HISTORY & GOVERNMENT

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EUROPEAN INVASION & COLONIZATION

OF AFRICA
Name the countries whose citizens/nationals interacted with Africans.
For centuries, foreigners from the following European countries interacted with Africans:
 Portugal,
 Britain,
 France,
 Belgium,
 Germany,
 Holland,
 Italy.

Introduction
However, actual European interest in Africa began in the 1st century AD.
Explain the factors that led to European expansion into Africa.
(Explain the reasons for European expansion into Africa.)
 Exploration. Explorers like Vasco Da Gama, David Livingstone, John Speke, Johannes Rebmann,
James Grant, Samuel Baker, HM Stanley and Mungo Park wanted to gain geographical
knowledge about Africa. They revealed Africa’s magnificent features, organized kingdoms and
her vast resources to the world.
 Trade. The Europeans wanted to have a share in Africa’s trade in gold, iron, slaves and other items
and wished to directly derive taxable revenue from commerce in Africa.
 Religion. The Europeans wanted to Christianize the nonchristian Africans and to ally themselves
with Prester John: a legendary Christian King of Africa, who, they hoped, would help them
against the Muslims of North Africa. Besides, from the 16th to 19th century, Europe experienced
the age of Religious revival, during which many missionary societies and groups were formed
with the aim of spreading Christianity within and outside Europe. Such groups and societies
included the London Missionary Society, the Universities Mission to Central Africa, the United
Methodist Mission, the White Fathers and the Holy Ghost Fathers, the Church Missionary
Society, Africa Inland Mission, Etc.
 The desire to “civilize” Africa by spreading Western education and culture. They wanted to stamp
out slave trade and replace it with legitimate trade.
 Improvement in ship building, particularly by the Portuguese, who led by multiplying the number
of masts in their Caravel ships.
 Improvement in navigation by use of charts and a sophisticated compass marked with thirty
points, with which navigators could locate harbours along the coastline and note the direction of
winds and currents.

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 Major advances in naval warfare. With guns and Cannons of superior quality, the Europeans could
conquer whoever they came across.
 The Industrial and Scientific Revolutions in Europe in the 18 th century, which placed Europe on
the forefront in technological development apart from increasing her need for raw materials, most
of which could be found in Africa and other overseas regions.
 Adventure. Some Europeans travelled overseas for sheer joy to be the first to find and conquer
new lands as others were curious to see strange lands and their people.
 Imperialism. In late 19th century, merchants and other citizens of European nations urged and
pressed their governments to acquire overseas colonies for national prestige. A spirit of national
pride had gripped the entire Europe.
2012 9. State two European activities in Africa before 1850. (2 marks)
i. Were involved in trade;
ii. Were spreading Christianity;
iii. Were involved in exploration;
iv. Were establishing settlements;
v. Were signing imperial treaties/establishing colonial rule;
vi. Were mining;
vii. Were involved in farming.
viii. Were involved in stamping out slave trade.
ix. Were involved in spreading Western education.
x. Were involved in establishing health facilities.
2013 20 a) Outline five European activities in Africa during the 19th century. (5
marks)
i. Were involved in trade;
ii. Were spreading Christianity;
iii. Were involved in exploration;
iv. Were establishing settlements;
v. Were signing imperial treaties/establishing colonial rule;
vi. Were mining;
vii. Were involved in farming.
viii. Were involved in stamping out slave trade.
ix. Were involved in spreading Western education.
x. Were involved in establishing health facilities.

As a result of interaction between European traders and communities along the eastern, western and
southern coast of Africa, trade routes and trading centres developed, which opened up the African
continent to the Greeks, Romans, Portuguese, British, French, Dutch, Spaniards and Germans.
These Europeans invaded and colonized the African continent through what came to be dubbed as
the Scramble For and Partition of Africa, threatening to destroy Africa’s political and other
structures.
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The Scramble For & Partition of Africa

2006 P2 QN 9. What is the difference between the scramble and partition of Africa in the
nineteenth century? (2mks)
The scramble was the struggle by competition/ rush by Europeans for colonies in African whereas
partition was sharing/ dividing up of Africa into European spheres influence.

Define the following terms:

 Scramble.
 Partition.
 Scramble for Africa.
 Partition of Africa.

- To scramble means to rush for, compete or struggle with others in order to get or do something.
- To partition is to divide something among people or to apportion something among contenders or
competitors.
- The Scramble for Africa refers to the rush and struggle for different parts of Africa by European
powers.
- The Partition of Africa refers to the dividing up or the sharing of Africa among European nations.

Discuss the European scramble for Africa.

(Explain how European nations scrambled for Africa.)
By the last quarter of the 19th century, Britain, Germany, France, Italy, Belgium and Portugal were in
Africa, competing for colonies to boost their social, economic and political standing.
During the Scramble for and Partition of Africa, the Europeans used both persuasion and force to
acquire as many colonies as possible for themselves. Africans who collaborated were offered a
reward while those who resisted were punished.
At times, the Europeans risked fighting among themselves over colonies in Africa. The Europeans
were scheming to exploit the economic resources that lay untapped in the continent.
Anxious for a peaceful division of Africa, Otto Von Bismarck (the German Chancellor) convened the
Berlin Conference in 1884-1885. European powers discussed and divided Africa among
themselves around a table overseas without involving the Africans themselves.
African reaction to European invasion varied. Most communities resisted while only a few
collaborated with the Europeans. In spite of their resistance, most African societies except Liberia
and Ethiopia had been colonized by 1914.
By 1915, many traditional kingdoms and chiefdoms in Africa had changed beyond recognition while
others vanished almost without a trace.

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Describe the methods used by the Europeans to acquire colonies in Africa.

1996 21 a) What methods did the European powers use to acquire colonies in Africa? (3mks)
i) They signed treaties with the local ruler
ii) They used military force to subdue communities which resisted
iii) They signed treaties among themselves to partition Africa e.g. the 1890 Angola-German
agreement which German gave Witu to Britain and Britain gave Heligoland to German.
iv) Use of treaty / tricks/ deception

2002 12. Give two methods that European powers used to occupy African during the
nineteenth century.
i) Diplomacy/treaty making/promises of protection/ giving gifts.
ii) Trickery/use of missionaries explorers/traders
iii) Military conquest e.g. the French in West Africa.
iv) Divide and rule tactics i.e. playing off one community against another/promoting later state
conflicts.
v) Annexation
vi) Setting up administrative posts

2009 20 (a) Identify the three methods used by the French to acquire colonies in West Africa
(i) Signed treaties with the African rulers/ used diplomacy
(ii) Played off one community against the other/ divide and rule/ treachery
(iii) Used force to conquer the African / Military expedition (Any 3 x 1= 3 mks)

2010 20. a) Give three methods used by European powers to establish colonial rule in Africa.
vii) Military conquest/expenditions
viii) They signed treaties/agreements with African rulers/diplomacy/collaboration
ix) Deception/treachery/luring Africans with European goods.
x) Chartered trading companies
xi) Playing off communities against each other in order to weaken.

The treaties signed among Europeans during the scramble for and partition of
Africa.
 The Anglo-German agreements of 1886 and 1897.
 Agreements which Britain signed with Portugal and France in 1890, which allowed France to take
Madagascar as Mozambique and Angola came under Portugal.
 The Anglo-Italian agreement of 1891, which brought Eritrea and the Somali coast into Italian
hands.

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The treaties signed between the Europeans and LOCAL African LEADERS during
the Scramble for and partition of Africa.
 The 1904 and 1911 agreements between the Maasai and the British.
 The 1900 agreement between Kabaka Mwanga of Buganda and the British.
 The 1884 treaties between George Goldie of the United Africa (Royal Niger) company with
African leaders, which brought the Niger delta, Yoruba land and the Gambia under British control.
 The 1890 Lochner treaty between the British and King Lewanika of the Lozi, through which
Zambia was acquired.
 The 1884 treaties between Harry Johnston and the chiefs in the Mount Kilimanjaro and Witu areas
to facilitate British trade.
 Treaties signed between Karl Peters and the chiefs of Uzibua, Ukami, Usagara and Ungulu in the
Mount Kilimanjaro region, placing them under German protection.

Areas in Africa which were occupied through military force by the Europeans.
 Egypt, Sudan, Malawi and Mashonaland and Matebele in Zimbabwe, whose communities were
ruthlessly suppressed by the British.
 Angola, Mozambique and Guinea Bissau, where Portuguese rule was forcefully established.
 Morrocco, Algeria and Tunisia, which came under French military attacks and control.
 Eritrea, which was occupied by the Italians, who unsuccessfully ventured into Ethiopia.

Reasons why Company rule was initially used by European powers in administering
colonies in Africa
 The colonial powers lacked adequate manpower.
 Insufficient funds to meet the cost of administration.
 The companies were already working in their respective areas, making them suitable to utilize.
 They helped set up administrative posts in African territories.

Name the chartered companies that were used by the European powers to govern
colonies in Africa.
 The Imperial British East Africa Company,
 The German East Africa Company,
 The Royal Niger company,
 The British South Africa Company.

2005 10. Identify TWO chartered companies which were used to administer European colonial
possessions in Africa
(i) The Royal Niger Company
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(ii) The British South Africa Company
(iii) The Germany East Africa Company
(iv) The imperial British East Africa Company (Any 2 x 1 = 2mks)

2010 p2 qn 7. Name any chartered company that was used to administer Tanganyika during
the process of colonisation.
(i) The German East Africa Company 1 x 1 = 1 mark

Factors that undermined company rule

2001 9. Give one factors which undermined company rule in Africa during the 19 th century.
(i) Poor /inadequate transport and communication systems
(ii) Officials of the companies did not understand the local languages
(iii) Corrupt/greedy company officials
(iv) Inadequate capital/funds necessary for effective administration
(v) Company officials on the ground lacked administrative skills and experience
(vi) Few company official to administer large areas.
(vii) Resistance by Africans
(viii) Lack of co-ordination between co-offices in European agents in Africa.
(Any 1 points, 1 mk (1mk)
Collapse of Company rule compelled their home governments to take over the administration of the
colonies. The Europeans used either single method or a combination of methods in different
regions.

Factors that led to scramble for colonies in Africa

Explain the factors that led to scramble for colonies in Africa. (Explain why European powers
scrambled for colonies in Africa.)
European powers scrambled for and partitioned Africa among themselves for various reasons,
which include the following:
 The Industrial Revolution in Europe, which increased the need for raw materials like cotton and
palm oil, which could be obtained from the colonies.
 Colonies provided market for manufactured goods from European industries.
 Increased/surplus capital, which the Europeans wanted to invest in the colonies.
 Speculation that Africa was rich in minerals like gold and copper.
 Unification of Germany after the Franco-Prussian war of 1870-1871. Germany became powerful
under Chancellor Otto Von Bismarck as France lost her two mineral-rich provinces of Alsace and
Lorraine. France turned her attention to Africa for colonies to compensate for her loss. Germany,
not wishing to be left behind, was also out to acquire colonies.
 National prestige. Germany and Italy joined the race for colonies because of national glory and
pride.

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 European military officers encouraged their governments to participate in colonial expansion to
give them an opportunity to be recognized and promoted.
 Public opinion in Europe favoured acquisition of colonies. For example, De Brazza signed a treaty
with chief Makoko due to public opinion in France, creating a French colony: Congo.
 The Egyptian question. Egypt was of strategic importance to the Europeans because of the Suez
Canal, built by the British and French, which shortened the route to British colonies in India and
the Far East.
 French activities in West Africa and the Congo alarmed other powers, who joined the race for
colonies.
 King Leopold ii) of Belgium, in 1879, sent Henry Morton Stanley to explore the River Congo
and, through such activities, Stanley created the Congo Free State, which had become Leopold’s
empire by 1884. Leopold’s activities alarmed the Portuguese, who claimed River Congo and the
French turned their attention to west Africa. Germany and Britain made similar claims for
colonies in the region.
 Missionaries came to spread Christianity, western education and culture and invited their mother-
governments to occupy their areas to protect them.
 Influential people in Europe such as Karl Peters, Harry Johnston, William Mackinnon and David
Livingstone encouraged colonialism.
 Europeans believed they had superior culture as compared to other races. They felt they had a
duty to “civilize” the blacks on the African continent.
 Britain and Germany encouraged their surplus population to settle in Africa.
 European humanitarians came to abolish slave trade. William Wilberforce and Granville Sharp led
in the abolition of slave trade and urged its replacement with legitimate trade.
 Africa was rich in raw materials and had good harbours.
 African communities were weakened by war, diseases,, drought and famine. This made the
Europeans to easily conquer the Africans.

2000 11 State one economic factor which encouraged the Europeans to partition Africa during
the nineteenth century. (1 mk)
i) Need for raw materials for their industries
ii) Search for the market for their manufactured goods
iii) Desire by rich industrialists to invest their surplus capital

Identify the categories into which the factors that led to the scramble for and partition of
Africa among European powers could be divided.
 Economic factors.
 Political factors.
 Strategic considerations.
 Social factors.
 The Pull factors in Africa.

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©
Discuss the factors that led to the Scramble for and Partition of Africa under the headings outlined
in question (b).

ECONOMIC FACTORS
These stem from the Industrial Revolution in Europe as follows:
 Need for market for manufactured goods. When other European nations such as Belgium, France
and Germany joined Britain in embracing the Industrial revolution, Britain lost her monopoly of
European markets and had to seek alternatives elsewhere.
 Need for raw materials. In 1776, Britain was kicked out of America as a result of the
Independence war and therefore lost the cheap sources of raw materials, causing her and other
European entrepreneurs to venture into Africa in search of agricultural land for cultivation of cash
crops.
 Need for places to invest their income. With increased capital from the Industrial Revolution,
European traders preferred to invest in Africa, where there was stiff competition, which according
to them would fetch more profit unlike the situation in Europe.
 Competition from African and other merchants. As other nations joined the race for colonies,
European traders had to call upon their home-governments to protect them due to stiff competition
from both the locals and their adversaries from Europe and elsewhere.
 The common speculation about the availability of deep pockets of mineral wealth in Africa. The
discovery of diamond at Kimberley in South Africa in the 1860s and gold in Wit Waters Rand
(still in South Africa) in 1886 raised the hopes of speculators in finding vast minerals in the
interior of Africa.
Therefore, the Europeans turned their attention to Africa as an alternative market for their goods and
cheap source of raw materials for their industries.

POLITICAL FACTORS
 The Unification of Germany. Following her unification under Kaiser William and Chancellor Otto
Von Bismarck, Germany emerged as a mighty nation, defeating France in the 1870-1871 Franco-
Prussian war, which caused France to turn her attention to Africa, acquiring eight colonies in west
Africa to compensate for her losses.
 Nationalism. Following the French venture in Africa, a spirit of national pride spread throughout
Europe in the late 19th century. Urged by their citizens, the European nations felt they had to
acquire overseas colonies for national prestige. For instance, Germany and Italy went for colonies
in Africa to assert their newly found superiority.
 Militarism. Reduction of prolonged wars in Europe in the 19th century caused army officers to
favour colonial wars and expansion to get opportunities for glory or promotion. Such officers
were mostly given honours such as knighthoods and peerages. For instance, General Woseley
Kitchener, who supported British imperial expansion into Africa became Lord Kitchener.
 Public opinion. With democratization of European states in late 19 th century, governments had to
pay more attention to public opinion, which favoured and persuaded them to acquire colonies,
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which the governments did to appease the electorate in order to remain in power. It was in the
light of this that, for instance, the French Assembly agreed to ratify De Brazza’s treaty with Chief
Makoko to create a French colony in the Congo in 1882. Similarly, with the position of her
government largely dependent on the success of her colonial policies, Germany took over Togo,
Cameroon and Present-day Namibia. Britain also chose not to remain backward in what she
termed as the Irresistible demand in claiming her share of Africa.
 The Press. Newspapers in Britain, France and Italy influenced public opinion on and strongly
favoured acquisition of colonies.

SOCIAL FACTORS
 Missionaries’ demand for protection. European missionaries who came to Africa, particularly
Lagos, Uganda and Malawi, asked their home governments to protect them from the problems
they encountered, such as Resistance from the local people.
 The role of influential individuals in Europe. Influential people such as writers encouraged the
building of empires and overseas settlements by following adventurers with government authority.
Such individuals included: W.T Stead, Karl Peters, Harry Johnston, William Mackinnon and
David Livingstone.
 The rise of racism and paternalism. Paternalism is the policy of governments controlling people
by providing them with what they need but giving them no responsibility or freedom of choice.
European paternalism stemmed from European racism, based on Social Darwinism, enshrined in
the “survival for the fittest” aspect of Charles Darwin’s theory of Evolution. In the first half of the
19th century, the Europeans boasted of superiority over other races, arguing that their rule and
civilization were in the interest of their colonial subjects (the colonized people), who would gain
little or nothing if left to rule themselves. They claimed that they are the first (the best) race,
therefore, the more of the world they inhabit, the better it is for the human race.
 The growth of European population. Steady growth of the European population led to the quest
for new outlets to resettle the surplus population. That was how and when Britain earlier settled
some of her people in Australia, New Zealand, the USA, Canada and South Africa. Frederick
Fabri: a German nationalist, recommended that Germany makes more colonies of her own to
settle poor Germans. The Portuguese and the Dutch also resettled their surplus population in
Africa.
 The Humanitarian Factor. In the 19th century, humanitarians like William Wilberforce and
Granville Sharp and their followers in Europe campaigned for the abolition of slavery and slave-
trade, arguing that it undermined human dignity and equality. They stressed that antislavery
movements could only succeed through effective European occupation of the core areas of the
trade and replacing it with legitimate trade.

2011 p2 qn 8 State two social factors that led to the scramble for colonies in Africa by
European Powers.(2 marks)
i. The need to abolish slave trade
ii. The desire to spread Christianity/to protect missionaries
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iii. The desire to spread western civilian/education/western civilization
iv. The need to settle surplus population (any 2x1 = 2 marks)

THE PULL FACTORS IN AFRICA

 The vast resources in Africa such as minerals, ivory, Game products, palm oil, copra, spices and
kola nuts as well as good harbours for ships were very enticing to the foreigners.
 The existence of well developed trade, with trade routes and centres as well as navigable rivers in
the African interior attracted Europeans, who competed with one another to exploit these rich
resources.
 African communities at that time comprised small highly decentralized weak vulnerable political
units, which were frequently at war, especially during slave raids.
 Diseases and natural calamities such as drought, famine, Smallpox and Measles weakened African
societies and rendered them easy to conquer.

STRATEGIC CONSIDERATIONS
These were characterised by:
 The Egyptian question. This referred to ownership of the Suez Canal in Egypt.
 French activities in the Congo and West Africa.
 The activities of King Leopold of Belgium.

Explain how the Scramble and partition of Africa was influenced by the following factors:
 The Egyptian question.
 French activities in the Congo and West Africa.
 The activities of King Leopold of Belgium.

THE EGYPTIAN QUESTION

 In 1798, the French under Napoleon Bonaparte invaded Egypt on the pretext of restoring its
prosperity and saving it from the tyranny of the Mamluk Beys from Turkey, although, actually, the
French wanted to get and use Egypt’s wealth as a base to invade Britain. This triggered (led to)
the construction of the Suez Canal to shorten the route to India and the Far East.
 Khedive Ismael (the Egyptian ruler from 1863 to 1879) got loans from Britain and France for the
construction and opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, which left Egypt bankrupt, forcing Egypt to
sell her shares in the canal to Britain. In spite of this, Egypt remained indebted to Britain.
 Britain and France set up a commission to regulate and oversee Egypt’s debt repayment. But
Khedive Ismael clashed with and dismissed the two commissioners that Britain and France sent
for the task.
 France and Britain then pressured the Sultan of Turkey to depose Ismael. This took effect in 1879.
Ismael was succeeded by his son Tawfiq, who was just but a puppet of the Europeans.

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 European control of Egypt ignited (started off) a nationalist Egyptian uprising under Colonel
Urabi Pasha, which was single handedly crashed by the British at the battle of Tel-El-Kebir as
France was busy suppressing a rebellion in Tunisia in 1880. In 1882, the British fully occupied
Egypt. This greatly disappointed the French.
 In return, the French planned to occupy territories to the south of Egypt in order to divert the
waters of the Nile and make Egypt a desert, which worried the British since the Nile was Egypt’s
lifeline.
 Britain occupied Uganda in 1894, Kenya in 1895 and the Sudan in 1898 to utilize and protect Nile
waters from French advance and to force Egypt to pay her debt.

FRENCH ACTIVITIES IN CONGO AND WEST AFRICA

1. Having lost Egypt, the French established themselves in Porto-Novo, which they declared a
protectorate in 1828 and planned to occupy more territories in west Africa, which worried British
traders already stationed there.
2. Germany joined the race for colonies by occupying Togo, Cameroon, Tanganyika and present-day
Namibia.
3. In 1880, Savorgnan De Brazza (an Italian adventurer in the service of France) signed treaties with
King Makoko of Congo, which the French accepted in 1882, threatening earlier British and
Portuguese claims in the Congo region.

THE ACTIVITIES OF KING LEOPOLD OF BELGIUM

 With an ambition to establish a personal empire, King Leopold convened the Brussels
Geographical conference in 1876, which led to the formation of the International African
Association, whose members were drawn from many European countries, aimed at abolishing
slave trade, supporting free trade and opening centres of civilization. He tried but failed to send an
expedition to the interior.
 In 1879, Leopold sent Henry Morton Stanley to explore the river Congo. Stanley reported that the
River Congo was and would be the grand highway of commerce in west and central Africa.
Stanley had established communication links between the coast and Stanley Falls.
 As a result, Stanley created the Congo Free State, which had become Leopold’s personal empire
by 1884.
 The Portuguese, who claimed to be the initial explorers of the River Congo were distressed by
Leopold’s activities. Portuguese claim over the Congo was recognized by Britain but rejected by
France and Belgium. Having lost their control over Egypt, the French turned to West Africa,
which explains why France sent De Brazza to sign treaties with King Makoko of the Congo.
 Germany and Britain voiced their desire for colonies in the Congo region, over which the
Portuguese, Belgians, and French wrangled too,, which threatened to spark off war among
European nations in Africa.
 To avoid war, Otto Von Bismarck (the German Chancellor) convened an international conference
that became known as the Berlin Conference.
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THE PROCESS OF PARTITION

2008 P2 QN 10. Identify the main aim of the Berlin conference between 1884 and 1885.
(1 mk)
2012 p2 qn 11. Give the main reason why the European powers held Berlin Conference on 1884
to 1885. (1 mark)
To discuss how to participate/share/divide Africa among themselves

Explain one immediate reason for the Berlin Conference (1884-1885).

The Europeans came up with a strategy (the 1884-1885 Berlin conference) to peacefully divide
Africa among themselves because of the looming (threatening) crisis in the Congo region, which
various countries, including Britain, France and Portugal were seeking to occupy.
2012 11.Give the main reason why the European powers held Berlin Conference on 1884 to
1885. (1 mark)
 To discuss how to participate/share/divide Africa among themselves. (1mark)

Describe the Berlin conference (1884-1885).

From 15th November 1884 unto 26th February 1885, Chancellor Otto Von Bismarck of Germany
convened a conference in Berlin: Germany, concerned with the Congo and the Niger basins
among other issues.
2003 11 State one way through which the European maintained peace among themselves
during the partition of Africa.
(i) By signing treaties among themselves/agreements
(ii) By organizing the Berlin Conference to lay down the guiding principles of the
partition/recognize spheres of influence.

Name the countries that participated in the Berlin conference (1884-1885).

 Britain,
 Germany,
 France,
 Portugal,
 Belgium,
 Italy,
 The United States of America.
Africans themselves were excluded.

What were the objectives of the Berlin conference?

(Explain the purpose/aims of the Berlin Conference).
 To set or lay down the rules of the partition.
 To eliminate conflict among European nations over their expansion into Africa.
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 To
define any area effectively occupied by each nation to avoid interference.
 To sort out different European views on the slave trade and its abolition.
 Establishment of authority in regions under occupation.
 To safeguard native African interests.
 To protect traders, scientists, explorers and Christian missionaries from local attacks.
 To guarantee religious tolerance.
 To guarantee free trade.
 To draw the borders of regions under occupation on a map.

State the terms of the Berlin Act.

 Any state laying claim to any part of Africa had to inform other interested parties. The claims had
to be discussed and ratified if they were justifiable.
 All signatories had to declare their spheres of influence I.E. an area under each nation’s
occupation.
 Effective occupation had to be established in an area once the area was declared a sphere of
influence.
2009 P2 QN 11.Define the term “ sphere “ of influence as used by the European powers in
Berlin conference of 1884 and 1885

 Any power acquiring territory in Africa had to undertake stamping out of slave trade and
safeguard African interests.
 The River Congo and River Niger basins were left free for any interested power to navigate.
 If a European power claimed a certain part of the African coast, the land in the interior or behind
the coastal possession became the coastal claimant’s sphere of influence.
 Any country that wished to declare a protectorate in Africa had to show that its authority in the
region was firm enough to protect existing European rights and guarantee free trade.
Analyse the Partition of Africa among European powers.
(Explain how the European powers divided up Africa among themselves.)
 Britain got Kenya and Uganda in east Africa, Malawi, Zambia and Zimbabwe in central Africa,
Bechuanaland, Basutoland, Swaziland and the Union of South Africa in southern Africa, Ghana,
Nigeria, Gambia and Sierra Leone in west Africa, Egypt and Sudan in North Africa and British
Somaliland in north-eastern Africa.
 France got Ivory Coast, Senegal, Benin, Bokinaphaso, Guinea, Mali, Mauritania and Niger in
West Africa, Chad, French Central Africa and French Congo in central Africa, Tunisia, Algeria
and Morocco in North Africa and French Somaliland and Eritrea in North-Eastern Africa.
 Germany got Tanganyika in east Africa, Rwanda and Burundi in Central Africa, Togo and
Cameroon in west Africa and Namibia in south-west Africa.
 Belgium got Belgium Congo (former Zaire but now the Democratic Republic of Congo) in
central Africa.
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 Portugal got Angola, Mozambique and Portuguese Guinea.
 Spain got Spanish Guinea and Spanish morocco.
 Italy got Libya and Italian Somaliland.
 The Niger went to Britain as King Leopold’s claim over Congo was recognized.

2006 P2 QN 10. Name one colony of British in West Africa (1mk)

(i) Nigeria
(ii) Ghana/ Gold Coast
(iii) The Gambia
(iv) Sierra Leone
(Any 1 x 1 = 1 mks)

2011 p2 qn 9 Name one African country that was not colonized by the European powers.
(1 mark)
i. Ethiopia
ii. Liberia (any 1x1 =1 marks)
Explain the impact/results of the partition of Africa. (What were the effects/consequences of the
partition of Africa?)
2011 p2 qn 21(b) Explain six effects of the partition of Africa on African communities.
ii. Africans lost independence as European established colonies
iii. African economies weakened by the European exploitation of the resources
iv. The Africans system of government were replaced by European system
v. Africans adopted European language which became official languages in the colonies
vi. Modern African state were created by the boundaries drawn during the partition
vii. Some African communities were split by the boundaries which were drawn during the partition
viii. Africans lost land as Europeans established permanent settlements
ix. Africans lost their lives/property as they resisted occupation
x. African culture were undermined through the introduction of Western education/spread of
Christianity/health
xi. Closer ties were forged between Africans and Europeans which created overdependence on
Europe.
xii. Intensification of warfare among African community
xiii. Infrastructure was developed in ling major mini and Agricultural areas
xiv. Introduction of new policies e.g forced labour

2004 20 (b) Discuss the immediate results of the partition of African by Europeans. (10 mks)
i) Boundaries demarcating spheres of influence were drawn.
ii) The European powers took control of areas where their trader/companies and missionaries had
operate/ stated development, spherical of influence.
iii) African communities sometimes found themselves split aprt by arbitary boundaries.
iv) It led to the establishment of colonial rule/Africans lost their independence.

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v) African interest
vi) Some African resettled/against Europeans in entrenching their rule/collaboration.
vii) Some African leader gained power and fame/were make paramount chiefs
Any 5x2=10mks

African Reaction to European Colonization

Into what categories could African reaction to European colonization be classified.
(Describe the types of African reaction exhibited against European colonization. Or:
In what ways did Africans react to European colonization?
African reaction to foreign invasion could be classified into:
 Resistance, whereby African communities such as the Nandi, Ndebele, Mandinka, Pogoro and
Giriama refused to cooperate with the invaders.
 Collaboration, whereby certain African communities like the Lozi, Baganda, Creoles, Wanga and
Maasai cooperated with the foreigners.
 Mixed Reaction whereby some African communities E.G. the Luo and the Agikuyu gave a dual
reaction I.E. some of them resisted as others collaborated with the foreigners.
Describe two types of African resistance against European colonization
There were two forms of resistance. These were:
 Active resistance I.E. use of weapons by Africans to fight foreigners and to prevent them from
establishing colonial rule over them. Most African groups E.G. those of southern Tanganyika, the
Nandi of Kenya, the Mandinka and the Ndebele actively resisted European colonization.
 Passive resistance I.E. deliberate adoption of a noncooperative approach with the colonizers but
devoid of (without) violence. Using this method, some communities refused to work on European
farms or to pay taxes as directed by the Europeans. For instance, the Pogoro of Tanganyika
refused to pick cotton while the Giriama of Kenya refused to provide young men to fight in the
First World War.
Into what categories could African collaboration to European invasion and colonization be
classified? (Describe the types of Collaboration as exhibited by some African communities
towards European invasion and colonization.)
There were various categories of collaboration such as:
 Diplomacy, whereby the concerned communities used delaying tactics to enable them to
reorganize themselves before facing the colonizers.
 Signing treaties, whereby some African communities went into nonaggression agreements with
the colonizers.
 Alliance I.E. cooperation with foreigners in order to acquire Western education, gifts or other
goods.
 Conspiracy, whereby, amidst many inter-ethnic hostilities during European invasion of Africa,
some communities undermined the strength of or sought protection from their local enemies by
siding with the Europeans.

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 African Hospitality, whereby some African communities welcomed the newcomers in good faith
as friends and treated them as part of them.

RESISTANCE
THE MAJI-MAJI REBELLION (1905-1907)
DEFINITION
The Maji-Maji rebellion was a mass uprising against German rule in Southern Tanganyika. The term
Maji-Maji is derived from the Swahili word: Maji, which means Water. It stemmed from the
magic water (millet and maize flour mixed in water drawn from river Rufiji), which Kinjekitile
Ngwale of Ngaramba: a priest who established himself near river Rufiji and claimed protection by
a spirit called Hongo, sprinkled the resisters with, to protect them from German bullets.

Communities involved
2013 11 Name one African community that took part in the Maji Maji uprising between 1905
and 1907. (1 mark)
i. Ngindo;
ii. Matumbi;
iii. Pogoro;
iv. Ngoni;
v. Mpunga;
vi. Ndendeule.
vii. Wamera
viii. Luguru;
ix. Zaramo;
x. Bena;

Causes of the Maji-Maji rebellion

2008 20. (a) Identify five causes of the Maji Maji rebellion in Central Tanganyika between
1905 and 1907. (5 marks)
(i) Africans resented the forced labour introduced by the Germans.
(ii) Africans were forced to grow cotton on infertile land.
(iii) The Africans disliked the rule by by Akidas and Jumbes who were hired by the Germans
(iv) The Germans mistreated African rulers
(v) Africans were against the introduction of tax by the Germans
(vi) The German officials sexually abused the African women,
(vii) The Africans were inspired by the prophecy of Kinje Kitile Ngwale.
(viii) Africans wanted to reposes their land from the Germans,
(ix) The Ngoni fought to seek revenge over the Boma massacre of 1897.
(x) Africans wanted to regain their lost independence.
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(xi) Germans despised/looked down upon the African way of life.
(Any 5 x 1 = 5 marks)

1997 18. (a) Explain why the Maji Maji uprising occurred between 1905 and 1907. (6 mks)
i) Cruelty and brutality of the German colonial administration especially the Akidas and Jumbes
ii) Forced labour on the German plantations and other works which dehumanized the Africans.
iii) Imposition of taxation e.g. hut tax provoked resentment among Africans
iv) Compulsory growing of cotton on unsuitable soils and hence poor yields
v) The Africans desired to regain their lost independence.
vi) Disrespect for African culture by the German administration e.g. in Uganda, the Germans
misbehaved with Gin’do women.
vii) The charismatic role-played by Kijikitile in using religion to unify the people of southern
Tanzania against the Germans.

2006 11. Give one reason why the Africans in Tanganyika were against the use of Akidas by
German colonial administrators. (1mk)
i) Akidas were foreigners
ii) Akidas took Africans chance in Administering their country
iii) Akidas were brutal/ harsh to the Africans/ Whipping Africans E.g. flogging
(Any 1 x 1 = 1mk)

Course or process of the rebellion

- The resisters were mobilized and united against the Germans in 1904 through religion by their
leaders: Kinjekitile Ngwale, Abdala Mpanda and Ngamea. Kinjekitile appealed to the resisters by
telling them that their ancestors would be resurrected. He assured them of immunity to German
bullets by sprinkling magic water (a mixture of millet and maize flour and water drawn from
River Rufiji) on the forehead of each fighter, who he then committed to war. Kinjekitile’s ideas
spread rapidly and secretly through a whispering campaign called Njwiywia or Jujila by the
Matumbi.
- In July 1905, Matumbi workers boycotted cotton picking in their region. The Pogoro followed by
uprooting cotton from an Akida’s farm at Nandete. They then attacked government posts and
officials.
- Rapid spreading of news caused the people of Kichi, Uzaramo, Uluguru and Ungindo to join the
war. The fighters combined Guerrilla tactics and open battles.
- In August 1905, the town of Samanga was burnt down. European farms, offices and missions
were attacked while a number of Arabs, Swahilis as well as the Germans themselves and Africans
working for the Germans were killed.
- In the very August 1905, the Germans began killing Africans, especially the leaders of the revolt.
- In 1907, the Germans, under Governor Graf Von Gotzen, got reinforcement from Germany and
from other German administered African regions. The Germans then adopted a Scorched-Earth
policy, destroying all property on sight.
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- The resisting Africans either surrendered or fled to Mozambique since the magic water failed to
protect them from bullets, leaving them demoralized due to the defeat they suffered.
- Earlier on, the Nyamwezi, the Chagga, the Gogo and the Hehe revolted but suffered enormously
in the hands of the Germans, which explains why they did not join the Maji-Maji rebellion.
Role of religion in the Maji Maji Rebellion
- It gave hope, courage confidence and loyalty and also reason to fight white oppression
- It gave spiritual strength to fight a superior military force
- Through religion, suspicions among communities were wiped out
- People were undoubtedly convinced that the magic water (Maji) would make people immune to
European bullets
- It bore the aspect of a religious cult e.g. Bokero / Kolelo promised that the white would be
destroyed
- It stood above tribal loyalty (people were out to fight, regardless of the difference of their tribes.)
- It provided the ideology which guided the war efforts
- It sustained the morale of the warriors
- It provided a common plan of action and a basis for mass action
- It provided leadership in wars e.g. prophetic leaders
- It united displeased groups
- Grievances were many because of the hash rules of German administrators. religion was used to
address this
- It was amass movement against German colonial rule

1998 12. State the main contribution of religion in the Maji Maji uprising against
German rule in Southern Tanzania.
- A religious leader Kijingetile used magic water which claimed to have magic power from the
ancestors against German bullets in spite to mobilize, encourage and unite the people of Southern
Tanzania to rise against rule.

Reasons for the failure of the rebellion

2008 20 (b) Why were the African communities defeated by the Germans during the Maji
Maji rebellion? (10 marks)
(i) Africans had inferior weapons which could not match the German modern weapons.
(ii) German soldiers were well trained as opposed to the African soldiers who used traditional
methods of fighting.
(iii) The disunity/hatred that existed among African communities made it possible for the
Germans to defeat them with ease.
(iv) The Germans used the scorched earth method which led to famine and hence weakened the Africans
(v) The magic water failed to protect the Africans from German bullets.
(vi) Capture/imprisonment/execution of African leaders demoralised the fighters.

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(vii) German administrators received reinforcement which strengthened their fight against the Africans.
(viii) The large/powerful communities who had been defeated by the Germans before did not join the war.
(ix) Africans were not well coordinated/organised in their fight against the Germans. (Any 5x2=10
marks)

2002 21. a) What reasons led to the failure of Maji Maji rebellion in 1907.
i. Africans were not well organized in their assistance. Each community fought on its own / lack of
proper coordination.
ii. The magic water failed to protect Africans from German bullets leading to the death of African
soldieries into the battle.
iii. The Africans did not unite to face the common enemy for example to Hehe and Nyamwesi did
join the revolution / lack of unity.
iv. The Germans received reinforcement from Germany and other colonies and thus their number
overwhelmed the African Soldiers.
v. African soldiers lacked enough weapons to use against the Germans.
vi. The Africans did not have a well-trained army / lack of military skills.
vii. The ruthlessness of the German soldiers in crushing the rebellion e.g use of scorched earth policy.

Effects of the rebellion

1997 18. b) What was the outcome of the Maji uprising (9 mks)
i) The uprising led to destruction of property is southern Tanzania e.g. houses and crops.
ii) There was loss of many lives through the war and resulting starvation.
iii) Many people were displaced as they escaped from, the war torn region of Southern labour.
iv) The German colonial government changed its policies e.g. abolition of forced labour.
v) Change of German colonial administration structure from direct to indirect rule, henceforth
Africans were used as administration because they understood their systems better.
vi) The uprising laid foundation for future African naturalism in Tanganyika/Tanzania.

- High death rate on the side of the Africans due to disease, starvation and the might of the German
force.
- Great destruction of property as a result of the Scorched-Earth policy applied by the Germans.
- Severe famine due to disruption of agriculture, trade and other economic activities.
- Loss of leadership, which disorganized and demoralized African communities due to capture,
arrest and killing of their leaders by German forces.
- Displacement as people fled in different directions in search of food and security.
- The war undermined the German economy in Tanganyika as numerous economic activities came
to a standstill.
- Disillusionment due to failure of the war, which led to keener tribal differences, characterised by
ill feelings on their varied roles during the war.
- Loss of confidence in African traditional religion as Kinjekitile’s magic water failed to protect the
resisters from German bullets.
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- The resisters had to submit to colonial rule following their defeat. They realized the need for
better weapons and organization to tackle the colonialists.
- The uprising later united more communities in Tanganyika than ever before, laying the foundation
for Tanganyika’s nationalism.
- The people of south-eastern Tanganyika resorted to constitutional protest in their struggle for
independence, having learned of the folly of taking up arms against a colonial master with better,
organized and superior weapons.
- Future Tanzanian nationalists drew inspiration from lessons learnt during the revolt.
 The Germans reformed their colonial system to avoid recurrence of such a war.

In what ways did disunity and poor coordination among the revolters undermine the
Maji-Maji rebellion?
- Some such as the Hehe, Nyamwezi, Chagga and Gogo did not join the revolt.
- Some such as the Matumbi revolted even before others were ready.
- There was poor coordination on the part of the African warriors, of which the Germans took
advantage by subduing a group at a time.
- Some tribes surrendered amidst increasing German military pressure as others unsuccessfully
fought on.
- African tribal leaders, including Kinjekitile and Mpanda were captured and executed, which
demoralized the warriors.
- The African warriors lacked strategy since they did not have a single leader. Because of this, the
tribal leaders did not coordinate their activities.

This is a Property of Mwalimu Consultancy Ltd. Contact Mr Isaboke

0746-222-000 for more Educational Materials.

Explain the reforms made by the Germans following the Maji-Maji uprising.
2002 21.b) Explain five reforms that were introduced by the German administration after
the Maji Maji uprising.
i. Communal cotton growing was stopped and Africans were encouraged to plant their own cotton
and get profit from it.
ii. Forced labour for settler farms was abolished.
iii. Corporal punishment was forbidden and those settlers who mistreated their workers were
punished.
iv. Better educational and medical services for Africans were introduced.
v. Africans were involved in administration of the regions as Akidas and Jumbes.
vi. The new governor censured newspapers that supported settlers against Africans.
vii. Anew governor who was sympathetic to the cause of the Africans

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viii. A
colonial department of German government was formed in 1907 to closely investigate the affairs
to German East Africa.
ix. Extra taxation of Africans was rejected by the new governors.
x. Kiswahili was accepted as a the official language.
xi. Colonial administration in Tanganyika was tailored to suit the Africans.
xii. Created division between those communities which resisted and those which collaborated.
Therefore, the Maji-Maji rebellion was a lesson both to the Germans and the Africans. The Germans
improved their rule and stopped taking Africans for granted. The Africans resorted to
constitutional rather than armed pursuit of independence.

THE MANDINKA RESISTANCE

1996 9.Name the Empire that was rule by Samori Toure during the European invasion of
Africa (1mk)
The Mandinka Empire
The Mandinka Empire under Samori Toure was one of West Africa’s greatest states, with Toure as
one of the most remarkable empire builders at the height of the European Scramble for and
Partition of Africa.
Explain the background/origin of Samori Toure and his Mandinka empire.
- Samori Ibn Lafiya Toure was born in 1830 to the Dyula Long-Distance traders’ clan of the
Mandinka in Sanankoro village in the south-east of Kan-Kan in present day Guinea. He founded
the Mandinka empire and was one of the greatest leaders of resistance to European rule in west
Africa.
- In Samori’s teenage, Samori’s mother was captured by Sori Birama: a local chief in whose army
Samori served for seven years to win his mother’s release.
- Being a professional soldier, Samori created an empire by uniting the many warring principalities
of the Mandinka people.
- In the 1860s, Toure captured Kamadugu. In 1866, he made Bisandugu his capital. He then
conquered states such as Toron, Wasulonke, Konia and Kan-Kan. In 1874, he became the spiritual
and political leader of the Mandinka.
- As he embarked on extending his empire westwards towards Kenyeran next to the rich gold-fields
of Bure, he clashed with the French in 1882, leading to a Franco-Mandinka war in 1885, which
Samori lost.
- Samori unsuccessfully urged the British to support him and declare his empire a British
Protectorate. The British, in respect to the Berlin Act, did not want a conflict with France.
- Samori then adopted Diplomacy in dealing with France. He signed the Bisandugu treaty,
according to which some temporary boundaries were recognized as Samori gave all his northern
Niger territories to the French as he controlled Bure.

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- In
preparation for the Tukolor conquest, the French convinced Toure to place the Mandinka under
French protection by amending the Bisandugu treaty, which he did, hoping to easily sign a treaty
of friendship with the British and secure trade routes from the north under Tieba of Sikaso.
- Soon, Franco-Mandinka tension increased as the Mandinka and the French accused one another
for breaking the Bisandugu treaty.
Organisation of Samori’s administration
- The empire comprised provinces, which were further divided into districts, each of which
consisted of twenty villages, administered by chiefs, soldiers and religious leaders.
- A large standing army was kept in charge of expansion and defence of the empire. In it were
professional soldiers (Sofa) and Cadets (Bilakor), with different uniforms to distinguish their
ranks.
- Toure himself had a well-trained body-Guard of 500 men, an infantry and Cavalry.
- As overall leader of the empire, Toure was commander in chief of all the forces.
- He divided his army into three groups, the first of which engaged the enemy and was armed with
rifles. The second organized the people on their migration as the third conquered new areas for the
settlement of the people.
Causes of Samori’s resistance
1997 10 State the main reason why Samori Toure fought the French during the nineteenth
century (1 mk)
i) To preserve the independence of the Mandinka kingdom/ empire
ii) To stop French colonization
2003 21. (a) Give three reasons why Samori Toure resisted French colonization in
Africa
(i) He wanted the mandika to retain their independence
(ii) He wanted to safeguard Islam from Christian influence/ he was fighting a holy war
(iii) He wanted to preserve the Mandinka culture
(iv) He wanted to protect the Mandinka land from European occupation
(v) He wanted to protect the economic resources of gold mines
(vi) He wanted to retain his authority
Course/process of the Franco-Mandinka war
- The French organized their forces against Samori to force him to withdraw his claims over the
Kita Bamako railway area in 1883. This increased Franco-Mandinka hostility.
- To calm the situation, the French approached Samori for a boundary settlement, which led to the
treaty of Bisandugu in March 1886, by which France was given the northern river Niger territory
in return for her friendship, to avert further conflicts and, hopefully, to establish an Anglo-
Mandinka alliance for arms procurement from Freetown to boost Samori’s military might.

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- Realizing the French intension of confrontation with his people and occupation of his territory,
Samori again unsuccessfully sought British protection, for the British accepted France’s claim
over the Mandinka empire in return for French concessions elsewhere in Africa.
- In 1890, France sparked off conflict between the Tukolor and the Mandinka by attacking Segu.
They also quietly urged Tieba of Sikaso to attack Samori, who repudiated the treaty of friendship.
- In 1891, war broke out between the French and the Mandinka, each accusing the other of breaking
the Bisandugu treaty. Samori faced the French alone after failing to get British support. Through
Guerrilla warfare, he used the south-east forestlands to launch night attacks.
- He armed his soldiers with Repeater Rifles, avoiding pitched battles and the massing of his troops
in fortified camps as he slowly retreated eastwards.
- From the new site, Samori intensified his resistance against the French. He unsuccessfully sought
alliances with the Asante of what is now Ghana as well as the British once more. But Samori
fought and defeated a French column in 1895 and a British one in 1897.
- After putting up a strong and long resistance, Samori surrendered in 1898 and was deported by the
French to Gabon. He had run short of food, guns and horses.
- Samori Toure died in 1900, having failed to defend his empire against French imperialism, though
he succeeded in waging a long war.
- Indeed, Samori’s resistance was an inspiration to modern African nationalists and leaders in
Guinea.
WHY SAMORI RESSISTED THE FRENCH FOR LONG
Techniques that Samori Toure applied in his resistance against French invasion.
He applied modern techniques such as:
- Surprise attacks,
- Ambush,
- The Scorched-Earth policy
- The mass movement of the population.
Divisions of Samori Toure’s army.
- That which encountered the French,
- That which organized the population on their migration to evade French confrontation.
- That which conquered new lands to settle the people.
Reasons why Samori Toure resisted the French for long.
2001 22. a) What factors which enabled Samori Toure to resist French colonization in West
Africa between 1882 and 1898.
i. He had a large well organized army which was a formidable force for the French.
ii. He equipped his army with modern weapons which were acquired from the Europeans and also
manufactured some locally
iii. He used Mandinka nationalism and Islam to unify the soldiers/army
iv. He had adequate food supply which sustained the army
v. He used guerrilla warfare and scorched earth policy which proved effective against the French.
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vi. Some of his solders had served in the French colonial army and were thus familiar with the
French war tactics.
vii. Use of horses by Samori during the war enhanced the soldiers effectiveness
viii. Samori’s soldiers were familiar with the terrain. This enabled them to effective/French not
familiar with geography of the area.
ix. He was a competent military leader who inspired his soldiers democratically in assignment of
duties.
x. He used diplomacy e.g. he signed the Bissandugu Treaty. (1886) to get more time to organize
himself. (Played British against the French)
xi. Samori shifted his empire and capital further inland to give him more time to re-organize his
forces.
xii. He was able to pay his soldiers well. (Any 7 points, 1 mk (7mks)

Reasons why Samori Toure finally defeated by the French

2009 P2 QN 20(b) Explain six factors that led to the defeat of Samori Toure by the French
i. The constant movements of his army and people denied them time to concentrate on gainful
activities. This resulted to inadequate food supplies
ii. The scorched earth policy that he used when fighting made his people to be impoverished and
thus turned against him.
iii. Some African communities in the area supported the French against Samori Toure. E.g. Liebba of
Sekosso & Ahmiadu Sekou of Tuklor
iv. The Diplomatic tactics of playing off the British against the French worked against him as the
British refused to give him support when attacked by the French
v. The determination by the French to establish an overseas empire made them to use their superior
weapons on Samori Toure
vi. The non- Mandinka and non Muslim communities in his empire supported the French against him
because he had conquered/ mistreated them.
vii. The British refused to support Samori Toure against the French due to their policy of non –
interference.
viii. The French besieged Samori Capital/ blocking his retreat thereby forcing him to surrender
ix. The establishment of the second empire from the East denied him access to the coast thus
affecting supply of arms
x. The loss of Bure gold mine cleared him the finances to sustain his forces.
(6 x 2 = 12 mks)
Results of the Franco Mandinka war/ results of the Mandinka resistance
2013 20 b) Explain five effects of the Mandinka resistance against the French invasion in the
late 19th century (10 marks)
i. Many lives were lost due to the protracted war between the two groups;
ii. There was destruction of property as the Mandinka applied scorched earth policy during the war;
iii. The Mandinka were defeated and hence subjected to French colonial rule/ loss of independence;
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iv. The traditional institutions of the Mandinka were disrupted/weakened rendering them ineffective
in discharging their duties/functions/loss of leadership;
v. The Mandinka experienced famine as most of the people were engaged in the war at the expense
of farming activities;
vi. Many people were displaced by the war, thereby becoming refugees in the neighbouring states;
vii. The war created suffering /misery among the people leading to a state of despair;
viii. Samore Toure was captured and deported to Gabon;
ix. Disruption of economic activities eg. gold mining and trade;
x. It laid down ground for African nationalism.

NDEBELE RESISTANCE BACKGROUND

Origin of the Ndebele and their resistance to European invasion and occupation.
- The Ndebele descended from the Nguni-speaking Bantu of South Africa.
- Under Mzilikazi, the Ndebele migrated from South Africa to Mashonaland in Zimbabwe and to
central Africa during the 1820-1828 Mfecane wars.
- By 1837, the Ndebele had subdued and captured parts of Mashonaland, which they occupied and
renamed Matebele.
- The Shona were pushed farther north but still remained under Ndebele domination politically,
economically and socially.
- By the 1870s, the Portuguese, Germans, British and Boers had visited Matebeleland for hunting
and mining concessions.
- Lobengula, who reigned in the course of the coming of the Europeans, delayed for some time in
granting them concessions.
- In 1888, Lobengula met Cecil John Rhodes: a South African Millionaire, whose aim was to
colonize central Africa for Britain. Rhodes convinced the British High Commissioner at the Cape
colony to obtain a treaty from Lobengula with the help of Reverent Robert Moffat, who seemingly
was on good terms with the Ndebele. Robert Moffat was the leader of the London missionary
Society, who in 1859 became the first group of missionaries to settle in Matebeleland.
- That same 1888, Lobengula was persuaded to sign the Moffat Friendship Treaty, which stated that
Lobengula was not to sign any other treaty with other European groups without the permission of
the British. This treaty therefore paved way for British occupation of Zimbabwe, which was not in
Lobengula’s intention.
- To ensure British monopoly over Matebeleland, Cecil Rhodes sent Charles Rudd, Thompson and
Maguire to Lobengula, which led to the signing of the 1888 Rudd Concession.
- In 1890, Cecil Rhodes obtained a charter allowing him to do more than agreed in the Rudd
concession. With this charter from the British government, Rhodes planned to occupy
Mashonaland and sent a group of 200 settlers (together known as the Pioneer Column), who
arrived and were sent to settle in Mashonaland in September 1890.
- In 1891, the British recognized the occupation of Mashonaland by the British South Africa
Company, which was given the duty to administer the region. An administrator and a judge were
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then
sent by the British government to Mashonaland, which alarmed Lobengula who sent messengers
to Cape town to state the terms of the Rudd Concession.

State the conditions that Lobengula spelt out to the British during the making of the
Rudd concession (1888).
- That the Europeans protect Lobengula’s people: the Ndebele.
- That there be not more than ten Whites on the land at any one time.
- That other Whites be notified through the mass media to stay away from Matebeleland.
- However, these conditions were not incorporated in the final text of the Rudd concession. When
the terms of the Rudd Concession were interpreted to Lobengula, Lobengula learnt that he had
been tricked into surrendering his kingdom to the Europeans.
State the terms of the Rudd concession (1888).
- Rhodes obtained a charter for the British South Africa Company from the British government in
1891.
- The Rudd concession gave Cecil Rhodes full charge over all metals and minerals in Lobengula’s
territory.
- Lobengula was awarded a monthly payment of 100 pounds, 1,000 rifles and ammunition on
agreeing not to grant any land concessions or mineral rights without Rhodes’ consent.
- Lobengula was to get either a gunboat on River Zambezi or 500 pounds instead.
State the implications of British occupation of Mashonaland.
- The Ndebele no longer had power over the Shona.
- Since the Shona enjoyed British protection, the Ndebele could not raid the Shona for cattle and
women.
- Trade, which was controlled by the king, was now in the hands of the British.
- The powers and influence of the Ndebele king were greatly minimized.

THE NDEBELE WAR (1893)

Causes of the Ndebele War

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