to the
Universities need to adapt their curricula otherwise
mean ing.
students won't be equipped for the jobs of the future.
3 Both forms of relative clauses (defining and non - Supposing we all started using public transport, the world
defining) are often red uced to a shorte r form This does would be very different.
not change the meaning. When the clause is formed Medical research is valuable provided that it does not
of be+ adverb , adjective or adverbial phrase, we can cost too much money.
remove the relative pronoun.
The director is the person who is able to make that
decision. = The director is the person able to make that Modal forms; Degrees of certainty (page 48)
decision. We use modal forms to express how sure we are
about so mething. We use them to express possibility,
specu lation (guess ing) and deduction (us ing clues to say
how ce rtain we are about someth ing).
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I Expert grammar
1 We use must when we are sure about something. 2 It, this and that can replace singular nouns, phrases or
Scientists must be close to finding a cure for heart whole ideas.
diseases by now based on the latest reports from the Social networking is a modern phenomenon which has
World Health Organization. spread all over the world It has become popular with
2 We use could, may, might if we are not sure about people of all ages.
something, but we thi nk there is a possibi li ty that it will 3 These and those can replace plural nouns and peop le,
happen or is true. as wel l as longer phrases and ideas.
I might get an interview for the job because I have There are some arguments against climate change, but
the right qualifications even though I don't have any these have mostly been discredited.
experience. 4 Which can rep lace objects, phrases and whole ideas,
3 We use mustn't and can't when we are sure that who can replace people and where can replace places.
something is not true or won't happen. The internet has become a research tool which most
We can't rely on traditional fuel sources to provide the people cannot live without.
energy we will need in the future as they are rapidly
running out.
Module 5
Module 4
Reported speech patterns (page 77)
1 Reported speech (also known as ind irect speech) is
Form clauses (page 6 1)
used when we wan t to report something that was said
Clauses need to co ntai n a subject and a verb and can earlier.
also have an obj ect. Aunt 'I've never been on a plane before.'
The sun always rises. My aunt said that she had never been on a plane before.
Many people like technology To turn direct speech into reported speech th ere often
2 Some sentences contai n two clauses; a main clause needs to be a pronou n change and a tense change.
and a subordinate clause. These can be con nected The tense should refl ect that ti me has passed since the
using coordinating conjunctions such as and, but or wo rds were spoken. Th e pronoun refl ects who was the
so, or by using a subord inati ng conj unction such as original speaker.
whereas, although or as. 2 In some cases the tense or pronou n however, does not
There are many spelling rules in English, but they are not need to change.
impossible to team 'I don't want to go.'
Some people plan their meals and don't waste anything I told him that I didn't want to go. (The pronoun does
while other people end up throwing their food away not change as the speaker is th e same)
Although skiing looks difficult, it can be mastered after Karen. 'I'll be able to retire in 2050'
just a few lessons. Karen said she'll be able to retire in 2050. (The tense
Note: When the subord inating conj unction is in the does not change because the speech is still true or has
midd le of the sen tence there is no comma. This is not happened yet.)
different from co-ordinati ng conj unctions. Some modals (should, would, might, could, needn't) are
3 That clauses are a type of subordinating clause which not moved back in tense.
means that they ca nn ot exist alone and they must be 3 There are also many reported verb stru ctures, so me of
subordi nate to a main clause. We can use that clauses which are outlined below:
to exp ress opinions.
Subject + repo rted verb + that+ clause.
Many experts agree that sugar poses a serious threat to
She denied that she had changed the date of our meeting.
our health.
The students thought that the exam was fair Subject + reported verb + to+ object + (that)+ clause
OR+ infi nitive verb
The manager explained to me that the offer had expired
Pronoun referencing (page 64)
Subject+ reported verb+ obj ect + (that) + clause OR+
We use pronouns such as: it, this, their, those to refer to infinitive ve rb
nouns within and across sentences in order to avo id
Many people told me to go and study abroad
repeati ng nouns.
1 Perso nal pronouns such as he, her, their, our replace
people.
There are five regional managers in the company and
they have a lot of experience.
178
Expert grammar I
Noun phrases 1 (page so) Both the manager and his assistant enjoy training events.
(The two subjects li ke these events.)
1 Noun phrases are used to give more detail to the
Neither can be used to say not this and not that. A
noun. There are many ways to structu re a noun phrase.
singular ve rb must be used.
Four ways are outl ined below
Neither the manager nor his assistant enjoys training
a Noun + relative clause
Houses + which are in low land events. (The two subjects do not like these events)
Houses which are in low land are more susceptible to
Either can be used to give options between two things.
A sin gu lar verb must be used.
flooding.
Either the manager or his assistant should have attended
b Adjective + noun
prominent + positions the event. (One of the subjects should have gone.)
You can also use both + object pron oun w hen the
Prominent positions are held by a range of people in
subjects are clear and involve two people or groups.
business and politics.
c Noun+ noun
Both of them attended the training event. Neither of
database + designer them attended the training event. Either of them should
have attended the event.
A database designer is a role that is sought after by
many large companies.
d Noun + prepositional phrase Cleft sentences (page 96)
people + in the study Cleft sentences are used to co nnect something which is
The people in the study were asked several questions. already understood with new information. Th ey also serve
2 Noun phrases can also be used for quantities: to stress new information Two forms of cleft sentence are:
A (fraction) + of+ (category). The it clause

A fifth of homeowners. It+ to be + nou n, relative pronoun + verb
A fifth of homeowners wanted to move house. It was in France that I learnt how to sail.
The/A (majority/minority) of (category). The new inform ation is contained in the it part of the
The majority of young adults. se ntence.
The majority of young adults wish to work overseas. 2 Thewhat clause
What+ verb + to be + noun.
What I need to focus on is my listening skills.
The new information is con tained in the final noun.
Oth er questi on wo rds such as how/why/when/where
can be used but are more unusual.
Link ideas; Both, neither, either (page 93)
How he managed to get that job, I'll never know.
An adverb ca n be used to begi n a new se ntence that
connects ideas between two se ntences.
Multinational companies are important to countries.
Similarly, they also promote trans-national networks.
An adverb can also be used w ith a connecti ng
co njun ctio n between clauses. Sentence fragments and run-on sentences
Multinational companies are powerful and similarly they (page 109)
also promote trans-national networks.
A se ntence fragment is an in complete se ntence. When
Note If the point is the same but the agents are you w rite sen tences in English they must have a subject
different, so can be used. and a verb. Some sentences also need othe r parts such as
Multinational companies are incredible powerful. an obj ect or two clauses, depending on the grammatical
Similarly, so are governments. stru cture and meaning. A run -on sentence is two
2 A conjunction can be used to connect two ideas sente nces written as one. It needs to be separated by
together in the same sentence. punctuation o r a conj unction.
Multinational companies are powerful although they still If the government invested more money. Thi s needs a
need to abide by the laws of governments. seco nd clause because the first clause depends on
another piece of information
3 Both/and, neither/nor and either/or can be used to write
about two subjects or objects.
I play football at weekends I like it a lot. This se ntence
needs a conjunction (and) between weekends and/OR a
Both can be used to say that two things are sim il ar. A fu ll sto p.
plural verb must be used.
I Expert grammar
The university a variety of courses at undergraduate and

postgraduate levels. The sentence needs a verb after Module 8
university (has).
Discovered an ancient burial site during their last expedition.
Th e sentence needs a subj ect before the verb
Review of future forms (page 125)
discovered
such as They/fhe archaeologists. 1 Presen t simpl e
Use the presen t simple form of the ve rb and th e
Punctuation {page 109} auxi liary do for negative and question forms.
The meeting is on Tuesday afternoon next week.
Punctuation is required in w riting to help the reader
I have a tennis class tomorrow.
fol low the flow of w riting easily. Al l pu nctu ati on marks
have specific uses as foll ows: 2 Present con ti nuous
Capita l letter (G) All words at the beginning of a sentence Use the -ing form of the verb and the auxi li ary be.
must start with a capital letter. There are other capital My parents are visiting next weekend.
letter ru les too such as the names of countries, days of the I'm studying for my exam tonight.
week and months always begin w ith a capital letter. 3 going to
Fu ll stop(.): It is a point that marks th e end of a sentence Use be+ going to+ bare infin itive.
or the sho rt form of a word.
I'm going to study French at university
Question mark (?) It is the mark that is used at the end of We're going to fly to Mexico for our holiday
a question in writing.
4 fu ture with will
Exclamation mark (I): Thi s is the mark that you write after
Use will+ bare infinitive.
a se nte nce or word th at expresses surp ri se, anger or
excitement.
I'll send you an email about the party
Sarah thinks she'll do well in the test.
Comma(.) It is the mark which is used in writing to show
5 future conti nu ous
a sho rt pause, separate clauses or separate items in a Iist.
Semi -colo n (;): This expand s o n the sentence by
Usewill + be + -ing verb.
introducing a li st or a second part of the same idea. We'll be waiting for you when you arrive at the station.
Colon (:) This separates clauses or phrases in a sentence
Next week, he'll be staying at the Hotel Intercontinental.
OR items in a list. 6 future passive
Apostrophe: It is the sign (') that is used in writi ng to show Use will+ be+ past participle
that numbers or letters have been left out in contracted You'll be given your next assignment in class tomorrow
forms, as in don't O R to show possessio n as in Fred's car A new airpo11 will be built in the city
Quotatio n marks(' ')or(" ") They are one of a pair 7 future perfect simple
of marks that are used in writing to show that you are Use will+ have+ past participle
reco rd ing w hat someone has said. They are also know n as
This time next year, I will have finished my course.
speech marks o r inverted com mas.
Michael will have found a new job soon.
8 future perfect co nti nuous
Prepositions (page 112)
Use will + has/have + been + -ing verb
Prepositio ns are wo rds such as in, to, for, above, which Next month Susan will have been working here for ten
show the relationship between a noun or prono un and years.
the other parts of a sen tence o r phrase They have a By the time you get here, I'll have been waiting for over
variety of functions in English suc h as to express position an hour
or location, time o r direction and can also appear in
9 future in the past
prepos iti onal phrases.
Use would+ bare infin itive OR was/were going to+ bare
There are some common relationships w hi ch
infinitive
prepositions describe. These are as fo llows:
She thought she would take the job, but then changed
Compariso n: like, as
her mind
Directio n through, towards, into They were going to go to Paris. In the end, it was too
Pl ace: on, near, at
expensive.
Possessio n: of
Purpose to, for
Time before, at
Age ncy: by
Sou rce from
180
Expert grammar I
Other future forms Describe what something looks like
1 We use modals may, might and could to specu late There are many terms that can be used to describe what
about the future when we are unsure. something looks like. Some of these terms can be found
below.
We might go to the cinema at the weekend.
James could arrive at any moment - he didn't say when Structure - consists of, includes, incorporates, comprises
he was coming. Size - in diameter, in height, in width, in depth, to scale,
2 We can use be+ likely/bound to+ bare infinitive to talk magnified, elongated, reduced, minimised
about events and situati ons that we th ink are probably Material - constructed from, made of, formed by, constituted
goi ng to occu r. Form - shaped like, resembles, the appearance of
The cost of living in London is likely to increase in the
near future.
We're bound to enjoy the film - it's had such great Estimation and indication (page 144)
reviews. Phrases that estimate or indicate types of examples

can be useful for Task 1 writing and Part 3 speaki ng.
Sometimes Task 1 requires more abstract language
Cause and effect linking words (page 128)
if there are not specific numbers or details on the
Linking words are used to show the relationship of ideas visual informati on. In Part 3, when yo u are referri ng to
in and across sentences. They have specific functions and something that is an unknown quantity or idea, you
also fixed grammatical structures. might need to estimate or indicate rather than sound too
1 Because/as/since + clause, because of+ noun ce rtain.
We're studying English because/as/since it is important for Approximately/about/around can be used before numbers
our future. or quantities to give an approximate size.
We're studying English because of its importance for our And so on indicates that there are further examples.
future. More or less can be used before a noun to show
2 As a result/consequently+ clause, as a result of+ noun approximation.
I practised a lot before my driving test. As I result/ Kinds of/types of can be used before a noun to refer to a
Consequently, I passed. category.
As a result of a lot of practice, I passed my driving test.
3 Due to + noun, due to the fact that+ clause
Due to her kindness, she was always popular at school.
Due to the fact that she was kind, she was always
popular at school.
4 Therefore + clause Unreal conditionals, wish and if only (page 157)
I wanted to work in the fashion industry therefore I The third conditional is often used to explain the resu lts of
applied to do an internship at a famous store. something that did not happen. It is often used to express
The weather was good therefore Bill decided to go for a regret. It is fo rmed in the fo llowing way: If + past perfect+
walk. would have+ past participle.
If I had taken more time to consider my options, I would
have continued my education. (In this case, the person
th inks they did not cons ider their options enough and
now bel ieves education was a better option.)
Note: The th ird conditional can also express the result of
Explain how something works (page 141) something that did happen
There are many structures which can be used to describe If I hadn't studied so hard, I wouldn't have passed the test.
how something works. Th ese often involve using defining (The student passed the test.)
re lative clauses. There are also many other terms which can be used to
express hypothetical past situations:
The part wh ich is used to ...
The device that engineers manipu late to .. I wish + past perfect (I wish I'd gone home earlier)
The element makes .. If only+ past perfect (If only I'd gone home earlier)
The area
Suppose + past perfect (Suppose I'd gone home earlier .. .)
What if+ past perfect (What if I'd gone home earlier?)
181
I Expert grammar
These terms can also be used to express hypothetical

present situations:
I wish + past simple(/ wish I had more money)
If only+ past simple (If only I had more money)
Suppose+ past simple (Suppose I had more money ...)
What if+ past simple (What if I had more money?)
Other phrases can also be used to express hypothetical
situations:
In case can be used to say in the chance that the situation
becomes true and also if it is true.
Take an umbrella in case it rains.
In case you don't understand the instructions, I'll explain
again.
It's time ... can be used to say someth ing does not happen
but that it should happen.
It's time they change the enrolment procedures. (They
should change the enrolment procedures.)
Past modal verbs (page 160)
Past modal verbs are constituted of modal verb + have+

past particip le, and these modal verbs can be used for
many different purposes.
1 A recommendation about a past action (should have)
You should have seen that programme. (It was a good
idea.)
2 To imagine a hypothetical result (would have).
I would have been happier if my team had won. (I was
not happy.)
3 To imagine a poss ible hypothetical result (might have).
I might have been on time if the bus were quicker. (It is
possible I wou ld have been on time.)
4 To exp ress hypothetica l possibilities (could have).
We could have gone to France if we'd had enough
money (It was not possible.)
Band I Fluency and coherence I Lexical resource I Grammatical range and I Pronunciation
accuracy
· speaks fluently with only rare uses vocabulary with fu ll uses a full range of structures uses a fu ll range of
9 naturally and appropriately pronunciat ion features with
repetition o r se lf co rrection ; flexibil ity and precision in all
any hesitation is content related topics produces cons istent ly accurate precision and subtlety
rather than to find words or uses idiomatic language structures apart from 'slips' · sustains flexible use of features
grammar natu rally and accurately characte ristic of native speake r th roughout
· speaks coherently with fu lly speech • is effortless to understand
appropriate cohesive features
• develops topics ful ly and
app rop ri ately
· speaks fluently with only • uses a wide vocabulary uses a wide range of structures • uses a wide range of
8
occasional repetition or self- resource readi ly and flexibly to fl exibly pronunciation features
correction; hesitation is usually convey precise meaning produces a majority of error- • sustains flexible use of features,
content-related and only ra rely • uses less common and free sentences with only very with only occasiona l lapses
to search for language idiomatic vocabulary skilfully, occasional inappropriacies or • is easy to understand
• develops topics coherently and w ith occas iona l inaccuracies basic/non -systemat ic errors throughout; Ll accent has
appropriately uses paraphrase effectively as minimal effect on intel ligibi lity
required
• speaks at length without uses vocabu lary resource · uses a range of comp lex • shows all the positive features
7
noticeable effort or loss of flexibly to discuss a variety of structures w ith some flexibility of Band 6 and some, but not all,
coherence topics • frequently produces error- of the positive features of
· may demonstrate language- uses some less common and free sentences, though some Band 8
related hesitation at times, or idiomatic vocabulary and grammatical mistakes persist
some repetition and/or self- shows some awareness of style
correction and co ll ocation, with some
• uses a range of connectives inappropriate cho ices
and discourse markers with uses pa raphrase effectively
some flexibil ity
6 · is willing to speak at length, has a wide enough vocabulary • uses a mix of simple and · uses a range of pronunciation
though may lose coherence to discuss topics at length and complex structures, but with features with mixed control
at times due to occasiona l make meaning clear in spite of limited fl exibil ity • shows some effective use of
repetition, self-correction or inappropriacies · may make frequent mistakes features but this is not sustained
hesitation · generally paraphrases with complex structures, • can generally be understood
uses a range of connectives successfu lly though these rarely cause throughout, though
and discourse markers but not comprehension problems mispronunciation of individual
always appropriately words or sounds reduces clarity
at times
5 · usually maintains flow of manages to talk about fam iliar • produces basic sentence forms · shows all the positive features
speech but uses repetition, self- and unfamiliar topics but with reasonable accuracy of Band 4 and some, but not all,
correction and/or slow speech uses vocabu lary with lim ited • uses a limited range of more of the positive features of
to keep going flexibil ity complex structures, but these Band 6
· may over-use certain connectives · attempts to use paraphrase but usually contain errors and may
and discourse markers with mixed success cause some comprehension
• produces simple speech problems
fluently, but more complex
commun ication causes fluency
problems
4 • cannot respond w ithout · is ab le to talk about fami liar · produces basic sentence fo rms • uses a limited range of
noticeable pauses and may topics bu t can on ly convey and so me correct simple pronunciation features
speak slowly, with frequent basic meaning on unfamiliar sentences but subordinate · attempts to control features but
repetition and self-correc tion topics and makes frequent structures are rare lapses are frequent
links basic sentences but erro rs in word cho ice · er rors are frequent and may · mispronunciations are frequent
with repetitious use of simple • rarely attempts paraph rase lead to misunderstanding and cause some difficulty for
connectives and some the listener
breakdowns in coherence
3 · speaks with long pauses • uses simple vocabulary to • attempts basic sentence forms · shows some of the features of
· has limited abi lity to link simp le convey personal information but with limi ted success, o r Band 2 and some, but not all, of
sentences has insufficient vocabu lary for relies on apparently memorised the positive features of Band 4
· gives only simple responses less fam iliar topics utterances
and is frequently unable to makes numerous errors except
convey basic message in memorised expressions
2 · pauses lengthily before most only produces iso lated words • cannot produce basic sen tence · speech is often unintell igible
words or memo ri sed utterances forms
little communication possible
1 · no communication possible
· no rateable langu age
0 · does not attend
Repro du ce d w it h permi ss io n of Ca m brid ge En glish Language A ssess ment © UCLES 2016
183
Test 1 (Part 1)
Before you watch

1 a Look at the sentences below. Are they True or
False? Correct any false statements.
1 The IELTS speaking test lasts fo r 18-20 minutes.
2 There are three parts to the IELTS speaking test.
3 The first part is a short interview with personal
questions.
4 The second part is a prepared speech on a topic d C 1.3 Watch the examiner talking about
of your choice. Filippo's performance. Note down what the
5 The third part is a discussion about the Part 2 examiner says are the positive and negative
topic aspects of his performance. Are they similar to
your ideas?
b Work in pairs and discuss the questions .
1 What kinds of answers is the exami ner looking for After you watch
in each section?
4a Look at the excerpt below. How does Filippo's
2 On what areas are can didates marked?
answer help him extend his speech?
3 What distinguishes a band 7-score from a band
5-score can didate? Examiner: Do you thi nk entertainment is im portant?
Filippo: Yes, it is because we need ...
c C 1.1 Now watch the examiner describe the
test. Were your answers to Exercises la and lb b Use the phrases below to extend your ideas on
similar? the following topics.
2 You are going to watch a candidate , Filippo, The reason I started .. This is largely due to ..
answer Part 1 of his speaking test. In pairs, What I particularly like about it is ..
discuss what kinds of questions and answers you What I particularly enjoy is ...
might hear for the following subjects:
1 Your favou rite fil m
• Studyi ng English • Entertainment 2 How long yo u have been learning English
3 Readi ng books
While you watch 4 Your favo uri te thin g about English
3a C 1.2 Watch Filippo answer Part 1 of his c Look at the Part 1 questions below. What kind of
speaking test. Were your predictions in Exercise tenses and other grammatical structures could
2 correct? you use to answer these questions?
b Watch again and make notes on the questions
below. Part 1
What wi ll Filippo's new English cou rse hel p him
I'mgoing to ask you some questions about studying
do?
English.
2 Why does Fi lippo th ink a teacher is usefu l when
learnin g Engli sh? 1 Wh en did you start studying En glish?
3 Why does Fili ppo enj oy wri ting? 2 Wh at is th e most enjoyabl e part of learnin g
4 Why does Filippo like j im Morrison? English fo r you?
5 Why does Fil ippo think ente rtainment is 3 Do you thi nk English is more difficult to learn
importan t? than oth er languages?
4 Why is English important to yo u?
c Read the list below and then watch Part 1 a third
time . Decide what were the stronger and weaker Now let's talk about entertainment.
areas of Filippo's performance before discussing 5 What fo rms of entertainment do you prefer?
your answers in pairs. 6 Is entertainm ent important to yo u?
Fu lln ess of an swer 7 Have you ever been to a music co nce rt?
Gram mati cal and lexica l range
Fluency
Gram matical and lexica l accu racy d Work in pairs and take turns to ask and answer
Pron unciation the questions in Exercise 4c. Extend your
answers by giving reasons where possible.
184
Expert speaking Test 1 I
Test 1 (Part 2)
Before you watch

1 a What happens in Part 2 of the IELTS Speaking
Test? Number the activities (A-E) in the correct
order.
A The candidate tries to speak for two minutes.
B The candidate is given a prompt with some
instructions. c Work in pairs and discuss Filippo's performance.
C The examiner may ask fol low-up questions. What were his strengths and weaknesses? Use
D The candidate is given a minute to make notes. the list below to help you.
E The cand idate is also given a pen/pencil and a
Task achievement
piece of paper.
Cohesion
b Look at steps 1-9 for doing Part 2. Write G for Grammatical and lexical ra nge
good advice and B for bad advice . Improve any Fluency
bad advice given. Grammatical and lexical accuracy
1 Think about what you wil l talk about. Pronunciation
2 Start making notes as soon as you get given the d (l 1.s Watch the examiner talking about
card Filippo's performance . What does the examiner
3 Write on the card you are given. say about:
4 Check what the three points you must talk about
1 the organisation?
are.
2 the amount of time he speaks for?
5 Write exactly what you wi ll say.
3 the relevance of his answer?
6 Consider which tense(s) forms you m ight use.
7 Start talking when you are asked to.
8 Ask the examiner questions during your talk.
After you watch
9 Keep talking until you are asked to stop. 3 a Match the strategies (1-4) with the phrases (A-D) .
1 Self-correction
While you watch 2 Signposting
2a (l 1.4 Read Filippo's task card below. Watch 3 Creating thinking time
Filippo complete Part 2 of the test and answer 4 Li nking to other statements
the questions below. A Firstly, Secondly
B As I explained before
Part 2 C How can I say ..
D didn't see for four years ... mean, I haven't seen ..
1
Describe a memory from your chi ldhood.

You should say
b Now look at the strategies below. Discuss how
Filippo could have used them to improve his
what the memory is
answer.
where you were
Hypothetical statements, e.g. If I could go back, I
who was involved would ..
and what is significant about it. Phrases fo r being vague, e.g. I'm not sure exactly ..
Phrases fo r adding description, e.g. I think it looked ..
Phrases for add ing feelings/impressions, e.g. It
1 Did Filippo speak for the correct length of time?
reminded me of ...
2 Did he speak about al l of the points?
3 Was there a lot of hesitation? c Make your own notes on Filippo's task card in
4 How could Fil ippo improve his answer? Exercise 2a. Create notes in a grid similar to
Filippo's and try to include 2-3 bullet points in
b Look at the notes below. Complete them with
each box so you can extend your answer.
Filippo's answers .
d Work in pairs and take turns to give your
A what 111,e1Mr~ is B- - answers. If possible, time yourself and record your
6 years old performance so that you can listen back to it.
C- - D wh~ si3h-iHcah-t e Work in pairs and discuss your performances. In
Father and family
what areas are you better than Filippo? In what
areas was Filippo better than you?
185
I Expert speaking Test 1
After you watch

Test 1 (Part 3}
3 a Look at the questions below and Filippo's
answers. Match his answers (1-3) with the
Before you watch techniques for extending answers (A-C).
1 a Look at the list (1-4). Which of these things do 1 Do yo u th ink most people remember happy or
you need to do in Part 3 of the Speaking Test? unhappy memories?
1 describe yo ur ow n life
2 describe everyday thi ngs arou nd you Basically, as fa r as I know, peopl e
3 offer an opi nion on a wi de range of more abstract remem ber, uh good moment. Um, I came
issues across differe nt articles that say that um,
4 justify opi nion s in an academic way memory delete or erase uh, bad moment
of our live-, of our li fe.
b Filippo is going to answer questions connected
to his Part 2 task card on memories. In pairs,
make notes on possible questions he might be 2 In yo ur o pini on , is it im po rtant to remember past
asked. wo rld events?
While you watch Um, yes of course, um, I like history and
2a C 1.6 Now watch Filippo doing Part 3. Make a sometimes when I look at the presen t I
note of the questions asked . Are yours similar? understand the that, uh th ings keep repeati ng
itself, and there's a saying that history keeps
b Watch again and read the views below. Choose repeating itself - so I totally agree w ith that.
the view that Filippo expresses .
1 Peo pl e tend to rem embe r happy events an d
forget unhappy ones./ Peo ple remember 3 Do you thi nk it's a good th ing th at many
significant events no matter whether they are memori es today are perm anently recorded o n
happy o r sad. socia l media?
2 Society can only develop by learni ng abo ut
hi stori cal devel o pm en t. / History has a tende ncy Hmm. Basically, you know, I remember when
to occur again in the same kin d of way. I was um, younger, um my mother used to
3 Social media has made the conce pt of memory keep all the photo-, pictu re of myself and
less important. / Social med ia has fo rced people she used to show it to other people, and
to share their memories more. now there's social media, uh we don't give
4 Th e renaissan ce was uniqu e. / Th e renai ssan ce much importance to ce rtai n picture or certain
was revolutio nary. momen t of our life, that's w hat I thi nk.
c How well did Filippo do? Tick the areas below
which you think he could improve on.
Answe ring the questio ns di rectly A Give an explanat ion o f an o pini o n.
Giving additio nal info rmati on B Relate the question to your own experience
Using a ran ge of expressions C Talk about an article/ so meth ing you have read.
Giving flu ent re spo nses w ith little hesitation b Work in pairs and practise asking and answering
Producing senten ces with ve ry few erro rs the questions (1-3) . Use your own ideas and
Intel ligibility extend your answers using the techniques in
d C 1.7Watch the examiner's feedback and Exercise 3a.
compare it with your ideas . c What three tips would you give another student
answering Speaking Part 3?
186
b (l 2.2 Watch the second section of Part 1 and
Test 2 (Part 1) complete Gonzalo's answers .
1 that I love Med iterranean food.
2 _ _ we have lots of them popu lar in my
country.
3 _ _ it's quite interesting.
4 _ _ one of them, probably I will go for Spanish
tapas
5 _ _ you need to have a huge qual ity food
c (l 2.3 Listen to the examiner's assessment.
What positive points does she make about
Gonzalo's performance for fluency and
coherence? What does she say could be
improved?
After you watch

3 a Improve the coherence of Gonzalo's answer
below by increasing the variety of linking words
Before you watch and phrases, and limiting the use of the word
1 a The examiner is going to ask a candidate, different through the use of synonyms.
Gonzalo, questions about places and food. Work Well, I'm really fascinated about the fact that you can
in pairs and write down at least three questions learn so many things about different people, different
the examiner could ask on each topic . places, and you -, it's-, it's good as well just to see
different type of things as well, just going outside
b Work in pairs and discuss which of the
your comfort zone. And I have to say that they were
statements about fluency and coherence are True
really fascinating because you know different things
and which are False.
and you start learning different ways of thinking, and
Candidates must speak quickly. that's-, I think that that's the main point
2 It is better to use common vocabulary than
to hesitate while searching for higher-level b Compare your new answer with a partner.
vocabulary. Whose answer is better and why?
3 You should correct yourself if you make a mistake. 4 Work in pairs and take turns to ask and answer
4 Candidates should try to connect the ir ideas using the Part 1 questions below. Record your answers
linking words . if possible, then listen and evaluate each other's
5 You should keep talking until the examiner performance for range and accuracy of grammar
interrupts you. and vocabulary.
6 Repeating words will result in a lower score.
Part 1
While you watch
1 What interesting places have you visited?
2a (l 2.1 Watch Part 1 of the test and assess
Gonzalo's fluency and coherence. Answer the 2 Why were they interesting?
questions below. 3 What country would you most like to vis it? Why?
1 Does Gonzalo speak at length to answer the 4 Do you prefer the countryside or the city?
examiner's questions? 5 Let's move on to food. What kind of food do
2 Does he repeat any words or phrases? you prefer?
3 Does Gonzalo correct himself during Part 1?
6 What kinds of food are popular in your country?
4 What linking words and phrases does he use?
7 What is the most important thing for you when
you go to a restaurant?
187
I Expert speaking Test 2 ·
Test 2 (Part 2) b C 2 .5
Watch Part 2 and tick the words and
grammatical structures you hear.
1 conditionals 6 simple passive
2 equipment 7 modal verbs
3 present perfect 8 integrating
4 future with will 9 past continuous
5 unique 10 to broaden the mind
c C 2 .5 Watch Part 2 again and assess Gonzalo's
lexical resource and grammatical range and
accuracy. Answer the questions below.
1 Does Gonzalo use a wide va riety of grammatical
structures?
2 Is his grammar usually accurate?
3 Does Gonzalo demonstrate he knows some less
common vocabulary?
4 Does he use any idioms or co llocation-based
phrases?
d C 2.6 Listen to the examiner's assessment.
Before you watch According to the examiner, what are Gonzalo's
1a You are going to watch Gonzalo complete Part strengths and weaknesses in terms of lexical and
2 of the IELTS Speaking Test. In terms of lexical grammatical resource?
resource and grammatical range and accuracy,
which of the following should candidates do to After you watch
achieve a high score? 3 a Read an excerpt from Gonzalo's Part 2 response.
1 Use lots of id ioms in th eir answers Rewrite the content to improve the lexical
2 Be 100 perce nt accurate with grammatical resource and grammatical range and accuracy.
structures. Use the examiner's feedback in Exercise 2d to
3 Use specific vocabu lary to com municate mean ing help you.
precisely Probably we don't need that big equ ipm ent or ski lls or
4 Show that they can eas ily use a wide va riety of abilities, because it's JUSt li ke no rm al travell ing, it's just
grammatical structures. knowing the cu ltu re, it's JUSt mixing with local peo pl e I
5 Demonstrate lingui sti c fl exib il ity through think that that's the best thing that you can do to rea lly
paraphrasing th e exami ner's questions. know the culture and really know the co untry
6 Only use the grammar they feel they know well.
So I will say that the on ly thing that you need it's a
b Read the Part 2 task card and make some notes. bag, so we'll be backpack ing. It's really interesti ng And
You have 1 minute. I would say that the most im portant thi ng isJust to
understand the way they thi nk Just to see why they
Part 2 do things, why they do that type of sushi, why they
love that food, is someth ing that really makes the
Describe an ad venture you would like to go on. whole experience something unique and different.
You should say And actually that's the thing that later yo u can tel l you r
what it is friends, like, 'I know Japan. I don't -, I know all the
tourist place, but I know as well the little village near
who you would take with you
by the sea where no-one have ever been, just the local
what skills/ab ilities/eq uip ment you might need people.' And I thi nk that that's the magic of travell ing,
and why this adventu re appeals to you . and that's the magic of seeing different thi ngs.
b Work in pairs and compare your answers.
While you watch 4 Work in pairs and take turns to do the Part 2
task in Exercise lb. Speak for 2 minutes and
2a C 2.4 Watch Gonzalo making notes for Part 2
record your answer if possible. The 'examiner'
and answer the questions.
will time the 'candidate' and stop them speaking
1 What is the first th ing he does before writing any after 2 minutes. Listen and evaluate each other's
notes? Why? performance for lexical and grammatical resource.
2 Does he wri te a lot? Wh y/Why not?
3 How does Go nzalo's approach to note-taking
compare with your own?
188
Expert speaking Test 2 I
d C 2.7 Read the list of aspects below then
Test 2 (Part 3) watch Gonzalo answer all the questions in Part
3 of the test. Circle Good/Satisfactory or Needs
improvement for each aspect.
Before you watch
1 Answers the questions ful ly
1 a In Part 2, Gonzalo spoke about an adventure. Good/ Satisfactory/ Needs improvement
Write a list of three questions that the examiner 2 Uses complex grammatical structures
could ask him in Part 3. Good/ Satisfactory/ Needs improvement
b In pairs, ask and answer your questions. As you 3 Uses some idiomatic language
listen, note some good examples of grammar or Good/ Satisfactory/ Needs improvement
vocabulary your partner used. 4 Speaks fluently and coherently
Good/ Satisfactory/ Needs improvement
While you watch 5 Has some phrases to increase his thinking time
Good/ Satisfactory/ Needs improvement
2a C 2.7 Watch Gonzalo answering the questions 6 Uses his voice to express finer shades of meaning
in Part 3 and answer the questions about his Good/ Satisfactory/ Needs im provement
pronunciation and use of linking words. 7 Is grammatically accurate most of the time
1 Is Gonzalo's pronunciation clea r throughout? Good/ Satisfactory / Needs improvement
Why/VVhy not? 8 Develops his answers with details, examples, etc.
2 Are there any sounds which are unclear in his Good/ Satisfactory / Needs improvement
speech?
3 Does he use the features of connected speech? e C 2.10 Watch the examiner talking about
4 Does Gonzalo use intonation to communicate his Gonzalo's performance in Part 3. How does she
meaning? evaluate it? Based on her evaluation what score
do you think Gonzalo is likely to achieve?
b C 2.8 Watch an excerpt of Part 3 and read
the text. How could Gonzalo improve his After you watch
pronunciation in the underlined sections?
3 Rewrite Gonzalo's answer below using higher-
Coz I think that it's a good way to break wi th
level language. Make sure the ideas are linked
everything, it's a good way to either learn more
well.
about you rself and learn more about the world that
you are living in, so I think that it's really good coz Coz I think that it's a good way to break with
it-, first of all you mature with al l that, yo u go to everything, it's a good way to either learn more
another country that they don't speak-, m -, they about yourself and learn more about the world that
may don't speak English, they may not speak your you are living in, so I think that it's really good coz
own language, so I think th at it push yourse lf to a it-, first of all you mature with all that, you go to
way where you need to have someth ing, you need another country that they don't speak-, m -, they
to be-, you need to express yo urself, so it really may don't speak English, they may not speak your
helps you becom ing a new person. own language, so I think that it push yourself to a
way where you need to have something, you need
c C 2.9 Watch the following excerpt from Part 3 to be-, you need to express yourself, so it really
and read the text. How could Gonzalo link his helps you becoming a new person.
ideas better?
4a Work in pairs. Take turns to answer the Part
Well, I th ink that you don't need to have a special
3 questions above. Record your answers if
personality, I think that it is just a matter of real ly
possible. Listen and evaluate each other's
looking forwa rd to learn someth ing new I think that
performances for fluency and coherence,
everybody can be adven turous, you just need to, as I
lexical resource, grammatical resource and
say, you j ust need to break th at routine and you need
pronunciation.
to go out of your comfort zone.
And you start real ising the re is a lot of things out b Work in pairs. Discuss the areas you need to
there. Sometimes when you are JUSt in a city and you improve and make suggestions on how you could
know that bar that you like and you go all the time both do this.
to that certain supermarket. and you go out and you
see that there is different food, there is different type
of things, they are different type of people, you start
getting that feeling of being adventurous, and you -,
you are all the time willing to have more and more
all th e time.
189
TASK 1
Band ITask achievement I Coherence and cohesion I Lexical resource I Grammatical range
and accuracy
8 covers all requirements of the task sequences information and • uses a wide range of · uses a wide range of
sufficiently ideas logically vocabulary fluently and flexibly structures
presents, highlights and illustrates manages all aspects of to convey prec ise meanings · the majority of sentences
key features/ bullet points clearly and cohesion well · skilfully uses uncommon are error-free
appropriately · uses paragraphing sufficiently lexical items but there may be · makes only very
and appropriately occasional inaccuracies in word occasio nal errors or
choice and collocation inappropriacies
produces rare errors in spelling
and/or word formation
7 · covers the requirements of the task · logically organises information · uses a sufficient range of · uses a variety of complex
· {Academic) presents a clear overview of and ideas; there is clear vocabulary to allow some structu res
main trends, differences or stages progression throughout flexibility and precision · produces frequent
· (General Tra ining) presents a clear · uses a range of cohesive · uses less common lexical items error-free sentences
purpose, with the tone consistent and devices appropriately although with some awareness of style • has good control
appropriate there may be some under-/ and collocation of grammar and
· clearly presents and highlights key over-use • may produce occasiona l errors punctuation but may
features/bullet po ints but could be more in word cho ice, spelling and/or make a few errors
fully extended word formation
6 · addresses the requirements of the task arranges information and ideas · uses an adequate range of uses a mix of simple and
· (Academic) presents an overview w ith coherently and there is a clear vocabulary for the task complex sentence forms
information appropriately selected overall progression · attempts to use less com mon makes some errors
· {General Tra ining) presents a purpose uses cohesive devices vocabu lary but with some in grammar and
that is generally clear; there may be effectively, but cohesion w ith in inaccu rac y punctuation but
inconsistencies in tone and/or between sentences may · makes some errors in spell ing they rarely reduce
presents and adequately highlights be faulty or mechanical and/or word formation, communicat ion
key features/bullet po ints but details · may not always use referencing but they do not impede
may be irrelevant, inappropriate o r clearly or appropriately communication
inaccurate
TASK2
Band I Task achievement I Coherence and cohesion I Lexical resource I Grammatical range
and accuracy
8 · sufficie ntly addresses all parts of the • sequences information and • uses a wide range of • uses a wide range of
task ideas logi cally vocabulary fluently and flexibly structures
· presents a well-developed response to • manages all aspects of to convey precise meanings • the majority of sentences
the question w ith re levan t, extended cohesion well • skilfully uses uncommon are erro r-free
and supported ideas • uses paragraphing sufficiently lexical items but there may be • makes only very
and appropriately occasional inaccuracies in word occasiona l errors o r
choice and collocation inappropriacies
· produces rare errors in spelling
and/or word formation
7 addresses all parts of the task · logically organises information · uses a sufficient range of • uses a variety of comp lex
presents a clear position throughout and ideas; there is clear vocabulary to allow some stru ctures
th e respo nse progression throughout flexibility and precision prod uces frequent error-
· presents, extends and sup ports main · uses a range of cohesive · uses less common lexical items free sentences
ideas, but there may be a tendency to devices appropriately although w ith some awareness of style has good control
overgeneral ise and/or sup porting ideas there may be some under-/ and collocation of gram mar and
may lack focus over-use · may produce occasional errors punctuat ion but may
presents a clear cen tral topic in word choice, spe ll ing and/or make a few errors
within each paragraph word formation
6 · addresses all parts of th e task although · arranges information and ideas · uses an adequate range of · uses a mix of si mple and
some parts may be more fully covered cohe rent ly and there is a clear vocabulary for the task complex sentence forms
than others overall progression · attempts to use less common makes some errors
• presents a relevant position although · uses cohesive devices vocabulary but with some in grammar and
the concl usions may become unclear effectively, but cohesion within inaccuracy punctuation but
or repetitive and/or between sentences may · makes some errors in spell ing they rarely redu ce
presents relevant main ideas but some be faulty or mechanical and/or wo rd formation, co mmunication
may be inadequately developed/ · may not always use referencing but they do not impede
unclear clearly or appropriately co mmunication
· uses paragraphing, but not
always logically
Reproduced with permission of Cambridge English Language Assessment © UCLES 2016
190
Module 1 7' 4r
Task 1: Describe a line graph
Task
The chart below shows the changes in wage levels of full-time U.S. male
workers by education for 1964-2012.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and
make comparisons where relevant.
Changes in Wage Levels of Full-Time U.S. Male Workers by Education,

1964- 2012
%
2.0
18 - Less than High School
16 - High School graduate
14 - Some college
12 - Bachelor's degree
1.0 - > Bachelor's degree
19M 1968 1972 1976 1980 7984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012
Year
Model answer
Introductory
sentence to 1--- - The line graph shows how the salaries of male full-time
explain the graph. workers in the USA have changed from 1964 to 2012 by
type of education.
Description of the 1--- - The graph shows that during the 1960s and 1970s the
main trend shown percentage rise in wages and the difference in wage levels
in the graph.
by education were reasonably small. Although men with
higher than a Bachelor's degree earned more than men
with lower education levels, the difference was less than
0.2 percent.
Explanation of the
most important 1 - - - -This trend started to change during the 1980s. From this
feature. point in time, it can be seen that the wages for men with
less education started to decrease and those for men
with a postgraduate qualification increased significantly.
Data to support ,___ _ Between 1984 and 2012 the latter group experienced Another feature
the feature.
an increase from 1.4 percent to almost 2.0 percent. On - - ----l with data for
the other hand , those men with the two lowest levels of su pport.
education experienced a reduction in their wage level. At
the end of the period, they were being paid 0.5 percent
less than they were in 1964.
Overview to
1 - - - - Overall , it can clearly be seen that differences in salaries
summarise the
for men in full-time employment in the USA have become
main message in
the graph. more pronounced relative to qualification levels.
191
I Expert writing
Task 1: Describe a process
Task
The diagram below shows how energy is produced from household waste.
Recovering energy from waste
Energy production from household waste materials

Collect waste
2 Transport to facto ry
3 Pre-sort waste -
check for leftover recyclab les
4 Incinerator. Inse rt waste.
Temperature 850 degrees C
5 Boiler Heat enters -
steam produced
6 Steam powe rs turbine -
electricity fo r homes
7 Excess electricity used in
t
power plant
·t
I Model answer
Introduction
to describe the
>--- -- The diagram shows the process of energy production
process and the
from waste materials w hich have been collected from
number of stages.
househ olds. There are seven stages in the process fro m
collection through to the production of electricity w hich will
be outlined below.
Exp lanation of the fi rst
Firstly, waste is collected from households and transported Exam ple of the
stage of the process.
to the en ergy produ cti on plant. At the plant, the material pass ive.
is pre -sorted before it is processed. This is to check for
Next part of the
any leftover recyclable materials which, if fo und, are
process (a nd
>--- -- removed. Next, the waste is inserted into the incinerator for
subsequent pa rts
in a logical o rde r) burning. The temperature of the incin erator is 850 degrees
Celsius. The followin Linki ng phrase to
art of the process is w here the heat
introd uce th e next
enters the boiler and is then turned into steam. The steam
pa rt of th e process
produced in the boiler is used to power a turbine and this
generates electricity for use in homes. Th e process can
produce excess electricity w hich is then used to power
th e plant.
Overview of the
1 - - - -- Overall, the process of producing energy from household
process in ge nera l.
waste involves burning it to power an electricity turbine.
192
Expert writing I
Task 2: Problem and solution essay
Task
Since the beginning of the twentieth century, child obesity has been
increasing in many countries around the world.
What problems are associated with this issue and what are some possible
solutions?
Model answer
Obesity in human beings is one of the most serious

health issues facing the world today. There has been an
unprecedented increase in the number of overweight
people in recent years, and this includes children. This
essay will outline the problems connected to obesity in
chi ldren and present some solutions.
Presentation of
the first proble m ..___ _ One of the main problems associated with child obesity
is that of the pressure that will be put on future healthcare
Discuss ion of
provision. Obesity in childhood is likely to result in a
t--- - - - -- - -
the effects of variety of health issues in adulthood; many of which could
the prob lem be expensive to treat, such as heart problems. It could
be argued that the cost of managing this high level of
obesity may become prohibitive for many governments in
Presentation the near future . One solution could be the introduction of
of a solution. legislation for unhealthy food products or at least changes
to how food 1s marketed to chi ldren in order to prevent
further rises in child obesity.
Presentation of the
second prob lem. f - -- - Secondly, sustained levels of child obesity could have a
~ -- - - - ~ significant effect on the future workforces of the world .
Extra detail for the f - -- - Even though many professions nowadays revolve around
second problem technology and sedentary desk work, there are still a
significant amount of jobs which require a good level of
Presentation physical fitness. Therefore schools should take far more
and discussion responsibi lity in ensuring children receive a sufficient
of a solution. quantity of physical activity to counteract other bad habits
wh ich can contribute to obesity, such as long periods of
time on the internet. Schools must also be encouraged to
include sports and games in the school day as much as
possible and also to provide healthy school meals.
In conclusion, there are some serious problems

connected to child obesity including those related to
healthcare and employment. However, there are plenty
of possible solutions which cou ld be implemented to
mitigate and improve the current situation.
193
I Expert writing
' -"'':'..
Module4 ~···-~,II"-
.;;.-
Task 2: Opinion essay
Task
The growth of consumerism has led to a 'throw-away' culture where people

are more concerned with ac quiring material possessions than protecting the
environment.
To what extent do you agre e or disagree with this opinion?
Model answer
The twentieth century has seen a rapid ri se in

consumerism all over the globe, primarily due to the
increased access to markets generated by globalisation.
As a result, there has been a real shift in people 's desire
to own and replace their possessions mo re often. I believe Writer's opin ion in
that this has had an extremely detrimental effect on how the introductio n.
Th e main idea in the protection of the environment is view ed.
paragraph 1.
First of all, the rise of global brands mean s that more
people than ever before have access to m aterial wealth.
Explanatio n of
f - - - - - ln my opinion, these global brands have become so
the effects of
the main idea. ubiquitous that they have produced trend sand consumer
groups that the majority of peopl e would like to belong to.
Examp le to support f---< For example, many people would like to b e in possession
the main id ea. of an iPhone and the company which ma kes this product
makes sure that it updates its products regularly in order
to ensure consumers keep replacing thei r phones every
Explanati on of
couple of years. However, these days, the fact that the
the effects of
materials required to make these phones require complex
th e main idea.
processes which damage the environmen t is often lost on
the average consumer.
Presentation of a
counter argu ment On the other hand, it can be argued that consumerism
as the mai n idea has created many positive aspects. For ex ample, the rise Exa mple to suppo rt
for paragrap h 2. of entrepreneurship which allows people to start small th e main idea.
businesses and gives them more control over their income
and subsequently their lives. Having said this, I firmly Oppositio n to the
believe that protecting the environments hould take priority co unter argum ent.
because too much damage to the environ ment will reduce
the opportunities for economic growth fo r everyone.
Concl usion rest ating i - - -ln conclusion , despite some of the percei ved benefits, I
th e wri ter's op inion. still believe that consumerism has taken over in people's
consciousness and that the state of the e nvironment is
suffering as a result.
194
Expert writing I
Module 5 ·~•.,
·~ ,~V"
Task 1: Describe a chart
Task
The charts below show results of an international student survey carried out
in New Zealand in 2004.
Accommodati on distribution Satisfaction rates
In a rel ative's
3.82
home
• In rental accommodati on In your
3.68
own home
• In a homestay
• In your ow n home In a homestay 3.60
In a student hostel
In ren tal
3.35
• In a relati ve's home accommodation
• Other Other 3.17
In a student hostel 3.14
2 3 4 5
Model answer
Used to describe th e
'
The data outlines the accomm odati on distribution and
acco mm odation type
satisfaction rates for internati onal stud ents in New Zealand
an d amount
in 2004. It ca n be seen that th e most common types of
accommodation had relativel y low satisfaction rates in
comparison to other types.
Rental accommodation a nd homestay were where the
ove rwhelming maj ority of students ~ with 43 % - - - -- ------< Syno nym of 'lived'.
Used to avo id of stud ents in rented premises and 42% in homestays,
repetition of 'rental
respectively, These two fi g ures account for 85% of the tota l.
acco mmodatio n'. ents Used to avo id
When compa red to th e data rega rding h o w ~ stud----,,,--- -- - - - ;
were with their li ving a rra nge ments, howeve r, neither of repeti ti on of
these types of accomm oda tion were the most favoured, 'satisfaction' which
Rented accommodation was fo urth in terms of satisfaction has few sui tabl e
Used to vary
with 3.35 out of a possible 5 and hom estays cam e third with a syno nyms.
accom modati o n
type
satisfaction rate of 3.6,
Not many students stayed in other types of accommodation.
Used as a syno nym Own hom e, the hom e of a fa mily member, student hostels
fo r 'relative'. and the category 'other' m ade up the remaining 15% of the
international student accommodation distribution , H oweve r,
many respondents were happy staying either with fam il y or
Used to replace
in their own hom e (3.82 and 3.68, respecti vely), The
'intern ati o nal
satisfaction rate for students stay ing in student hostels was
stu dents'
the lowest at 3.14.
Ove rall, we ca n see that whi le few stud ents stayed in their own
o r their family's accommodation , this was the most satisfying
type of accommoda ti on in 2004. Most stud ents, however,
stayed in homestays or in rental accommodati on which had a
lower sati sfaction rate.
195
I Expert writing
Module 6 s\
~
Task
Governments should fa cus more on preventing crime than on other issues

such as healthcare and education. To what extent do you agree with this
statement and why?
Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your
knowledge or experienc e.
Model answer
Introduction stating
th e candidate's f---- Governments are responsible for decidi ng the best way in
opini on. which to spend taxpayers' money and t here are a variety
of issues which could be considered as necessary. Some of
these involve the provision of services such as education
and healthcare, whereas others are more connected to th e
environment such as controlling polluti on or preventing
crime. This essay will argue th at govern ments should focus
more on education and heal thcare than preventing crime.
First main idea. 1 - - - - - -• First of a ll , high crime rates a re often a ssociated with a lack
of education or poor healthcare. M any experts have identified Sentences to support
health and education probl ems as facili tating some of the the main idea.
causes of crime, especially among poorer groups of people
in society. They have suggested that imp roveme nts in these
a reas would naturally res ult in a reduct ion in crime. In my
view, this is a convincing argument beca use it shows that
people who commit acts of crime usually do so due to being
Introdu ction to the disadvantaged in some way.
co unter argument 1---
- 0n the other ha nd, it is possible to bes ceptical of this
~-- - - - --~
a rgument. Despite both education and healthcare being
Seco nd main id ea - important, it could be argued that neith er are as deserving of
co unter argum ent government expenditure as crime preve ntion because they
do not ensure the safety of citizens. Ho weve1~ I do not believe Evaluation of
that by spending a significant a mount o f money on crime counte r argum ent
prevention governments wou ld be able to radically improve
living conditions for the ir citizens. Conversely, in my opinion ,
increasing spending on education is mo re likely to provide
people with alte rnatives to committing cnme.
Restating the opinion. ~ In conclusion, governm ents should not devote all their
resources to crime prevention. Althoug h there are arguments Summary of
for governments to focus more on this p roblem, issues such as main idea
healthcare and education should take p riority.
196
.l
Expert writing I
Module 7 , .. 1
.:·:1~""
Task 1: Describe tables and charts
Task
The table below gives information about changes in the European cruise
market by main passenger country between 2011 and 2014.
-- --
European cruise market, by main passenger country, 2011-2014
Passengers (000s)
Germany 1,388 1,544 1,687 1,771
U K and Ireland 1,700 1,701 1,726 1,644
Italy 923 835 869 842
France 441 441 522 593
Spain 703 576 475 454
Scand inavia (in cl. Finland) 306 324 289 305
Other* 224 270 325 327
*Other European markets and those not specified

Source: CLIA Europe/IRN Research
Model answer
The table shows the passenger share in the European

Present figures in
cruise industry. The data gives yearly passenger numbers (in
th eir mi lli ons to
thousands) for the period 2011 to 2014 and focuses on those
2 decim al places
countries which have large cruise markets. (whi ch is clearer than
It can be seen that over the period , the greatest numbers of writing 1,388,000)
Respectively is passengers come from the UK and Ireland and Germany. In Whe re necessary, use
used to attribute rounded figures.
2011 , these countries accounted for 1.70 million and 1.39 million - ' - -- -------'
figures to their
passengers, respectively. In 2014, Germany had taken over
particular coun try The past perfect is
as the biggest cruising nation (with 1.77 million passengers
used fo r a change
to 1.64 million in the UK and Ireland). Both of these countries
Identify differences before a certain date
have double the amount of passengers than the next largest
in data that enab le in the past (2014).
cruising country, Italy (923,000 passengers in 2011 and 842,000
countries to be
passengers in 2014).
separated into
di fferent groups. Whilst cruising was not as popular with the French, Spanish or in
Scandinavia, the table shows the passenger numbers for France
Give a cl ear overview did increase from 441,000 in 201 1 to nearly 600,000 in 2014 but
that the opposite trend was observed for Spain and Scandinavia, Identify contrasting
w hich accurately
trends.
represe nts the data which both experienced a decrease over the period .
and the main body of
f---- In conclusion , we can see that Germany and the UK and
your answer. Do not
Ireland are by far the largest European cruise markets and that,
include details in this
although there are both increases and decreases in the popularity
section as it represen ts
the whole, rather than of cruising within individual countries, overall there is a slight
a specific po int. increase over the period.
197
I
L
I Expert writing
Module 8 .?ff .
""
Task 2: Cause and effect essay
Task
Nowadays, the 'sense of co mmunity' is weakening in many countries.

Why might this be? What are the effects of lack of community feeling?
Model answer
An examp le of a near
synonym to indicate
a fo rm of change,
which is a co mmon Th e co ncept of co m munity in its ma ny fo rms has been in
and unavoidab le ex iste nce fo r centuries. From t riba l bond s to onli ne socia l
theme in th e essay net wo r ks, fee lin gs of co m mu ni ty have giv en people a
Other nouns and Used to mean 'a
sense of belonging. Yet, community is a c ha nging co ncept
adjectives used are feel ing that peo ple
and some claim th is is weakening. This essay w ill explore
variance, diverse , are a pa rt of a group'.
w hy t hi s m igh t be and w hat effects it ma y ca use.
wide-ranging and
variation. Ove rwhelm in gly, va ri ance in feelings of comm unity spirit
are re lated to how an ind ividual relates to t he co m mu ni ty
surrounding them, as well as t heir sense of se lf. Fi rs tly,
lack of share d characteristics may mean that peo ple do
Used to mean not bo nd w ith t he community they ar e in. As co mmu niti es
t--- -- - - --
'con nect'. become more diverse, in for example lan guage or va lues,
t he n peop le may feel different to the grou p. The n t hose
particula r in dividuals may become iso lat ed and in turn
Used to mean shun the wider community. Second ly, the red uct ion in
1--- -- -
'turn away from'. c om mu n it y spirit may just be caused by an in crease in
se lfi shn ess. Per haps more peop le want t o foc us on ly on
t hemselves or t heir families but have litt le or no desire to
he lp ot hers.
Th e eff ects of a re duction in commun ity s piri t m ay be

profo und . however Community has bee n a pa rt of
Used to sign ify '
society for m ille nni a, yet if some individu als dec id e not
'a long time'. to take part in t he communi ty, this could lead to oth er
peop le feeling r ese ntfu l. Perhaps it could be argued
th at co mm unity is actually transforming rat her than Used to mean
lessenin g and t hat a new form of pluralis ed com m uni ty 'sepa rated into
small er parts'.
is developi ng; onl in e, in peer groups, by m ode rn cultural
interests . Howeve r, a wors t case sce nar io cou ld be th e
Used to mean Used to mea n
1---- -- fra gmen tati on of local communities or gr oups.
'break up'. 's ituation'.
In conclusion, comm un ity may be lesse n ing in so me ar eas
and th e effects of t his could be wide-rang in g, f rom a more
plu ralisti c com m unity sense to a dis integ rat ion of some
local phys ical com m un it ies.
198
Expert writing I
Task 1: Describe changes over time
Task
The maps below show the planned changes to the town of Peterford in a
20-year period.
Shop
Post office
School
Town hall
~ Suspension
bridge
[ill Hotel
Model answer
Explanation of what
the images show
- The m aps show the existing plan of the town of Peterford in
with relevant deta il s Introduction of
2015 and the plan for the town in 2036. There is si · ·cant
(e.g. years). the main change.
expansion projected for this town within this period.
Topic sentence - o ne major change will be in the infrastructure of the town.

Details about
outlining the fi rst Whereas in 2015 the town was relativel small with no direct changes to
group of information access to the sea and m erely a foo tbridge across the river, infrastructure.
(infrastructure) in 2036 the surrounding area will be much more widely
accessible. A suspension bridge is planned to access the other
side of the river, and there will be an expansion of the roads to
Topic sentence give vehicle access from the town to the coast.
outlining the
second gro up There is also likely to be an increase in the facilities near the
of information town in 2036, which will replace farmland. The lans include a Details about
(faciliti es increase) sh opping centre and two hotels, while the existing local shop changes to facilities
and post office will remain in town. Additional housing is also
planned, both on the site of the old town hall, which will be
A clear overview of m oved across the road, and near the h otels.
the most significant
town is set to expand to almost double its size,
shift(s) to be seen t-------- Overall, the
during the given providing m ore housing, infras tructure and facilities for
time period. residents and visitors.
199
I Expert writing
Module 10 (sr,. '

' ~~,ii.
Task
In order to truly innovate, continued hard wark is more important than

intelligence. To what extent do you agree w ith this statement and why?
Metaphor used Model answer

to talk about the
characteristics
Li nki ng phrase to
needed to innovate. f---- There are many ingredients which, when combined, create a signify an example
~===============:: : recipe for innovation or success. One of these is undoubtedly of a characteristic.
Introductory
the intellectual abilities of the innovator. Yet, for all the
paragraph clearly
intelligence required in order to innovate, this cannot be Used to sign ify a
identifies the issues
superseded by the drive and motivation to continue in contrast regarding
and the candi date's
the importance of
position on the f---- endeavours.
intel Iigence.
subject.
fug!y, knowledge does not always equate with innovation.
>---- People may be seen as 'brilliant' due to their knowledge Clear signpost to
Two co ntrastive
or grades, but this does not mean they can make advances introd uce the first
sentences. One
main point, followed
using 'but' and th e in the way we live. Many people study to a high level and
by a top ic sentence.
other using 'yet'. get excellent grades, yet go on to chase money rather than
develop knowledge and technologies. Some traditionally
intelligent people may also lack the creative and logical skill s
needed to develop new ideas or technologies. Therefore, Used to show
th e result of the
intelligence or brilliance is not necessarily the natural
argument.
precursor to innovation.
Signpost that the f---- Secondly, the ability to deal with failure and overcome hurd!es
second main point is a key part of innovative change. Often people who want to
is goi ng to be
develop som ething new are not successful overnight and have
introduced. Used to strengthen .
to continue to tweak their ideas and experiment further with
the previous sentence
them before succeeding. !!:!....fug, many innovators are know11 (with some factu al
to have failed with many ideas before they eventually achieved information , in th is
Used to show success. One such innovator was H enry Ford, who initially case, an example).
the resu It of th e failed in business. Consequently, the ability to be able to cop e
argument. with failure, understand what went wrong and solve issues can Overall, the essay
'
be absolutely essential to innovators. fol lows a rigid
Signpost for the structure. There
>---- - In conclusion, although intellectual skills are beneficial to is some parallel
conclusion.
innovators, it cannot be denied th at tenacity is a far more in argument
importa nt quality. Innovation, by its very definition, is a step development between
into th e unknown, and with this comes barriers and failures both main body
As such, th e ability to overcome challenges is essential for a ny paragraphs, but
the wri ter has used
innovator. - - -- -- - -- -- - - - -- - --
differen t signposts
in developi ng these
paragraphs. The
conclusion and
introd uction agree
and reinforce the main
body paragraphs.
200
1.6
Module 1 N = Narrator P = Presenter E = Eleanor
N: You are going to listen to someone talking abou t learning apps.
1.1 Listen and answer the questions.
P: Wel l, tell us what apps we should be downloading.
E = Examiner Z =Zeyna
E: There are an awfu l lot of apps on the market at the moment
E: What did you want to be when you were younger?
covering every subject imaginable. Some are paid fo r and some
Z: I always wan ted to be a writer when I was younger. I was inspired
are free. However, the free apps are rarely as effective as the paid
by people like J.K Rowling. I was real ly dedicated and used to write
apps, but there are a couple of exceptions which I think are rea lly
short sto ries in my spare time. I remember once I'd sent a story to
invaluable educational tools. These are Oictable and Soundwave.
a publisher, and got a letter from them but it was a rejection. I was
Oictab/e is an app that lets you search for words and gives you
real ly disheartened by th is. I was thinking about giving up, but then I
mean ings, pronunciations, synonyms. Soundwave is an app that lets
decided to learn more about writing.
you create music. It's for younger children, and once they make
E: How are you going to do that?
music on the app they can then see the notes they've played . This is
Z: I've decided to go to university and study literature. I'm really eager
quite useful in developing music reading skills. Another app which
to learn more about th is. I think I'm really lucky actually. So many
is paid for, but well worth the money, is Mathword. This is an app
people are uncertain about what they want to do when they're
for university students wh ich writes equations from verbal input. I
older.
think it costs about $6.99 bu t fo r people studying maths, it can save
1.4 a lot of time usually spent formatting these kinds of th ings. The app
N = Narrator F = Felicity Moore is also user-friendly. You could even give it to your grandmother to
N: You are going to hear a li brarian giving a talk to some students. usel Another paid-for app that is inval uable is Bodies. This is an app
Listen and answer the questions. which child ren can use to learn about parts of the body. It's got a
F: Hello everyone. My name's Fel icity Moo re and I'm the head of great design and gives useful information not just about what parts
library services here at the un iversity. During the summer, some of the body do, but basic health too. I'd recommend this for seven-
changes have been made to make the library even better for you to-ten year-olds particularly.
all. We've always had some of the best IT services around, and now P: Very useful. Do you think the educational app market is still
you'll find these on the 2nd instead of the 3rd floor. We've also growing?
added a more informal area in front of the study spaces on the E: Absolutely. The number of educational apps on the market is almost
ground floo r. Here you'll be able to chat with your friends, have a doubling year on year. But not all topics are equally catered for.
coffee and take a break from your hard work. Most apps are based around maths or English. In fact, the choice
Now, you'll be getting you r lib rary card later today, but before that can be qu ite bewildering for these categories. But there isn't a lot for
I'm JUSt going to talk you through the facili ties we have here. We subjects which require more creativity. For those who for example
have th ree floors of books and if we don't have what you want, are interested in design, there's not a lot of choice. It might be
we're happy to get it in for you from another library. Now, usually worth developers looking into this, as the competition is not fierce.
you'll need your card when taking out books, bu t we understand The same can be said of music. Although Soundwave is a great
the pressure of deadlines. As long as you have your student number, app, it's really only one of a handfu l in this area. People stil l have
and some ID, that'l l do. But, you'l l be unable to use the automatic to hit the books to learn abou t it, wh ich seems strange in such a
mach ines; you'll need to come to the desk. We also have a range of forward-th inking industry. I mean, so much music is now made with
Journals which can be accessed; the most up-to-date ones are just technology. I do think though th is is likely to change. We'll see more
past the reception desk. However, if you want older versions, they're apps in al l areas in future. And I th ink th ey'l l be of better quality as
on the top floor and you'll have to swipe your library card to get consumers become more demanding.
into the room. All the PCs are on the second floo r, just log in with 1. 7
the email and password you were given by IT services. When you
E = Examiner ML= Mei Ling
want to print , you JUSt pay directly on the printer. It'll store any work
you send, just access it via the screens on the printer and there's a E: Now in this first part, I'd like to ask you some questions about
payment slot. We used to have a system where payment would go yourself. Let's talk about education. What was your school like?
through your library card, but this didn't work as smoothly as we ML: My school was very nice. It was a big bui lding, in the countryside.
liked. Just make su re you have change I Now, your library card's stil l My teachers were nice and I was a very good student. I did well.
important as it can access a lot of services for you. It can be used to E: Why did you decide to come and study in Australia?
reserve an appointment with a learning tutor. These are absolutely ML: Well , I came top of the class in an English test at my school. For
free and are available every morn ing between 10.00 and 12.00. Not me English was difficult, so I studied it very hard. It was a nice
every library has this, so please do take advantage of it. Also, you'l l fee ling. You know, being the top. This was in maybe the fourth
have to use your card to book one of the quiet rooms for when you year. Then I became more interested in English. So I decided that
want to work without distraction. These are all on the th ird floor at I'll go to Australia to study. To hear and talk more in English.
E: What would you like to achieve with English?
the back. Any questions so far?
ML: For me English is an important subject. I th ink it helps you get a
1.5 good job and also when you travel ... English is important because
N = Narrator P = Presenter E = Eleanor there are many people who speak English. I want to be able to
N: You are going to listen to someone talking about learning apps. speak Engl ish like a native speaker. I want to go to university here
Listen and answer the question. in Australia, but I also want to be able to talk in English without
P: So, today on Teaching Matters we're talking about learning apps. problems. Th is is my goal.
Eleanor Jenkins is with us today to talk us th rough the latest apps. E: How will you achieve this?
Hel lo, Eleanor. ML: As I said, I chose to come and study in the Australia. I thought
E: Hello, John. maybe of other countries, but Australia is better for me I think.
P: Welcome to the programme I study every day. I go to an English class, and my teacher's very
E: It's good to be here. nice and helpful. I watch a lot of movies, in English, and I have
P: Now, Eleanor, you have a vast experience of these apps, don't you? some friends online. I talk to lots of them in English. English is cool
E: Absolu tely. I used to use a lot of apps when I was teaching and in Ch ina, which is where I am from, and it's fun to speak English
got so interested in their use that I left my JOb and set up my own on li ne. I do need to study it more though.
consu ltancy in educational app development. I now advise on
learning objectives and work with schools and tech companies to
help develop apps with real learning benefits.
I Audio scripts
2.3
Module 2 N = Narrator R = Receptionist J =John
N: You will hear a visitor talk ing to a receptioni st at a campsite.
2.1 R: Hello and welcome to Camp Horizon. So. I'm just going to use this
Sl: The old building that I like is he town hall in the city where I live. map to talk you through the layou t of the camp so you know w here
The town hall's very old, maybe two or three hundred years, and everything is for your stay
many people who live in the city go there to get lots of different J: That would be great, thanks.
types of information for living in the city. You can find out about all R: So, we're currently here at the reception block. If you take the path
the services in the city, for example, about car parking places and immediately on the right from wh ere we are now and follow it to
prices, information about buses and trains ... and other transport the end , you'll be at the campsite. We're literally at that fork in the
and other things which are necessary for people's daily lives. It's a path here now
large building. It's made out of stone and has a tower in the middle J: OK, and what about the activities? Where can I find those?
of it, and there are many floors and lots of rooms inside. A lot of R: They can mostly be found near the centre of the camp See, JUSt
people work there too. They do many different types of Jobs to beyond the reception block is th e swimming pool which is located
help the people who live in the city The building has changed a lot on your left, and you can find the play area directly opposite that
over the years. When I was a child it was brown and looked boring, Just beyond the play area, there are two paths. One leads to an
but a few years ago the town hall was painted white. I th ink it looks archery range. At the end of the other path is whe re the barbecue
much better now because it's bright and more attractive. It's much area is situated, but if you don't go all the way down that path, you'll
more like the trad itional style of the other government buildings see the craft cabin.
in the city, so we can noti ce the government buildings more easily. J: OK, I see. My friend came here last year and told me that you have
I like this building a lot because it shows the history of the city a skate park. Where's that?
When I go inside I can feel the history and imagine being a worker R: Oh actually, we don't have that anymore. It's now a bike park
in the town hall in the past. For me it's important that people know because that's more popular. I th ink you'll like it because it's been
about the history of the place where they live. Nowadays there's a built recently and it's really big.
small museum inside wh ich I think is very interesti ng for people. I J: Th at sounds great
think that not many tourists visit the museum, but schoolchildren R: It's quite near Horizon beach too. Just take a left as you head
go there to learn about why the town hall was im portant in the towards the beach.
past and why it is still important now Also , the gardens outside are J: That's really helpful. I think I'm goi ng to have a great time.
a nice place to have lunch or take a rest. Many office workers go 2.4
there to eat lunch or wal k around to relax in the gardens.
N = Narrator C = Customer R = Receptionist
S2: My favourite old building is the old railway station which is near
my house and is now a museum. It's an amazing old building
N: You w ill hear a reception ist talking to a customer. Listen and answer
the questions.
and I'm always really impressed whenever I walk past it It dates
from the last century and is an excellent example of the local
C: Hello, I'm here to check in.
R: Welcome. Could you give me your name and I'l l find your details on
architectural style of public buildings. If you walk around the town,
the system.
you w ill notice other public buildings constructed in the same style,
and they give the town a kind of architectural theme which is quite
C: My name's Cindy Phi lips.
R: OK, Just let me have a look. Is that Philips, P-H-I-L-I-P-S?
nice. It's made from stone and oak from the surrounding region
with carvings in the roof I think that the carvings represent scenes
C: Yes, that's right.
R: Thank you. Here you are. I've got your telephone number as 09669
from the history of the town. This is a traditional building design of
343123. Is that right?
my area, and it's very ornate. The builders were highly skilled stone
carvers and they carved all the designs by hand. The region where
C: Yes, that's right
R: And yo u're from the USA?
I li ve has quite a lot of stations co nstructed in the same way The
C: No, I'm Canadian.
station's located in the historical part of the city ... this is towards
R: Oh, a lovely part of the world. Can I JUSt check how long you 've
the north -east and nowadays attracts a lot of tourists primarily due
booked for?
to the station and the other ornate buildings. The station itself is
on the main square opposite the town hall. It's had a few different
C: One week. I wanted to stay fo r two but I haven't got enough time
off work. I really need to relax.
uses over its lifetime. After the station was closed some years
R: Oh, I'm sure you'l l re lax just fine during your stay with us here. Most
ago, it was turned into a hotel fo r a few years, although it was not
people find the camp a great way to destress after being here for a
very successful ... and then it was turned into a museum of local
couple of days.
history. It shows us our architectural heritage and the importance
of maintaining the condition of old buildings. The museum has
C: Greatl
R: I've got your accommodation listed as standard cab in .
collected items such as furniture and clothing and tools and the
main function of the exhibitions is to educate people and show
C: Actually, I was wondering if I cou ld upgrade to a superior?
R: Let me have a look .. Yes, that's fine, we've got one superior cabin
what life was like in the town when the station was in operation.
available. Now, I just need to take you r credit card number. We
The main reason I like it is because it represents what life in the
won't charge you until you check out though.
town was like in the past ... and I think it's really important for us to
maintain links with our past
C: That's fine . It's a Visa card, number 4458 6974 double 231.
R: Let me read that back to you to check. It's 4458 6974 231.
2.2 C: No, it's double 2 31 at the end. Oh , and do you want th e expiry
N = Narrator R = Robert F = Filipo date?
N: You w ill hear two people ta lking abou t the ir wal ks. R: Yes, please.
R: I began my walk on the edge of the forest and wal ked past the C: It's October 2020.
cabin and along the river. After a while I saw the campsite on the R: Thank you. One last thing. Do you have any special requi rements?
other side. I noticed a picnic area next to the camps ite and decided C: I don' think so. Oh, actually, I don't eat meat.
to have lunch there , so I went back along the river to the bridge so R: OK, I'll make a note that you're a vegetarian and let the ki tchen
I could cross over. I could see the lake in the distance and it looked know Now, let me tell you a bit more about the camp. So, here's
so inviting, so I cha nged my plans and went straight there. I had a map so you can see where everyth ing is. I'll just ta lk you through
to go through the field to get to the lake. I thought the cows were it So, obviously we're here at the recept ion, and the reforestation
going to chase mel proj ect is su rrounded by the camp. Adjacent to us here we've got
F: I got out of my tent early this morning as I wanted to make the the main lodge. This is where all meals are served.
most of the day. I planned to go to the forest, so I walked past all C: Oh, what time is breakfast?
the picn ic benches to the bridge. I started to walk over the bridge, R: Between 7.00 and 9.00. Al l the meal times are written on the back
but then I saw the mountain and it looked like a really good walk. of the map. I should say that opposite reception is where the
So, I wa lked along the river an d climbed up the bottom part of emergency point can be found. From here j ust go up to the main
the mountain. It was a pretty hot day, so I thought about a swim circular path and you'l l see it.
afterwards. I managed to avoid the cows by walking around whe re C: That sounds confusing!
they were and took a dip in the lake.
202
Audio scripts I
R: Don't worry, it's signposted, so it's easy to find. Right, at the top 3.3
of the map you can see the main path It's this circular one. Ju st Jing Lee
beyond this, righ t at the top here, is Turtle Bay This is where ou r I think that it depends. I mean, fo r some people being surrounded by
turtle-watching trips take place. You'll see a small road oppos ite loving and supportive friends and family generates a sense of optimism
Turtle Bay. Half way down this road is a picnic area and at the end of about life. For others, it's more a case of ach ieving personal success
that road is our spa. such as having a fulfilling career or learning new skil ls. There are also
C: Oh, lovely. And how do I find my accommodation? those that feel more positive when they hear stories in the news about
R: Well, we're at reception now So, just go up until you reach the main inspiring events in the world.
circular path, turn right onto this path and follow it round. You' ll go Mario
past a large viewing point on your left. Just carry on and you'l l reach
For me it's more about self-awareness and small acts of kindness. For
the standard cabins. The superior cabins are located just after them.
example, it's true that people who are generous towards others often
It's not that far - only about five minutes to walk.
appear to be positive thinkers. I think we should encourage people to
C: OK. I'm really looking forward to using the poo l. Where can I find
connect with others more so they can improve their outlook.
that?
R: Easy, it's JUSt behind reception and it's open from eight in the Susanna
morning till eight in the even ing. That's an interesting question. As far as I'm concerned, people have a
C: Thanks. better outlook on life when they're engaged in doing things they really
enJoy If you have a hobby that you love, it'll make you fee l fantastic
2.5
when you do it Afterwards these positive feelings will spi ll over into
N = Narrator C = Carmen
other aspects of your life.
N: You will hear a student talking about an important place in their
country. Heidi
C: A place that is important in my country is the Sagrada Familia. It's a In my view, cu lture is often a really important factor. We can see that
famous church which is located in Barcelona in northern Spain. It's some nationalities tend to be more positive than others. Peopl e who live
really impress, impressive. The architectural style is from the famous in hot countries usually appear happier than those who live in colder
architect Gaudi , who built many interesting buildings in Barcelona, climates, especially during the winter months.
and this is one of the reasons why it's so important. Gaud i's style Mahmoud
of designing buildings was ... err ... unique and extremely, extremely Well, I firmly believe that it's different for each individual because there
modern . He is quite controversial - many people hate his style, are so many things that change in our lives. Because each person's life
whereas others think he is a ... a genius. Um, ... He used a lot of is unique, we wouldn't give exactly the same advice to everyone about
bright colours which are very impressive and , and so for the people how to im prove their outlook on life.
of Barcelona his bui ld ings are a strong part of our ... mmm ... of
our cu ltural heritage. It's taken many years to build the Sagrada
3.4
N = Narrator Dr G = Dr Gregson
Familia. This is something that people have strong feelings about
because many people think that it should be finished already. When N: You are going to listen to part o f a lecture on the health benefits
I was a child it was uncom ... incomplete and we cou ldn't see the of meditation. Listen and answer the questions.
church towers, but over the last decade they've been doing a lot of Dr G: Now, when we think of meditation, some of us may JUSt consider
construction work, so now th e towers are vis ... visible from different that it's a new-age or alternative concept, one which is focused
areas in the city ... I think it's one of the most impressive build ings in on re laxing and centering yourself. But in today's lecture we're
Spain and in my opinion I think that everyone must ... should vis it it going to explore meditation in a completely new light and focus
sometime. It's really stunn ing. It's very ta ll and when I walked up the on the wide range of health benefits meditation can provide.
towers to view the city for the first time it made me feel very proud Although there haven't been many large-scale trials focused on
of Barcelona and its history and its architecture. The views from the the effects of meditation in the scientific community, there have
top show you how amazing a lot o f the arch itecture in Barcelona is been many smaller studies which have shown some very positive
and how the city has changed over time. After visiting it I always feel results. The effects noted include not only psychological benefits,
happy that I live in such a great place. but physical ones too. There is even eviden ce to indicate that
meditation can boost our gene activity. So, let's review some of
these studies and their findings.
Firstly, research which was undertaken at the University of
Sheffield strongly suggests that meditation, in combination
with other techniques such as relaxation sessions, clearly has
3.1 an effect and that it helps improve problems such as skin
disorders. By skin disorders, I refer to eczema or acne. The
For me the main th ing that influences positive thinking is a person's
researchers combined data from over 900 participants in 22
attitude. People who are pessimistic are much less likely to demonstrate
positive thinking. A positive attitude ca n be personal or it can come studies and found that psychological treatment, wh ich included
meditation, helped reduce the physical symptoms of these
from specific things in life like work or family. It's all about how you
skin disorders. Also, it seems quite plausible that meditation
conceptual ise positivity and this is different for everyone. For some
can slow down the rate of aging. The University of California
people it involves being cheerful or grateful for aspects of their lives,
recently undertook a study which revealed that meditation has
whereas for others it's more connected to understanding what you
the capacity to lengthen telomeres. These are basically a key
find in spiring. I find spending time with my children therapeutic - their
part of our DNA which natu rally sho rten and in effect, drive
positive approach to life really makes a difference to my outlook.
the aging process o f our bodies. The study itself examined two
3.2 groups, a control group and another one whose members
attended a three-month meditation course. Their findings clearly
E = Examiner A= Anya demonstrated that the group who had been doing meditation
E: Why is positive thinking important in our daily lives? had strengthened telomeres .
A: Well, I think we have to think positive ly to maintain a healthy 3.5
outlook on life. If we're always pessimistic about life, we'l l probably
N = Narrator Dr G =Gr Gregson
achieve less. For instance, people who don't think positively don't
N: You are going to listen to the second part of a lecture on the
learn as much. Thi s is because they're afraid of fai ling, so they don't
health benefits of meditation. Listen and answer the questions.
try to learn new things
Dr G: So, the benefits of simply med itating could be much more
2
extensive than initially cons ide red by much of the medical
E = Examiner K = Keigo
community. Th ese health benefits need to be studied in larger
E: Why is positive thinking important in our daily lives? numbers before anything conclusive can be claimed such as that
K: In my opinion, positive thinking helps us to make progress in meditation can maintain our youth and heal our skin. However,
everything we do and be happy more often. I think that when we're there are also what I would call the 'knock-on effects' of
positive, it helps us to learn more and improve our lives. For me meditation. This is where meditation has more incidental effects
being positive is really important and I think everyone shou ld be on our health. Studies show that people who start meditating are
more positive.
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often more pred isposed to giving up smoking, if of course they Secondly, I'd like to briefly discuss herbal medicines. As you might
smoke in the first place. Th is knock-o n effect is of great interest know, a great number of sc ientific drugs are derived from or use natural
in terms of improving overall public health in population s. In ingredients. For example, in Anc ient Greece Hippocrates developed a
add ition to this, and possibly in spired by the practice, many treatment for headaches incorporating a particular tree bark that was
frequent med itators also start to ch ange their relationship eventually used in the development of aspirin, now a popular pa inkiller.
with food and begin eating more heal thily. Now, both of these Medicine with natural ingredients can be ingested in many forms,
activities have defini te health benefits. These kinds of changes such as in teas or treatments which are rubbed onto the skin. Fish oil s
in lifestyl e undoubtedly come from the fact that meditation are one such form of medication. These oils are believed to enhance
improves our psychological health , and this is the area where concentration so much so that many parents give them to their ch ildren
there is the most research. in order to try and help them perform better at school. In the UK this
Psychologically, meditation can cause a person to become was even recommended by the government! Such oils can also help
more energetic , more alert , happier and less stressed. Now, to protect the heart, which I'm sure you'll agree is invaluable. However,
stress and meditation is one area where many studies have it might be that a change in diet to just simply eating more oily fish
been undertaken. There is actually quite clear evidence that an could be JUSt as effective as taking fish oil supplements. Other traditional
individual can see quite a marked change in their ability to deal herbal cures like ginger or rosemary have also been used for centuries ...
with stressful situations with just 10 minutes a day of meditation.
However, although it is undeniable that meditation is good for
3.7
us, we shouldn't bel ieve that it is a comprehensive cure. While
meditation can be beneficial, it cannot and shouldn't be used E = Examiner F = Fatima
in the place of medical intervention when mental or physical E: Do you think that the government shou ld control what people do
problems are marked within an individual. In fact , this might in terms of their own health?
be considered the point where meditation might actually be F: Well, I'm not sure. I think the government should stop the smokers.
harmful if it prevents an individual from seeking more traditional Maybe they can JUSt smoke in a place for smokers only. Not
help Perhaps meditation should be thought of as a compliment smoking in the street , or near children. o r near the public. I also
rather than an answer. There are some newer studies which think maybe alcohol shouldn't be drunk in the street. Perhaps the
suggest that th is may be .. government could introduce a law against th is too. Th ey should
also try to limit how much people drink and say 'you can on ly
3.6
drink three drinks a day' But I th in k people should choose how
Hello. everyone. Please take your seats. So, today, in this introductory much they exercise or what they eat though. But some people are
lecture, I'm going to give you an overview of different kinds of medical unhealthy It's fine. But it's not OK to make other people unhealthy
treatments, and how these are perceived here in the UK . Firstly, it's for this.
quite important for us to defin e some key terms at the start as some 2
definitions have multiple meanings. The idea of 'traditional' medicine, for
E = Examiner G = Gao
example. cou ld refer to med icine which has a strong scientific base and
E: Do you think that the government should control what people do
has passed a seri es of vigorous trials to check safety and effectiveness.
in terms of their own health?
alternatively it could refer to medicines which are created through
G: In some respects. yes. The government ... I thi nk ... has a duty to
mixing herbs or which use re laxation techniques. So the term can be
protect wider society So, any activity which harms other people
quite unclear. For the purpose of this lecture, however, we'll not use
should have restrictio ns. Take for exam ple the issue of smoking. Th is
the word 'traditional', but will refer to medicine that has developed as a
habit can pose a real threat to those around the smoker, you know,
result of scientific research in the West as 'scientific' medicine ... such as
the passive smokers. So th is needs to be restricted and in many
antibiotics or vacci nes. We'll use the term 'al ternative' medicine to apply
countries I think it is. But there are other activities which are perhaps
to natural-based remedies, such as herbs or acupuncture.
a thornie r issue. Obesity can be a real problem in some soc ieties,
So, let's explore scientific medicine ... there are many who argue that yet this does not harm anyone else. So, in my view. you have to let
science has been used in the field of medicine since the middle people get on with it and not interfere. I don't think there are any
ages, but I wou ld consider pinpointing the start at j ust over 250 years quick fixes for these kind of problems anyway. I mean, even if we
ago, with scientists such as Louis Pasteu r and Edward Jenner and the were to rai se taxes on unhealthy food, I don't think th is wou ld stop
invention of treatments such as vaccines and antibiotics. people from eating it.
These treatments remain popu lar today and we'll examine these
scientific developments in more detail during the second half of today's
lecture. It might surprise you to learn that scientific medicine isn't the
most popular form of medicine. You may be under the impression that Module 4
the support for alternative medicine is low ... maybe you would estimate
it at pe rhaps less than 20 percent? Well, this would be incorrect. 4.1
Actually, it has been estimated that over 50 percent of people in the N = Narrator S = Sim o n
Western world sti ll favour alternative methods of treatment while in N: Listen to the talk about upcycling wor shops and answer the
the East. what we might consider to be alternative medici nes are in fact questions.
commonplace and widely used. Add itionally, these forms of medicin es S: Welcome everyone to our commun ity upcycling proj ec , which
are growing in popularity in t e W est and in fact , have a far longer is going to start next month. First of all, I'll go over he workshops.
history than scienti 1c medicine. However, here is an argument ... and then some of the requ irements and finally. sign-up procedures.
I th ink th is generally com es from the scientific community in the West So, basically this proJect aims to equip local residents w ith the
... t at r1 ch of his in o rea ment is deemed as in effective when fundamentals of upcycl ing skills. Upcycling is he process of
dealing with many illn esses. So, let's explore the truth of this assertion. revitalising old objects to give them a new lease of life or to
Firstly, acupuncture . th e practice of inserting fine needles into specific repurpose them rather than sending hem o landfill. Be aware
locations in the body ... has been popular for centuri es in Asia and is that it's not the same as recycling, which is an industrial process.
becoming increasingly used in Western coun tries ... the list of ailments Upcycling is about repurposing obj ec s by doing it yourself. Here's
it's used to reat is extensive. However. support of the effectiveness of a slide listing all the workshops. As you can see the firs one is
acupuncture va ries. Much Western research questions the benefits about remodelling chairs and tab les and so on. In our view i 's
of acupunctu re when used to help someone, for example, give up going to be extremely well attended , if not oversubscribed . wh ich
smoking or gain allergy relief. However, there does seem to be some is why we decided to offer th is weekly on Mondays. People are
evidence that it can help to relieve back pain ... a 2009 study by the under the illusion that furniture restoration is a sk ill reserved for
Nation al Institute of Clinical Excellence in the UK showed that there experts. whereas it's actually fairly straightforward. You'll learn some
were improvements here ... especially regarding pain in the lower back techniques for the upkeep and maintenance of wood and metal, as
or lumbar region. There is also evidence which demonstrates that well as fabric repair.
acupuncture can reduce headaches. both in their number and severity. Now, the next one wi ll demonstrate how to fashi on usefu l
in some cases. However, th is eviden ce is constantly questioned in the household items from leftover rubbish that's lying around, like
West and there are very much two schools of thought; that acupu ncture packaging. This class takes place on Tuesdays from two o'clock in
works and that acupuncture doesn't work. the afternoon until six , but on ly at the beginning and end of the
month ... in other words, the first and last Tuesdays. It'l l focus on
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Audio scripts I
techniques for using craft tools, and methods for jo in ing materials reti re. Leaving dos are very common nowadays and usually involve
with glue and screws and so on. OK , the next workshop is highly a party and a gift which other employees contribute money to.
likely to attract fashionistas more than anyone else. It'll concentrate Thi s may be everyone in a small company, or in a larger com pany,
on bringing new life to tired old garments in your ward robe, you people who work in the sa me department, bu t remembe r that
know, th e things you should have thrown ou t years ago, bu t can't people don't have to give a lot of money. These gifts are usually
bear to part with. Thi s workshop is going to be on Tuesd ay and given on the employee's fi nal day at the company and the party
Thursday mornings, but on ly once a month. We're thinking of is often held at a restaurant. This process is qu ite similar to the
introducing more of these, but it wi ll depend on the uptake as some other type of leaving gift, that wh ich marks a person's reti rement.
previous sewing experience is needed to successfully participate. However, a retiremen t gift is li ke ly to be more expensive, especially
Lastly, we're offering something for those looking to make unique if the employee has put in many years of service to the company
gi fts for the ir loved ones, li ke trinket or Jewellery boxes, or wall Som etim es there is a speech from th e head of the com pany or a
hangings. It'll be o n Friday mornings and wi ll teach you basic senio r manager too. Th is is to mark the significance of the event
carving techniq ues along with suggestions fo r embel lishments or and ensure that the person has been thanked fo r the ir work
ornamentation. appropriately Wel l. I think th at's about all I have to say
Right, so now let's talk about the registration process and key 4.4
points, startin g with 'How to reuse your furn iture and make styl ish E = Examiner J = Jean Paul
pieces.' Now, as I said, this course isn't nearly as compl icated as it E: Do you thin k people try to acquire too many new possessions these
sounds. Wh ile we do accept people who have done th is before, it's days?
not necessary fo r you to have any speciali st knowledge of making J: Yes, I thin k so. I mean, you always hear of different sal es and people
furniture. However, one thing to note is that you'l l be wo rking on buying all sorts of things both on line and in the shops. Someti mes
your own chairs or tables or w hatever it is you bring, so you must
on the news you can see pictures of people rac in g and fightin g to
be able to get them here using your own transport. Thi s class will
get hold of the latest deals. And there's always some new gadget
obviously be using chemical substances so it's importan t that you
coming out which everyone must have. I don't th ink it's a very
state on the application form if you have any allergies to pai nt
good situatio n. For example, if people don't have a lot of money,
or someth ing that you think we should be aware of. As you can
seeing people buying lots of things is probably real ly depressing. It
imagine, given the nature of the chemicals and techn iques you'll
wou ld be much better for everyone if people j ust bought what th ey
be work ing with , we need to make su re you're safe during this class ,
needed, instead of being driven by the latest trends.
so we insist that you bring something appropriate to change into.
It's vital that you wear protective cloth ing made from heavy-du ty E = Examiner N = Nisha
material to cover your arms and legs in order to protect them agai nst E: Do you thi nk people try to acquire too many new possessions these
spillages. OK, now, I want to talk about the next course. days?
4.2 N: Yes, I think so. I mean, you always hear of different sales an d people
buying al l sorts of things both online and in the shops. Sometimes
N = Narrat or I = Interviewer B = Belinda
on the news you can see pictures of people racing and fighting to
N: You are going to listen to an interview about buyin g presents for get hold of the latest deals. And there's always some new gadget
people at wo rk. Listen and answer the questions. com ing out w hich everyone must have. I don't think it's a very
I: So, Belinda, thank you for coming on today's show to talk to us good situ atio n. For example, if people don't have a lot of money,
about the thorny issue of buyi ng gifts for people that we work with seeing people buying lots of things is probably real ly depressing. It
here in the USA.
wou ld be much better for everyone if people just bought what they
B: Th ank you. Well. let's go through some of the issues and possible needed, instead of being driven by the latest trends.
solutions. Firstly, it's vital not to spend too much. Workp laces
are often hierarchical, in other words there are managers and
subordinates. Purchasing high-value gifts may sound li ke a good
idea to impress someone and this may happen. On th e other han d,
it can also disturb the power balance in a work situation. Since
Module 5
you don't want to cause offence, it's worth thin king about the price 5.1
of the gift. This means it's better to think about a more modest
S = Scott C = Charl otte
gift, which reflects the rel ationship between you and th e receiver.
There's nothing w rong w ith paying a reasonable amou nt of money 1
since this demonstrates th at you've put some thought into the gift. C: These LED slippers are a great ideal I think they'll make things easier
Anothe r thing to focus on is the style of gift. Instead of focusing for us. No need to turn the lights on anymore I
on what you think the tastes of the person might be, opt for S: I think you've got a point there. People can get up in the night
something which is classic. Although there is a common belief that without bu mpin g in to things or totally wa king themselves up. You
personalisation is better, this is often untrue. A classic gift avoids any know, sometimes you can turn on the main lights and it's so bright
offence, whereas something out of the ordinary can be co nsidered you j ust can't get back to sleep again .
inappropriate. Remember though, it's important not to go too far
2
the other way. A gift that is too traditional may be interpreted as S: These picnic pants are a terrible invention. Can you imagine people
if the buyer was JUSt going through the motions as well as bein g wandering around th e park and trying to eat with them? Once they
thought of as unoriginal. put thei r food down they won't be able to movel
Another point that I'd like to talk about is the gifts that mark the C: Oooh, I hadn't thought of that. I see what you mean. It could
stages of employment and what usually happens in a typical actually be dangerous if you were eating something hot.
workplace here in the USA. Now in some cu ltu res, new employees 5.2
are given a gift when they Join a company. Th is is not tru e for B = Ben D = Debbi e P = Phillip
everywhere and usually it is more of a token of acceptance than B: I'm so glad we're nearly done on this project. It's been so hard I
a meaningful gift, however, it does have some symbol ic value D: I know what you mean, Ben. But we're halfway there now I think
rather than monetary value. More common though are gifts which we've got a really great idea. We should be pleased with ou rselves.
function as a way of mark ing out periods of tim e, so peopl e may What do you th in k, Phillip?
receive so mething after ten or twenty years' se rvi ce. A longer tim e P: Wel l, I think what we're doing now is much better than our first idea.
period is usually reflected by a higher-value gift, so it's im portant to That was absolutely terrib le!
bear that in mind if you have to source such a gift. These gifts are B: Oooh, it wasn't that bad!
designed essentially to reward employees for their loyalty and hard D: Well, that doesn't matter now we've got this design for a body
work over long periods of time and show how much the company umbrellal This is such a good idea. Normal umbrel las never keep
thinks high ly of them. They also have an add itional ro le in te rms of people totally dry I
motivating other staff members by acting as an incentive to remain B: I completely agree.
working in the organisation for longer. Lastly, I want to mention D: And I th ink we've made it look really futuristic too. Don't you th ink
those gifts that we give people who are leaving a com pany. This can so, Ben ?
either happen when someone changes job volu ntarily or when they
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I Audio scripts
B: Well , I'm not sure about that. I think so me of it is a bit too Dr K: I'm inclined to agree with Brad here. Now, how are you going to
complicated. If a factory wanted to make a batch of them, it would develop these plans?
be pretty expensivel B: Well, we need to consider w hat kinds of clie ntele the hotel is
P: I think the design is actually the best thing about it! But still, I'm going to attract This will probably lead us o nto the issue of the
pretty glad we don't have to build a prototype to show peoplel hotel style - you kn ow, boutique, classic, tradi tional, modern.
D: W hat do you mean , Ph illi p? We dol Look , it's in the instructions. S: Actually, Dr Kaye, do you think that approach m ight be a bit too
P: Oh nol We're bou nd to fail now We'll never get it finished in time I focused on face- value issues? In my vi ew, we should focus more
D: Of course we wi ll , Ph illi pi There are no classes next week so we've on the experience and sustainabi lity rather than attracting a
got time. certain type of customer.
P: Oh yes, you've got a point there. Maybe we'll do OK. Dr K: I thoroughly agree w ith that as an approach as it'll definitely offer
D: O K?I I th ink we're going to do really well. It's a great invention aher a different perspective to oth er stu dents. Now, can you talk me
all. through the diagram you have here? ___OK, so let's start by your
B: I'm glad you're feeling confident. I'm not so sure myself Maybe it'll telling me what the different parts of the floating hotel are and
be more impressive once it's been made. explaining how certa in compon ents work.
5.3 B: Well, you told us in last w eek's lecture how it would be more
N = Narrator M = Mick challenging to have a range of different accommodation
N: You are going to listen to a description of a spaceship. Listen and because this would test our design skills more thoroughly.
Dr K: That's great, Brad. I'm glad you took my suggestion on board.
answer questions one to four.
M: The Spaceship Two is qui te an incredible feat of engineering. Now, can we work our way round the hotel from the leh?
B: OK. Well, over here there are two pools. One is a swimming
Designed to transport up to six passengers and two pilots, the
pool and the other is to be used as an aquarium . There'll be a
aim is for it to become one of the world's first commercial space
range of mari ne wild life for people to observe.
travel vehicles. The Spaceship Two is designed with practicality and
Dr K: I see. And the accommodation here all consists of chalets?
comfort in mind. The pivoting w ings on each side of the ship are
S: Yes, it does. The hotel works by placing differen t types of
used to guide the sh ip back into the atmosphere at many angles,
accommodation in zones. The chalets are aimed at fam il ies on
keeping the flight as smooth as possible. There's also a thermal layer
a tighter budget and the pools are near them, whereas, over
that protects the ship from the heat of re-entry, which is a scorching
here, above the standard accommodation, is where the luxury
1,650 degrees Centigrade! The devices that control the roll of the
accommodation w il l be situated. In this zone the re are also a
sh ip are the thrusters, and there's one of these on each wing tip.
series of multifunctional spaces.
These thrusters work by keeping the ship from overly rotating on its
B: One of them is here - the sun terrace, wh ich can be used by
axis, and thu s help the ship maintain a steady trajectory. Lastly, one
ou r guests in many different ways, such as sunbath ing or simply
of the most impressive elements of the design is the engine. The
enj oying the view
engine of the Spaceship Two consists of a hybrid rocket, which uses
Dr K: That's a good use of space. And this area on the right of the main
both solid and liquid fuel, to power the ship forwards .
building ___ it looks like there's anoth er zone, is that right?
5.4 B: Yes. This zone is more about entertainment. The central area
N = Narrator S = Susie B = Brad Dr K = Dr Kaye is what we've called the event plaza, which is used for shows
N: You are going to listen to two students discussing their project and performances. In our Business module, Professor Harris
with a tutor. Listen and answer questions one to ten. highlighted the importance of interactive features of modern
S: Hi, Brad; Hi, Dr Kaye. architecture so we wanted to have an integral performance
B: Hi, Susie. space rather than the typica l hotel dance hall.
Dr K: OK, now you're both here let's get started. Can you start by S: And we found a study which claimed that a large number
telling me about your initial decisions regarding your design of people like their accommodation to be near to any
proJ ect __ _What are you going to focus on? entertainment so we decided to situate the cottages here.
B: Well, we were going to design a floating hotel, but Dr Walters Dr K: I like the way you 've balanced the design w ith some of the
told us that it would be too difficult to calculate the costs of th e bu siness aspects in this in itial plan. OK, so now let's talk about ..
building materials. She warned us not to take on something
wh ich is overly comp licated otherwise we might not be able to 5.5
meet the deadline. The thing is though, we really wanted to do it I don't know whether it'll be possible in my lifetime, but one of the
because it's someth ing that we've been really fascinated by, and places where I've always wanted to live is the Moon! I imagine you
we'd done some of the designs already
weren't expecting me to say that ! Obvi ously, there would be many
Dr K: Oh yes? And what do you think about abandoning this idea, fundamental lifestyle differences compared to living on Earth ___ I mean,
Susie?
if I lived on the Moon, I'd no doubt need to get used to living indoors
S: I wanted to do it too , but I suppose we should probably do because of the lack of breathable air in the atmosphere outside,
what Dr Walters says. We haven't studied building materials in and th is would very likely have a maJor impact on the way in which
that much depth yet I suppose, so maybe it's wiser to stick to people, including myself, managed the ir communal living spaces. I
something that we can calculate. imagine people livi ng in such an environment would have to co-
Dr K: Wel l, I th ink you 'll be able to do it. You could make a operate far more to ensure their survival and we'd probably have to
hypothetical model without costings but with types of material s take responsibility for doing everything ourselves ... you know, from
that could be used ... then give your presentation on this and producing energy to growin g our own food, although I'm not sure
ask other studen ts what they think . It would be a real ly good how we'd do that. I'm ashamed to say I'd probably m iss TV, but you
opportunity to get feedback and also improve your critical never know, in the not-so-distant future, it could become possible to
thinking. watch shows in space as well as live there. You might thin k that my
S: I hadn't thought about that I was just looking at it from the poi nt choice sounds quite strange but the world is becoming more and more
of view of financial practicality instead of physical design. Do overcrowded so as a species, we may need to look elsewhere for viable
you think we should go back to our original idea, Brad? living options in the fu ture. And imagine being part of the group that
B: One hundred pe rcent l Dr Kaye is righ t - It would be amazing first starts that civilisatio n and makes it a thriving community. It would be
presenting Just our practical thoughts without having to worry absolutely amazing! Obviously, I've not heard much from other people
about the costs. I think that would make a great presentation , about what the Moon is actual ly like and the realities involved in terms
because it would allow us to be a lot more imaginative in our of adapting to living there ___ it's on ly been visi ted by a very smal l number
presentation and design. of people ... but the astronau ts have en thused abou t how magical it is
Dr: Think about it anyway. It seems a good way forwards. Now, sh ow to be on the Moon looking back down to Earth. I don't know how I'd
me these initial drawings you mentioned. Mmm, interesting. handle living in such a place but I would definitely like to try it if there's
What do you thin k of th is first attempt? ever the possibility to. It'd definitely be much more exciting than just
S: Well, I like the design, but I'm not sure the scale is at all accurate. changing towns or cities - swapping one crowded street for another!
B: You've got a poin t there Susie, but we can always revisit that
later. I think the concept and the design are crystal clear and
real ly innovative.
206
Audio scripts
w hereas super recognisers can do this an amazing 80 percent of

I
the time, sometimes even up to 95 percen t. This is a significant
difference and one which the police are using to thei r advantage.
6.1 Nowadays the police are using these people to help them so lve
crimes. The reason these super recognisers are so usefu l is because
E = Exam iner B = Babara
they can identify faces of people in distorted or blurred CCTV
E: How safe do you think people feel about using webs ites?
foo tage or photographs. Identifying crim inals using 'normal' police
B: I think people generally feel pretty safe. I th ink th is because, well ..
officers is time consuming and expensive, as is the development
most people I know have a good idea o f w hich sites they shou ld use
of so phisti cated techno logy to do th is. Therefo re, employi ng these
and w hich are pe rh aps JUSt trying to get your data ... you know, more
super recognisers can have a significant im pact on t he different
dubious websites. I think these kinds of sites are quite obvious. I know
types of methods to fight crime w hich are available to the police.
that some people say that there are perhaps more vu lnerable groups
in society who might not know the difference between these kinds 6.9
of websi tes and the safer ones bu t I th ink these people are in the N = Narrator S = Sam
minority. In general, I th ink these days the maj ority of people have a N: Now listen and answer questions one to ten.
good idea of what they're doing when they're using the internet. S: So, let's look at super recognisers in more detail and explore the
6.5 ways in which these people work with law enforcement agencies.
Firstly, it's important to note that on ly a very small percentage
N = N arrator L = Lecturer
of the popu lation are super recognisers - about 1 or 2 percent.
N: You are going to listen to a lecture on crime prevention . Listen and
Although sc ience currently doesn't know much about why some
answer questions one to two.
people are super recogn isers, it's believed to be an in nate quali ty.
L: Crime prevention is now a far more important part of the study
That's to say people are born w ith t his ski ll and it cann ot be taught.
of criminal ity virtually all over the world. Although most people
The re is also some evidence which suggests t hat it tend s to appear
are somewhat unsu re of the effectiveness of resea rch ing and
in people who are in their twenties or th irt ies. So fa r there haven't
implementing crime-prevention methods, the re is growing evidence
been any teenagers discovered with this ability. Th e other point
to suggest that more attention shou ld be pa id to this than the
to make here, w hich is particularly fascinating, is the cross- race
traditional fo rms of punishmen t focused on in the past. One of the
effect. This is a specific and strangely inexplicable limitation of the
main reasons for this is the development of psychology and medical
skill. What it means is that super recogn isers are not very good at
technology. The advances in these two areas have allowed us to
recognising people from another race. This can be crucial in terms
study the brain more comprehensively and, as a result, people's
of recru itmen t for law enforcement agencies who should focus on
behaviour in far more depth than we ever imagined possible 50
recruiting super recogn isers from the same ethnic groups as the
years ago. As such we are now much more interested in how
people who live in certain areas.
to prevent people from becom ing criminals than seeking more
Research has been conducted into super recognition at Harvard
effective ways to punish them .
University in the USA and at the University of Greenwich in the UK.
6.6 A team of psychologists from the University of Greenwich tested
N = Narrato r L = Lecturer some police officers from the London Metropolitan pol ice force who
N : Listen to the next part of the lecture on crime prevention and seemed to be exceptionally good at recogn ising people in CCTV
complete the sentences. Write no more than two wo rds. footage to determine if they had super-recognition abilities. The resu lts
L: In addition, criminologists have become interested in an approach showed that some of these officers did indeed possess this remarkable
to crime prevention which is called situational crime prevention. ability. It should be noted here that the researchers at Greenwich were
This unusual and modern approach focuses on ways in which the using methods consistent with those used at Harvard.
oppo rtunities fo r crime to take place can be reduced . So, how does The thing that was also in teresting about the research was that it
this work in practi ce? We ll, it aims to understand more about the high lighted that super recogn isers are excellen t at knowing when
circumstances which allow specific crimes to occur - you know, they have not seen a face. This is important because it means that
things such as fragmented communities or poor street lighting, these people are far less likely to provide the police wi th false leads.
then it attempts to explore measu res which w ill have an effect by In the process of identifying potential crimi nals t his is extremely
changing enviro nments so that t he crimes do not occu r. Th is is useful to the pol ice because it can save precious ti me, mo ney
actually a rea ll y interesting way of tack ling this kin d of problem . and manpower. In fact some senior pol ice officers believe that it'll
The goal is to make committing a crime less appealing to people in become as important as finger printing or DNA in the near future.
order to reduce the instances of crimes happening in the first place. Despite the importance of these super recognisers in crime fighting,
computers are also playing their part. Facial-recognition sohware is
6.7
co nstantly evolving and becoming better and better. However, right
N = Narrator L = Lecturer now humans still outperform the machines in this area. In principle,
N: Listen to the last part of the lecture and comp lete the test task. it should be relatively easy for computers to identify humans in
L: The way in which th is is done is by using the theory of rational video footage. We know that computers are fundamentally better at
choice. Everyone has to make choices all the time and we use processing vast numbers of images. But the issue here is that much of
information around us to feed into how we make these choices. the footage from security cameras and photographs is of low quality,
The theory is about how human beings assess a situation logically meaning the machines are unable to fix on matches in the same
and then make a decision on how to act. It appl ies to all forms of way as humans can. So, why is this? Well , mostly it's to do with what
social behaviour and that, of course, includes crim in al behaviour. is needed for facial -recognition sohware to work. Computers need
As a resu lt, it means criminologists can start to better understand reference poi nts based on light, position and the facial expression
how to demotivate people from committ ing crimes. Let me explain of the person in the image. This is JUSt for photographs. In video it is
this fu rther. Criminals will evaluate the likelihood of being caught much more challenging for the computer because of the movement
when weighing up the decision to comm it a crime in any given of the image and therefore the reference points are constantly
situation. An example of how this works in practice is automati c changing. It is phenomenally difficult to develop algorithms which
traffic systems such as speed cameras or cameras installed at road can cope w ith these requirements. And of course there's the fact that
Junctions. Research has shown that these systems wo rk really well in it's almost impossible to programme computers to do something
reducing speed ing and running red light offences because people we don't comprehend ourselves. What I mean is that we don't really
know that the chance of being caught is extremely high. understand how humans recognise faces so we have a long way
6.8 to go before we can programme machines to do this. One reason
N = N arrator S = Sam beh ind this is that computers approach the task systematically. They
N : You are going to listen to a lecture on super recognise rs. Listen and use a series of steps to analyse the pixels which make up the facial
answer quest ions o ne to two. image. Conversely, people recogn ise faces holistically, by this I mean,
S: Modern policing methods have changed conside rably in recent by look ing at the whole face, rather than by analysing its parts. In
years. One of these changes is the use of super recognisers to help the futu re though it's highly likely that computers will become more
so lve crimes. Super recognisers are people who can recognise faces adept at doing this. More sophisticated cameras, for example, will
more easily and reliably than other people. Acco rding to resea rch produce better quality images and we'll also get better at training our
do ne in a variety of studies, most of us can recall the features of computers to perform more like super recognisers.
the faces o f people we see approximately 20 percent of the time,
207
I 6.10
Audio scripts
J: Well. this is for enquiries about membership, general information

E = Exa miner R = Ricky about what we do and who we are, meetings and com peti tions.
K: Oh, right. Well, I already know when and where the club meets. I do
E: Do you think using drones is a positive step in pol icing?
have an enquiry about the best footwear for climbi ng fo r people new
R: Hmm ... that's an in teresting question ... I'm not ... sure. A drone can
to the sport, but the main reason for contacting you is that I'd like to
be a good beneficial th ing because it can catch criminals easier, the
know if I can join your club even though I've never climbed before.
police too ... If there are not enough policemen and women, then
they can be substituted by drones. This means they don't have to
J: OK. Let me tell you a bit more about the club.
1
worry about having an officer ready. But we must think o f keeping
police Jobs. If the police use drones, will they still need officers? If
J: Right. so we try to meet up twice a week , once on Wednesday
evenings at about 7.15 and then again on Saturday mornings. We
there are no Jobs for officers, then this will be a problem ... hmm ..
used to meet at 8.15 but some people complained that that was a
Maybe ... Drones can ... As ... assist officers but there is a law that they
bit early so we changed it to a bit later. We like to start the climbing
cannot ... take ... re ... place ... real humans.
sessions at 9.00 on the dot so we ask people to get there at 8.50.
6. 11 That means that everyone's there by the time we start.
E = Examiner R = Ricky K: I see. It so unds like you're very organ ised.
E: Do you think the use of drones is a positive step in policing? 2
R: Hmm ... I'm not completely sure .... My initial thought is that a drone K: Can I ask about training? Because I don't have any experience, does
can be a useful too l for police ... for example, it could lead to catching the club offer any kind of coach ing o help me improve?
criminals more easily. As well as that it could assist with police J: That's a good question. We don't allow our members to explicitly
numbers too, by that I mean if there are not enough policemen and teach each other because it could be dangerous, although you can
women , then they could substitute officers with drones. This means watch and learn from other more experienced people. The girl that
they wouldn't have to worry about having an officer ready ... But, on founded the club is amazing, so it's well worth watch ing her at our
the other hand, we must think of keeping police jobs. If the police practice sessions. What your membership does offer you though is
use drones, will they still need law-enforcement personnel out in the a reduct ion on t he climbing course at the community active centre.
streets? If there are no jobs for policemen and women then this will They've got tonnes of sports courses and we've got an agreement
be a problem. Hmm ... Maybe the answer is to have some rules about with them fo r our members.
drone use ... For example, that drones can assist officers but they K: Oh, that sounds perfect! I think I'd like to sign up and become a
cannot take the place ... and the ... j obs of real humans. member.
3
J: Alright. Now, I need to get your details. Can you give me your full name?
K: It's Karen Whittake r.
Module 7 J: Thanks. And what's your mobi le number?
K: It's 07865 322 475.
7.1 J: Great. So, we have three meeting points. There's the wa ll in th e ci ty
1: I live in relatively sma ll city in centre of China. Actually, it's same city park, the bridge by the river and the large car park at the back of the
where I was born and grew up. station. Which are the most convenient fo r you?
2: I'm from GuadalaJara Is a fasc in ating place I think and has a great K: Um, the first two are quite near where I live.
range of architecture. J: OK. And finally, the cost of membership for you will be £65 per
3: I think that if I would move city, I would choose to live in Stuttgart year. Oh, wait a minute, we actually have a special offer this month.
because it's conven iently located. If you sign up now, it'll cost £55.
4: I've always dreamt of living in a big city. I'd put my time going to the K: O K. Oh, by the way, I'm a student. Does that make any difference?
galleries and shops ! J: Oh yes. In that case the fees are even lower than £55. The student
5: Abu Dhabi 's a fantastic place to live, but sometimes in the summer rate is £45.
the heat's overpowered. K: That's a bargain.
7.2 7.4
N = Narrator A= Anna E = Edward
E = Exa miner P = Peter N: You are going to hear a conversation between a customer and a
E: Where are you from? cyc ling company. Listen and answer the questions.
P: I'm from Moscow ci ty in Russia. A: Hello, City Cycling Group, Anna speaking. How may I help you today?
E: What's it li ke? E: Oh, yes, hello. I'm cal ling becau se I'd like to become a member of
P: Wel l, it's a big city. Th ere's a lot to see. I can give you lots of advices the cycl ing group.
about w hat you can see. If you go ever, you must vis it the Red A: Of course. First o f all. I'll take down your personal details and then
Square. I th ink it's the most famous sight in Russ ia. You can also I'll answer any questions you may have.
make a lot of shopping there. The products are really good. E: O K, great.
E: What's your favou rite th ing about Moscow? A: So, can I have yo ur name please?
P: Hmm ... It's difficult question because I like lots of th in gs about E: Yes, it's Ed.
the city. I th ink maybe my favourite thing is people. Th ey're all so A: Actually, I need to have your full name, Sir.
friendly and kindly. E: Sorry, of course . It's Edward Simmons.
2 A: Thank you. And where do you live? Aga in , I need to have your full
E = Examiner P = Peter address includi ng postcode.
E: Right. It's nu mber 57, sorry, number 47, Lexington Road , London,
E: Where are you from?
P: I'm from Moscow in Russia. SW23 4GJ
E: What's it like? A: Can you spel l the street name for me?
E: It's L-E-X-I-N-G-T-O-N .
P: Well, it's a big city. There's a lot to see. I can give you lots of advice
A: Thank you. I'm also requi red to take a co ntact telephone number
about what you can see. If you ever go, you must visit Red Square.
I think it's the most famo us sight in Russia. You can also do a lot of for you, Sir.
E: I see, yes . Um ... my mobi le number is 07865 943262.
shopping the re. The prod ucts are really good.
A: Let me JUSt check that. It's 07865 943263.
E: What's you r favourite t hing about Moscow?
E: Actually, the last digit is a 2 not a 3.
P: Hmm ... It's a difficu lt question because I like lots of things about the
A: Oh, so rry about that. Lastly, what's your ema il add ress so we ca n
city. I think maybe my favourite thi ng is the people. They're all so
add you to our mail ing li st?
friendly and kind.
E: It's ed dot simmon s at my mail dot com.
7.3 A: Thank you. Just one more thing, Mr Simmons. Cou ld you te ll me
J = James K = Karen your level o f riding expe ri ence? Would you say you were a begin ner,
J: Good morning, how can I help you? intermediate o r experienced cyclist?
K: Hello. Um, I hope so. I'm not sure if this is the right number to call E: Let me think ... I've been cycl ing for as long as I can remember so I
about the cli mbing cl ub. think I'd categorise myself as experienced.
208
A: OK . Now, have you got any questions?
Audio scripts
being so uncomfortable on the Journey was really unacceptable,

I
E: Um , yes. Could you tel l me about the Sunday club? I read about it especially with the high price of the tickets nowadays.
on your website and though t I might like to Join A: Yes, I can understand your point.
A: Of course. Firstly, I should say there's an extra fee . It isn't expensive, S: In my opinion, there needs to be more organisation fro m the
just a couple of pounds for refreshments on the day. Um ... this group station staff to prevent this kind of problem The re weren't enough
is about enjoying the ride not challenging you rself wh ich means staff at the station to stop the people pushing to get on the train .
the routes are on flat roads. However, I'm not entirely sure that it It isn't very safe having that many people in the carriages and this
would be appropriate for you because the members are all retired. could be avoided if there were more staff.
I'd recommend the Saturday club more because it's main ly young A: I agree. So, because the train was over 30 minutes late, I think you're
professionals so you might have more in common with this group eligible for a refund for this Just let me get the correct form ... OK,
E: Yes, I see what you mean. In that case, can you sign me up for the so can you give me your full name?
Saturday group instead? S: It's Silvia Cann i ngs.
A: Of course, Sir. That's all done and we look forward to cycling with A: Can you spell your surname for me, please?
you soon. S: C-A double N-I-N-G -S
E: Great. me too. Bye. A: Thank you. And your mob ile number so we can contact you abou t
A: Goodbye and thanks for calling. the refund process if there are any problems.
7.6 S: It's 07865 322 475 .
A: So, Just to be clear that's 07865 322 474 .
A= Assistant C = Customer
S: No, the last number is five not four.
A: Hel lo, customer service, how can I help you? A: Thank you. And have you got an emai l address?
C: I'd like to complain about the quality of one of your international S: Yes, it's [email protected].
bus journeys. I travelled from London to Warsaw with your A: Can you tell me what service you trave lled on?
company last week. S: It was the 8.15 from London to Manchester. I travel led standard
A: OK , of course. What was the problem with the Journey? class in the quiet coach.
C: Well, the bus wasn't in very good cond ition. I thought that it was A: And when was your Journey?
going to break down because the doors were constant ly making a S: It was last Monday which was ... the ... er, 12th of March. Oh, sorry
strange noise, but that isn't really what I'm calling about. The thing I the ... 13th, yes the 13th.
want to discuss with you is the attitude of the driver. Throughout the A: Great. Now, I need to record the exact problem so can you confirm
Journey he didn't speak to the passengers in an acceptable manner. that the train was over 30 minutes late?
He actually shouted at people a couple of times and I think that is S: Yes, that's correct.
qui te rude . A: Now we can refund the full amount to you via the cred it card you
A: I'm sorry to hear about this, Madam. Could you tell me what time used to purchase the ticket or by bank transfer. Which would you
your bus departed London so we can work out who the driver was
prefer?
and follow up on this? S: Bank transfer, please. And can you ca ll me rather than emailing if
C: We left at 9.30 in the morning. I think the service number was you need to contact me for any reason?
LN304. A: Of course, I'll make a note of that. Now, how much did you pay for
A: Thank you. your ticket?
C: In my opinion, you should be more careful in your recru itment
S: I paid £87.95.
process as this kind of problem can really affect the quality of A: OK. I'll get that refund processed for you immediately.
passenger travel. When we final ly arrived in Warsaw, people didn't
S: Thank you for your help.
feel quite so stressed as they had during the Journey. Although they
didn't complain at the time, it was clear people were unhappy with 7.8
the experience. E = Examiner C = Candidate
A: It does sound like a bad experience. Is there anything else I can help E: Hello, what's your name?
you with? Can I offer you some compensation or would you like to C: Dieter Schmidt.
have a word with my boss? E: Where are you from?
C: No, thank you. Actually, that'd probably be a waste of time. I think C: I'm actually from Mu nich. It's a large city in the south of Germany.
it's best if I make a formal complaint about this. E: And now you're living here in Sydney?
A: Let me Just see if I can put you through to my boss ... Um, I'm afraid C: Yes, that's right. I go to a language school near George Street , JUSt a
the line's engaged at the moment , but we do have an incident stone's throw away from here.
report record so I'll write it up and pass it on. E: How did you get here today?
C: That would be great, thank you C: Wel l. although I study in the city centre, I live quite far out in the
7.7 suburbs. I live in Cronulla. I don't know if you know it, but it's in
the far south of Sydney. So, I have to get the train here. It would
N = Narrator A = Assistant S = Silvia
be impossible to walk it. and there's no buses to take you into the
N: You are going to listen to someone calling a train customer care
centre. Today, I took the 8.45 train and then walked from Central
line. Listen and answer the questions.
station. It's only about a 10-minute walk from here.
A: Good morning, UK Trains, how can I help you? E: How do you prefer to travel?
S: Um , I'm not sure if this is the right number to call.
C: Well. actually I prefer to walk . I'm a people watcher and I love being
A: Well, this number is for general enqu iries about ticket prices and
out amongst other people. Sometimes from the train or bus you
timetables, specific complaints about the service, updates to our
don't get to see much. I also really enJoy driving. If I had a car here,
service, scheduled maintenance works and lost property.
I think I'd see so much of the country, but I'm reliant on public
S: Well, I haven't lost anything, I know that! I do have an enquiry about
transport unfortunately Oh, and I really love flying. Just the whole
the recent changes to the London to Edinburgh timetable , but my
experience of it.
main reason for calling is to complain about the late runn ing of my
E: Is that you r favourite form of transport?
train last Monday I really feel that I should get a refund fo r my ticket
C: Yes, I think so. I think with flying the excitement of going to a far-
or at least some form of discount, especially given the high cost of
flung destination and the experience of knowing you're thousands
ticket prices these days.
of metres in the air. It's amazing. Although I don't particularly enJoy
A: Right. Well, can you te ll me what the problem was with the Journey? going through airports. It's just all queuingl
S: We ll. the delay was far longer than I consider acceptable. I got to
E: Would you say that you're a well-travelled person?
the station JUSt before 8.15 - that shou ld have been when my train
C: Yes, I th ink so. I mean, I'm only 20 and I've visited quite a few
got into the station, but it was over half an hour late. It didn't leave
countries. I think I've been to about a dozen countries. Of course,
until 8.50. At one point I thought I'd have to wait for the 9.15 tra in.
I've seen a lot of Germany and Europe in general but I've also been
A: Mmm, I see what you mean. That isn't very good . I'd like to
to the USA. Australia and Thailand. I would say that's quite a few
apologise on behalf of UK Trains.
places. I like backpacking and my parents were always fine with me
S: And on top of that, more and more passengers arrived on the
going away and exploring with my friends in the summer holidays,
platform and all tried to board that same train . As a resu lt, it was so
so I had plenty of opportunity.
overcrowded and not everyone had a seat. On a commuter service
E: Thank you, now we're going to move on ..
this really isn't good . Arriving over an hour late was one thing, but
I Audio scripts
I: Th at's very interesting and not at all what I woul d have thought.
Module 8 How do you th ink this information will affect soci al networking sites
at the moment? Do you think we'll see some cha nges?
8. 1 5: Yes, I think so. I've been looking at some of the most po pu lar sites at
the moment, SoPals, EverywhereUs and Sweet. They all have their
My neighbour's such a generous woman; she's always volunteering to advantages and disadvantages but I can see all three of them going
help the fam ili es on our street. For example, she offers to babysit so that in different directions in the future. Let's ta lk about SoPals firstl y, as
it's probably one of the most well-known social networks around at
the parents can spend an evening in peace. She's extremely to lerant of
young children, even when they're naughty I'd imagine that it's because th e moment. And why is it so popular? Well , I th ink it's pretty easy
to use and also it's seen a good uptake in lots of different countries.
she used to be a teacher, so she's sensitive to the needs of children.
I think nearly every country in the world has access to it and there
Anyway, people are very grateful for her efforts, but she's so modest. She
are millions of international users. How eve r, the one thing many
thin ks her help is nothing special.
2 people are not at al l happy about is the way in which SoPals quite
brutally collects user data. There has been some talk in the press
I think my grandfather is a very attentive person because he's always
about who can access thi s data, and although the wide r community
available to li sten to people and he doesn't inte rrupt. He's also a toleran t
might not be too both ered, there are some rights grou ps who
man. I think this co uld be because he lived in different countries so
are outraged . On the other hand, they also have quite a good
he wo uld have got used to integrating with people from a variety of
strategy for going forwards . They are going to develo p posts whi ch
backgrounds. I've learnt to be more conscien tious in my studies from
are more temporary. So, say, they'll stay on for an hou r and are
him because he beli eves in doing things properly.
then archived. This is something which is increasingly popular for
8.2 younger users, so it sounds like a good move to me. Now, moving
1: We might establish a book club in my local library to encourage onto EverywhereUs ... This is more of a context-specific social
community spirit. networking website. One of its best points is that it's geared towards
2: The cinema's developed a new an ime onl ine chat group for clo se friends. This means that people are more likely to share more
teenagers on their website. things. The app has been a great success. However, we can't say the
3: It could be worth considering the overall policy on charity funding sam e for the web vers ion, which has had some dreadfu l feedback
in this area . Th ey need to wor k on this in my opin ion, but I don't think it wi ll
4: Creating more clubs fo r the elderly would be a rea l advantage in stop this site from getting bigger and bigger in the future. One final
this area. site that I do want to mention is Sweet Now, this isn't rea lly a site
5: These days, there are a multitude of new initiatives for young for the likes of me and you, Carol. It's actual ly a social network for
mothers to share parenting tips. teens. Now, the reason why this site is becoming so popular for
6: Going to the open -air gallery in the park was a great way to thi s age group is that it supports so many different forms of media.
establish new contacts. So, you can post audios, pictures, videos , little voice messages,
8.4 games. It's really booming w ith this age range . It's not all perfect
N = Narrator I = Interviewer 5 = Simon though . I've got to say that the design is quite simplistic and child -
like. Even for the age range . And also, there's no app yet. They'll
N: You are going to listen to an interview about social networking.
want to get that developed if they want to be a big player in this
Listen and answer the questions.
market. And ... they obviously do want to be a big player as
I: And that's the latest news today. Next we're going to be speaking to
they're planning next year to branch out to other demographics,
our technology editor, Simon Smith . He'll be tel ling us all about the
such as young parents and old er people. I can see this being a
latest report in social networking that has been co llated from over a
really successfu l move if they get the design spot-on. One thing I
million participants around the world. Good afternoon , Simon .
will say though is that social networking doesn't appear to be going
S: Good afternoo n, Carol.
anywhere. It looks to JUSt grow and grow
I: So, this report
S: Yes , it's the biggest report like this I think we've ever seen, and it 8 .5
certainly raises some questions for social media sites. And indeed Sl : I thi nk there are always books that people take to their hearts. One
for us, the people that use them. example I can th ink of is Gone with the Wind . Now, I know that it
I: I hear that it's tapped into the motivations we have for using social might not be that well known now, but when the boo k came out in
media . What can you tell us about this? the 1930s in the USA, it took the country by storm. Everyone loved
S: It has. There were over 50 different groups surveyed and there were it and loved the characters. This in turn led to the creation of one
som e interesting discoveries. For example, sen ior citizens, who of the most famous films in cinema history. They couldn't lose with
you would think use social networks like Facebook to make friends so mething that had captured the publ ic's imagination so vividly.
and avoid being lonely, actual ly used them to do th ings like look Everyone wanted to be a part of the movie. It was so popular it's
at articles and watch videos. This group of people actually spends now considered one of the classics of cinema.
the most time on the internet too, which is in stark contrast to the S2: Th e early days of cinema were all about si lent films. It didn't matter
situation ten years ago when a lot of older people weren't even what the acto rs and actresses sounded like, they were simply
on line. The research also found that young people tend to use never heard I However, the development of sound in movies had
social netwo rks for reasons re lating to social acceptance - simply, a dramatic effect on the world of cinema and these acto rs and
they want to stay 'in' with thei r friends. This group tends to sw itch actresses within it. It not only saw the beginning of the end for
sites a lot, so Facebook might be popular for a short amount of si len t films , but also a lot of famous acto rs and actresses were out
time, but they'll move on to other sites like lnstagram or Twitter of a Job since they simply didn't sound good enough.
pretty swiftly Loyalty isn't a big feature of this group. If we look at S3: Films, they want to communicate a message to you . This can be in
mothers however, we can see a completely d ifferent story. Their a variety of ways. A good plot, good acting, all of these things go to
loyalty is actually pretty high, and they tend to form close bonds making up an emotional experience fo r the viewer. Films now can
with people in the ir on line community People that they haven't even transport us into different worlds. Think of the effects in films
actually met. Th is is not simply to allay the iso lation of staying at like Avatar or The Matrix. These would never have been possible
home with a small child, which is what we might suppose. Actua lly, wi thout the development of CGI, or computer generated imagery,
it's to find out whether they are doing the right thing when it comes which makes the impossible a real ity on our screens.
to caring for thei r young children or indeed their teens. These sites 8.6
can be extremely supportive too ls. Lastly, let's look at another N = Narrator P = Presenter H = Helen
group whi ch showed surprising motivation s for using soci al
N: You are going to listen to an interview about film adaptations of
networks; people who are not in re lationsh ips. Th is group of people.
novels. Listen and answer the questions.
aga in. you may think are quite lonely, but statistics show they post
P: So today we have reviewer Helen Warner joining us to talk about
more and go out mo re than any other group. In fact, often their
adaptations of great novels. Great to have you here.
motivation is to get back in touch with people they've met. Perhaps
H: Great to be here.
from school or JUSt from their busy social lives.
P: So, are you a fan of big- screen movie adaptations?
210
Audio scripts I
H: Well, it's not a simple yes/no answer I'm afraid. When people write close fam ily. I imagine they kept her feet on the grou nd. If I actually met
great books they do it to communicate a message and encourage her, I'd probably be tongue- tied an d real ly em barrass myself. If I cou ld
the reader to thin k and create an imaginary world. When we see the manage to keep calm, I'd li ke to ask her about her experiences in films
fi lm, the world has been created fo r us. We're straight-jacketed in to like The Hunger Games and American Hustle. I'd love to know w hat her
someone else's vision . Th is really means that the film is on ly ever co-stars were like ... American Hustle, w hich I th ink was fil med about five
as good as the vision provided and can be qu ite destructive to the yea rs ago, stars some of my other heroes like Christian Bale and Amy
reader's interpretation, no matter how good. For me, that happened Adams.
when I saw th e adaptation of Wuthering Heights. Now, this was
in the 1990s I think, but I absolutely loved the book. The film,
however, gave me comp letely the opposite reaction. I th in k that's
true of many of the fi lm vers ions of that parti cu lar novel, such as th e
1930s black and whi te version which was overly dramatic. However,
sometimes the imagination shown in fil m adaptati ons can surpass 9.1
anythi ng my mere brai n has ever th ought of. This is usually because E = Exam iner C = Candidate
they have used CGI to really make something out of this wo rld. For E: W hat does it take to be a successful person?
me, the visual imagination in The Life of Pi was sim ply amazi ng. It's C: That depends ... Mmm, that's quite a difficu lt question ... I th ink th is
a must-see fi lm in my opin ion. Another fil m I'd like to talk about, is d ifferent for everyone, but it is also often cu ltu ral ly determ ined,
in terms of adaptatio ns, is The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo. Now, or perhaps even as a resu lt of ou r upbringing and surroundings. As
the film is dark, and anything but du ll, but for me it JUSt didn't hang far as I'm concerned, success ca n be achieved in all aspects of our
together. I came out of the cinema wonde ring what I had JUSt lives as lo ng as we know what we are trying to do. I'm not sure if this
seen! This never happen ed to me w hen I read the boo k. Now, I is th e co rrect way to say it , bu t success happens when you know
don't think it's a reflectio n on me ... I've heard the same from many abou t or you are ... maybe ... aware of what your goals are.
people. I think, however, that one of the worst crimes of cinema
is simp ly making an overly styl ised film version with no substance. 9.2
Th is describes The Maze Runner perfectly. There was really nothing J =John P = Penny I = Ian
exciting about it. Although that could be my agel So, in a nutshell, J: OK Penny, let's have a thin k about what we can do for our
fil m- makers must do the message and ou r imaginations justice. presentation.
P: Let's move on to tal k about the Shadow Thief. As we know th is is P: OK John , well I've had some thoughts about what we coul d do. So,
a book remade for the big screen and it's co m ing out next week. our presen tation is al l about w hat it takes to be successfu l, so why
W hat do you th ink of it? don't we tackle world record breakers?
H: We ll, when the book came out in 1951 it was almost instantly a J: Hmmm, it's a possibility, but do you thin k that'd be sufficient? Those
bestsel ler. I think it sold over 5 million cop ies in the first year. It's a people are quite out of the o rdin ary. What do you thin k, Ian?
real ly amazin g ach ievement and a big chal lenge fo r any director. I: Actual ly, I side with Pen ny Qui te a wide range of wo rld records exist
If you've read the book, you'll kn ow that the who le story revolves from qu ite serious feats, to really un usual ones, and th ey al l ill ustrate
around three main characters ... the revolutionary Maxim , th e differen t traits that are needed to be successful.
roya l guard Dmitri, and city dwel ler Irene ... and their experiences P: Exactly Ian. We cou ld start w ith examples of wo rld record breakers
during the final th ree days of the Russian Revo lution. Th e book was and then identify the ir shared traits. Once we've gathered thi s
absol utely breath-taking for anyone that read it and I hope the film information, we can develop a kind of blueprint for success and
w il l be too. Interestingly, the director hasn't fol lowed the book to present it to the group.
the letter. Dmitri in the book tends to come off as quite a cal lous J: So, kind of like an inductive approach.
person, but in the adaptati on he's rather d ifferent. The director I: What do you mean by that, John?
explores the reaso ns for his actions in a very sympathetic way. I J: Wel l, here, extracting theory from obseNation of examples, rather
don't think th is is problematic though. Motivations are explored than the other way round.
everywhere in this film and it gives much more depth to what is an P: Yes, I suppose it is.
exh ilaratin g story. Th e fi lm was actu al ly meant to be out last yea r, J: OK. Wel l, what examples shall we use?
however, a disagreement w ith the writer affected the development I: We cou ld use Usain Bolt. He's got quite a few records. And I th ink
of the screenplay. This meant productio n had to be postpon ed. he's a great exampl e of th e motivation and sin gle-m indedness
However, the premier is nearly upon us and th e fil m wi ll be showing needed to becom e th e best.
in cinemas from next week. It's ce rtainly been talked about by P: I agree. And then we could look at someo ne whose record is more
everyone ... more than any other fil m thi s year so let's hope it can unusual. For example, the woman with th e longest fin gernails.
live up to the hype. They're over 7 metres longl I mean maybe th is doesn't take the
P: And you've been to a pre-screening? talent and natural ability that Usain Bolt has, but it must take a
H: I certain ly have. I'm su re many people thought a film versio n of such co ncerted effort. Imagine the time it takes to grow them I And also,
a well- loved and well-known book would be doomed to fa ilure. I there must be so many th ings she can't do.
think this is why it's had so much bu ild- up. People wan t to see if it J: I really like the Usai n Bolt example, bu t do you th ink the other one
lives up to all the tal k surrounding it. And I have to say it absolutely is seri ous enough fo r our presentation?
does, and more. If you like your films complex and evocative, this is P: I think so. It shows a different kind of ded ication, but it is still
most definitely for you. ded ication nevertheless. I think the seriousness wi ll come across in
P: Well, lovely talking to you and thank you so much for coming in .. ou r presentation style. As long as we have proper facts, figures and
now .. quotations, I think we'll be alright. We wi ll need to think of more
8.7 examples though.
I'm a great fan of Hollywood films and American TV so just choosing 9.3
one person is incred ibly challenging - there are Just so many people Sl : Hmmm ... well, I think that it's pretty challenging to work in a real ly
I'd love to meet ... let me thin k ... one famous person I'd defin itely like frenetic environment. I thi nk maybe it might energise you for a
to meet isJennifer Law rence because she's one of my all-tim e favourite w hile ... you know, perhaps spu r you on to work faster and better ..
actors. To be ho nest, I've been fol lowing her o n TV for years now and but there must be a high chance of burnout. How can you sustain
having seen her in countless inteNiews it seems to me that she's really working in fifth gear all the time? I j ust don't thi nk we're hard wi red
down -to-earth ... and she's also naturally hi lari ous. Every tim e she's for that ki nd of in tense activity.
attended an award ce remony she's fal len over and she always makes S2: The re's plenty of evidence that working from home actually
a real joke of it. I th ink the th ing I like most about her is the fact that boosts productivity, but I'd be surprised if it did that for me. Th e
she's quite feminist in her outlook on life ... so as far as I'm concerned pro blem w ith working from home is th at there are a multitude
she's a very good role model. I'd really li ke to meet her to see if she of distractions ... you know ... watching TV ... wasting time onl ine
actually lives up to what I imagine she's like .. and I'd also love to find ... I th ink it might be hard to focus for extended periods of time. I
out about the gossip from behind the scenes. I've always tho ught th at know some people manage it, but ... we ll, I fran kly have my doubts.
she'd be really friendly and generous w ith her time for her fans ... She Besides, productivity isn't everythi ng. If you wo rk from home,
seems unlike many Hollywood stars in her disposition and I th ink this is you might m iss the environment of having others around you to
because of her upbri nging. She was extremely shy as a chi ld but had a bounce ideas off or JUSt chat w ith.
I Audio scripts
53: So now more forward-thinking companies like Google or Facebook j: Hmm ... really? Ca n you say that? It's not what my research found.
have these kind of space -aged environ ments for their employees Remember that Bonner articl e. From my reading , I've found that
to work in . It's a real change from before because ... well, I think it only some of these practices are actually effective I know I haven't
gives employees a chance to think and ch ange their environments conducted any primary research yet, but I don't think it's such a
to their frame of mind. Some im es wh en you're doing something simple picture. I think there's a lot of discussion about these work
creative you JUSt can't be stuck in front o f a compu ter because you places being great, bu t generally it's for recruitment purposes. It's
need to go out and give your mind some room to breathe. I think not actually beneficial when working.
these kinds of companies know this. C: You mean that these new-style work practices and envi ronments
54: There are some Jobs that I JUSt couldn't do. I like to be around are a negative thing?
othe rs ... I kind of enJoy bein g the cen tre of attention ... but there j: No, not so much negative as irrelevant to existing employees.
are so many Jobs where you're completely isol ated. I don't think I They're JUSt there to attract new people ... the best people ... because
could spend that much time with my own thoughts, it'd probably t he idea of working in a place with gardens and pool tables seems
drive me crazy. Th ere is so me research suggestin g that people attractive.
who work by themselves need to be quite self-reliant and practical P: Jim, if you 're going to make such strong assertions you had better
people. I think this is probab ly true. I imagine the benefit is that su pport them with readings and resea rc h because remember, your
you don't have to deal with uncooperative people, but for me that's work is only going to have academ ic value if it's based on evidence.
not a good enough reason. Charlotte, from what I can see here you r research so far is so lid. I
9.4 think you 've got good questions on your questionnaire and you've
collected some rich data . Remember to analyse the data very
P = Professor Hickey C = Charlotte J = Jim
careful ly when formulating you r main points though.Jim, I want to
C: Hello, Professor Hickey. Ca n we come in?
see you next week as you're going to need to begin this research
P: Yes , certainly. Hello, Charlotte. Hello, Jim . Do come on in and take a
with some urgency so come back wi th what you've done next
seat. So, how's your researc h coming along?
Wednesday ahernoon.
C: Mine's progressing well, I th ink . All my question naires are completed
and I'm analysing the results. 9.5
P: Excellent, Charlotte. Now let me check, you r focus was related to
the effects of sounds on productivity, wasn't it? E = Examiner K = Kenji
C: No, that's Jim. Mine is centred around multi national compan ies like E: Do you think that society is too focused on work and career success
Amazon. nowadays?
P: Oh yes, that's right. So how many questionnaires have you managed K: Mmm, that's a tough question. At one level I thin i 's good to be
to get completed? focused on work. I mean we spend long periods of time working
C: Around 50, from about three different compani es. so, as far as I'm concerned , it's really worthwhile at least attempting
P: Excellent. And what about you, Jim? to be successful, because then hopefully, we're going to actually
J: Mine's not going so well, I'm afraid I'm having some serious receive some ... I'm not sure if this is the right way to put it ... sense
difficulties finding people who are willin g to be in terviewed and so of satisfaction from the work we're engaged in. Having said this ,
far, I've only found one perso n. Peopl e simply aren't getting back to it's, it's clea r that certain individuals seem to have ta en th is too far
me. and the results are increasing stress levels and more wid espread
P: Hmm ... we ll that is one of the main difficulties when it comes to unhappiness across the wo rld.
undertaking qualitative research, especi ally face -to -face interviews. 2
It m ight be an idea to review the methodology you're us ing. Think of E = Examiner S = Steffi
other ways you can obtain the data you want. I'd personally suggest E: Do you think that society is too focused on wor and caree r success
organising focus groups as people tend to feel less in timidated nowadays?
when they're not the sole focus of attention . You'll also gain a wider S: Mmm, that's a tough question. At one level for me , I think it's good
spectrum of resu Its and save ti me. to be focused on work. I mean ... we spend long periods of time
J: Hmm ... OK . To be honest, I haven't got far. I've sti ll got two sections working so ... as far as I'm concern ed i 's really, it's really worthwhile
to complete, so I don't think it will hurt to move away from at least attempting to be successful, because the n hopefu lly, we're ...
interviews. It's a shame though as my one interview gave me some we're going to actually receive some ... I'm not sure if this is the right
rea lly valuable insights. Th e employee talked about how much way to put it ... sense of satisfaction fro m the work we're engaged in.
more productive they were when listening to music, and also they Having said this, it's clear that certain individuals seem to have taken
mentioned how being more flexible in many aspects of their work th is too fa r and the resu lts are in creas in g stress levels and more
really made them work better. widespread unhappiness across the wo rld.
C: I found that too. Flexible working was one of the most commonly
cited reasons for productive working.
j: Yeah, but interestingly, I read an article about working environments
recen tly and it talked about big companies having lots of different Module 10
areas for employees. You know, like sleep pods and cafe areas
and terraces, that kind of thing Well , the article sa id that although 10.1
employees seem to like it, it's not at all cost-effective. 1: I used to be real ly sca red about sleeping in the dark when I was
P: Yes , that's the Bonner article . It's worth reading if you haven't already, younger. I th ink it stem med from the fact that if I read o r saw
Charlotte. something even remotely scary, I'd think it cou ld come true . I've
C: I will , than k you. always been told that I have a very ..
P: Look, Charlotte we'll come to you in a minute, but Jim I think we 2: When I was at school our art lessons were focused on theory and
need to think about your situation. You absolutely must get your the history of art, so we never really got ou r hands dirty actual ly
research ca rr ied out in the next few weeks or it's possible that doing art. The effect of this, I t hink on all of us, was to comp letely ...
you'l l struggle to meet th e deadline. You know if that happens, you 3: Problem-solving is second nature to some people. Not for me though.
automatically fa il and we don't want that. My brain JUSt isn't wired that way. I've no abi lity whatsoever to ...
j: I know I think you're right. Maybe I'll start working on o rgan ising 4: I used to be really good at playing the piano when I was younger,
some focus groups in o rder to gather some data as soon as but when I became a teenager I JUSt gave up because all I wanted to
possib le do was to spend more time w ith my friends. Now, of cou rse, I real ly
P: And Charlotte, you say you're analysing the resu lts from your reg ret ...
questionnaires now Are you finding any patterns? 5: My au nt is quite an amazi ng individual. When I visit her house, I'm
C: Actually, I wasn't su re I'd fin d anythin g but I id entified some really always in awe of how it looks. I don't know how she does it, but she
clear patterns, I wasn't really expecting that , but I'm pretty pleased has this capacity to buy completely random second-hand obJects
P: And what have you found? that seem to go pe rfectly together. I tell you, her house co uld easily
C: Well, that more up -to -date working environments - in all forms, so be on the cover of an in terior design magazine as she has such ...
flexible work in g, forward- thin king workspaces, things like gyms and
gardens - all of them contribute to making a more effective working
environment and ultimately making a more successful company.
212
10.2
Audio scripts
been sampled in over 900 songs. A famous example is Beyonce's

I
Last year I went to a friend's New Year's Eve party which was fancy Crazy in Love which samples a 70s song by the Ch i-Lites. Are you
dress. Everyone was told on the invitation that they had to make their my woman? This can cause issues. Some people think this is akin to
own costume and not buy one on the internet! So, I decided to make robbery, however most musicians credit and pay for the samples
a princess costume. I chose to use a combination of silk and lace and I The only issues come when the original credit is not given and
imagined it would look spectacular, like something from Frozen! I was permission isn't sought.
pretty confident that I could do it because my grandmother taught me Now another point here is the fact that maybe we need to be
how to sew when I was a teenager and I had quite a lot of artistic flair looking further than simple reverse-engineering where we offer
back then . I made a couple of party dresses with my grandmother's up the next Miley Cyrus or whoever to sing whatever is produced
help and I was quite proud of them at the time. Anyway, because of my by this process. Another option is that the future of pop music will
previous experience, in my mind, I thought my costume would be fairly actually be a robot. Hatsune Miku is a humanoid persona voiced by
professional-looking. a synthesiser. She can sing and perform, but she isn't human. Miku
The day before the party I got out my old sewing machine, set it up is a household name in Japan where she supported Lady Gaga on
on the kitchen table and started work. After a couple of hours, I'd not tour ... and she's probably good for investors too ... She's not going
managed to get very far and I wish I'd read the machine instructions to cause problems. She won't age, or do something embarrassing or
beforehand. I'd forgotten what some of the controls did and had ruined shocking for all her fans to see. And she can perform in two places
most of the material. At that point I realised I only had a couple of at oncel
options - buy a costume and pretend I had made it or call my friend to But, let's not think that this means the music of the future is robotic.
help me fix the mess I'd made. I decided to call my friend who arrived At present, we cannot definitively say whether robotic stars like
an hour later and managed to undo al l my sewing and make the Miku will become the norm, or whether they are simply a trend,
costume as it was supposed to look. I don't know what I'd have done which will be over as soon as it's begun . Even if this trend continues,
without his help and patience. humans still need involvement. In fact, Miku sources a lot of her
I suppose if I had to do something like this again, I'd do a few things music from fans. Perhaps she is in fact some kind of mirror, enabling
differently. First and foremost, I would be making sure I knew how fans to express themselves more freely. A simple reflection of her
to operate any machinery properly as this was what caused the most fan base. This would indicate that music is in fact becoming more
setbacks. Besides that, I think I should have drawn out the design more fragmented, crowd-sourced and for the people rather than the el ite.
thoroughly In my view, I believe that the costume would have been In sum, although we may be able to create a digital recipe for
easier to make with a clearer design. a song, that doesn't mean they are going to taste good to the
10.3 diverse audiences that exist nowadays. If we really want to create
something, the recipe needs to focus on popularity. A magic
Sl: There is undeniable talent and creativity involved in the most
ingredient that JUSt can't be quantified.
enduring music. One such example is Mozart. Mozart was
undeniably talented in music from a very early age. He understood 10.5
music and the workings of composition at an incredibly young 1: I can't imagine what the world would be like without painkillers.
age. His understanding of music was as a bird learns to fly; natural, They're used so much these days, for th ings like headaches al l the
effortless and awesome to watch. Great talents like his don't come way through to post-operative treatments ... I suppose people would
along every day. put up with things a lot more because they'd not want to have
S2: Of course, music has changed a great deal in the last hundred operations or medical procedures that might hurt. I imagine we'd
years. In one way the diversity of music has changed, and as this be using more natural pain relievers too like acupuncture.
has happened our taste in music has become more diverse. We the 2: In the next 50 years? Well, I think we might have cures for many
listeners are sponges, soaking up everything around us, no matter of the d iseases that exist today. And hopefully ones like po lio and
what it may be. So, nowadays we can't simply say 'I'm a Jazz buff' or malaria might be a thing of the past. With the progress made in
'I'm into rock', generally we're into many different musical genres, vaccinations I see that as a very real possibility.
and this can depend entirely on mood. 3: It would be a very bleak place in my opinion. If we didn't have these
10.4 essential medical services, we'd probably see people suffering just
out on the streets. This would be a very difficult sight. Also there
N = N arrator A =Amy
would probably be a much shorter life expectancy for everyone.
N: You are going to listen to a lecture about pop songs. Listen and
4: Yes, I think that might well happen. Life expectancy has risen and
answer questions one to ten. risen up to now, and I see no reason why that wouldn't continue. In
A: So in today's lecture we're going to be looking at the pop song ..
the early 20th century, it was probably common for people to live to
and whether nowadays they follow such formulaic ru les that they
about 60, but now in many countries it's the norm for people to live
could actually be written by a computer. Basically, have we come to into their eighties.
a time when a songwriter could feed a generic topic into a machine
that can produce something akin to the songs we see in the charts
these days? 10.6
There are many schools of thought on this area. John Covach at N = Narrator J =Josh
the University of Rochester claims that music is more about cultural N: You are going to listen to a lecture about medical innovation. Listen
influence, and that songs need to be personally significant if they are and answer questions one to ten.
to find the right audience. He talks about being at the cutting edge J: So, in today's lecture I'm going to look at some of the most
of culture, citing that hits of yesterday wouldn't be the hits of today .. im portant medical innovations in the last 20 years. It may seem like
for example if Michael Jackson had released his initial hits nowadays, quite a short time, but the 21st century has seen some incredible
they wouldn't have been a success simply because they wouldn't changes in medicine. Changes that many wouldn't have thought
capture today's mood. In this way, making a good pop song is like possible at the start of the century. We're going to look at some of
catching a wave. You need the right conditions, you have to time it these changes and consider how they have and might yet change
perfectly, and you need to embrace and work with nature's forces. our lives.
In this way, music is seen as a social construct. While it might be Let's start with the functional MRI. This is basically a kind of scan
easy to write a pop song, the real success comes in ensuring that which can detect brain activity. This has actua lly made mind
song resonates with a huge swathe of listeners. reading, to an extent, possib le. This kind of imaging can tell us the
However, there is another school of thought which believes that way the brain functions. Not only can this imaging give us useful
computers and understanding patterns have a larger role in the information on language and memory, it can also be used to detect
music industry. Susan Schmidt- Horning of St John's University is certain illnesses like Alzheimer's or depression. Additionally, it works
one of these people. She makes the case that people have actual ly as a map for surgeons, helping them avo id critical regions when
reverse-engineered successful songs. In the same way that we can undertaking brain surgery. However, reading the scans is still quite
take a car apart and put it together again, so we can with a song. problematic. Data is sti ll being collected on the subjects who have
She looked at the case of rock and roll. Musicians wou ld study had scans which will hopefully lead to a kind of database of what
certain instruments and recycle elements in newer songs. This can each scan means. It might even be possible to see how certain
be done to many different extents, perhaps the most common and drugs fo r mental illness function, just by reviewing brain activity on
obvious example is sampling This is when musicians take a part of the scan.
one song and put it in a newer song. James Brown for example has
I Audio scripts
Another great innovati on of the 21st century is the success of

creat ing a functioning artificial liver, and functioning kidneys.
Japanese researchers achieved th e feat of growing a liver from stem
cells in 2013 and a labo ratory in th e USA also grew an artificial
functioning kidney in the very same year. Now many are predicting
that manufactu re of artificial organs may be a distinct possibil ity
in the future. This would have an astou nd ing effect on the many
people w ho are on donor wai ting li sts fo r such organs. Th ere may
be no need to wait in th e futu re, there will be a readily available
store of artificial o rga ns.
Connected to these innovations in o rgan transplant is the rather
futuristic and fantastical idea of face transplants. As the face is
probably the most noticeable part of our bodies, people who suffer
from facial disfigurement due to accidents or disease are likely to
suffer from extreme and ongoing emotional trauma. Th is may well
change soon as the first full transp lant of a face was carried out in
2010 in Spain. This procedure however has led to ethical concerns.
One which I think is most relevant is the idea of identity transfer.
This really is the idea that the recip ient doesn't see themselves in the
mirror anymore and rathe r fee ls li ke an other person. Now th is may
be a real concern , but the likeli hood is that they'll see a third face,
not the donor's, and not the old face of the recipient. Getting used
to this could be similar to what th ey have al ready been through due
to disfigurement, but without the same emotional, and physical,
depth of scar.
Lastly, let's look to possibly the most amazing medical breakthrough
not just of our time, but possibly of ALL time ... And this is
the mapping of our genes. Th is is actually the world's largest
co llaborative biological project with contributions from over 20
universities and resea rch institutes throughout the world. Why is
th is so important? We ll, it can tell us so much about things that are
genetically determined in our lives. It can offer us the opportunity of
personal ised med icines based on our own ind ividual makeup. It can
give us know ledge of how people evolved and it can also indicate
our chances of develop ing an inherited disease. These are JUSt a
few of its benefits. It also offers the chance for far more advanced
treatments. However, again we have ethical concerns about this
development. One of the main issues is how, in some hands, it
could discriminate against people or certain types of people. A
key example cited is one of 'ordering' the perfect ch il d. Now, this
may seem quite a trivial idea , but let's put it more practical ly. If
we identify w hat triggers, say, co lour bli ndness, which is a genetic
disorder, by mapping those wh o are co lour blind, it may be possible
to erad icate it. But ... can we be selective in this way? These ethical
ques io s really have no answer. It's just a case of your standpoint.
Th ere are also more pressing issues of w ho gets to see your genetic
in ormation. For example, would yo u make a cho ice of a future
partner based on whether th eir genes co uld produce healthy
offspring? Aga in, quite possibly. Yet we must not underestimate the
enormous benefits that developments in genetic mapping will give
us. Per aps the issue is abou t protecti o n of information rather than
the act of gathering this data.
0 , so these are just a few medical innovations which are at present
changing the way healthcare works. I'd li ke you for next week's
semi nar to give a short presentation on one illness or condition
wh ich has benefitted from gene mapping Along with an outline of
benefits, I'd like you also to look into issues of ethics and legality. If
you've got any questions we don't have time now, but you can ask
them in the seminar. Please make sure you've noted them down.
10.7
E = Examiner J =Jina
E: Would you say that inventions always have positive effects on our
lives?
j: Mmm, that's an interesting question. For me, the drawbacks of
inventio ns ca n be overloo ked in favour of the beneficial aspects.
On the vast maj ority of occasions, it is reasonable to assert that
inventions instigate positive changes in society. I mean, where
would we be if the internet hadn't been created, for example? When
it was launched in the late 1980s, we cou ldn't have imagined how
it was going to revolut ion ise our lives. Yet , sometimes negative
repercussions of inventions come to o ur attention a little later. I'm
thinking about research which has revealed some of the adverse
effects of social med ia on young people and youth cu lture. Things
such as cyber bu llying w hich is w hen chi ldren adopt threatening
behaviour to others on si tes like Facebook. So, I guess my view is
that there's usually both good and bad ou tcom es.
214

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EXPERT

Intensive training. Intensive practice. Be an Expert.

Module 1 Lifelong learning (p. 7)

Module 2 A world of change (p. 23)

Reading Vocabulary Speakin g Li stening Language Writing

Module 4 A consumer society (p. 55)

Readi ng Vocabulary Speaking Listening Language Writing

Module 5 Homes of the future (p. 71)

Reading Vocabulary Speaking Listen ing Language Writing

B ... and body

B Expanding our horizons

Module 6 Law and order (p. 87)

Module 6 review (p. 102)

Reading Vocabulary Speaking Listening Language Writing

Reading Vocabulary Speaking Listening Language Writing

Listening Language Speaking Reading Writing

Language Speaking Reading Writing

Academic Reading (60 minutes)

Academic Writing (60 minutes)

Before you read

n the face of pressure, our instinct is to study or work

I as much as we can for as long as we can. So why do we

Vocabulary 3 a Read the text and underline the verb + adverb,

The language of learning

10 Student's Resource Book > Vocabulary page 8 MyEnglishLab > la Vocabulary

Lead-in ambitious beneficial demanding guilty hopeless

c Listen to the library talk again and answer the

Structure your answer Summarise features

14 Student's Resource Book> Writing page 10 MyEnglishLab > la Writing

Before you listen Questions 3 and 4

What is the speaker's job?

Language development and vocabulary

Tense review Describe trends

I've had som e exce llent test results so far th is

b Complete the sentences with the correct form of 100

Vocabulary developm ent

1 a Look at the picture above. What decision do you Test practice

Reading (Table completion; Note completion)

Before you read

The structure of a neuron

18 MyEnglishLab > 1b Reading

Lead-in 1 Discuss the following quotation. What do you think it means? To

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025

b Discuss your answers to Exercise 2a. How do the answers to the

The graph shows the actual and predicted percentage change in

b Work with your partner to improve both of your answers.

2 a Complete the text with the correct form of the

22 MyEnglishLab > Module Test 1

'" • . -" 'i

1 Look at the photos and discuss the questions.

Before you read

24 Student's Resource Book> Reading pages 16--17 MyEnglishLab > 2a Reading

Vocabulary b Adapt the questions into spoken English . Replace

from the United States. Thi s has had far-reaching

26 Student's Resource Book> Vocabulary page 18 MyEnglishLab > 2a Vocabulary

Develop topic-specific vocabulary

b CJ 2.1 Listen to two students' answers. Which

3 CJ 2.2 Listen to two people describing their

So, you want t o go t o t he cabin, do you? It's quite far

1 Play area 3 Craft ca bin

28 MyEnglishLab > 2a Listening

Until cameras became more w idespread,