Solution Manual for Chemistry, 13th Edition,

Raymond Chang, Jason Overby

To download the complete and accurate content document, go to:

https://testbankbell.com/download/solution-manual-for-chemistry-13th-edition-raymon
d-chang-jason-overby/
Solution Manual for Chemistry, 13th Edition, Raymond Chang, Jason Overby

CHAPTER 11
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES AND LIQUIDS
AND SOLIDS
Problem Categories
Biological: 11.105
Conceptual: 11.10, 11.18, 11.77, 11.82, 11.85, 11.86, 11.89, 11.90, 11.92, 11.95, 11.99, 11.101, 11.103, 11.106,
11.111, 11.113, 11.114, 11.117, 11.119, 11.120, 11.123, 11.124, 11.131, 11.133, 11.135, 11.137, 11.139, 11.140,
11.141, 11.142, 11.144, 11.145, 11.150.
Descriptive: 11.7, 11.8, 11.9, 11.11, 11.13, 11.14, 11.15, 11.16, 11.17, 11.19, 11.20, 11.31, 11.32, 11.51, 11.52, 11.53,
11.54, 11.55, 11.56, 11.79, 11.93, 11.94, 11.96, 11.104, 11.107, 11.109, 11.112, 11.115, 11.127, 11.128, 11.130,
11.138, 11.151.
Industrial: 11.129.

Difficulty Level
Easy: 11.7, 11.9, 11.11, 11.12, 11.14, 11.17, 11.31, 11.32, 11.37, 11.41, 11.44, 11.54, 11.75, 11.78, 11.80, 11.92,
11.95, 11.97, 11.100, 11.102, 11.112, 11.113, 11.121, 11.125, 11.131.
Medium: 11.8, 11.10, 11.13, 11.15, 11.16, 11.18, 11.19, 11.38, 11.40, 11.42, 11.43, 11.47, 11.48, 11.51, 11.52, 11.53,
11.55, 11.56, 11.77, 11.79, 11.81, 11.82, 11.84, 11.86, 11.89, 11.90, 11.91, 11.93, 11.96, 11.98, 11.104, 11.105,
11.106, 11.107, 11.108, 11.109, 11.110, 11.111, 11.114, 11.115, 11.116, 11.117, 11.118, 11.120, 11.122, 11.124,
11.126, 11.127, 11.128, 11.130, 11.132, 11.133, 11.138, 11.139, 11.140, 11.141, 11.143, 11.150, 11.151.
Difficult: 11.20, 11.39, 11.76, 11.83, 11.85, 11.94, 11.99, 11.101, 11.103, 11.107, 11.119, 11.123, 11.129, 11.134,
11.135, 11.136, 11.137, 11.142, 11.144, 11.145, 11.146, 11.147, 11.148, 11.149, 11.152.

11.7 ICl has a dipole moment and Br2 does not. The dipole moment increases the intermolecular attractions
between ICl molecules and causes that substance to have a higher melting point than bromine.

11.8 Strategy: Classify the species into three categories: ionic, polar (possessing a dipole moment), and
nonpolar. Keep in mind that dispersion forces exist between all species.

Solution: The three molecules are essentially nonpolar. There is little difference in electronegativity
between carbon and hydrogen. Thus, the only type of intermolecular attraction in these molecules is
dispersion forces. Other factors being equal, the molecule with the greater number of electrons will exert
greater intermolecular attractions. By looking at the molecular formulas you can predict that the order of
increasing boiling points will be CH4 < C3H8 < C4H10.

On a very cold day, propane and butane would be liquids (boiling points -44.5C and -0.5C, respectively);
only methane would still be a gas (boiling point -161.6C).

Visit TestBankBell.com to get complete for all chapters

 CHAPTER 11: INTERMOLECULAR FORCES AND LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS 411

11.9 All are tetrahedral (AB4 type) and are nonpolar. Therefore, the only intermolecular forces possible are
dispersion forces. Without worrying about what causes dispersion forces, you only need to know that the
strength of the dispersion force increases with the number of electrons in the molecule (all other things being
equal). As a consequence, the magnitude of the intermolecular attractions and of the boiling points should
increase with increasing molar mass.

11.10 (a) Benzene (C6H6) molecules are nonpolar. Only dispersion forces will be present.

(b) Chloroform (CH3Cl) molecules are polar (why?). Dispersion and dipole-dipole forces will be present.

(c) Phosphorus trifluoride (PF3) molecules are polar. Dispersion and dipole-dipole forces will be present.

(d) Sodium chloride (NaCl) is an ionic compound. Ion-ion and dispersion forces will be present.

(e) Carbon disulfide (CS2) molecules are nonpolar. Only dispersion forces will be present.

11.11 The center ammonia molecule is hydrogen-bonded to two other ammonia molecules.

H H H

H N H N H N

H H H

11.12 In this problem you must identify the species capable of hydrogen bonding among themselves, not with
water. In order for a molecule to be capable of hydrogen bonding with another molecule like itself, it must
have at least one hydrogen atom bonded to N, O, or F. Of the choices, only (e) CH3COOH (acetic acid)
shows this structural feature. The others cannot form hydrogen bonds among themselves.

11.13 CO2 is a nonpolar molecular compound. The only intermolecular force present is a relatively weak dispersion
force (small molar mass). CO2 will have the lowest boiling point.

CH3Br is a polar molecule. Dispersion forces (present in all matter) and dipole-dipole forces will be present.
This compound has the next highest boiling point.

CH3OH is polar and can form hydrogen bonds, which are especially strong dipole-dipole attractions.
Dispersion forces and hydrogen bonding are present to give this substance the next highest boiling point.

RbF is an ionic compound (Why?). Ion-ion attractions are much stronger than any intermolecular force. RbF
has the highest boiling point.

The correct order of increasing boiling point is: CO2 < CH3Br < CH3OH < RbF

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
412 CHAPTER 11: INTERMOLECULAR FORCES AND LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS

11.14 Strategy: The molecule with the stronger intermolecular forces will have the higher boiling point. If a
molecule contains an N-H, O-H, or F-H bond it can form intermolecular hydrogen bonds. A hydrogen
bond is a particularly strong dipole-dipole intermolecular attraction.

Solution: 1-butanol has the higher boiling point because the molecules can form hydrogen bonds with each
other (it contains an O-H bond). Diethyl ether molecules do contain both oxygen atoms and hydrogen
atoms. However, all the hydrogen atoms are bonded to carbon, not oxygen. There is no hydrogen bonding in
diethyl ether, because carbon is not electronegative enough.

11.15 (a) Cl2: it has more electrons than O2 (both are nonpolar) and therefore has stronger dispersion forces.

(b) SO2: it is polar (most important) and also has more electrons than CO2 (nonpolar). More electrons
imply stronger dispersion forces.

(c) HF: although HI has more electrons and should therefore exert stronger dispersion forces, HF is
capable of hydrogen bonding and HI is not. Hydrogen bonding is the stronger attractive force.

11.16 (a) Xe: it has more electrons and therefore stronger dispersion forces.

(b) CS2: it has more electrons (both molecules nonpolar) and therefore stronger dispersion forces.

(c) Cl2: it has more electrons (both molecules nonpolar) and therefore stronger dispersion forces.

(d) LiF: it is an ionic compound, and the ion-ion attractions are much stronger than the dispersion forces
between F2 molecules.

(e) NH3: it can form hydrogen bonds and PH3 cannot.

11.17 (a) NH3 has a higher boiling point because it is a polar molecule and can form hydrogen bonds; CH4 is
nonpolar and can only form weak attractions through dispersion forces.

(b) KCl is an ionic compound. Ion-Ion forces are much stronger than any intermolecular forces. I2 is a
nonpolar molecular substance; only weak dispersion forces are possible.

11.18 Strategy: Classify the species into three categories: ionic, polar (possessing a dipole moment), and
nonpolar. Also look for molecules that contain an N-H, O-H, or F-H bond, which are capable of forming
intermolecular hydrogen bonds. Keep in mind that dispersion forces exist between all species.

Solution:
(a) Water has O-H bonds. Therefore, water molecules can form hydrogen bonds. The attractive forces
that must be overcome are hydrogen bonding and dispersion forces.

(b) Bromine (Br2) molecules are nonpolar. Only dispersion forces must be overcome.

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
 CHAPTER 11: INTERMOLECULAR FORCES AND LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS 413

(c) Iodine (I2) molecules are nonpolar. Only dispersion forces must be overcome.

(d) In this case, the F-F bond must be broken. This is an intramolecular force between two F atoms, not
an intermolecular force between F2 molecules. The attractive forces of the covalent bond must be
overcome.

11.19 Both molecules are nonpolar, so the only intermolecular forces are dispersion forces. The linear structure
(n-butane) has a higher boiling point (-0.5C) than the branched structure (2-methylpropane, boiling point
-11.7C) because the linear form can be stacked together more easily.

11.20 The lower melting compound (shown below) can form hydrogen bonds only with itself (intramolecular
hydrogen bonds), as shown in the figure. Such bonds do not contribute to intermolecular attraction and do
not help raise the melting point of the compound. The other compound can form intermolecular hydrogen
bonds; therefore, it will take a higher temperature to provide molecules of the liquid with enough kinetic
energy to overcome these attractive forces to escape into the gas phase.

O H

O N O

11.31 Ethanol molecules can attract each other with strong hydrogen bonds; dimethyl ether molecules cannot
(why?). The surface tension of ethanol is greater than that of dimethyl ether because of stronger
intermolecular forces (the hydrogen bonds). Note that ethanol and dimethyl ether have identical molar
masses and molecular formulas so attractions resulting from dispersion forces will be equal.

11.32 Ethylene glycol has two -OH groups, allowing it to exert strong intermolecular forces through hydrogen
bonding. Its viscosity should fall between ethanol (1 OH group) and glycerol (3 OH groups).

11.37 (a) In a simple cubic structure each sphere touches six others on the x, y and z axes.

(b) In a body-centered cubic lattice each sphere touches eight others. Visualize the body-centered sphere
touching the eight corner spheres.

(c) In a face-centered cubic lattice each sphere touches twelve others.

11.38 A corner sphere is shared equally among eight unit cells, so only one-eighth of each corner sphere “belongs”
to any one unit cell. A face-centered sphere is divided equally between the two unit cells sharing the face. A
body-centered sphere belongs entirely to its own unit cell.

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
414 CHAPTER 11: INTERMOLECULAR FORCES AND LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS

In a simple cubic cell there are eight corner spheres. One-eighth of each belongs to the individual cell giving
a total of one whole sphere per cell. In a body-centered cubic cell, there are eight corner spheres and one
body-centered sphere giving a total of two spheres per unit cell (one from the corners and one from the body-
center). In a face-centered sphere, there are eight corner spheres and six face-centered spheres (six faces).
The total number of spheres would be four: one from the corners and three from the faces.

11.39 The mass of one cube of edge 287 pm can be found easily from the mass of one cube of edge 1.00 cm
(7.87 g):
3
7.87 g Fe æ 1 cm ÷ö3 æç1 ´ 10-12 m ÷ö
çç ÷
´ç ÷÷ ´ ççç ÷÷÷ ´ (287 pm) = 1.86 ´ 10
3 -22
g Fe/unit cell
çç 0.01 m ÷÷
1 cm 3 è ø ççè 1 pm ÷÷ø

The mass of one iron atom can be found by dividing the molar mass of iron (55.85 g) by Avogadro’s number:

55.85 g Fe 1 mol Fe
´ = 9.27 ´ 10-23 g Fe/atom
23
1 mol Fe 6.022 ´ 10 Fe atoms

Converting to atoms/unit cell:

1 atom Fe 1.86 ´ 10 - 22 g Fe
´ = 2.01 » 2 atoms /unit cell
9.27 ´ 10 - 23 g Fe 1 unit cell

What type of cubic cell is this?

3
11.40 Strategy: The problem gives a generous hint. First, we need to calculate the volume (in cm ) occupied by
1 mole of Ba atoms. Next, we calculate the volume that a Ba atom occupies. Once we have these two pieces
of information, we can multiply them together to end up with the number of Ba atoms per mole of Ba.

number of Ba atoms cm3 number of Ba atoms

´ =
cm3 1 mol Ba 1 mol Ba

Solution: The volume that contains one mole of barium atoms can be calculated from the density using the
following strategy:

volume volume

mass of Ba mol Ba

1 cm 3 137.3 g Ba 39.23 cm 3
´ =
3.50 g Ba 1 mol Ba 1 mol Ba

We carry an extra significant figure in this calculation to limit rounding errors. Next, the volume that
contains two barium atoms is the volume of the body-centered cubic unit cell. Some of this volume is empty
space because packing is only 68.0 percent efficient. But, this will not affect our calculation.
3
V = a

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
 CHAPTER 11: INTERMOLECULAR FORCES AND LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS 415

3
Let’s also convert to cm .
æ1 ´ 10-12 m ö÷3 æ 1 cm ö3 1.265 ´ 10-22 cm 3
ç ÷÷ çç ÷÷
V = (502 pm) ´ ççç 3
÷ ´ ç ÷
÷ =
çç
è
1 pm ÷ø÷÷ ççè 0.01 m ÷ø 2 Ba atoms

We can now calculate the number of barium atoms in one mole using the strategy presented above.

number of Ba atoms cm3 number of Ba atoms

´ =
cm3 1 mol Ba 1 mol Ba

2 Ba atoms 39.23 cm 3
´ = 6.20 ´ 10 23 atoms/mol
1.265 ´ 10- 22 cm 3 1 mol Ba

23
This is close to Avogadro’s number, 6.022 ´ 10 particles/mol.

11.41 In a body-centered cubic cell, there is one sphere at the cubic center and one at each of the eight corners.
Each corner sphere is shared among eight adjacent unit cells. We have:

æ1 ö
1 center sphere + çç ´ 8 corner spheres÷÷÷ = 2 spheres per cell
çè 8 ÷ø

There are two vanadium atoms per unit cell.

11.42 The mass of the unit cell is the mass in grams of two europium atoms.

2 Eu atoms 1 mol Eu 152.0 g Eu

m = ´ ´ = 5.048 ´ 10-22 g Eu/unit cell
23
1 unit cell 6.022 ´ 10 Eu atoms 1 mol Eu

5.048 ´ 10-22 g 1 cm 3
V = ´ = 9.60 ´ 10-23 cm 3 /unit cell
1 unit cell 5.26 g

The edge length (a) is

1/3 -23 3 1/3 -8

a = V = (9.60 ´ 10 cm ) = 4.58 ´ 10 cm = 458 pm

11.43 The volume of the unit cell is

æ1 ´ 10-12 m ö÷3 æ 1 cm ö3
ç ÷÷ ç ÷÷
V = a3 = (543 pm)3 ´ ççç ÷ ´ ççç ÷÷ = 1.60 ´ 10
-22
cm 3
çç 1 pm ÷÷ ç 0.01 m ÷
è ø÷ è ø

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
416 CHAPTER 11: INTERMOLECULAR FORCES AND LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS

2.33 g
m = dV = ´ (1.60 ´ 10-22 cm 3 ) = 3.73 ´ 10-22 g
3
1 cm

28.09 g Si 1 mol Si
The mass of one silicon atom is: ´ = 4.665 ´ 10-23 g/atom
1 mol Si 6.022 ´1023 Si atoms

The number of silicon atoms in one unit cell is:

1 Si atom 3.73 ´ 10 - 22 g Si
´ = 8 atoms /unit cell
4.665 ´ 10 - 23 g Si 1 unit cell

11.44 Strategy: Recall that a corner atom is shared with 8 unit cells and therefore only 1/8 of a corner atom is
within a given unit cell. Also recall that a face atom is shared with 2 unit cells and therefore 1/2 of a face
atom is within a given unit cell. See Figure 11.19 of the text.

Solution: In a face-centered cubic unit cell, there are atoms at each of the eight corners, and there is one
atom in each of the six faces. Only one-half of each face-centered atom and one-eighth of each corner atom
belongs to the unit cell.

X atoms/unit cell = (8 corner atoms)(1/8 atom per corner) = 1 X atom/unit cell

Y atoms/unit cell = (6 face-centered atoms)(1/2 atom per face) = 3 Y atoms/unit cell

The unit cell is the smallest repeating unit in the crystal; therefore, the empirical formula is XY3.

11.47 From Equation (11.1) of the text we can write

1000 pm
0.090 nm ´
nl l 1 nm
d = = = = 172 pm
2sin q 2sin q 2sin(15.2)

11.48 Rearranging the Bragg equation, we have

2d sin q 2(282 pm)(sin23.0)

l= = = 220 pm = 0.220 nm
n 1

11.51 See Table 11.4 of the text. The properties listed are those of an ionic solid.

11.52 See Table 11.4 of the text. The properties listed are those of a molecular solid.

11.53 See Table 11.4 of the text. The properties listed are those of a covalent solid.

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
 CHAPTER 11: INTERMOLECULAR FORCES AND LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS 417

11.54 In a molecular crystal the lattice points are occupied by molecules. Of the solids listed, the ones that are
composed of molecules are Se8, HBr, CO2, P4O6, and SiH4. In covalent crystals, atoms are held together in an
extensive three-dimensional network entirely by covalent bonds. Of the solids listed, the ones that are
composed of atoms held together by covalent bonds are Si and C.

11.55 (a) Carbon dioxide forms molecular crystals; it is a molecular compound and can only exert weak
dispersion type intermolecular attractions because of its lack of polarity.

(b) Boron is a nonmetal with an extremely high melting point. It forms covalent crystals like carbon
(diamond).

(c) Sulfur forms molecular crystals; it is a molecular substance (S8) and can only exert weak dispersion
type intermolecular attractions because of its lack of polarity.

(d) KBr forms ionic crystals because it is an ionic compound.

(e) Mg is a metal; it forms metallic crystals.

(f) SiO2 (quartz) is a hard, high melting nonmetallic compound; it forms covalent crystals like boron and
C (diamond).

(g) LiCl is an ionic compound; it forms ionic crystals.

(h) Cr (chromium) is a metal and forms metallic crystals.

11.56 In diamond, each carbon atom is covalently bonded to four other carbon atoms. Because these bonds are
strong and uniform, diamond is a very hard substance. In graphite, the carbon atoms in each layer are linked
by strong bonds, but the layers are bound by weak dispersion forces. As a result, graphite may be cleaved
easily between layers and is not hard.

2
In graphite, all atoms are sp hybridized; each atom is covalently bonded to three other atoms. The remaining
unhybridized 2p orbital is used in pi bonding forming a delocalized molecular orbital. The electrons are free to
move around in this extensively delocalized molecular orbital making graphite a good conductor of electricity in
directions along the planes of carbon atoms.

11.75 The molar heat of vaporization of water is 40.79 kJ/mol. One must find the number of moles of water in the
sample:
1 mol H2 O
Moles H2 O = 74.6 g H2 O ´ = 4.14 mol H2 O
18.02 g H2 O

We can then calculate the amount of heat.

40.79 kJ
q = 4.14 mol H2 O ´ = 169 kJ
1 mol H2 O

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
418 CHAPTER 11: INTERMOLECULAR FORCES AND LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS

11.76 Step 1: Warming ice to the melting point.

q1 = msDt = (866 g H2O)(2.03 J/gC)[0 - (-10)C] = 17.6 kJ

Step 2: Converting ice at the melting point to liquid water at 0C. (See Table 11.8 of the text for the heat of
fusion of water.)

1 mol 6.01 kJ
q2 = 866 g H2 O ´ ´ = 289 kJ
18.02 g H2 O 1 mol

Step 3: Heating water from 0C to 100C.

q3 = msDt = (866 g H2O)(4.184 J/gC)[(100 - 0)C] = 362 kJ

Step 4: Converting water at 100C to steam at 100C. (See Table 11.6 of the text for the heat of
vaporization of water.)

1 mol 40.79 kJ
q4 = 866 g H2 O ´ ´ = 1.96 ´ 103 kJ
18.02 g H2 O 1 mol

Step 5: Heating steam from 100C to 126C.

q5 = msDt = (866 g H2O)(1.99 J/gC)[(126 - 100)C] = 44.8 kJ

3
qtotal = q1 + q2 + q3 + q4 + q5 = 2.67 ´ 10 kJ

How would you set up and work this problem if you were computing the heat lost in cooling steam from
126C to ice at -10C?

11.77 (a) Other factors being equal, liquids evaporate faster at higher temperatures.

(b) The greater the surface area, the greater the rate of evaporation.

(c) Weak intermolecular forces imply a high vapor pressure and rapid evaporation.

11.78 DHvap = DHsub - DHfus = 62.30 kJ/mol - 15.27 kJ/mol = 47.03 kJ/mol

11.79 The substance with the lowest boiling point will have the highest vapor pressure at some particular
temperature. Thus, butane will have the highest vapor pressure at -10C and toluene the lowest.

11.80 Two phase changes occur in this process. First, the liquid is turned to solid (freezing), then the solid ice is
turned to gas (sublimation).

11.81 The solid ice turns to vapor (sublimation). The temperature is too low for melting to occur.

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
 CHAPTER 11: INTERMOLECULAR FORCES AND LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS 419

11.82 When steam condenses to liquid water at 100C, it releases a large amount of heat equal to the enthalpy of
vaporization. Thus steam at 100C exposes one to more heat than an equal amount of water at 100C.

11.83 The Clausius-Clapeyron equation has the form of the linear equation y = mx + b.

æ -DHvap ö÷æ 1 ö
ç ÷÷çç ÷÷ + C
ln P = çç ÷÷èç T ø÷÷
çè R ø

If we plot ln P vs. 1/T (y vs. x), the slope of the line equals -DHvap/R.

ln P vs. 1/T for Mercury

0.002200
0.002100 0.002114
0.002000
ln P

0.001900 0.001912
0.001800
0.001745
0.001700 0.001686
0.001600 0.001631

2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50 6.00 6.50 7.00
1/T (K-1)

The slope (m) equals -7194.3 K.

-DHvap
m=
R
DHvap = - mR = -(-7194.3 K)(8.314 J/K ⋅ mol) = 5.98 ´ 104 J/mol = 59.8 kJ/mol

11.84 We can use a modified form of the Clausius-Clapeyron equation to solve this problem. See Equation (11.5)
in the text.

P1 = 40.1 mmHg P2 = ?
T1 = 7.6C = 280.6 K T2 = 60.6C = 333.6 K

DHvap æç 1 1ö
çç - ÷÷÷
P
ln 1 =
P2 R çè T2 T1 ø÷

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
420 CHAPTER 11: INTERMOLECULAR FORCES AND LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS

31000 J/mol æç ö
ln
40.1
= çç 1
-
1 ÷÷÷
P2 8.314 J/K ⋅ mol ççè 333.6 K 280.6 K ÷÷ø
40.1
ln = - 2.11
P2
Taking the antilog of both sides, we have:

40.1
= 0.121
P2

P2 = 331 mmHg

11.85 Application of the Clausius-Clapeyron equation, Equation (11.5) of the text, predicts that the more the vapor
pressure rises over a temperature range, the smaller the heat of vaporization will be. Considering the
P1
equation below, if the vapor pressure change is greater, then is a smaller number and therefore DH is
P2
smaller. Thus, the molar heat of vaporization of X < Y.
DHvap æç 1 1ö
çç - ÷÷÷
P
ln 1 =
P2 R çè T2 T1 ø÷

11.86 The liquid nitrogen (boiling point = 77 K = −196ºC) will vaporize very quickly, absorbing energy from your
skin and the surrounding air molecules. The small amount of liquid nitrogen will only be in contact with your
skin for a short time. A few drops of boiling water (boiling point = 100ºC) on your skin will release energy
as it cools. Water has a high specific heat and therefore will releases a large amount of energy per amount of
substance as it cools.

11.89 (a) There are three triple points.

(b) Under atmospheric conditions, the rhombic allotrope is more stable.

(c) At 80°C and 1 atm pressure, the stable allotrope is rhombic sulfur. As the temperature is increased,
there is first a transition to the monoclinic allotrope and as the temperature is increased further, the solid
melts.

11.90 Initially, the ice melts because of the increase in pressure. As the wire sinks into the ice, the water above the
wire refreezes. Eventually the wire actually moves completely through the ice block without cutting it in half.

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
 CHAPTER 11: INTERMOLECULAR FORCES AND LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS 421

11.91

78 atm, 157°C
78 atm
P solid liquid

1.00 atm

0.00165 atm
vapor
−72.7°C

−75.5°C −10°C 157°C

T

11.92 Region labels: The region containing point A is the solid region. The region containing point B is the liquid
region. The region containing point C is the gas region.

(a) Raising the temperature at constant pressure beginning at A implies starting with solid ice and warming
until melting occurs. If the warming continued, the liquid water would eventually boil and change to
steam. Further warming would increase the temperature of the steam.

(b) At point C water is in the gas phase. Cooling without changing the pressure would eventually result in
the formation of solid ice. Liquid water would never form.

(c) At B the water is in the liquid phase. Lowering the pressure without changing the temperature would
eventually result in boiling and conversion to water in the gas phase.

11.93 (a) Boiling liquid ammonia requires breaking hydrogen bonds between molecules. Dipole-dipole and
dispersion forces must also be overcome.

(b) P4 is a nonpolar molecule, so the only intermolecular forces are of the dispersion type.

(c) CsI is an ionic solid. To dissolve in any solvent ion-ion interparticle forces must be overcome. Also,
hydrogen bonds and dispersion forces must be overcome to break the attractions between some of the
HF molecules.

(d) Metallic bonds must be broken.

11.94 (a) A low surface tension means the attraction between molecules making up the surface is weak. Water has
a high surface tension; water bugs could not “walk” on the surface of a liquid with a low surface tension.

(b) A low critical temperature means a gas is very difficult to liquefy by cooling. This is the result of weak
intermolecular attractions. Helium has the lowest known critical temperature (5.3 K).

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
422 CHAPTER 11: INTERMOLECULAR FORCES AND LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS

(c) A low boiling point means weak intermolecular attractions. It takes little energy to separate the
particles. All ionic compounds have extremely high boiling points.

(d) A low vapor pressure means it is difficult to remove molecules from the liquid phase because of high
intermolecular attractions. Substances with low vapor pressures have high boiling points (why?).

Thus, only choice (d) indicates strong intermolecular forces in a liquid. The other choices indicate weak
intermolecular forces in a liquid.

11.95 The HF molecules are held together by strong intermolecular hydrogen bonds. Therefore, liquid HF has a
lower vapor pressure than liquid HI. (The HI molecules do not form hydrogen bonds with each other.)

11.96 The properties of hardness, high melting point, poor conductivity, and so on, could place boron in either the
ionic or covalent categories. However, boron atoms will not alternately form positive and negative ions to
achieve an ionic crystal. The structure is covalent because the units are single boron atoms.

11.97 Reading directly from the graph: (a) solid; (b) vapor.

11.98 The unit cell of iodine is orthorhombic. See Figure 11.15 of the text. Note that all angles of the unit cell are
90º and that the edges all have different lengths (a ≠ b ≠ c).

11.99 Because the critical temperature of CO2 is only 31C, the liquid CO2 in the fire extinguisher vaporizes above
this temperature, no matter the applied pressure inside the extinguisher. 31C is approximately 88F, so on a
hot summer day, no liquid CO2 will exist inside the extinguisher, and hence no sloshing sound would be
heard.

11.100 The vapor pressure of mercury (as well as all other substances) is 760 mmHg at its normal boiling point.

11.101 As the vacuum pump is turned on and the pressure is reduced, the liquid will begin to boil because the vapor
pressure of the liquid is greater than the external pressure (approximately zero). The heat of vaporization is
supplied by the water, and thus the water cools. Soon the water loses sufficient heat to drop the temperature
below the freezing point. Finally the ice sublimes under reduced pressure.

11.102 It has reached the critical point; the point of critical temperature (Tc) and critical pressure (Pc).

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
 CHAPTER 11: INTERMOLECULAR FORCES AND LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS 423

11.103 The graph is shown below. See Table 9.1 of the text for the lattice energies.

Lattice Energy vs. 1/Interionic Distance

800
NaCl

Lattice Energy (kJ/mol)

750
NaBr

700 KCl
KBr
NaI

650
KI

600
0.00275 0.00300 0.00325 0.00350 0.00375
1/Interionic Distance (1/pm)

This plot is fairly linear. The energy required to separate two opposite charges is given by:

Q+ Q-
E = k
r

As the separation increases, less work is needed to pull the ions apart; therefore, the lattice energies become
smaller as the interionic distances become larger. This is in accordance with Coulomb’s law.

From these data what can you conclude about the relationship between lattice energy and the size of the
negative ion? What about lattice energy versus positive ion size (compare KCl with NaCl, KBr with NaBr,
etc.)?

11.104 Crystalline SiO2. Its regular structure results in a more efficient packing.

11.105
H
N H O H
H N C C N
N C N H N C O
H N C C N
N H O H
H

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
424 CHAPTER 11: INTERMOLECULAR FORCES AND LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS

11.106 Assuming that liquid remains in the container after equilibrium has been established, the vapor pressure of a
liquid in a closed container depends on (c) temperature and (d) the intermolecular forces between the
molecules in the liquid.

11.107 W must be a reasonably non-reactive metal. It conducts electricity and is malleable, but doesn’t react with
nitric acid. Of the choices, it must be gold.

X is nonconducting (and therefore isn’t a metal), is brittle, is high melting, and reacts with nitric acid. Of the
choices, it must be lead sulfide.

Y doesn’t conduct and is soft (and therefore is a nonmetal). It melts at a low temperature with sublimation.
Of the choices, it must be iodine.

Z doesn’t conduct, is chemically inert, and is high melting (network solid). Of the choices, it must be quartz
(SiO2).

Would the colors of the species have been of any help in determining their identity?

11.108 (a) False. Permanent dipoles are usually much stronger than temporary dipoles.

(b) False. The hydrogen atom must be bonded to N, O, or F.

(c) True.

(d) False. The magnitude of the attraction depends on both the ion charge and the polarizability of the
neutral atom or molecule.

11.109 A: Steam B: Water vapor

(Most people would call the mist “steam.” Steam is invisible.)

11.110 Sublimation temperature is -78C or 195 K at a pressure of 1 atm.

DHsub æç 1 1ö
çç - ÷÷÷
P1
ln =
P2 R çè T2 T1 ÷ø
1 25.9 ´ 10 3 J/mol æç 1 1 ÷÷ö
ln = çç - ÷
P2 8.314 J/mol ⋅ K ççè 150 K 195 K ÷÷ø

1
ln = 4.79
P2

Taking the antiln of both sides gives:

-3
P2 = 8.3 ´ 10 atm

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
 CHAPTER 11: INTERMOLECULAR FORCES AND LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS 425

11.111 (a) The average separation between particles decreases from gases to liquids to solids, so the ease of
compressibility decreases in the same order.

(b) In solids, the molecules or atoms are usually locked in a rigid 3-dimensional structure which determines
the shape of the crystal. In liquids and gases, the particles are free to move relative to each other.

(c) The trend in volume is due to the same effect as part (a).

11.112 (a) K2S: Ionic forces are much stronger than the dipole-dipole forces in (CH3)3N.

(b) Br2: Both molecules are nonpolar; but Br2 has more electrons. (The boiling point of Br2 is 50C and
that of C4H10 is -0.5C.)

11.113 Oil is made up of nonpolar molecules and therefore does not mix with water. To minimize contact, the oil
drop assumes a spherical shape. (For a given volume the sphere has the smallest surface area.)

11.114 CH4 is a tetrahedral, nonpolar molecule that can only exert weak dispersion type attractive forces. SO2 is bent
(why?) and possesses a dipole moment, which gives rise to stronger dipole-dipole attractions. Sulfur dioxide
will have a larger value of “a” in the van der Waals equation (a is a measure of the strength of the
interparticle attraction) and will behave less like an ideal gas than methane.

11.115 LiF, ionic bonding and dispersion forces; BeF2, ionic bonding and dispersion forces; BF3, dispersion forces;
CF4, dispersion forces; NF3, dipole-dipole interaction and dispersion forces; OF2, dipole-dipole interaction
and dispersion forces; F2, dispersion forces.

11.116 The standard enthalpy change for the formation of gaseous iodine from solid iodine is simply the difference
between the standard enthalpies of formation of the products and the reactants in the equation:

I2(s)  I2(g)

DHvap = DHf[I2 ( g)] - DHf[I 2 (s)] = 62.4 kJ/mol - 0 kJ/mol = 62.4 kJ/mol

11.117 Looking at the Clausius-Clapeyron equation, Equation (11.2) of the text, the slope of a plot of ln P vs. 1/T is
proportional to the enthalpy of vaporization—the steeper the slope, the greater the enthalpy of vaporization.
Methanol, with hydrogen-bonding interactions, will have the highest enthalpy of vaporization. Nonpolar
propane will have the lowest enthalpy of vaporization. On the graph, A is methanol, B is methyl chloride,
and C is propane.

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
426 CHAPTER 11: INTERMOLECULAR FORCES AND LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS

11.118 The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 50.0 g of water from 20ºC to its boiling point (100ºC) is
q1 = msDt = (50.0 g H2O)(4.184 J/g·C)[(100 - 20)C] = 16.7 kJ

Next, let’s calculate the amount of heat needed to convert water at 100C to steam at 100C. (See Table 11.6
of the text for the heat of vaporization of water.)

1 mol 40.79 kJ
q2 = 50.0 g H2 O ´ ´ = 113 kJ
18.02 g H2 O 1 mol

The amount of heat left to heat the steam is:

150.0 kJ - 16.7 kJ - 113 kJ = 20.3 kJ

Let tf be the final temperature of steam. We write;

q = msDt
3
20.3 ´ 10 J = (50.0 g)(1.99 J/g·°C)(tf - 100)°C
4 3
2.03 ´ 10 = 99.5tf - 9.95 ´ 10

tf = 304°C

11.119 The Li‒Cl bond length is longer in the solid phase because each Li+ is shared among several Cl- ions. In the

gas phase the ion pairs (Li+ and Cl-) tend to get as close as possible for maximum net attraction.

11.120 Smaller ions have more concentrated charges (charge densities) and are more effective in ion-dipole
interaction. The greater the ion-dipole interaction, the larger is the heat of hydration.

11.121 (a) If water were linear, the two O-H bond dipoles would cancel each other as in CO2. Thus a linear water
molecule would not be polar.

(b) Hydrogen bonding would still occur between water molecules even if they were linear.

11.122 (a) For the process: Br2(l)  Br2(g)

DH  = DHf[Br2 ( g)] - DHf[Br2 (l )] = (1)(30.7 kJ/mol) - 0 = 30.7 kJ/mol

(b) For the process: Br2(g)  2Br(g)

DH = 192.5 kJ/mol (from Table 9.4 of the text)

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
 CHAPTER 11: INTERMOLECULAR FORCES AND LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS 427

As expected, the bond enthalpy represented in part (b) is much greater than the energy of vaporization
represented in part (a). It requires more energy to break the bond than to vaporize the molecule.

11.123 The action of inhaled anesthetics is not well understood. However, they must satisfy the following criteria:
(1) the intermolecular forces should not be too strong so they will exist in the vapor phase under ambient
conditions, (2) they should be fairly soluble in blood, and (3) they should be able to penetrate the nonpolar
membranes surrounding the nerve cells. Although these molecules are polar, it is clear that their polarities
are comparable to that of diethyl ether (C2H5OC2H5) so that they satisfy the conditions listed above.

11.124 (a) Decreases (b) No change (c) No change

11.125 (a) About 2.4 K. (b) About 10 atm. (c) About 5 K. (d) No. There is no solid-vapor boundary line.
(e) Two triple points.

11.126 Recall that a corner atom/ion is shared with 8 unit cells and therefore only 1/8 of a corner atom is within a
given unit cell. Also recall that a face atom/ion is shared with 2 unit cells and therefore 1/2 of a face atom is
+
within a given unit cell. See Figure 11.19 of the text. In Figure 11.26(a), there is one Cs ion in the center of
−
the unit cell and 8 Cl ions at the corners. Since 1/8 of a corner ion is within a given unit cell, there is one
− 2+
Cl ion within the unit cell. In Figure 11.26(b), there are four Zn ions within the unit cell, and there are
2− 2−
8 S corner ions and 6 S face ions. Since 1/8 of a corner ion and 1/2 of a face ion is within a given unit
2− −
cell, there are four S ions within the unit cell. In Figure 11.26(c), there are eight F ions within the unit
2+ 2+
cell, and there are 8 Ca corner ions and 6 Ca face ions. Since 1/8 of a corner ion and 1/2 of a face ion is
2+
within a given unit cell, there are four Ca ions within the unit cell.

11.127 3Hg(l) + O3(g)  3HgO(s)

Conversion to solid HgO changes its surface tension.

11.128 CaCO3(s)  CaO(s) + CO2(g)

Three phases (two solid and one gas). CaCO3 and CaO constitute two separate solid phases because they are
separated by well-defined boundaries.

11.129 (a) To calculate the boiling point of trichlorosilane, we rearrange Equation (11.5) of the text to get:

1 R P 1
= ln 1 +
T2 DHvap P2 T1

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
428 CHAPTER 11: INTERMOLECULAR FORCES AND LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS

where T2 is the normal boiling point of trichlorosilane. Setting P1 = 0.258 atm, T1 = (-2 + 273)K = 271 K,
P2 = 1.00 atm, we write:

1 8.314 J/K ⋅ mol 0.258 1

= ln +
3
T2 28.8 ´ 10 J/mol 1.00 271 K

T2 = 303 K = 30C

3
The Si atom is sp -hybridized and the SiCl3H molecule has a tetrahedral geometry and a dipole moment.
Thus, trichlorosilane is polar and the predominant forces among its molecules are dipole-dipole forces.
Since dipole-dipole forces are normally fairly weak, we expect trichlorosilane to have a low boiling
point, which is consistent with the calculated value of 30C.

(b) From Section 11.6 of the text, we see that SiO2 forms a covalent crystal. Silicon, like carbon in Group
4A, also forms a covalent crystal. The strong covalent bonds between Si atoms (in silicon) and between
Si and O atoms (in quartz) account for their high melting points and boiling points.

To test the 10- purity requirement, we need to calculate the number of Si atoms in 1 cm . We can
9 3
(c)
arrive at the answer by carrying out the following three steps: (1) Determine the volume of an Si unit
3
cell in cubic centimeters, (2) determine the number of Si unit cells in 1 cm , and (3) multiply the
3
number of unit cells in 1 cm by 8, the number of Si atoms in a unit cell.

Step 1: The volume of the unit cell, V, is

3
V = a
3
æ1 ´ 10-12 m 1 cm ÷ö÷
çç
÷÷
3
V = (543 pm) ´ çç ´
çç
è
1 pm 1 ´ 10-2 m ÷÷÷ø

-22 3
V = 1.60 ´ 10 cm

Step 2: The number of cells per cubic centimeter is given by:

1 unit cell
number of unit cells = 1 cm 3 ´ = 6.25 ´ 1021 unit cells
1.60 ´ 10-22 cm 3

Step 3: Since there are 8 Si atoms per unit cell, the total number of Si atoms is:

8 Si atoms
number of Si atoms = ´ (6.25 ´ 1021 unit cells) = 5.00 ´ 1022 Si atoms
1 unit cell

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
 CHAPTER 11: INTERMOLECULAR FORCES AND LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS 429

Finally, to calculate the purity of the Si crystal, we write

B atoms 1.0 ´ 1013 B atoms

= = 2.0 ´ 10- 10
Si atoms 5.00 ´ 10 22 Si atoms

-9
Since this number is smaller than 10 , the purity requirement is satisfied.

11.130 SiO2 has an extensive three-dimensional structure. CO2 exists as discrete molecules. It will take much more
energy to break the strong network covalent bonds of SiO2; therefore, SiO2 has a much higher boiling point
than CO2.

11.131 The pressure inside the cooker increases and so does the boiling point of water.

11.132 The moles of water vapor can be calculated using the ideal gas equation.

æ 1 atm ÷ö
çç ÷÷ (5.00 L)
çç187.5 mmHg ´
PV çè 760 mmHg ÷÷ø
n = = = 0.0445 mol
æ ö
RT çç0.0821 L ⋅ atm ÷÷ (338 K)
èç mol ⋅ K ø÷

mass of water vapor = 0.0445 mol ´ 18.02 g/mol = 0.802 g

Now, we can calculate the percentage of the 1.20 g sample of water that is vapor.

0.802 g
% of H2 O vaporized = ´ 100% = 66.8%
1.20 g

11.133 (a) Extra heat is produced when steam condenses at 100C.

(b) Avoids extraction of ingredients by boiling in water.

volume of atoms in unit cell

11.134 The packing efficiency is: ´ 100%
volume of unit cell
3
An atom is assumed to be spherical, so the volume of an atom is (4/3)pr . The volume of a cubic unit cell is
3
a (a is the length of the cube edge). The packing efficiencies are calculated below:

(a) Simple cubic cell: cell edge (a) = 2r

æ 4 pr 3 ö÷
çç ÷÷ ´ 100%
çç
çè 3 ø÷÷ 4 pr 3 ´ 100% p
Packing efficiency = = = ´ 100% = 52.4%
3 3 6
(2r ) 24 r

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
430 CHAPTER 11: INTERMOLECULAR FORCES AND LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS

4r
(b) Body-centered cubic cell: cell edge =
3

æ 4pr 3 ÷ö æ 3ö
ç ç 4pr ÷÷
2 ´ çç ÷÷ ´ 100% 2 ´ çç ÷ ´ 100%
ççè 3 ÷÷ø ççè 3 ÷÷ø 2p 3
Packing efficiency = = = ´ 100% = 68.0%
æ 4r ö÷3 æ 64r 3 ö÷ 16
çç ÷ çç ÷÷
çç
ççè 3 ÷÷ø çè 3 3 ÷÷ø

Remember, there are two atoms per body-centered cubic unit cell.

(c) Face-centered cubic cell: cell edge = 8r

æ 4 pr 3 ÷ö æ 16 p r 3 ö÷
ç ÷÷ ´ 100% çç ÷÷ ´ 100%
4 ´ çç ç
çèç 3 ÷÷ø èçç 3 ø÷
÷
2p
Packing efficiency = = = ´ 100% = 74.0%
( 8r )
3 3 3 8
8r 8

Remember, there are four atoms per face-centered cubic unit cell.

11.135 (a) Pumping allows Ar atoms to escape, thus removing heat from the liquid phase. Eventually the liquid
freezes.

(b) The solid-liquid line of cyclohexane is positive. Therefore, its melting point increases with pressure.

(c) These droplets are super-cooled liquids.

(d) When the dry ice is added to water, it sublimes. The cold CO2 gas generated causes nearby water vapor
to condense, hence the appearance of fog.

11.136 For a face-centered cubic unit cell, the length of an edge (a) is given by:

a = 8r

2
a = 8 (191pm) = 5.40 ´ 10 pm
3
The volume of a cube equals the edge length cubed (a ).

æ1 ´ 10-12 m ö÷3 æ 1 cm ö÷3

ç ÷÷ çç ÷÷
V = a 3
= (5.40 ´ 10 pm) ´ ççç
2 3
÷÷ ´ çç ÷÷ = 1.57 ´ 10
-22
cm 3
çç ç -
ø÷÷ çè1 ´ 10 m ø÷÷
1 pm 2
è

Now that we have the volume of the unit cell, we need to calculate the mass of the unit cell in order to
calculate the density of Ar. The number of atoms in one face-centered cubic unit cell is four.

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
 CHAPTER 11: INTERMOLECULAR FORCES AND LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS 431

4 atoms 1 mol 39.95 g 2.65 ´ 10- 22 g

m = ´ ´ =
1 unit cell 6.022 ´ 10 23 atoms 1 mol 1 unit cell

m 2.65 ´ 10 - 22 g
d = = = 1.69 g /cm 3
V 1.57 ´ 10 - 22 cm 3

11.137 The ice condenses the water vapor inside. Since the water is still hot, it will begin to boil at reduced pressure.
(Be sure to drive out as much air in the beginning as possible.)

11.138 (a) Two triple points: Diamond/graphite/liquid and graphite/liquid/vapor.

(b) Diamond.

(c) Apply high pressure at high temperature.

11.139 Ethanol mixes well with water. The mixture has a lower surface tension and readily flows out of the ear
channel.

11.140 The cane is made of many molecules held together by intermolecular forces. The forces are strong and the
molecules are packed tightly. Thus, when the handle is raised, all the molecules are raised because they are
held together.

11.141 The two main reasons for spraying the trees with water are:

(1) As water freezes, heat is released.

H2O(l)  H2O(s) DHfus = - 6.01 kJ/mol

The heat released protects the fruit. Of course, spraying the trees with warm water is even more helpful.

(2) The ice forms an insulating layer to protect the fruit.

11.142 When the tungsten filament inside the bulb is heated to a high temperature (about 3000C), the tungsten
sublimes (solid  gas phase transition) and then it condenses on the inside walls of the bulb. The inert,
pressurized Ar gas retards sublimation and oxidation of the tungsten filament.

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
432 CHAPTER 11: INTERMOLECULAR FORCES AND LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS

11.143

45
40
35
Pressure (atm)

30
25 liquid
20
15
10 vapor
5
0
–40 –20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Temperature (ºC)

Plotting the three points, and connecting the boiling point to the critical point with both a straight line and a
curved line, we see that the point (20C, 18 atm) lies on the liquid side of the phase boundary. The gas will
condense under these conditions. The curved line better represents the liquid/vapor boundary for a typical
phase diagram. See Figures 11.40 and 11.41 of the text.

11.144 The fuel source for the Bunsen burner is most likely methane gas. When methane burns in air,
carbon dioxide and water are produced.

CH4(g) + 2O2(g)  CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)

The water vapor produced during the combustion condenses to liquid water when it comes in contact with the
outside of the cold beaker.

11.145 Overall, the plot is the reverse of that shown in Figure 11.38 of the text.

steam
110º
liq. + steam
100º

Temp. liquid
(ºC)

0º liquid + ice
ice
−10º
supercooling

Time

A supercooled liquid is unstable and eventually freezes.

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
 CHAPTER 11: INTERMOLECULAR FORCES AND LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS 433

3
11.146 First, we need to calculate the volume (in cm ) occupied by 1 mole of Fe atoms. Next, we calculate the
volume that a Fe atom occupies. Once we have these two pieces of information, we can multiply them
together to end up with the number of Fe atoms per mole of Fe.

number of Fe atoms cm3 number of Fe atoms

´ =
cm3 1 mol Fe 1 mol Fe

The volume that contains one mole of iron atoms can be calculated from the density using the following
strategy:
volume volume

mass of Fe mol Fe

1 cm3 55.85 g Fe 7.093 cm3

´ =
7.874 g Fe 1 mol Fe 1 mol Fe

Next, the volume that contains two iron atoms is the volume of the body-centered cubic unit cell. Some of
this volume is empty space because packing is only 68.0 percent efficient. But, this will not affect our
calculation.
3
V = a

3
Let’s also convert to cm .
æ1 ´ 10-12 m ÷ö3 æ 1 cm ö3 2.357 ´ 10-23 cm 3
ç ÷÷ ç ÷÷
V = (286.7 pm) ´ ççç 3
÷÷ ´ ççç ÷÷ =
çç 1 pm ÷÷ø çè 0.01 m ø÷ 2 Fe atoms
è

We can now calculate the number of iron atoms in one mole using the strategy presented above.
number of Fe atoms cm3 number of Fe atoms
´ =
cm3 1 mol Fe 1 mol Fe

2 Fe atoms 7.093 cm3

´ = 6.019 ´ 10 23 Fe atoms /mol
-23 3
2.357 ´ 10 cm 1 mol Ba

23
The small difference between the above number and 6.022 × 10 is the result of rounding off and using
rounded values for density and other constants.

11.147 If we know the values of DHvap and P of a liquid at one temperature, we can use the Clausius-Clapeyron
equation, Equation (11.5) of the text, to calculate the vapor pressure at a different temperature. At 65.0C, we can
calculate DHvap of methanol. Because this is the boiling point, the vapor pressure will be 1 atm (760 mmHg).


First, we calculate DHvap. From Appendix 3 of the text, DHf [CH3OH(l)] = -238.7 kJ/mol

CH3OH(l)  CH3OH(g)

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
434 CHAPTER 11: INTERMOLECULAR FORCES AND LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS

DHvap = DHf[CH3OH( g)] - DHf[CH3OH(l )]

DHvap = -201.2 kJ/mol - (-238.7 kJ/mol) = 37.5 kJ/mol

Next, we substitute into Equation (11.5) of the text to solve for the vapor pressure of methanol at 25C.

DHvap æç 1 1ö
çç - ÷÷÷
P1
ln =
P2 R çè T2 T1 ø÷

P1 37.5 ´ 10 3 J/mol æç 1 1 ÷÷ö

ln = çç - ÷
760 8.314 J/mol ⋅ K ççè 338 K 298 K ÷÷ø

P1
ln = - 1.79
760

Taking the antiln of both sides gives:

P1 = 127 mmHg

11.148 Figure 11.29 of the text shows that all alkali metals have a body-centered cubic structure. Figure 11.22 of the
text gives the equation for the radius of a body-centered cubic unit cell.

3a
r = , where a is the edge length.
4

3
Because V = a , if we can determine the volume of the unit cell (V), then we can calculate a and r.

Using the ideal gas equation, we can determine the moles of metal in the sample.

æ 1 atm ö÷
ç
ççç19.2 mmHg ´ ÷÷ (0.843 L)
PV çè 760 mmHg ø÷÷
n = = = 2.10 ´ 10-4 mol
RT æ L ⋅ atm ö÷
çç0.0821 ÷ (1235 K)
èç mol ⋅ K ø÷

Next, we calculate the volume of the cube, and then convert to the volume of one unit cell.

Vol. of cube = (0.171 cm)3 = 5.00 ´ 10-3 cm3

This is the volume of 2.10 × 10- mole. We convert from volume/mole to volume/unit cell.
4

5.00 ´ 10 - 3 cm 3 1 mol 2 atoms

Vol. of unit cell = ´ ´ = 7.91 ´ 10 - 23 cm 3 /unit cell
-4 23
2.10 ´ 10 mol 6.022 ´ 10 atoms 1 unit cell

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
 CHAPTER 11: INTERMOLECULAR FORCES AND LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS 435

Recall that there are 2 atoms in a body-centered cubic unit cell.

Next, we can calculate the edge length (a) from the volume of the unit cell.

a = 3 V = 3 7.91 ´ 10 - 23 cm 3 = 4.29 ´ 10 - 8 cm

Finally, we can calculate the radius of the alkali metal.

3a 3 (4.29 ´ 10 - 8 cm )
r = = = 1.86 ´ 10 - 8 cm = 186 pm
4 4

Checking Figure 8.5 of the text, we conclude that the metal is sodium, Na.

To calculate the density of the metal, we need the mass and volume of the unit cell. The volume of the unit
cell has been calculated (7.91 × 10- cm /unit cell). The mass of the unit cell is
23 3

22.99 amu 1g
2 Na atoms ´ ´ = 7.635 ´ 10-23 g
23
1 Na atom 6.022 ´ 10 amu

m 7.635 ´ 10- 23 g
d = = = 0.965 g/cm 3
V 7.91 ´ 10- 23 cm 3

The density value also matches that of sodium.

11.149 If half the water remains in the liquid phase, there is 1.0 g of water vapor. We can derive a relationship
between vapor pressure and temperature using the ideal gas equation.

æ 1 mol H 2 O ö÷æ L ⋅ atm ÷ö

çç ÷ç
çç1.0 g H 2 O ´ ÷çç 0.0821 ÷T
nRT çè 18.02 g H O
2 ø
÷
÷ è mol ⋅ K ÷ø
P = = = (4.75 ´ 10- 4 )T atm
V 9.6 L

Converting to units of mmHg:

760 mmHg
(4.75 ´ 10-4 )T atm ´ = 0.36 T mmHg
1 atm

To determine the temperature at which only half the water remains, we set up the following table and refer to
Table 5.3 of the text. The calculated value of vapor pressure that most closely matches the vapor pressure in
Table 5.3 would indicate the approximate value of the temperature.

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
436 CHAPTER 11: INTERMOLECULAR FORCES AND LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS

T(K) PH O mmHg (from Table 5.3) (0.36 T) mmHg

2

313 55.32 112.7

318 71.88 114.5
323 92.51 116.3
328 118.04 118.1 (closest match)
333 149.38 119.9
338 187.54 121.7

Therefore, the temperature is about 328 K = 55C at which half the water has vaporized.

11.150 The original diagram shows that as heat is supplied to the water, its temperature rises. At the boiling point
(represented by the horizontal line), water is converted to steam. Beyond this point the temperature of the
steam rises above 100C.

Choice (a) is eliminated because it shows no change from the original diagram even though the mass of water
is doubled.

Choice (b) is eliminated because the rate of heating is greater than that for the original system. Also, it shows
water boiling at a higher temperature, which is not possible.

Choice (c) is eliminated because it shows that water now boils at a temperature below 100C, which is not
possible.

Choice (d) therefore represents what actually happens. The heat supplied is enough to bring the water to its
boiling point, but not raise the temperature of the steam.

11.151 Electrical conductance of metals is due to the electron delocalization in the conduction band. Heating leads
to a greater degree of vibration of the lattice, which disrupts the extent of delocalization and the movement of
electrons. Consequently, the metal’s electrical conductance decreases with increasing temperature. In an
electrolyte solution, like CuSO4(aq), the electrical conductance is the result of the movement of ions from the
anode to the cathode (or vice versa). Heating increases the kinetic energy of the ions and hence the electrical
conductance.

11.152 At the normal boiling point, the pressure of HF is 1 atm. We use Equation (5.11) of the text to calculate the
density of HF.
g
(1 atm)(20.01 )
PM mol
d = = = 0.833 g /L
RT æ L ⋅ atm ö÷
çç0.0821 ÷(273 + 19.5)K
èç mol ⋅ K ø÷

The fact that the measured density is larger suggests that HF molecules must be associated to some extent in
the gas phase. This is not surprising considering that HF molecules form strong intermolecular hydrogen
bonds.

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
 CHAPTER 11: INTERMOLECULAR FORCES AND LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS 437

11.153 Basic approach:

· Recognize that because calcium and strontium form the same unit cells, we only need to consider their
atomic masses and radii to predict the relative densities.

If Ca and Sr have the same face-centered cubic unit cell, then they also share the same packing efficiency. Sr
has a significantly greater molar mass than Ca (87.62 g/mol versus 40.08 g/mol), but only a slightly greater
radius (215 pm versus 197 pm, Table 8.5), so strontium should have a greater density than calcium. The
3 3
densities of calcium and strontium are 1.55 g/cm and 2.63 g/cm , respectively, consistent with our prediction.

11.154 Basic approach:

· Consider the Clausius-Clapeyron equation.

The Clausius-Clapeyron equation

DHvap
ln P = - +C
RT

indicates that ln P is linearly dependent on DHvap/T, so the vapor pressure of a liquid with a larger ∆Hvap will
be more sensitive to changes in temperature. Figure 11.36 shows that a plot of ln P versus 1/T has a steeper
slope for liquids with a greater ∆Hvap. Therefore, for the same temperature change the increase in ln P, and
hence the increase in P, will be greater for the liquid with the larger value for ∆Hvap.

11.155 Basic approach:

· Use the combined form of the Clausius-Clapeyron equation at two different temperatures, Equation (11.5),
to estimate ∆Hvap.

From Equation (11.5)

DHvap æç 1 1ö
çç – ÷÷÷
P
ln 1 =
P2 R çè T2 T1 ÷ø

æ DH vap ÷öæç 1 1 ÷÷ö

1 ç
ln = çç ÷÷÷çç – ÷
2 çèç 8.314 J/K ⋅ mol ÷øèçç 368 K 358 K ÷÷ø

Solving for DHvap and converting J to kJ gives DHvap » 76 kJ/mol.

11.156 Basic approach:

· Estimate the volume of the room.
· Look up the definitions of humidity and relative humidity, or recall Problem 5.134 from the textbook, and
calculate the partial pressure of water vapor in the room.
· Use the ideal gas law to solve for the amount of water in the room.

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Solution Manual for Chemistry, 13th Edition, Raymond Chang, Jason Overby

438 CHAPTER 11: INTERMOLECULAR FORCES AND LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS

Student dormitory rooms are generally pretty small. A typical room might measure 9 ft ´ 11 ft ´ 8 ft.
Relative Humidity (RH) is defined as

PH
2O
RH = ´ 100%
PH* O
2

where PH O is the partial pressure of water vapor and P*H O is the saturated water vapor pressure at a given
2 2

temperature. First, we calculate the room volume in liters:

æ12 in ÷ö3 æ 2.54 cm ÷ö3 æç 1 L ÷ö

ç ÷÷ ´ çç ÷÷ ´ çç ÷÷
9 ft ´ 11 ft ´ 8 ft ´ çç = 2.2 ´ 104 L
çç 1 ft ÷÷ ççç 1 in ÷÷ çç1000 cm3 ÷÷÷÷
è ø è ø çè ø

Next, we look up the water vapor pressure at 95°F, or 35°C, in Table 5.3, which is 42.18 mmHg. Thus, the
partial pressure of water vapor is 0.65 ´ 42.18 mmHg or 27 mmHg. Assuming ideal gas behavior, we write

PV (27/760)atm ´ 2.2 ´ 10 4 L
n = = = 31 mol
RT (0.0821 L ⋅ atm/K ⋅ mol)(35 + 273) K

The volume of condensed water is 31 mol ´ 18 g/mol ´ 1.0 mL/g = 560 mL.

11.157 (a) Smell (naphthalene).

(b) Sight (purple vapor of iodine).

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

Visit TestBankBell.com to get complete for all chapters