KR0100910

KAERI/AR-589/2001

Brazing Technology of Ti alloy/Stainless Steel

Dissimilar Metal Joint
at System Integrated Modular Advanced Reactor
2001. 2.
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350MPa

Ti-Fe

V
§1-^1, -8-71-

BAg-19, BVAg-30 ^ Gapasil-9^- ^-§-

^ « H , Ni

40% HNOs + 2% HF + 58% H2O * ° ^

macroetch test
 SUMMARY

I Title
Brazing Technology of Ti alloy/Stainless Steel Dissimilar Metal Joint at
System Integrated Modular Advanced Reactor

II The Development of Brazing Technology

As a joining technology, brazing has a long history since those ancient
times in about 4000 B. C, when both silver and gold brazing were carried
out at Sumer which is now Iraq. Nowadays, the technology is developed even
for the joint of metal/ceramics and applied to many industrial fields. In the
initial times, they used blowpipes and charcoal as the heat source. Now,
many kinds of heating methods including laser heating ;are being applied to
brazing. And also, a great development in technologies has been made in
filler metals, fluxes and so on. Because brazing can be applied to the joint
where cannot be welded and mass production of it is possible, it is utilized in
special fields of rockets, electronic packages and superconductor. In the
nuclear fields, the technique has been applied widely to fuel assemblies,
accelerators, laboratory equipments and measuring sensors.

III Brazing Process

Brazing processes customarily are designated according to the sources or
methods of heating like as torch brazing, furnace brazing, induction brazing,
resistance brazing, dip brazing, infrared brazing, etc.. Eacli process is selected
according to the condition of the base metal, the filler metal, the flux, the
brazing temperature and the heating rate. Whatever the process used, the
filler metal has a melting point below that of the base mtital, and should have
good wettability and spreadability. Fluxes are used to protect the surface of
the base metal and to reduce the oxides on it. Therefore, recommended fluxes
should be used in their proper temperature ranges and on the base metals for
which they are designed. When gas atmosphere or vacuum is used, fluxes
are not required. For the metal which forms oxides on the surface at the
brazing temperature, gas atmosphere or vacuum should be used. Since surface
tension forces can operate only over relatively small distances, capillary
penetration will occur only if the joint gap is below a certain maximum
value. But, too little clearance may lead in certain cases to incomplete joint
filling due to entrapment of flux or air. When electronic packages are jointed,
filler metal should be selected considering its electrical conductivity.

IV Joining of Ti alloy to Stainless Steel

It is well known that fusion welding between Ti alloy and stainless
steel is almost impossible because of brittle intermetallic compound in its
weld metal. For this reason, various methods have also been tried for joining
those dissimilar metals. Until Now, diffusion welding and friction welding
have been known as the candidate joining processes with the joint strength
of about 350 MPa. Because the joint strength doesn't reach the strength of
base metals, the designer should consider this fact and select a method to
maintain a proper joint strength. At the System Integrated Modular Advanced
Reactor Project, they applied a thread joint to get strength and solved the
problem of leakage through brazing the joint area. During brazing process,
Ti diffuses into the surface of stainless steel through the melt of filler metal
and forms brittle Ti-Fe intermetallic compounds. To reduce the formation of
intermetallic compounds, the selection of an optimal brazing condition is
required. In addition to it, the brazed joint should be resistant to corrosive
environment. Therefore, brazing technology should be developed to get both
high joint strength and sound joint.

V Brazing of Ti alloy to Stainless Steel

The joint part is assembled with male part of Ti alloy and female part
of stainless steel. A funnel is welded to the upper end of female part for
containing the filler metal. Filler metal will be selected among BAg-19,
BVAg-30 and Gapasil-9, after the comparison test of joint strength. To
increase the wettability of stainless steel, Ni or Ni-Pd will be coated by
plating or other coating methods. The filler metal and stainless steel will be

- iv
with 40% HNO3 + 2%HF + 58% H2O. Vacuum electric furnace and induction
furnace wil be used for heating. Brazing temperature will be about 900 °C.
Optimal brazing condition will be set up through comparison of joint strength
according to heating rate, temperature and holding time. For the evaluation of
process and performance, visual inspection, macroetch test and liquid
penetrant inpection will be carried out.

- v -
 PLEASE BE AWARE THAT
ALL OF THE MISSING PAGES IN THIS DOCUMENT
WERE ORIGINALLY BLANK
 CONTENTS

Chapter 1 Introduction 1
Section 1 Definition of Brazing 1
Section 2 Development of Brazing Technology 3
1 The Ancient Orient 3
2 The Greek, Roman and Aegean Civilization 4
3 Europe, Ancient to Early Middle Age (8-11C) 5
4 Europe, Later Middle Age 5
5 The Age of Manufacture (16-17C) 5
6 Dawning of Modern Science (18C) 6
7 The Industrial Revolution (19C) 7
8 20C 8
Section 3 Procedure of Joining 10
1 Selection of Joining Method 10
2 Planning of Brazing 12
3 Preparation of Filler Metal, Flux And Others 13
4 Brazing 15
5 Test and Inspection 16
Section 4 Application of Brazing to Nuclear Industry 18
1 Fuel 19
2 Heat Exchanger 20
3 Others 21
Chapter 2 Brazing Process 21
Section 1 Brazing Methods 21
1 Torch Brazing 21
2 Furnace Brazing 21
3 Induction Brazing 22
4 Resistance Brazing 22
5 Dip Brazing 22
6 Infrared Brazing 23
7 Others 23

- vii -
 Section 2 Filler Metals 23
1 Characteristics 23
2 Melting and Fluidity 24
3 Liquidation 25
4 Wetting and Bonding 25
5 Filler Metal Selection 26
6 Kinds of Filler metals 27
Section 3 Fluxes and Atmospheres 30
1 Fluxes 31
2 Atmospheres 33
Section 4 Joint Design 36
1 Types of Joints 36
2 Joint Clearance 37
3 Stress Distribution 40
4 Filler Metal Placement 40
5 Electrical Conductivity 41
6 Dissimilar Metal Combination 41
Section 5 Brazing Procedures 42
1 Precleaning and Surface Preparation 42
2 Fluxing and Stop-off 43
3 Assembly 44
4 Postbraze Treatment 45
Section 6 Inspection 45
1 Nondestructive Testing Methods 46
2 Destructive Testing Methods 48
Chapteter 3 Brazing of Ti Alloy and Stainless Steel 50
Section 1 Brazing of Ti Alloys 50
1 Chemical and Metallurgical Characteristics 50
2 Surface Preparation 50
3 Fluxes and Atmospheres 51
4 Brazing Methods 51
5 Brazing Temperature 52

- vm -
 6 Filler Metals 52
7 Mechanical Properties of Joints 54
Section 2 Brazing of Stainless Steels 54
1 Base Metals 54
2 Filler Metals 55
3 Interactions during Brazing 56
4 Joint Design 57
5 Processes and Equipment 57
6 Precleaning 57
7 Fluxes and Atmospheres 57
8 Postbraze Operations 58
Section 3 Brazing of Ti Alloy to Stainless Steel 59
1 Examples of Brazing 59
2 Brazing Conditions 61
3 Interface of Joint 64
4 Intermetallic Compounds 65
5 Residual Stresses 67
6 Patent 68
Section 4 Brazing Method of Dissimilar Metal Joints at SMART 69
1 Base Metals 69
2 Filler Metals 70
3 Joint Design 71
4 Brazing Process 71
5 Test and Inspection 76
Chapter 3 Conclusions 77
Chapter 4 References 79

- ix
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Metals Handbook, Vol. 6 welding and brazing[3]°

Sit}-. 3 7 l # 3 | # 3 . f e - Welding Journal, -§-
^ brazing^r€ 3 £ - journal

AWS (American Welding Society £|

-ANSI/AWS A5.8, Specification for Filler Metals for Brazing Welding
-ANSI/AWS A5.01, Filler Metal Procurement Guideline
- ANSI/A WS A5.31, Specification for Fluxes for Brazing and Braze
Welding
-ANSI/AWS C3.6, Specification for Furnace Brazing
-ANSI/AWS A2.4, Symbols for Welding, Brazing and Nondestructive
Testing
-ANSI/AWS B2.2 Brazing Procedure and Performance Qualification
-ANSI/AWS C3.8 Recommended Practices for Ultrasonic Inspection of
Brazed Joints

- 12 -
 -ANSI/AWS Z49.1, Safety in Welding and Cutting
Military standard^
-MIL-I-6866, Inspection, Penetrant
-MIL-STD-453, Inspection, Radiographic
=L$5L ASME^l
-ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section IX Weding and Brazing
Qualification0!
KS f M A ^
-KS B 0509,
-KS B 0510,
-KS B 0873,
-KS B 0874,
-KS B 0887,
-KS D 8048,
-KS D 8049, •§•
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homepage* °]-§-«r^ # 4 .

(spreading)

WARNING
CONTAINS CADMIUM. Protect yourself and others. Read and understand
this label.
FUMES ARE POISONOUS AND CAN KILL
• Before use, read, understand, and follow the manufacturer's instructions,
Material Safety Data Sheets(MSDSs) and employer's safety practices.
• Do not breathe fumes. Even brief exposure to high concentrations should
be avoided.
• Use only with enough ventilation, exhaust at the work, or both to keep
fumes from your breathing zone and the general area. If this cannot be
done, use air supplied respirators.
• Keep children away when using.
• See American Standard Z49.1, Safety in Welding and cutting available
from the American Welding Society, 550 N. W. Lejeune Road, P. O. Box
351040 Miami, Florida 33135; OSHA Safety and Health Standards,
29 CFR 1910, available from the U. S. Government Printing Office,

- 14 -
 Washington, DC 20402.
If chest pain, shortness of breadth, cough, or fever develop after use,
obtain medical help immediately.

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ANSI/A WS B2.2 Standard for Brazing Procedure and Performance

Qualification^ &fe Ml-§-•§: 7l^S>^ 4 w 4 ^ 4 . ° 1 ^ ^ ASME Section IX4

5.1 tL2fl°l^ ^-•a^^s.] ^ ^(Brazing Procedure Qualification)

a.e|o]^ 4^^^}* ^^«f7l ^BJ-O^ w.eflo]^j 3>^^x} X\vfr*\ (brazing
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BPQR)» * H 3 W . -g-<Hfe ^<H1- 2)^«>7] KH^^I
n 3j-«a^^H of

Lap joint, single, butt joints, rabbet joint, 3] ^ 76 m m ° l ^ ^ sj-o] s_s|

§ H «fl#IU-^-ir fl"^«fjl $14.
^ -g-g- 1 ; ^ , undercut ^ 3 , S I -fj-

- 16 -
 ^: AWS4
4.
Splicing^- -&H &•£ butt joints ^ ^ 75 mm °]<#£\ s ^ l ^ H f e *]-
AlS^JfEi ^ 7flfi) ^-^Al^^: ^ ^ ^ 4 . A ] ^ ^ i f - bend jig* ^>-§-
Splicing^ butt joint, lap joint, rabbet joints Xlr'M?!0! a}\l
macroetch A]^(section A ] ^ ) ^ fVcf. ^^-^-^-i- etching^H ^afl-g-

Lap joint, splicing?!: butt joints peel test!- ^\A] $\°] Si4.

ASME°fHfe. ol^-t- 4A1 l^'Jl^(essential variables)s>

«y*Knonessential variables)^ ^^-«M <9
"r 51

5.2 «-eflo|^l 4<>j 7l%to] ^ ^(Brazing Performance Qualification)

°ll tfltb ^ ^ W t - "a^^r ^^l (Brazing Performance Qualification Record)A

S. 7l^-«>S.^- £1^1 Si4. ^ - ° J ^ 4 4 ^ ^ " ^ «JAoH] 4 4 macroetch i&^r peel
test* «V£-^- =1«H si4.
^^«1-JL Si 4 . ^-^ W
fl-^4^1 si4.

- 17 -
 5.3

°fll- M ANSI/AWS C3.6 Specification for Furnace

quality assurance *}3H*1 «1 sf^l ^ 4 # - £ - ^ 4 . n ifl-§--§: 5

5.3.1
^^4- 3
- Class A

- Class B ^ ^ - : -g-§

J
- Class C ^ : &%°] ^7\) ^-7}s}7]^, a>4 -§-^°l f7j-£)^1 $ > A ^ , sj-

5.3.2
Calss A ^ B ^^Hl^-i «j-4^i ^ 4 3
MIL-STD-453^:

^ ANSI/AWS C3.8 Recommended Practices for Ultrasonic

Inspection of Brazed Joints^

* ttfl MIL-STD-6866, Penetrant Inspection^

$17)

- 18 -
 . 4-6- 4 ^ r ^rS. G. Slaughter ^1 "Welding and Brazing Techniques
for Nuclear Components[7]'4

1.1 Canned Fuel Slug

ORNL Graphite Reactor^] BL7) uranium slug* Al canAS.

^r 590-615°C fe slug^l end closure!- 96Al-5Si -§-

1.2 ^Ej£|i7 o v «]o|s. ^-tLS> ferrule ^ spacer

Yankee Reactor^ N. S. Savannah Reactor^] stainless7ov *A°A
ferrule^l ^"^-°)1^ ferrule0!] nickel salt-hypopsphite -%-^-%r
electroless nickel-§- Wl ^-i\}°}^ §f?14.
Experimetal Gas-cooled ReactoHHfe ^<&3. ^-^SL\ spacer 1- Cu

1.3 Graphite sleeve£} end cap^l ^ U

High^Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor°)l^1 graphite sleeve&} end
zirconium^
4.

1.4 Al sheet clad^}- spacer^] ^%1-

[S.fi1 cladding ^fL<y Al sheets spacer^]
Al-12Si-ir

1.5 ^^ stainless steel clad^ #^r^l ^ " t

SM-1 Plants l^ i ^ S ^ l cladding^S.S. A>-§-^ 304L stainless
steels- ^ ^ S - l - ^-Q-s Ni-27Fe-llSi-8Mo-4Pl-

- 19 -
 1871}s] ^ a . -§-71-71]

-c- Enrico Fermi Fast Breeder Reactor°fl >H fe Core B-§-

cladding ^flS?l 347 stainless steel^r spacer, bushing, wear ball ^
seal striper ^ ^ 1 ^ 1 7 1 - ^ H Ni-19Cr-10Si-4Fe-lMn^r -§-7>?flS

1.6 ^ ^ S . «j^S- cladding #iLS

zircaloy cladding #«.sf pad2-] ^^--i- Be-§-

Molten Salt Reactor Programs^ ¥.^7)2) ^ ^ ^ 4 tube sheett-

l^l-Jl tj-^l back tLeflo]^^- oi-g-§]-a) iL7oVs]-$I4. Inconel^f stainless
AMS 4778 -g-7f^# 4-§-«><^ ^ ^ 4 . ^ S ^ 7 l ^-a.1- finned tube

§}JI $14. ofl# * ^ , RFQ -ii^ 7}^7]<^^ vane^f section ^ section^]-

sectional ^ ^ - g : ^ r i ^ ^ 7 H ^ Cu?IIt - § - 7 r ^ * *r-§-«H «.^1°1^ ^e]«H
[9, 10], ^i^}7l-^7HlA-l^ OFHC2} 304 stainless steel^>^l ^ ^ ^ e] ^^-s.]
-§-71-7111- A}-g-§l-^ ^^-sj-ji $I4[11]. ^-7>7flo)l 4 ^ x - l i - stainless steel°ll ^ e )
Ni S^-^- ^i^&lS ^ t l 4# ^sl°l^ ^sl# * 4 . JET m a c h i n e d Cu
conductor magnetic coils] ^ ^ «.sfl0)^0.5. §1-^4[12]. LOCA^l-31 *]<^
emergency coolant^l- steamdml 7]^-%: simulate*}7! $\% film probe sensor-S]

Van de Graaff 7>#7l°l 7 > # ^ modulei^i alumina/Al/Ti^l

- 20 -
 ^#-i- ^ 7 ] , «a-^^-7l S
4. ^ torch brazing* ^ ^ H 4 4 ^ 4 . -g-7>7fl

xr4. °1 ^ - f 3 ^ f t ^ ^ 4 -§-^Si Af-g-^- ^ - x j o l

^ S^lfe §}4£] tips]- s>u(. O]AOI-O] flameo.^ °]^°]

tip

2 Furnace JEL^O|^I
2^1 4 ^ V i - «1-2|- ^ o ] -§-7^1)1- ^-<S-^

f u r n a C e H.

. Furnace %^flfe ^#^^1- t>^^°l ^ 4 . °l^*t furnace

S)*fl 7h(lElJ7) ^^§-0.5. A] # 4

21 -
 3 Induction «-3H^

induction «.3M3Me}- ^ 4 . Induction iL^o];*],§-

R ^ l ^ ^ l ^ i ^ induction «-

4.

. Induction ^.^^I^Hl f ^4
1—S.-C- motor-generator, resonant spark gap, ZLejoi ^1^- tube oscillator

4 Resistance

el ^^--¥-^1 ¥7-14 ^

^ Afojofl =.57 ^ ^ ^ OVB35I]. ^ a . ^ . ^

514. ^alxr z} arm4 #^1] $-Q& tongc>14 clampS o ] ^ - ^ ^ 514.

^ ] # » 4-g-"t T £ $1-^-4, ^^1^°14 $ 4 4 - Resistance welding 7l 7)1
$14. ^ i ^ ^ S f e 4 ^ , graphite, vflSj-^r, JEfe-

5 Dip JieiM^
Dip brazing^ 5>t}-3:4 -§-B-^-^S°1]4 ?t4. S f ^ S dip tLeflo]^^A^ -g-
o]^^ r L ^ 5 6(|

S dip i L e ^ l ^ i ^ f e
^ ^ ^ ^ 1 » 4%*}z- -§-^1* 4-§-*>4. ^ i s i - ^ l l - ^^(1 -$--§-

- 22 -
 6 Infrared J±e|o]

5,000 watt

7]-^«i- bell jar Sfe retorts]

infrared J±

7 a
Blanket a . ^ ^ 1 ^ «ov^
a
. Exothermic Jlefl^]^! J - ^ ^ -§-7>7flfi1 -§--§-

a^r 7-1 s

117\

51 '

4.

- 23 -
•& ^"5 ^ k fcfc R-frfc fr-H-fe la to ^r

to"lo{Y

•fer&:-§"§

lofrlo -hi* o T=

-§"
ia?T |KJ^lo to to-
s
to-S-^rb '-btS v -^"0 ktbto- fr-frfe '-bio

7T ^^-f-
m-h ktbloiv H ^ fvlT
klb
£0

to •§•-§- to ^ ^ to ^ FJ-R-TE
S V -no
is-g-g-
-br-§--§-

fi tblo{y
-§-&
 -§--§•€
8-3-I-

4-§-°fl ^ ^ - ^ ^ -8-71-^1- ^ * } - 3 ^-elM- - § - ^ ^ s l » a i r t s l - ^ ^ $14.

4 -§-§-^-e)# %>^§l *fl7i§ ^ f e § i 4 . 4 4 ^ 1 V ^ -8-8-^rS. ^ ^ 1 # 7fx^ -B-

-§-71-7(1 fe

10-90T ^ ^

4 ^^-(wetting)2f ^ ^-(bonding)
K £.71] SI- 5 H t > 7 - | 4 , £.7fl# ^j ^ A] ^

-Oj OJ:

4 AI^>
-§-7l-7i|fil ^ f e £.^11S.

3.
-§-7>7fl7l- ^ £.7flA>o]oj

- 25 -
 S Zn°14 Cdl-
Cd cflA] sn^- ^7f*>4. Sf} A H 4 Ni
^7] ^«fl Si# ^7>§f7l5L *>4. Li, P
B ^ ^ ± 1 ^-fi-* -g-7>7|fe S^fl^] a^^Vs}-!- ^°}5L brazing

w.eflol^oi ^ 7 1 ^-o]} tc]-e} ^ ? } 4 .

^1 *}-§-

"£•& brazing
-g-7f 711^1;^

Hi

-§-71-71)3.1 HV-g-^r #^1^17^1 ^ j - t ^ ^ l ^-§"8- ^ £ » ^

^tr ^ o l 7 l - 28°C 61 SMI ^ V ^ -§--8-

5L ^ - \ + « V 4 . n-213. ^ 1 5 5 * ^ 3.51. A
Die) ^^-^-^1 ^I^AI^J ^ ojd-

•§-71-711 fil ^ ^ t > -"d^-i- ^«fl, 'ANSI/AWS A5.8, Specification for Brazing

- 26 -
Filler MetalEM -g-7r*fl# 87fl 5 A S 4 ^ , A ?^r 4 4 4 4 ff

6
6.1 Al-Si
i H ^ l ^ r =1 ~t^4 ^fHI ^S. 4^-*V4. J^floR1^ ^ ^ 150"C

a
l furnace4 dip

H ^ ^ 4 . ^ ^ I f e ^ ^ r 0 ! 6.4 mm ^ § 1 - ^ ^ ^
0.15-0.25 raraS «>J1, ^ ^ I T T ^ f ^ ^ l 4 ^ ^-foflfe 0.64 rnm4
D
lw -8-71-^^ 4 7f^fe

-&}7-14, Xj-g-^fil -g-7]-*1)t- 5 1 ^ 5 ] §ffe «OV^°) XI4

6.2 Mg
^ £ BMg-1 -8-7>^fe AZ10A, K1A, ZZE|J
-8-431, -§-§-£-51 ^^17> # ^ BMg-2afe- AZ31B,
fe- £ 4 , dip, furnace J!3H*cH ^ ^ " 4 4 . °1 -8-71-

- £ 0.1-0.25mm7V ^^-§1-4. Brazing^-

6.3 C u 4 Cu-Zn

- 27 -
"51*11 Cu, Si, bronze, Cu-Ni f}~g-,
^ C u ^ € ^ , Ni ^ , Cu-Ni
furnace Jl
^ Cr, Mn, Si, Ti, V,
Al « ± W ^ - ^
0.05

Cu-Zn

^ 0.05-0.13 mm°]4. °1
4-g- 7^§]-t^. Cu-Zn
$= 7OV, CU, C u t ^ - , Ni, Ni*j"S-, i^?le|i7oT-^-o1]A^ Jf^^sj-
$14. a?V S^l, furnace, n ^ j i induction S.
borax-boric acidl- 4-g

6.4 Cu-P
-S. Ag, W,

1, Cu

D
^oi ojo.14 ^ ^ t b # 5 1 ^ 7l-t«>^ J^^ 5 d ^ I t ^ f l - ^ ^ ^ $14.
f-^ 0.03-0.13 mm°14.

6.5 Ag
A14 Mg-1:
-i: °l-§-^ ^ $14.
$14. ^^7l
^r 0.05-0.13 mmolji, ^ ^ 7 l » Af-g-s>ir ^-f^lfe 0.05

- 28 -
 )°IH A}-g- 7>^§l-4. Cufe AgiL4 Fe, Co, Ni
ft Cufe 3 ^"#1:4 ^ wetting^: ^ 7 1 4 , Ag^

Ag
>n wetting^]
flol^s].^ Ag-Cu ^ " ^ ^ cfl«-
wetting§1-Ji ^>-fi-S.*l -n-^*>4.
^ W h d § ^ -n-^-&£# ^ ^ * 1 ^"4;^1?14. Cd
wetting^]- -fi-§-£# ^7>A]-7J4. zie-]u|- Cd^ ^
^ l 4 + Cd

Ag-Cu ^ i i ^
Co 7]x] ^-^-s] ^ t M wetting^- 3.7)] %H V A 1^14. Zn £t-^-j9L.g. 5Efe Cd4 Sn
4^1 2:^-^6)15. Ag-Cu4 "^-^-i- °lf-°i 1^1 - ^ 4 * 1 wetting^- ^ ;
: 3.7fl »

Zn4 Cdtfl^ ^7}^. Ag-Cu

f -!zLir. jrVg ^ t-i| u | 'o 1 tJ m —I TT O TIT-»— " ^ pt; —p *_ H|

IS. wetting§f^c|l <>|3l-g-o] §14. 4 ^ 1 Mn, Ni, «flS-e- Coi

|7]--?}-4. ^ % t s l Ni^- %v-n-1t Ag

. -g-7-111-

-^ wetting^ -f^Sfl ^14- Li

°]^1] ^ A J ^ 1 Li
$14. Ag

- 29 -
 6.6 Au

Fe, Ni, Co7l^S] ^ ^^-ofl oj-g-^t)-. S-^\s]-S] al-g-

.^ ^ H l °l-8-W
^^•Bflsl induction, furnace, resistance

0.03-0.10 mm°14.

6.7 Ni

300^1-
, Ni^j- Co ^ ^ - t^ 1
, Cu ^-Sl «.^ol

10"3 torrS-1
-^ Ni

^ p

7] oil 4 «-2fl°l^^fe- ^^-°H 7H1" -f^r^r ^ ^ V J f l - ^ ^ - 4 1 514. 5x10" torr

§r^l ^ 1 ^ . o l # ^ ° l -51OC?1 ?i2: ^ i ^ - ^ 7 1 , E£fe o j ^ ^ o ]

.fl 4.

- 30 -
"t *fl°fl ^ 7fiofl <q*1) #]S)-€ ^ £ X l i £ S ^rS-17]- ^iLSl-t]-. ofls. Ti, Zr,
Nb, Ta^l «.e|^^^l <r±
-g-

ttfl

fe P, Li f-

wetting
7] 4

1.1
-§- ^1] °1] fe chloride, fluoride, fluoborate, borax, borate, boric acid, wetting
agent, water§-°l $14. °1

1.2

$14.

71-3 ^ ^ : J l ^ ^ M ^ ?b4.

Dip w . ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ f e # ^
Resistance iLiSM^H-Mfe- -%-^iA S.^0]0]^ §rS.S. f-^- wetting^!

- 31 -
1.3

paste ^Efl# ?>o)

7

paste AoVEfll-
pasted, torch

torch

Dip «.

1.4

-f

-g-^71- s f ^ s H -8711 ^17-113: ^ $14.

, brushing, chipping^4 7Ev^
J i i 7 o v f wire brushing^l-fe %
A g 4 Cu#

- 32 -
 2 £37)
£^7lfe- ^ 3 . furnace^ retort J ^ H ^ l SH 'M-S-W. Induction0!
resistance tUiH^cMl A H - ^ M S . ^ 4 . -§K1 T H 4 Zr ^ l-fls^-
induction J I B I M ' S H - M - ^ ^ ^ -f}--g-§l-4.

2.1 7fi-

4™75% - t

tg -g-7}

- 33 -
 ni7j.tr

33"

°l-eflM-

Al, Ti, Be, Mg3

1-2%

Cu,
Ni, Fe,

«+ 3 wetting

a))

Cu, Ti, Zr, Nb, Ta

4 . ^7l^^j

- 34 -
 2.2

4. °1
-7-1171- ^711 ^7-lSlxl #5L, ^ ^ ^ f ^ l ^ 2 ) " ^ 7 > i # ^7-1 §1-71
} ) ] n V Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ta ^

:-11, o|tr)l 7 f i ^
5
^- 10

4.

0.5-500 miliitorr^
i g ^ o f l 4el- i l ^
^ l +)#l ^fli4 flj|V ^-sv #> A1

7\<b.7\ A 7] £14. ^ - ^ ^SliLS. «?lafl

si 4 ^ ^ SI4. -!r^7f 6\%°- A V S ^ O ) 01 - ^o.ofl^ :a^-^

7114 -§-7f7fl7f J1*1^O1H ^ ^ ^ O ] O1^ ^ - f ^ f e J f ^ *l^-i-
nV^-37, 7l5]-7l- A]
, If",

- 35 -
 o]n]

'getter'

oL-S-fi]

SI4. fe 4^-4

SI-

$14.

$14.

- 36 -
 4 4 W W . -g-7>^7> 5L7fl^n} 7j-£7>

tfl7l

^ ۥ

71 ^ ^ 1 ^ * J ^ - S scarf ^ ^ o ] oicf (ziej 11).

4.

- #SJllZ XII71 7}^^

- 71-5- ^ ^ 7 V ^ ^
- -§-7>7fl^l -£?_•!- ^ ^ S f f e

A\O}$] 71 el011)-.
.^. o.^l §1-71 ^l«fl
3-7171- «-
4 #°1 71

12*11

- 37 -
 13, 1441 1441^ f-°l
f-o] nfl-f

7J-JE6JI n l f-o]

2.1

-g-

furnace S. «fl, f-&l 3.7)7} 0.08mm

s-o] 0.05 mm

2.2

- 38 -
 0.7-2 urn RMS7>

2.3 2 - ^ 1 4 -g-7]-7l]o]
-8-71-71) A > O ] * I

o]

, A

2.4

fl Al^l §ife Ni-Cr furnace M.2fl^>g6fl^^.

4 . ne-lM- s^Hl i% AM:

4 . All- ^ ^ «y= £ W - n . 5A1 "fl^,

aflfe £ ^ 1 1^^-OLS. ?lt!: f-5] 3.7]

2.5

.°l -fi-^^l-fe- -8-7>7flfe- tic]- #-& i - i ;

-§-71-711 fil

2.6
-g-71-^ A}ol oil

- 39 -
4.

2.7

I5i ^ 3 zflfifi) l^l^-i- 44^1534.

014

16-19^1 $1

oi 4 4 4 . ^ ^ 6 i u ] ^ 3 ^ ^ # ^ ^ 1 4 71 ^-o]

^ 4 . T ^ - ^ S «.sl|<>WH=. ^-f
Furnace «.eflol^4 4 ^ ^A+ofl^fe.
s H 514.
20-22ofl

- 40 -
 nfl

2(H
n|5] ^ A>-g-«]-7iu|-,
50-70%^

. -g-7f7fl ^ A] Z]

&l ^ojofl ulsfl nfl-f ^ re}

-§-7]-^si x-i^oi x7fliL4 e ^ - f ^ s . ^ " t ^ ^ l ^ ^ l ^ i ^ ^ 3ail ^7l^f-
Ulsfl Dfl.f XJ-4. -g-7^1171- 4 ^ - Ai^Jl ul ^ 3 ,
^-^Jf°fl 71

y^

514.

- 41 -
 # 3 0 } Jfa^Tfl ^ ^ $14. ^ 1 * 1-^ Mo •£ Cu^l 7]fl ^fe
, CU» Mo^l V]$\ ^ fe ^-f,
fe ^-f

^is 4

4 . ^-^.fe <i3S%M1^7

sandwich «.
ojc|-. s-AT- carbide ^^1 ^ ^ - ^ ^ l - ^ 1 4 1 : ^

x] softening -g:£Si

crevice corrosion^: -n-^'^lT'lfe galvanic corrosion couple

fl, nl5] Cui Ag# ££«>JL, Al

5 € «-^l]6l^ H*}

^ 7]

- 42 -
 l- 7K1" ^ ^rfe^l ^ 1 ^ nfl 7)^21 J2aVo|u(-

petroleum-S-^fl 4 chlorinate hydrocarbon

^ ^ s j - ^ trichloroethylene^M perchloroethylene
: silicate, phosphate, carbonate, deterg<snts, soap, wetting
agent
hydrocarbon, fatty acids, wetting agents, S-'^iMaMl

pickling : % ^+
pickling :

Ag* ^-fi-^: ST-fll-

. 71 Til ^
$] 5m& ft&z)- wetting^
4- °1 ^^tHlfe- grinding, machining, grit blasting, n^^L wire brushing^ 0 !
XI4.

2. -IM14 stop-off
-13:

- 43
 -Mil- 4-8-^ ^ S1-5-T4. -S-^12-1

. 5. 3o]] 51^. type 5

gas-air burner^ ol-g-«|-^ <?lS-7>i7^ °J?afl

117\

fe 5}^- 3-71 3*11 stop-off!- ^ * 1 W . °1 stop-offTr

graphite^- Al, Cr, Ti,

o
S*l flamed ^ I f - f S ] ^ % v 41 §1
. Furnace iliJJM^alM
Induction JELelM*J°fl>Hfe

- 44
 ^Mi^ brazing* 3-fife S^BfW #0} ^ O)AV^
4, M 4 stop-off 4-§-* 3-fife °l^-i- ^WRr ^ ° 1 ^JL-S>4. 1*1 el
7]- ^ A ^ brazing f-^

4.1

$14. ^ ^ ^ - f ^ f e - lO%%Hhg-°J?4 ^ ^ ^ ^ 4-8-

82°C

4.2 Stop-off

.^. S s 7i]a_o|i Sodium hydroxide4

ammonium bifluoride-g-OJ1 ^ 4-§-H" -f $14. ^ - f stop-offfe- 5-10%
711 ^ 7151 £.5., <>1 Stop-Off7l- ifl^-«^ 5i-§- nfl ^
$14.

code^l l
o
. ^^°flfe- 4 * H ^ 4 «144^1^ l $i4. A
IJ-*}^ ^ $14.

45
 1 H] 3^-21

© codeS-1
, (2)

1.1

\ misalignment,

^ -8-7>7flsl -B-S34 ^ ^ SI4.

1.2

A]

1.3
5U
4. °1^^

-§-71

\+4.

- 46 -
 . SBfl^r 12 l- flamed
$14.

514.

Si4.

1.4
, 71^-, 0]s]] JX

4 . rel

1.5
-. ojnfl

1.6

, transducer^ 3.71

- 47 -
Honeycomb °14, covering skin pane^f

gr 1 sinks}
P,

2.1

2.2 Peel *}%

^5)7} *m$] ^aj--^- SJ7HI

, S 7 l , ^ - S . f - ^ ; AlW^uf codei

2.3

w.Bflol
2.4

- 49 -
 J=LB||O|:g

A>-g-El -g-7>?flSl- -g-^oj

. o)

Si Til -g-7^]]7f

4
$10 4, Ti^]^ife
<S.2.717m- wetting^ ^ $14- Ti-

Ti $14.
o| T i cracking^ $14.

©
30

- 50 -
 30%HNO3 + 3%HF

oxyacetyiene S.^1 «.5flol^ofl

Ti

10 4 -10 5 mmHgfil ^1^H7> ^ . S - ^ 4 . He*]*-} ^ l ^ J i ^ T r Ar

Ti il^ofl ^ ^ - i : n l ^ l ^ . 760-930^0^1^ Ti
ol -21°C °1«H 6 >

4 M. eflol^
-S-fe induction a.eflol^!, furnace

4.1 Induction

chamber^]

ۥ

- 51 -
 4.2 Furnace J i ^ o R 1
y
TH ^ i ^ f JH3M3I c ^ o 1 4 . induction w.
EL7)o\) rflft ^ o )

induction^

4.3
Oxyacetylene

4.4 ^ ^ J i ^ l ^ l ^
Gas tungsten-o}3. -§-^71

5 il

55-83°C

o
o 514.

6 -§-7>7il
-§-71-711 fe T i 4 W ettability7>

- 52 -
4. °
- i - -8-7]-

Ni£ Ti4
-^-(52%Ni
furnace wLefl^l^!^-^ ^-^V ^ t ^ * ^ i : *r Si4. Ti

fe Ti-Ag

-. Furnace «.^o ,
. Furnace «L«JM^-8- ^ " ^ ^ ¥ ?M$= Li (0.2

Al (5 ^fe 12.5%)4 Mg (0.15-0.20%)#

g-^r 25% Zn4 5%

Au-Sn-Ti ^

525-620°C

- f-°l 0.076 mm °]*H

^71] # ^ ^ $14. t ^ ! fillets iLf- 0.076
mm # M.4 c| 3 E S 7}]-g-§- ^£S} ^ ^ 7 f ^7^1 ^ ^ 4 ^ 1 ?^^4. Fillet Jf£

$14. «1H3 fe£ £51 (Tisi ^ - f 425-480°C)oll^ -g-g-^^l ^ £ -g-

- 53 -
 ^-fofl fumace ^ H ^ t } - ^ 100-165 MPa^i ^ ^ 7 j - £ # 7>X|aL,
induction J L ^ M ^ I ^ 140-240 MPa^
induction w.^o

wettability

1
1.1 *}-.H

1.2 s

O]

1.3 5-^Bim-ol^.^l
^AJ- E x l u } fumace ^.eflo]^^- A}-g-t>4. ^>^«M ^ 3024 304^

- 54 -
425-870°C*H -fr*l$ *1*H 4 4
. 321, 347, 3484 £ £

1.4

-§-71-7

lS.fe- Cu, Ag, Ni, Co, Pt, Pd, Mn,

7
-§- 71 ^-^.S. § H ^ ^ ^ ^ # ^7>tb A°\ Si4. ^ ^ | A>-§.^£ofl 4 4 o]

370°C 6
4 . CUTH -g-7V7fl(BCu-
425-540°C'?l ^-f^^- Cu-Mn-Ni (53Cu-37Mn-10Ni)^r A>-§-*>JL, 540°C
^Mfe- Ni^^-^14 Au^l Cu, Ni,
427°C ol^-^1 ^ - f ^ f e
5]7}$] furnace W-ell^

BCu-X* 4-S-4S, RBCuZn-X4

# 5 ^
2:^^71 <^3l^ ^-f^ BAg-21- Af-g-tt-4. ol ^flafe o_ej A^V 7}
7)11- -g-g-Al^lHS ^Slsfl^ W . BAg-34 BAg-4fe Ni^r
. BAg-54

C d 4 Zn^l ^<>1<=»> 4 f e ^-foflfe Ag-Cu

- 55 -
 BAg-8-f- # - § - $ 4 . 6] -%-7}^6\} o.25% Li
wettability7> #^J*j, P H ^
o_3. furnace ^SIM

11 ^ l f e - Ni4 Au
-§-71,

i-1, -2, -3, -4fe

1 #•& BNi-5, -6, -

%n Au-Ni, Au-Ni-Cr, Cu-Pt, Ag-Pd~Mn,

-Ni-Cr^s] -g-71-7fll- A>-g-t ^ 014

3 iLeflo|^Al H>-§-
430 iBfloiefli^Vofl A g t ^ - ^ - -g-7>XflS. A>-§-*>^ ^ ^ - ^ ^ l Tfl^ J f ^ ^ l 71-

SI4. 4 4 ^ 430^1 iBllo]e^70Hlfe Zn^l &5L, ^ ^ Ni-

. Ni4 Zn S ^ # £Wfe

^fil -§-71-71

. 310

$1714, «l-^6.S. 9in -g-^^:

] •§-

^Tfl ^ ^ ^ r ^ ^ 4 . -§-71-711 oil $lfe B, Si,

4 -§-7>7fl«ifl s]*n £7fl7l- -g-sflsH °J ^l^f-71- 4 4 \ i 4 .

- 56 -
 . Honeycomb ^ ^ 4 £©1 ^0]?$

A l ^ ; H5]J7 -g-7>7-1] <£•§•

Pd ^ - ^ - ^ ^ l e i *

0.0254-0.127 mm ^ £ ° 1 4 . ^ " t ^ f-°l V3^ ^-f^Hxr *\ %*§<>] #^1 #-,

014.

5
torr

.. Wire
brushing^ 4^1 ?#fe4. 4 ^ T - ^ ^ 1 , 7l#
4. =iz\3- 4^^- 4S tLel|o]^§^
polyethylene bag<^l iL^HH ^ 7 ) 4 5.^1

7 -§-
l- ^r^l7lofl^ furnace

- 57 -
 Ti4 Al-

brazing^ €-£-7]-
A] € 4 .

i- ^1-7114

-Sfl

t ^ $14.
iL-f- w-e Ti

1-2%
4
^ ^ ^^]^ ^ 4^4 $14. Ni
lfe- 0.005-0.05 m m i «

44

AWS type 3A, 3B, 4

Stop-off* $14.
furnace
 . Sop-off*

stop-offl-i
stop-offfe

3 ^ Ti

Ti
74 t ss)7l
74
honeycomb p a n e H
17-7 PH stainless

Ti
7]-

l.l S}
1.1.1 Ohashi^-[18]
Gr. 2 4 304L ^ 835°C, 1088 -10
1010

59
 ^l ^^f, 376 MPaS] ° J M £ f £534. Ti^-g- Gr. 2^1
512 MPa^l ?J-i- 3l^*f^

T i ^ ^ ^ r 550-650°C, 10'8-10 10 Torr^l^ 10^-, i^e|^7 o v^- 700-800°C,

108-1010 Torr^l^ lO^^l^j AA i i

835°C, 08-10 10
Torr,

fe 74

1.1.2 Setof-[19]
6
3304L ^ g e f l ^ - g - 750°c, 2 x 10 Torr^l
372

T i ^ - g - : 0.06/an

Ion bombarding^ A $-,

75 M P a ^ ^ - S - ^ ^ ^ ' M , ^ ^ - ^ £ ^ ^ 1 3 0 ^ iJSL,

1.2
Pure Ti^f 304L ^ ^ ^ i ^ j - ^ - , ^ # ^ - ^ - 1 : 98 t

upsetting pressure, ^ ^ <£*} ^d^r # T 3 . t}<^ v}% ^ ^ ^ ^ 1 7 J 4 ^ tfl

383 MPa^l ^-t7ov5E.» £ ^ ^ $!
-£}^ : 26/s
-Upsetting pressure : 196 MPa

- 60 -
 1.3 •%•%

-[20]^ f^> ^ ^ 1 1 vanadium^ >

V$] ^ W ^ f e 3 J 5 410 MPa, V 4 i ^ e i i ^ ^ 5 J S 480 MPa

pure Ti(VTl-0)# -g-^j £-£.£. *}•%•

_g.^ : Ni

550-570 °C

1.4

Gemini4 Apollo^l nfl^ 7)1 f i ^ ^.§-

4^[22, 23]7l- 3X-& I&014. o_|^c) 3.7]
180 MPa!- ^*1 * ^ 4 . ^ l e Camargo^-[24]<>11 3]^-^ a|tfl ^TEb^S! 230
-§-7^1)S. Ag-28%Cu» Ti
L, 2 x 10 3 Torr, 860°C<>)l^i 15
. ASM Metals Handbook[3Hfe ^-^1^°! Jiefl^^o1 ^ ^ H l l - #
$14. Pure Ti(AMS 4921)4 347 i ^ e j i ? ^ # « . # BAg-19

0.13-0.18 mm7> E|S.^- ffJ±« 7>^-«1-^o.^, ^r^7lfe Ar-i-

-§-4^1- ^l^^M retorts "431 Arl- 30^: ^ 5 . purge^-l^JL 4^1 31
30^ ^ £ 4r4 ^ , 8 9 9 t S ^ - ^ ^ 1 ^ 4 . ^ ^ - ^ retort

2
2.1

- 61 -
 ?1 ^ , 40% HNO3 + 2% HF + 58% H2O
-§-71-71) ^ acetone^S. ^ § f f e 3} AS. %•
$)*}ol Ni^r 0.001-0.002mm coating
fe 0.0127mm# ^

2.2

-Ag-9Pd-9Ga
Langeley Research Center(NASA) °ll ir^Q ^<:>} Si-2.4, TRW^l R. I.
Batista7l- 7fl^-[26]. <#3.*$-& Gapasil-9^
-Au-18Ni
Gemini program^l^ Ti-6A1-4V4 304L i g ^ l ^ f i ] JELeflo]^1 ^- $}^\<x\
^ £^3 [21].
-Ag-28Cu-0.2Li, Ag-7Cu-0.2Li
honeycomb^ ^ ^ -§-[17]. Ag-28Cu-0.2Li-g-
i Lithobraze 925«3.

: Palcusil-5)[25], Ag~28Cu(BAg-8)[24],
Pd-9.0Ag-4.2Si[21], 48Ti-48Zr-4Be[21].

$14.

2.3

#4[21,24].

- 62 -
 lamp
o] 7 ^ § f 4 . n
4 S.7fls] ^ 1 4 I ^ S S ^ l ^ A S . ^r£-S-S7f jL3.7fls|7l 4 ^ 4 . ^^--Jf
. 7]-
-§-71-71) ofl 4 5 } ^ ^ £ 1 ^ 1 ^ , ^ - ^ &7}*M5L *}Kl^5L ^tTflfi.^ 4

void

l-^ 4

~Camargo-§-[24]
Ag-28Cul- -g-7>7l)S. 4-S-^H 860°C, 2 x 103
, 15^ 4*1 ^MEfe ^4444, °l-f ^ ^ 4
- f ^ ^ ^ A t y V ^ i ^ A , Vol. 62, No. 9, 1962

. * s i #<H71-711
Ar 7 f i l - * e l ^ 4 y
. Pure Ag-t -

0.04 mm
Cul-
Ag-30Cu«- 1000°C, N i # 1050t:«fl>H 4 1

fe 1050°
0.08 mm 4 ? h § : 4-8-tb ^ - r7 ^ 4 1 -&£°fl^ 0.04 mm4 4 ° 1 4 $1^-4, 4

- 63 -
 Ag-30Cu£] 3-f 2.5^-44 ^A *, AA #±. Cusl 3 - f 2.5^ A A

Camargo^[24]^6] Ag~28Cul-
EPMA» A>-§-«><^ ^ ^ . ^ - ^ - ^ ^ 4 , % 67fl£l ^ ^ ( T i A S JfE^l 1, 2, 3
. A%

Ti7> >*2. sv^oll ^1§H ^ 7 ^ . ^ l ^ ^ l A A

: 9%). # £ 4 H ^ - T i ^ ff-Ti

-°J^ 2
/3 -Ti

4.
o
71- 7^1 J t f l S ^ ^ f l . Al^Vo] ^2l-§]-^ Cu^r o ^ a^flS ^ ^ ^ . T i 4
Cu7} SSI-si /3-AgS.

d -i O-

T i 4 Fe7f TiFe^ TiFe2 ^r

Fe7>

- 64 -
 TiCr27l-

7\} ^ « H ^ l f e 5!^ °1-M4. i » # ^ Ti2Cu7]-

4.1 Ti-Ag(3.^. 23
-TiAg : CuAu*js] tetragonal superlattice. a=2.887A, c=8.16A[28]. -§--§-
1020°C. SL^-21 a-ell^l^1 ^ £ ° 1 ] ^ ^ ^ ° 1 £]*} $^TT4.
-Ti2Ag : MoSi 2 ^ tetragonal. a=2.954A, c=11.18A[28]. 94O°CC>11^ /?+Ti
Ti2Ag. !L

4.2 T i - C r ( ^ . 24 %S)
-aTiCra : MgCu 2 ^ FCC Laves phase, a=6.994A, 1220°C^1^1 /3 + j3TiCrz
-> <?TiCr2 M.3H*ol ^oj- -6|Aj£]7i o^^cK
-/?TiCr 2 : MgZn 2 ^ HCP Laves phase, 122O°C°1H 7 TiCra ^/?TiCr 2 .
a=4.932A, c=8.005A[29] t l ^ o l ^ -^<?]- Ǥ^sj7l ^ ^ c ] - .
- / T i C r 2 : MgNi 2 ^ HCP Laves phase, 1370°C°lH 0-$°.£.^ ^^.
a=4.932A, c=16.0lA[29] JELe^l^ ^ ° 1 ^

- 65 -
4.3 T i - C u C i ^ . 25
-TiCu : tetrafonal. 986°C°1H L -^TiCu, a=3.144A, c=5.97A[28] W-
-l 7l-i=.*l 01.0.
O x
r 0 0 A J
- D -

-TiCu 2 : VAu 2 ^ orthorhombic. 890 "C^H Ti3Cu4 + L - • TiCu2. a=4.38A,

b=7.97A, c=4.49A[29]. J^SIM^ %•<& ^ € 7>^ Si-g-.
-Ti 2 Cu : MoSi 2 ^ tetragonal. 790 T ^ H /?Ti -> c T i + Ti2Cu. a=2.944A,
c=10.786A[30] ^]}°}^ %•<& 1 ^ 1 3 7 } ^ $X^r.
-Ti.Cu 4 : tetragonal. 925°C°1H TiCu + L -> Ti3Cu4, a=3.137A, c=19.95A
[28]. tLe^l^o 1 ^ ^ ^ ^ € 7f^^ o!^_
-Ti 2 Cu3 : Al 3 Os 2 ^ tetragonal. 875°C°11^ Ti3Cu4 + TiCu 2 -> Ti2Cu3.
a=3.140A, c=14.014A[29]. J ± e 1 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ € 7 ^ ^ $J-§-.
-TiCu 4 : ZrAu 4 ^ orthorhombic. 885°C°fl^| L + Cu -> TiCu4. a=4.525A,
b=4.34lA, c=12.953A[29]. «-^]°l^

4.4 T i - F e ( n U . 26
-TiFe : CsCl^i cubic. 695°C°fl^ ^ T i -> aT\ + TiFe. a=2.9789A[29].

-TiFe 2 : MgZn2*J HCP Laves phase. 1289 °C «^|-M L -» TiFe 2 +

a= 4.785A, c=7.799A[29]. tL&ll0]^1

4.5 T i - N i ( n ^ 27 ^ S )
-TiNi : CsCl^ cubic. 1310°Ci^ L ->• TiNi. a=3.010A[29]. «_

-Ti 2 Ni : FCC. 942*C°fl^ L -* ySTi + Ti2Ni. a=11.324[29]. tL^l 0 ]^ 1

-TiNi 3 : HCP. 630*0^'H TiNi -> Ti2Ni + TiNi3. a=5.109A, c=8.299A[29].

4.6 Cr-Fe-Ti
-CrFeTi : MgZn2*3 HCP Laves phase. a=4.8949A, c-7.941A[29]
-Cr 3 FeTi 2 : MgZn2«J HCP Laves phase. a=4.867A, c=7.953A[29]

- 66 -
 4.7 Cu-Fe-Ti
-CuFeTi2 : ClCs^ cubic. a=3.035A[29]

4.8 Cu-Ni-Ti
-CuNiTi : MoSi 2 ^ tetragonal. a=3.12A, c=7.965A[29]
-CuNi2Ti : AlsTi^ tetragonal. a=3.6HA, c=7.459A[29]

4.9 Fe-Ni-Ti
-FeNiTi2 : FCC. a=11.338A

, Ti

6]:

4. 42-}^ o]ofl
^ ^o] ^jg^-^^fe. s. 74

cj^j.

G= E • Aa • AT
a: stress
E: Young's modulus

- 67 -
 /la:

x 103(MPa) • 8xlO6(/°C) • 280(°C) = 264(MPa)

: 118GPa, aTi : 9x10 6 /°C, ass=17xlO 6/°C, Tj=(870+273)/2 °C, T,,=20°C

a =200 x 103(MPa) • 8xlO6(/°C) • 280CC) = 448(MPa)

E:200GPa,

350-400MPaS

-§-71-^ ^ 7]-^^^^ 2 ] - ^ 4 f g ^ 7.]

n]^- J L ^ uS-6168069i Sl
si sleeved T i % ^ ^ sleevel-
Coriolis massflow sensor* A

^^ JP-61216851fe

Ni-
0.3^ra oR1" ^ 4 . ^ ^ l l ^ c N x r Au s t r i k e d ^, Pd°1 30%
Ni-PcPl-t- 03/m °1# <ytl
ufl, 4 4 - 1 : 01*1
1:^: 100MPa°l«l-614

$\ 7} Ti

gl71 nj|£-o1|, ^j

1.

. 284

7
-^: a. 84 ^
ASTM Gr. 9 4 S ^ l «l**>
4 . ^Hi ASTM Gr. 9 A S 4 E
cfl^V Sj-ojol ^iL-5ft>. ^-£ofl tc}^ 7)-A]A ^ - ^ ^ fi. 104 7 ^ 4 . ASTM Gr. 9
A v
4 3-f o ^°114 ^-^-7J-£7> 725MPa, ^1^^5171- 860MPa,

7} 9X7}

- 69
 , ASTM4

1^ 321#4 5 ^ 3 s ^ ^ S. 114 £ 4 . T i ^ 4 7^°1 seam less°l

^fe 316L# ^
. 3214 s-A^o_
Jl $14. 71^1^
71- 515MPa, ^^5.7} 205MPa, ^^-i-ol ^^l^H 1 35%, 3J^1HM 25%°} 4 .

7fls.fe- BAg-19, BVAg-30(Palcusil-5)4 Gapasil-9°14. BAg-194

BVAg-30^r Lucas-Milhaupt47l- BVAg-304 Gapasil-9-S-
$14. ° 1 * ^

$14. ^^114 4^°fl 4 4 AA 4 ° 1 4 $14^ BAg-194 BVAg-30

4 %-°- kg^ 1,000$, Gapasil-9^ 4,500$^4 Gapasil-9^ ^ ^ ^ l 3171-014. o]
#^1 tfl^: ^ ^ o 1 - ^ , 4 4 4 ^ , 4 ^ ^ ^ - i : S J4§M ^ ^ « > J L ^ *>4. 444*11
4 Tr BAg-191- Af-g-4o|o. s s O.AJ BAg-191- 71^6.5
4.
z> -g-7f7H4 ^ - ^ ^ a . 1247EV4. BVAg-30^ 7-14 ^

5T-o]§i-7l7l- 4=1^ 4 ^ 4 4 7 1 - ^ 4 4 4 . 4 4 4 BAg-19iL4 stainless steel

1 $14. Gapasil-9£

^^-¥-71- 4 4
^-4 i ^ e f l i ^ s. o l olAj-^lo] 3 7 ] ^ ^V^i m. + oj7] ufl^-ofl,
V
4 ?« 4. «.efloi^ ^£71- ^-o.^, -g-7l-7fl7> # ^ 4 * 4 1-4^: ^r

^°1 €• -8-71-7fl A # 4 .

- 70 -
 -Ti-

f- 3u P B 3H uoipnpuj jo SOISBQ ^Aanqpnx 'V '0

4a ^4$^^ ?^k

12

IKls-tzgi lat^efe f-^T^ i r o i toa^4^-§- 44

[blvir-§- Mngr
V-h 44<>4* fe-gi-Sr klbkfe- to bio IT
£[o tb-S-lbi k4
ib^Hn ki? ^ -S-
MbSMV to
d= 5000\
d: reference depth, p: resistivity (42 -cm), y.'- relative magnetic susceptibility,
f: frequrncy(Hz)
Q -cm, ^=1<^14. ^ ^]S.^1 3.
-i- Ji3^§f^ 20 kHz

92mm^ "11, T i 4 i E j e f l ^ v o ] Jfujs- lOScm'S 7]-

: ^3] x ^ £ = 105cm" x 4.5g/cm' =472.5g

%t : jfTz) x igc = 105cm> x 7_ 9g / cni ' =829.5g

2) 7|-^^r£7>^l^l s3.&^ energy : Heat content x I r ^

: 1.59 x 10 4 kWh/g x 472.5 g = 7.51 x 10 2 kWh
4
: 1.54 x io kWh/g x 829.5 g = 12.77 x 10 2 kWh
900°Cv\A 7}<£*}~ ^-f,
: 7.51 x 10 2 x 60 = 4.5(kW)
: 12.77 x 10 2 x 60 = 7.7(kW)
%• net power : 12.2 kW
3) Radiation heat loss : Radiation loss x surface area
Radiation loss : 0.011 kW/crf x 1,100 erf = 12.1 kW, (radiation lossfe-
%V3:^*1 [31]2) 104^ # 2 0
4) %• ^-S.?!: power : net power + radiation heat loss = 24.3 kW
5) Coil efficiency : space factor=0.85S- t}<^ graphical method(%2:•§-*! [31]
s-l 64^ # 2 0 5 . 314h 80%
6) %&-& -§-^= : 24.3/0.8 =30.4 kW

4.2 5L<H^ ^ 1 ^

- 72 -
 1
5U4. 4 2 M ^ T ^£3 S < ^ ^ $ 1 * 1 ^ 4 S ° ^ turn^l- ^Tfl « H o)
S<|J ^ll^ ^ impedance matching^: 3.°d ^H

ceramic

(R-type)-i- *}-g-fb4. = ^ 1 ^ ^ ^ ^ 1 * ^ « H ^ ^ feed-through^-

. S , «s>2.$ 7 l - i # ^ « a * H 10 2 -10 3 Torr^

diffusion pump* 4-§
M 3s turbo pump*

S-1 3.71 fe- 45.^1 2]tfl 3.717f ^!^ 92mra, ^«>1 170mm^ ^ ^ ^ 1 7
400min, a | ^ 400mm3§£7> ElS.^. ^.cj-. View portl-

4.3

:71

4.4 £ U 1 H ^ Z--Q 51^5)-

 1500^17

^ 1 4 AMS-2424-
2.5mm ^ 1 ^ ti ^ ^ ^ t

PVD°1] fil^:
l blister7>

ife- low
!
cycle thermal fatigue^i^-ir s-^.?14. 4 4 * 1 Q^--
K Thermal fatigueAl ~%
fatigue-^

thermal fatigued tflf!; <$*&•£ %7}*t <r S i 4 .

v
^r 9X-& galvanic corrosion

- 74 -
 ^ water chemistry fe autoclave^

wa ter chemistryl- t ? l t kinetic*! A

b - ^ mechamnism°l ^ tfl

4.4 -8-7^11

4.5 71-1
271)
view portl- H -g-71-7flsl
f f "t ^ Sl 10 5 Torr l ^^^-Hlll:
BAg-191- 10 2 -10 3
TorrS

View p o r t * -§-7>7|l7l-
A|

- 75 -
 5 £ A}

"«^TJ>^7^^ •^-^^^l-^l- macroetch test-1- 1

•^-'?t;^Af^ -8-7>7ll7l- Irlir^l -^--H"5! $i -C-^1 , undercutting °1
. undercutting-c- £^1 ^r^l^] 5% 4 0.254mm ^°fl^i ^-& &
Macroetch testfe- S.7fl# -aj^W*£<LS, 2^^t\n, n ^ 17
tL.fi. cgnf ^ polishing-i: fb^
A 20%#

3.7]

- 76 -
 *fl5.JL . «gH«:7l

-8-71-

A
-8-71-7(1 S f e BAg-19, BVAg-30
4 40% HNOs + 2%
HF •+ 58% H2O -8-^^-
4 . #, ^^efl^Tj-^
?1171- i i ^
7] -g- 7>

ASMES-1- AWS^l
3 ^ ^ 1 ^ - ^ «]sf
-T-^^^K macroetch

ol

- 77 -
 fe 350MPal-

4.

- 78 -
1. ^MHl 31, - I - W ^ M , *I166U *H43L, 1997, 6
2. Bm-7f n>Amo_, ^-^svsi^l, ^|66€, *H43L, 1997, 49
3. Metals Handbook, Vol. 6 welding and brazing, American Society for
Metals, 1971
4. ANSI/AWS B2.2 Standard for Brazing Procedure and Performance
Qualification, American Welding Society, 1991
5. ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section IX Welding and Brazing
Qualification, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1995
6. ANSI/A WS A5.8, Specification for Brazing Filler Metal, American Welding
Society, 1992
7. Gerald M. Slaughter, 'Welding and Brazing Techniques for Nuclear Reactor
Components', American Society for Metals, 1964
8. R. J. Beaver, C. F. Lettinen, Jr, J. L. English, ORNL-2834, 1962
9. D. Schrage et al., LA-UR-98-3457, 1998
10. « ^ ^ r $ 5<?1, KAERI/CM-245/98, 1998
11. L. D. Hansborough et al., LA-UR-86-3564, 1986
12. M. J. Walravens, JET-R-86-04, 1985
13. A. J. Moorhead, NUREG/CR-2811, 1982
14. T. Joy, R. M. Crispin and M. G. Nicholas, Proc. Conf, High Technology
Joining, Brighton, UK, 3-5 Nov., 1987
15. Welding Handbook, vol.2, 7th edition 1978 370
16. H. B. Pressly et al., BDX-613-1666, March 1977
17. J. F. Rudy, R. M. Necheles and H. Schwartzbart, Weld. J. 38, p202-s,
1959
18. O. Ohashi, K. Ei and H. Irie, Welding International, 10(3), pl88, 1996
19. S. Seto, K. Ohwaki, T. Roguchi and T. Irisawa, Q. J. Jpn. Weld.
Soc.,10(2), p38, 1992
20. F.R. Kulikov, V. N. Shnyrikov, S. V. Ivanov, V. I. Lukin and L. L.
Starova, Welding International, 9(5), p408, 1995
21. M. M. Schwarz, Welding Research Council Bulletin No. 244, 1978

- 79 -
22. ^A *1 #, f j t i ^ A i y / i ' ^ ^ A , 10(9), p234, 1962
23. T. Wada, K. Sasabe and M. Tanabe, -g-^^^l*!, 36(8), p40, 1967
24. P. R. C. Camargo, R. E. Trevisan and S. Liu, Weld. J., 72(12), p537-s,
1993
25. R. L. Peaslee, Weld. J., 71(5), pll2, 1992
26. ^A nl^-, Industrial Heating, 48(3), p31, 1981
27. T. B. Massaaski (Ed.), "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams', ASM International.
Materials Park, OH, 1990
28. V. N. Eremko, Yu. I. Buyanov and N. M. Panchenko, Sov. Powder. Met.
Metall. Ceram. 4(88), p301, 1970
29. Pearson's Handbook of Crystallographic Data for Intermetallic Phases, 2nd.
ed., 1991
30. M. H. Mueller and H. W. Knott, Trans. AIME, 212, p674, 1963
31. Chester A. Tudbury, 'Basics of Induction Heating', Vol. 1, John F. Rider,
Inc., 1960
 S. 1

Be.Zr, W, Mo.Ta,
Carbon & & alloys Cb & alloys
Al& Al Mg& Mg Cu&Cu low alloy Cast Stainless Ni&Ni Ti & Ti (reactive (refractory Too)
alloys alloys alloys steels iron steels alloys alloys metals) metals) steels
A1& Al BAISi
alloys
Mg&Mg X BMg
alloys
Cu&Cu X X BAg, BAu,
alloys BCuP,
RBCuZn
I Carbon & BAISi X BAg, BAu, BAg, BAu,
low alloy RBCuZn BCu,
steels RBCuZn,
BNi
Cast iron X X BAg, BAu, BAg, BAg,
RBCuZn RBCuZn RBCuZn,
BNi
Stainless BAISi X BAg, BAu BAg, BAu, BAg, BAu, BAg, BAu,
steel BCu, BNi BCu, BNi BCu, BNi
Ni&Ni X X BAg, BAu, BAg, BAu, BAg, BCu, BAg, BAu, BAg, BAu,
alloys RBCuZn BCu, RBCuZn BCu, BNi BCu, BNi
RBCuZn,
BNi
 3. 1

Bc.Zr, W, Mo, Til.

Carbon & & alloys Cb & alloys
AI& Al Mg & Mg Cu & Cu low alloy Cast Stainless Ni& Ni Ti & Ti (reactive (refractory Tool
alloys alloys alloys steels iron steels alloys alloys metals) metals) steels

Ti&Ti BAISi X BAg BAg BAg BAg BAg

alloys
Be.Zr, X X BAg BAg.BNi' BAg.BNi' BAg, BNi' BAg, BNi'
& alloys BAlSi(Be)
(reactive
metals)
W, Mo.Ta, X BAg BAg.BCu, BAg.BCu, BAg, BCu, BAg, BCu,
Cb & alloys BNi* BNi' BNi' BNi'
(refractory
metals)
00
ro Tool X BAg.BAu, BAg, BAu, BAg, BAu, BAg, BAu, BAg, BAu, BAg, BAu,
steels RBCuZn, BCu, RBCuZn, BCu, BNi BCu BCu,
BNi RBCuZn, BNi BNi RBCuZn, BNi RBCuZn, BNi

Note: Refer to AWS Specification 5.8 for information on the specific compositions within each classification.
X—Not recommended; however, special techniques may be practicable for certain dissimilar metal combinations.
Y—Generalizations on these combinations cannot be made. Refer to chapters 20 and 21 for usable filler metals.
'—Special brazing filler metals are available and are used successfully for specific metal combinations.
Filler metals:
BAISi—Aluminum silicon BCuP—Copper phosphorus
BAg—Silver base RBCuZn-Copperzinc
BAu—Gold base BMg—Magnesium base
BCu-Copper BNi-Nickel base
 S. 2 Brazing

AWS Recommended
brazing flux Recommended Recommended useful temp, Forms
type no. base metals filler metals0 range Ingredients supplied
1 All brazeable BAISi 700-1190F Chlorides Powder
aluminum alloys 371- 643C Fluorides
2 All brazeable BMg 9OO-120OF Chlorides Powder
magnesium alloys 482- 649C Fluorides
3A All except those BCuP.BAg 1050-16OOF Boric acid Powder
listed under 1,2, 566- 871C Borates Paste
and4 a Fluorides Liquid
Fluoborates
Wetting agent
3B All except those BCu, BCuP, 1350-2100F Boric acid Powder
listed under 1, 2, BAg, BAu, 732-1149C Borates Paste
and 4 RBCuZn.BNi Fluorides Liquid
Fluoborates
Wetting agent
4 Aluminum bronze, BAg (all) 1050-1600F Chlorides Powder
aluminum brass, and BCuP (Copper 566- 871C Fluorides Paste
iron or nickel base base alloys Borates
alloys containing only) Wetting agent
minor amounts of
AJorTi.orboth"
5 All except those Same as 3B (ex- 1400-2200F Borax Powder
listed under 1, 2, cluding BAg-I 760-1204C Boric acid Paste
and 4 through -7) Borates Liquid
Wetting agent
Note: This table provides a guide for classification of most of the proprietary fluxes available commercially.
When used alone, the information given here is generally not adequate for a specific application.
a. Some Type 3A fluxes are specifically recommended for base metals listed under Type 4.
b. In some cases. Type 1 flux may be used on base metals listed under Type 4.
c. See Table 11.3 for filler metals designated by symbols listed.

- 83 -
 S. 3

AWS
brazing Approximate
atmo- Maximum composition, % Application
sphere type dew point
number Source incoming gas CO CO, Filler metals" Base metals Remarks

1 Combusted fuel Room 5-1 87 5-1 11-12 BAg,*BCuP, Copper, brass"

gas (low hy- temp. RDCuZn"
drogen)
Combusted fuel Room 14-15 70-71 9-10 5-6 BCu, BAg,a Copper,11 brass," low- Decarburizes
gas (decarbur- temp. RBCuZn," carbon steel, nickel,
izing) BCuP monel, medium car-
bon steelc
Combusted fuel -40° C 15-16 73-75 10-11 Same as 2 Same as 2 plus medium
gas, dried (-40°F) and high-carbon
steels, monel, nickel
alloys
Combusted fuel -40°C 38-40 41-45 17-19 Same as 2 Same as 2 plus medium Carburizes
gas, dried (car- (-40° F) and high-carbon
03 burizing) steels
Dissociated am- -54°C 75 25 BAg,"BCuP, Same as for 1, 2, 3, 4
I monia (-65° F) RBCuZn," plus alloys contain-
BCu.BNi ing chromiuma
Cylinder hydro- Room 97-100 Same as 2 Same as 2 Dccarburi/.es
gen temp.
Deoxygenated -59°C 100 Same as 5 Same as 5 plus cobalt,
and dried hy- (-75-F) chromium, tungsten
drogen alloys and carbides"
Healed volatile Inorganic vapors (i.e., zinc, cad- BAg Brasses Special purpose. May
materials mium, lithium, volatile fluorides be used in conjunc-
tion with 1 thru 7
to avoid use of flux
Purified inert gas Inert gas (e.g., helium, argon, etc.) Same as 5 Same as 5 plus titanium, Special purpose.
zirconium, hafnium Pans must be very
clean and atmo-
sphere musi be pure
 5. 3

AWS
brazing Approximate
atmo- composition, % Application
sphere type
number Source Pressure 1\ N, CO CO, Filler metals' Base metals Remarks
10 Vacuum Vacuum above 2 Ion' BCuP, BAg Cu
10A Vacuum 0.5 to 2 torr BCu, BAg Low carbon steel, Cu
I0B Vacuum 0.001 to 0.5 torr BCu, BAg Carbon and low alloy
steels, Cu
IOC Vacuum 1 x 10'3iorrand BNi, BAu, Hi. and corn resisting
lower BAISi, steels, Al.Ti.Zr,
Ti alloys refractory metals
Note: AWS Types 6, 7, and 9 include reduced pressures down to 2 torr.
i
a. Flux is required in addition to atmosphere when alloys containing volatile components are used.
b. Copper should be fully deoxidized or oxygen free.
c. Heating time should be kept to a minimum to avoid objectionable decaiburization.
00 c. Flux must be used in addition if appreciable quantities of aluminum, titanium, silicon, or beryllium are present.
OI e. See Table 11.3 for explanation of filler metals.
f. lTorr = 133Pa.
 5. 4 Brazing

Filler metal
AWS classification0 Joint clearance 3

BAISi group 0.15-0.25 0.006-0.010 For length at lap less than 6.35 mm (1/4 in.)
0.25-0.61 0.010-0.025 For length at lap greater than 6.35 mm (1/4 in.)
BCuP group 0.03-0.12 0.001-0.005
BAg group 0.05-0.12 0.002-0.005 Flux brazing (mineral fluxes)
0.03-0.05 0.001-0.002" Atmosphere brazing (gas phase fluxes)
BAu group 0.05-0.12 0.002-0.005 Flux brazing (mineral fluxes)
0.00-0.05 0.000-0.002b Atmosphere brazing (gas phase fluxes)
BCu group 0.00-0.05 0.0OO-0.002" Atmosphere brazing (gas phase fluxes)
BCuZn group 0.05-0.12 0.002-0.005 Flux brazing (mineral fluxes)
BMg group 0.10-0.25 0.004-0.010 Flux brazing (mineral fluxes)
BNi group 0.05-0.12 0.002-0.005 General applications (flux or atmosphere)
0.00-0.05 0.0O0-0.O02 Free flowing types, atmosphere brazing
a. Clearance on the radius when rings, plugs, or tubular members are involved. On some applications it may
be necessary to use the recommended clearance on the diameter to assure not having excessive clearance when
all the clearance is on one side. An excessive clearance will produce voids. This is particularly true when
brazing is accomplished in a high quality atmosphere (gas phase fluxing).
b. For maximum strength, a press fit of 0.001 mm/mm or in./in. of diameter should be used.
c. See Table 11.3 for an explanation of filler metals.

- 86 -
 S. 5 ^BH<ye|^70v brazing

AWS Nominal composition, percent Melting Brazing

Classi- tempera- temperature
Ikation Ag Cu Zn Cd Ni Sn l.i ture,°F range.°F Color Characteristic's

BAgl 45 15 16 24 — 1145 1145-1400 Whitish Tree-flowing

yellow
BAgli 50 15.5 16.5 18 — 1175 1175-1400 Whitish Free-flowing
yellow
BAj2 35 26 21 18 — 1295 1295-1550 tight Good for nonuniform
yellow clearance
BA g 3 50 15.5 15.5 16 3.0 1270 1270-1500 Whitish Retards corrosion at
yellow joint
BAS4 40 30 28 — 2.0 1435 1435-1650 Light Flows better than BAf3
yellow
BAg5 45 30 25 — -- 1370 1370-1550 Light Not free-flowing, cad-
yellow mium-free, useful in
food industry
I BA 8 6 50 34 16 — — 1425 1425-1600 Ugh Similar to BA e 5
oo yellow
BAB7 56 22 17 1205 1205-1400 White Good color match
BAg8 72 bal. - — 1435 1435-1650 While Wetting is slow
72 bal. 0.25 1410 141 ()• 1600 White For furnace bra/ing PH
stainless steels
BA 8 I3 54 bal. 5 1 1575 1575-1775 While Useful to 7001-
BA818 60 bal. _ 10 1325 1325-1550 While Wets well
for brazing PH
stainless steels
BA«I9 92.5 bal. - — — 0.25 1635 1610-1800 White Good for furnace braz-
ing
BAg21 63 28.5 ... 2.5 1475 1475-1650 Immune to crevice
corrosion
 1£ 6 brazing-g- Ni r£ Au t"u

Composition, percent'

Nickel base
Other Hnmnjl
AWS elements Solidus, Lkjuidus. temp, range,
Classification Cr Cu /.i total "I" "I* "K

BNi-l . 13.015.0 2.75-3.50 4.0-5 0 4.0-5.0 0.6-0.9 0.02 0.02 (1.05 0 05 0.05 Bal 0.50 1790 1900 1950-2200
BNi-la . . . . . 13.0-15.0 2.75-3.50 4 0-5.0 4 0-5.0 0.06 0.02 0.02 0.05 0.05 0.05 Hal 0.50 1790 1970 197O-22IX)
BNi-2 . 6.0-8.0 2.75-3.50 4.0-5.0 2 5-3.5 0.06 0.02 0.02 0.05 0.05 0 05 H.il 0 50 1780 1830 I850-:i50
BNi-3 . . ' . . . 2.75-3.50 4.0-5.0 0.5 0.06 0.02 0.02 0.05 0.05 - - 0.05 Hal 0.50 1800 1900 1850-2150
BNi-4 1.5-2.2 3.0-4.0 1.5 0 06 0.02 0.02 0.05 0.05 - - 0,05 Dal 0.50 1800 1950 1850-2150
BNi-5 . . . . . . 18.5-19.5 0.03 9.75-10.50 0.10 0.02 0.02 0.05 0.05 • - 0.05 Ual 0.50 1975 2075 2IOO-2200
BNi-6 0.10 10.0-12.0 0.02 0.05 0.05 - - 0.05 Bal 0.50 1610 1610 1700-2000
BNi-7 . 13.0-15.0 0.01 0.10 0.2 0.08 9.7-10.5 0.02 0.05 0.05 0.04 - 0.05 Bal 0.50 1630 1630 1700-2000
BNi-8 6.0-8.0 0.10 0.02 0.02 0.05 0.05 21.5-24.54.0-5.0 0.05 Ual 0.50 1800 1850 1850-2000

03 Gold-base
00

Other
elements.
Cu Pli Nt total

BAu-l 37.O-3K.O Ual 0.15 1815 I860 I8M).2(KXI

BAu-2 79.5 80. 5 Ual 0.15 1635 1635 1635-1850
BAu-3 34 5 35 .5 lial 2 5-3 5 0.15 1785 1885 I8X5-I995
BAu-4 81.5 82 5 Ual 0.15 1740 1740 1740-1840
BAu-5 29.5 •30 5 3.1 5-34.5 35 5-36.5 0.15 2075 2130 2130-2250

a Single values arc maximum

S. 7

a.
]: x 10"7°C

\ °C 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 500 600 700 800

PT-7M 8.6 8.8 8.8 8.9 9.0 9.2 9.2

PT-3V 8.5 8.6 8.8 8.9 9.0 9.2 9.3

99.0%
8.5 8.6 9.0 9.4 9.4 9.4 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.9 10,1 10.2
Ti*

* : ASM Metals Handbook^

b. i
: x 10 fi/°C

X° c 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 500 600 700 800

316 16.02 16.2 17.5 20.0

321 16.7 17.1 18.5 20.2

* : ASM Metals Handbook^

- 89 -
i t 7 (314=0
c. Ag*
: x 106/°C

\°c 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 500 600 700 800

316 19.6 19.6 19.7 19.8 19.9 20.0 20.1 20.3 20.6 21.0 21.4 21.8

*: L t =l+19.494xl0 6+1.0379xl0 9t+2.375xl0 12t2

3. 8
: wt%

Ti Al V Zr Si Fe 0 H N C other

2.5- 2.0-
base - - 0.25 0.12 0.013 0.02 0.1 0.4
3.5 3.0

3. 9 ASTM Gr. 9 Ti
• wt%

Ti Al V Zr Si Fe 0 H N C other

3.5- 1.2-
base 0.3 0.12 0.25 0.15 0.006 0.04 0.1 0.3
5.0 2.5

- 90 -
a 10.

^£(°C) 20 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

637 596 535 466 406 392 375 360

(MPa)

589 529 470 417 353 323 294 279

(MPa)

118 115 111 109 106 104 101 98

(GPa)

8 8.2 8.6 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5

^^ 10 10.3 10.8 10.8 10.8 10.8 10.8 10.8
- - - 10.08 11.34 12.18 -
(W/mTC)
«11 - - 546 - - - - -
(J/kgt)

S. 11 Stainless steel 321^1

Fe C Mn P S Si Ni Cr Ti

9.00- 17.0- <5 x carbon

base 0.08 2.00 0.040 0.030 0.75
13.0 20.0 or 0.70

- 91 -
3. 12 -§-7>7flsl 4

a.
-BAg-19 : wt%

Ag Cu Li Other

92.0-93.0 Remainder 0.15-0.30 0.15

-BVAg-30 ]: wt%

Ag Cu Pd Zn Cd Pb P C

67.0-69.0 Remainder 4.5-5.5 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.02 0.005

-Gapasil-9 1: wt%

Ag Pd Ga

82 9 9

- 92 -
S. 12

b.

WCC)

BAg-19 760 891 877-982

BVAg-30 807 810 810-927

Gapasil-9 845 880 895-950

C. 71 Til

BAg-19 BVAg-30 Gapiasil-9

-^(g/cnf) 10.1 10.0 -

-^^- 7 o v H(MPa) 333 118

-^l^-7oVtE(MPa) 380 285

-<I^£5L(W/m-K) - 208 55.6

-l^^-^l^r 17.2 -
(xl0 7°C)
-«l^l*j- 31 37 136
(xlO-'ohm-m)
— 11 41

- 93 -
S. 13

3 3 (mm) (^^11/2)
(kHz)
(ram)
Case 1
24 4 20
(FW)

Case 1
40 4 20
(Steam)

Case 2
50 7.5 6
(FW)

Case 2
92 4.5 15
(Steam)

- 94 -
 torch brazing

Brazed joint
Filler metal Filler metal melts and flows

Flux
Furnace

2 Furnace brazing

- 95 -
 induction brazing

Round

Cooling
tube
fl
Milled
slot Cover Braze
External
Pancake oooct
Internal VN^L V , V .
Section coi| Brazing alloy
x-x ring
Braze

Pancake Brazing internal

coil alloy coi!
sheet

Rectangular Formed Spiral-helical

4 Induction brazing0)!

- 96 -
 Brazed joint

5 SJ-4J-2: dip brazing

Brazing Processes I 375

Quartz
lamps

m Part

mi
Cooling
platens

6 Infrared brazing

- 97 -
 1100 -
961° c 1083° C (1981° F) s -r
-- 2000
1000 - Liquid ^^->-
7
4;
-- 1761
Solid &
900 - liquid sys0^^^ Solid &
^^^-"^ liquid
o 1600
: ^^^ j
(Cu)
800 - (AgF D Solidus-779° C (1435° F) E\
a. --1200
Q.
600 -
• / \
800
Solid
400 - (Ag + Cu)
-
-- 400
\ -
200 "

j
Eutectic
100% Ag 7 2 % Ag 0% Ag
0% Cu 28% Cu 100% Cu
Composition

7 Ag-Cu

- 98 -
 Temperature, °F
°F 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500

+100
Metals easier to reduce
+80 than those plotted:
Au, Pt, Ag, Pd,
Ir.Cu, Pb,
+60
Co, Ni,
Sn, Os
+40 Bi

+20

| 0
"O
t -20
o

(0 I -40
Q
-60

-80

-100

-120

-140
L
-100-L
500 1000 1500 2000

Temperature, °C

8
brazing

- 100 -
 1/
Lap joint Butt joint

10

Scarf joint Scarf joint

11 Scarf

- 101 -
 Gas phase flux

Strength of
as cast
sz brazing
filler metal
ca c

CO in

Joint clearance
Recommended
clearance

12

~ 102 -
 0.03 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.13
60 000
- 400

50 000

40 000 \
- •J 300

•X
• \

30 000
•• \
• \
_
• •A ——*--^ 200

20 000

- too

10000

0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005

Joint thickness, in.

13 «!-

Thickness/diameter

10 s
x 10"-1 x 10"
1
120 ' 1 ' ' ' '1 ' ' ' '1 ' 1 11 ' ' I I ' 1 1 • 1' ' 1

• Sound and voidfess joints

110 » Slight imperfection

1
o Imperfect joints
100 :

\
90

80 -

/ o

/
70 —

o
60 o o o<h
o° o»Sc*
50

40
-

_ * / 0o o
o
o

30 0 o ° o
— . • °o o o
o
20 o
0_
. ... n
10 U.T.S of pure cast silver °?"
0 , ., i . 1 . . . J • . t , . , . l . , , i , , , ,

x 10" xiO-4 x 10" 3 x 10"

Joint thickness, in.

14

- 103
 Temperature, ° F

400 800 1200 1600 2000

1 f
0.018

/
1/ 1
/1/
0.016

1/ /
: 0.014
I
o
i l 0.012
in / / 1
| 0.010
1 A i
/ # u
O

il h /
£ 0.008
o
y 1/
/A /z A
7 // //
u

^.0.006

/
/
fa / y
/ '/ r,
2 0.004
o
I-

IA f .
0

Lu
0.002

Ilk
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100

Temperature, =C

15

- 104 -
 Total expansion, 21° C to temperature, mm/mm (70° F to temp., in./in.]
o o o o o o p
o

u
o CJl
in
3
s
Low stress

T 1T A

B
t
3T

4T- T
D
High stress

16

Low stress

-f!\J C

-xf-

High stress

17

- 106 -
 A Butt flange joint

Butt joint & doubler

18

Low stress

» A

High stress

19 fe- T

- 107 -
 Kxl

'A ^
(A) (B) (C) (D)

20

Load Load
I Preplaced shim
! or washer

(B)

21

Void
\ /

1
\

22

- 108 -
 Weight P e r c e n t Silver
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 30
i?00-i 1 1 ' * » '

23 Ti-Ag

Weight Percent Chromium

10 ZO 30 40 50 60 TO 80 90

10 20 30 40 50 SO 70 80 90 100

24 Ti-Cr

- 109 -
 Weight P e r c e n t Copper
0 10 20 'JO so so TO

o 30 40 50 60 70 30 90 100

Ti • Atomic Percent Copper Cu

25 Ti-Cu

Weight Percent Iron

10 20 30 40 50 50 70 90 100

1427°C

N/ I085°C

585°C

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Xi Atomic Percent Iron Fe

26 Ti-Fe

- 110 -
 Weight Percent Nickel
10 SO 30 AO 50 60 70 60 SO

10 2H 30 40 50 60 70 90 100
Ti Atomic Percent Nickel Ni

27 Ti-Ni

- 111 -
 Brazing Joint

I-- -1- ^ b=) -T- ^ O > I Oil Ul t=) t j All

Zl^J. 28. § ^ l ^ h ^ ^ ! brazing joint ¥

- 112 -
M

CO

tf?!
-Iff

G
KAERI/AR-589/2001
 BIBLIOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SHEET
Performing Org. Sponsoring Org.
Stamdard Report No. INIS Subject Code
Report No. Report No.

KAERI/AR-589/2001

Brazing Technology of Ti alloy/Stainless Steel Dissmilar Metal Joint;

Title / Subtitle
at System Integrated Modular Advanced Reactor |
Main Author
Kwon, Sang-ChuKNuclear Material Technology Development Team)
and Department
Kim, Sung-Ho(Nuclear Material Technology Development Team)
Researcher and
Kim, Yong-Wan(Advanced Reactor System Development Team)
Department
Kim, .Iong-In(Advanced Reactor System Development Team)
Publication Publication
Taejon Publisher KAERI 2001. 2
Place Date

Page 113 p. III. & Tab. Yes( O ), No ( ) Size 21 x 29.7 .cm

Note

Open( O ), Restricted(
Classified Report Type State-of-the -Art Report
Class Document
Sponsoring Org. MOST Contract No.
For the technoldogy development of brazing Ti alloy to stainless steel
Abstract 15-20 Lines)
joints used at SMART, the status of brazing technology development,
brazing processes, and the brazing technology of Ti alloy and stainless steel are reviewed.
Because fusion welding process cannot be applied due to the formation of intermetallic
compounds in the weld metal, brazing joint was selected at the design. The joint part is
assembled with a thread composed with male part of Ti alloy tube and female part of
stainless tube. The gap in the thread will be filled with brazing filler metal. However, brittle
Ti-Fe intermetallic compounds are formed at the surface of stainless steel through thej
diffusion of Ti at the melt. Brazing conditions should be set-up to reduce the formation of
intermetallic compounds. For that, 3 kinds of Ag filler metals were selected as the candidates
and heating will be done with induction and electric furnaces. Through measuring of joint
strength according to the control of pre- and post-braze treatment, heating rate and heating
time, optimal brazing method will be fixed. To qualify the brazing procedure and performance
and to check defects in final product, the inspection plan will be established according to the
requirements of AWS and ASME.

Subject Keywords SMART, steam generator, brazing, filler metal, Ti alloy, stainless j
(About 10 words) steel, intermetallic compounds, joint, inspection