Index

AASHTO T 103, 559 tree-like aggregate of chrysotile asbestos

AASHTO T 283, 558 fibres, 502
AASHTO T 327, 559 asbestos-containing material (ACM)
AASHTO T 62–03, 382 asbestos classification, health effects and uses
AASHTO T–321, 383 as building materials, 502–4
AASHTO T164, 407 future trends, 518–19
AASHTO T170, 407 reclamation, disposal and recycling, 505–10
AASHTO T304, 410 outdoor and indoor environments, 505–6
AASHTO T3T316, 407 recycling, 506–10
abatement, 505 recycling cement asbestos for concrete
abrasion resistance, 339 production, 510–15
abrasive demolition, 145 recycling cement asbestos in geopolymers,
ACF Iterlene 1000, 405 515–18
acid extraction, 539 recycling from construction and demolition
Aggregate Angularity (FAA) test, 410 waste, 500–19
aggregates, 2–3 asphalt materials, 378–91
economic sector policy, 108–10 fatigue, 386–7
sources and market trends, 110–11 cycle number to failure vs strain level of
best estimates of production data by hot bituminous mixtures, 387
country for 2010, 112–13 recycled aggregates, 390–1
air jigs, 221–2 fatigue, 390–1
schematic diagram, 224 rutting, 390
air sifters, 220 specific gravity and absorption, 390
vertical type air sifter, 221 stiffness, 390
alkali-activated cements, 441 stripping, 391
see also geopolymer cements rutting, 380–3
alkali-silica reaction (ASR) permanent deformation for mixtures with
recycled aggregates utilisation from different RCA and VA content, 381
affected Portland cement concrete, static and dynamic creep strain of asphalt
555–66 mixtures, 382
field implications, 564–5 stiffness, 383–6
materials and test methods, 558–9 dynamic modulus master curves, 386
recommendations, 565–6 resilient modulus, 384
results and discussion, 559–64 resilient modulus test results, 385
scope of study, 557–8 stripping and durability, 387–9
alkaline cement, 440 TSR values of asphalt mixtures with
alligator cracking, 383 different filler, 389
amphibole asbestos, 503 volumetric properties, 379–80
Analytic Hierarchy Process, 82 absorption rate, 380
AS 2891.12.1, 382 air voids, 379–80
asbestos specific gravity, 380
classification, health effects and uses as asphaltenes, 405
building materials, 502–4 ASTM 4402, 407

631
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632 Index

ASTM 666, 343 Cantabria, northern Spain, 89–100

ASTM C 1138, 339 assignment of weights
ASTM C 1293, 558 scenarios applied in the MCA to obtain
ASTM C 131, 250 optimal locations for C&DW recycling
ASTM C 1580, 361 facility, 94
ASTM C 191, 455 geographical area selection for recycling
ASTM C 230, 454 facility location
ASTM C 295, 558 estimated generation of C&DW, 95
ASTM C 418, 339 MCA methods application, 95
ASTM C 618, 449 impact matrix, 96
ASTM C 770, 339 problem definition and requirements, 89
ASTM C 944, 339 result interpretation, 95–100
ASTM D 1557, 358 influence of criteria scores uncertainty
ASTM D 1856, 407 on the ranking of C&DW facility
ASTM D 2172, 407 locations, 99
ASTM D 4123–1995, 382 results of rankings with different MCA
ASTM D 4123–82, 382 methods of the C&DW facility
ASTM D 4318, 357 locations, 97
ASTM D 4694, 371 sensitivity analysis of rankings of the
ASTM D 4791, 410 C&DW facility locations, 98
ASTM D 4867, 558 selected alternatives, 90–1
ASTM D 6928, 559 geographical areas, 91
ASTM D 698, 358 potential location alternatives in each
ASTM D 7428, 559 geographical area, 90
ASTM E867–06: 2006, 373 selected criteria, 92–4
ASTM Test D–2006–70, 406 capital costs (CC), 126
Autobahn, 378 capital recovery costs, 126
carbonation, 337–8
Banana, 217, 219 cement asbestos
BEDEC database tool, 37 recycling for concrete production, 510–15
bioremediation, 534–8 evolution of C2S, C3S and amorphous
using bacteria, 534–6 phase, 514
using sungi, 536–8 SEM micrograph of concrete mix, 513
BS 4987: Part 1: 1993, 413 trend of compressive strength for the
BS 598: Part 107: 1990, 413 standard concrete mix, 514
BS 8500–2, 275, 292, 331, 333 recycling in geopolymers, 515–18
BS 8500–2, 572 cement-treated materials (CTM), 367
BS EN 1260:2002+A1:2008, 332 CEN TR 16098, 611
BS EN 12620, 331, 332 CEN TS 14405, 611
BS EN 13055–1, 331 CEN TS 14429, 610, 623
BS EN 1744–6:2006, 332 CEN TS 14997, 610
BS EN 1990: 2002+A1:2005, 335 CEN TS 15863, 611
BS EN 1992–1-:2004, 334 CEN TS 15864, 611
BS EN 206, 336 ceramic masonry, 228–9
BS EN 206 – 1/BS 8500, 336 Charthem process, 533
BS EN 933–11:2009, 332 chemical demolition, 146
buildings chemical remediation, 538–46
edges demolition, 202–3 process at laboratory scale, 538–42
demolish front walls made of overlapping influence of chemical reagent on arsenic,
masonry structures, 204 chromium and copper removal, 540
end-of-life scenarios, 187–8 kinetic of chromium solubilisation from
states of concrete during recycling CCA-treated chips, 541
progress, 188 process at pilot scale, 542–6
quantification of C&D waste, 36–8 equipment, 544
estimation in construction projects, 37–8 initial arsenic, chromium and copper
estimation on site, 36–7 contents, 545
bulk density, 288 leaching process, 543
chlorides, 338–9
C&DW quantities, 93 chrysotile, 503
calcium sulfate dihydrate, 480 clean fill, 206

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climate, 608 factors affecting durability of concrete,

closed loop material, 131 334–41
Closed Substance Cycle and Waste Management cause and effect model for deterioration of
Act, 11 concrete, 340
CO2 emission, 93 cause and effect of concrete failure, 339–40
cold on-site recycling process (CIRP), 403 durability and design working life, 334–6
Colloadical Index, 406 indicative design working life, 335
commercial explosives, 145 influence of RA absorption on the water
Commission Decision 2000/532/EC, 28, 33 demand of concrete, 305–9
Commission Decision 2001/118/EC, 28, 33 correlation between water absorption and
Commission Directive 2008/98/EC, 77 density of coarse fraction of RCA and
compact asbestos, 503, 504 RMA, 306
concrete, 15–16, 58 correlation between water absorption and
aggregate types, 332–4 density of fine fraction of RCA, 306
quality control, 332–3 increase of the mixing water, 307–8
virgin sand replacement – crushed pre-saturation of the recycled aggregate,
glass, 333 309
virgin sand replacement materials (foundry relationship between the 10 min and
sand), 333–4 24h absorption for different types of
compressive strength of hardened concrete RAs, 307
using RAs, 310–17 superplasticiser content to maintain the
compressive strength of recycled concretes same slump in recycled concretes, 308
and reference concretes, 312 use of chemical admixtures, 308–9
concrete mix proportions applied with properties of concrete with recycled
different degrees of substitution of aggregates, 304–27
coarse NA by RCA, 313 properties of fresh concrete using recycled
concretes with RCA content between aggregates, 305–10
20 and 50%, 311–13 curing conditions, 309–10
conventional and recycled concretes’ influence of heterogeneity of the RA on the
compressive strength, 314 properties of concrete, 309
conversion factor for compressive strength percentage of recycled aggregate on the
of recycled concrete manufactured with coefficient of variation of compressive
RMA, 317 strength, 310
conversion factor for compressive strength properties of hardened concrete using
on recycled concrete manufactured with recycled aggregates, 310–23
RCA, 314 compressive strength as function of fine
influence of RCA content and compressive RCA replacement percentage, 321
strength on relative resistance of creep, 321
recycled concrete, 315 creep as function of RCA replacement
influence of RMA on concrete compressive percentage, 321
strength – replacement level 100%, density, 319–20
316 influence of RCA content on density of
influence of RMA on concrete compressive hardness concrete, 320
strength – replacement level up to influence of RCA content on modulus of
50%, 316 elasticity, 319
limit values in RCA to be used in concrete modulus of elasticity of hardened concrete
manufacture, 312 using RAs, 319
limit values in RMA to be used in concrete properties of recycled concretes
manufacture, 316 manufactured with fine RCA, 321
recycled concretes with 100% RCA, recycled concretes with fine recycled
314–15 concrete aggregate F-RCA, 321–3
recycled concretes with mixed aggregates, shrinkage, 320–1
315–17 shrinkage as function of RCA replacement
environmental hazard assessment using percentage, 320
recycled aggregates (RA), 605–28 strength and durability of concrete using RAs,
assessment methods, 606–12 341–6
pollutant emissions, 612–22 cube production numbers, 344
properties and intrinsic potential hazards, equivalent mortar volume method of mix
622–5 design, 343
properties and potential hazards, 625–6 freeze/thaw durability using RAs, 343

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634 Index

manufacturing chart, 344 regional LMA average market prices for

percent mass loss for freeze/thaw recycled materials, 233
cubes, 345 environmental aspects, 235–41
strength development of concrete average incorporated environmental
types, 342 impacts, 236
strength and durability using RAs, 330–46 avoided environmental impacts due to raw
tensile splitting and flexure strength of materials replacement, 239
hardened concrete using RAs, 317–18 CDW recycling facility generated direct
influence of RCA content on flexural impacts, 236–8
strength, 318 CDW recycling facility prevented impacts,
tensile splitting strength of concrete 238
mixtures manufactured with different sensitivity analysis, 238–41
mineral additions, 317 transportation energy source, 240
tensile splitting strength relationship yearly environmental impacts from
between recycled and conventional equipment operation, 237
concretes, 318 future trends, 241–2
types of deterioration, 336–9 general viability plot for recycling plants, 211
abrasion resistance, 339 preparation from construction and demolition
carbonation, 337–8 waste, 210–42
chlorides, 338–9 recycled materials, 228–9
using RAs in concrete, 330–4 construction
RA classification, 334 improving waste management plan (WMP),
standards used with RA, 331–2 9–22
using recycled aggregates successfully in effectiveness of methodology assessment,
concrete, 323–4 14–21
economical aspects, 324 measures and methods of control, 10–14
environmental aspects, 323–4 construction and demolition waste, 10–14, 331
extra cement content and associated cost in composition, 30–3
recycled concretes, 327 construction waste (CW), 32
extra cement content in recycled concretes demolition waste (DW), 31–2
with 100% of coarse RCA and RMA, waste classification, 33
326 conventional demolition vs. deconstruction
limits applied to the percentage of coarse techniques, 141–83
recycled aggregate and the compressive economic analysis, 150, 154, 156–73
strength of concrete for structural environmental analysis, 173–81
application, 324 future trends, 182–3
limits applied to the percentage of technological aspects, 143–6, 146–50
recycled aggregate and compressive definitions and documents, 26–9
strength of concrete for structural construction waste composition, 26
application, 324 construction waste suitable for a secondary
loss of compressive strength for 100% market, 28–9
concrete and mixed coarse RA, 325 end-of-waste status, 27
technical aspects, 323 types of waste, 26
concrete aggregates waste status, 27
concrete recycling technology, 212–27 demolition techniques and production for
economic aspects, 230–5 recycling, 186–207
equipment fixed costs, 232 demolition technologies, 192–9
expected service life for several types end-of-life scenarios for buildings, 187–8
of CDW recycling installation planning demolition, 188–92
equipment, 233 top-down and other methods, 199–205
fixed and operation recycling plant costs, types and handling of demolition waste,
230–2 205–7
fixed recycling plant benefits, 232, 234 economics of management facilities, 108–36
fixed recycling plant economic sensitivity cost factors of end of waste criteria
analysis, 234–5 implementation, 133–5
maintenance costs for several types of cost factors of recycling, 121–33
CDW recycling installation drivers and constraints for recycling sector
equipment, 233 development, 115–21
mobile recycling plant costs and future trends, 135–6
benefits, 230 overview, 108–15

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estimate procedures and case studies, 38–46 alkali activation mechanisms and
benefits and management based on properties of alkali-activated cements,
estimates, 43, 46 442–4
benefits and management scenarios based applications, 444–7
on estimates, 46 development based on CDW, 451–67
estimates based on detailed tools, 42–3 development of alkali-activated or
estimates based on quantisation tables, geopolymer cements, 440–1
38–42 precursors from waste, 447–51
estimation methods, 25–47 waste management plants and technology,
future trends, 46–7 53–70
gypsum removal, 479–97 composition and fate of waste in Germany,
contamination problem, 483–8 56
future trends, 497 composition of recycled waste in selected
minimum contamination level, 495–7 EU countries, 56
removal methods from C&DW, 488–95 environmental and health aspects, 62–5
multi-criteria decision-making methods for European list of wastes, 54
location of recycling facilities, 76–101 future trends, 68–70
Cantabria, northern Spain, 89–100 management plants in waste chain, 65–8
MCA-based methodology of site selection, per capita generation rates in selected EU
86–9 countries, 55
site election, 78–80 recycling rates in selected EU countries, 56
preparation of concrete aggregates, 210–42 construction phase, 30
concrete recycling technology, 212–27 construction waste (CW), 15–16, 29, 32, 47
economic aspects, 230–5 convection, 608
environmental aspects, 235–41 conventional demolition
future trends, 241–2 construction and demolition waste (C&DW)
general viability plot for recycling management, 141–83
plants, 211 economic analysis, 150, 154, 156–73
recycled materials, 228–9 characterisation, 154, 156
quantification of studies, 33–8 disposal fees, 171–3
in buildings, 36–8 execution time, 156–9
in regions, 33–6 partial cost, 159, 161–3
recycled aggregates quality control, 270–97 results analysis, 166, 170–1
composition and classification of recycled separated aggregate or mixed CDW
aggregates, 271–4 transportation costs, 171
guidelines for measuring quality total cost, 163
parameters, 286–94 environmental analysis, 173–81
parameters affecting compliance with analyses scenario, 177–8
quality criteria, 294–6 comparison between scenarios, 179–81
quality criteria for the use of RAs, environmental impact assessment
274–86 methodology, 173–7
recycling, 1–5 environmental impact calculation, 178–9
EU target, 2–3 life cycle stages environmental impact
recycling asbestos-containing material differences, 181
(ACM), 500–19 materials and end-of-life global
asbestos classification, health effects and environmental impact, 181
uses as building materials, 502–4 scenarios environmental impacts for
future trends, 518–19 materials and end-of-life life-cycle
reclamation, disposal and recycling, stages, 180
505–10 future trends, 182–3
recycling cement asbestos for concrete technological aspects, 143–6
production, 510–15 abrasive processes, 145
recycling cement asbestos in geopolymers, chemical processes, 146
515–18 electrical processes, 145–6
sources, 29–30 explosives, 145
construction phase, 30 mechanical processes, 144
demolition phase, 30 thermal processes, 144–5
design phase, 29–30 cost factors
use for alkali-activated or geopolymer C&DW recycling, 121–33
cements, 439–67 end of waste criteria implementation

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636 Index

conditions and removal of waste status, general and specific heavy mechanical/
133–5 electrical tools, 155–6
processing plants, 128–30 general and specific light mechanical/
total costs of two treatment plants in electrical tools, 153–4
Germany, 128 general and specific manual tools, 151–2
total costs, income and profit, 130 punching out of windows using heavy
total costs, income and profit of two mechanical equipment, 150
treatment plants in Italy, 129 sequence of load bearing partitions, 149
treatment equipment, 123–8 sequence of possibly loaded partitions, 147
capital costs, capital recovery, overhead demolition
and hourly operating costs, 127 construction and demolition waste (C&DW),
technical characteristics of different mobile 186–207
plants, 123 end-of-life scenarios for buildings, 187–8
technical characteristics of different planning, 188–92
stationary plants, 124–5 decontamination phase, 190–1
cost-benefit analysis (CBA), 79 phases of deconstruction, 189
counter-flow principle, 398–9 technologies, 192–9
creep, 321 main techniques of building demolition and
crushed natural aggregates (CNA), 354 deconstruction in Germany, 193
crushers, 217 pro and contra of the different demolition
jaw crusher, 219 techniques, 194
cumulative energy demand (CED), 65 top-down and other methods, 199–205
cut-off rule, 575–6 minimize waste, 204–5
concrete recycling, 576–82 new materials need the invention of new
allocation factors for recycling of tools, 205
demolished concrete, 579 waste types and handling, 205–7
NAC life-cycle, 578, 580 demolition phase, 30
transport distances and types, 579 construction waste, 31
schematic diagram, 575 losses of wooden formworks, 31
Cyclepave, 405 demolition shears, 194–6
cracking shears, 195
D-line cracking, 337 demolition waste (DW), 31–2
DD ENV 1991–1, 334 mass calculation, 191–2
deconstruction types and handling, 205–7
construction and demolition waste (C&DW) dense binder course mix (DBM) test, 416
management, 141–83 density, 319–20
economic analysis, 150, 154, 156–73 design phase, 29–30
characterisation, 154, 156 Design working life, 335
disposal fees, 171–3 detailed tools
execution time, 156–9 based estimates, 42–3
partial cost, 159, 161–3 estimates of composition and quantities
total cost, 163 of construction waste in a new housing,
environmental analysis, 173–81 44–5
analyses scenario, 177–8 new building construction – residential, 42
comparison between scenarios, 179–81 DG/TJ07/008, 291
environmental impact assessment differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), 559, 564
methodology, 173–7 diffusion, 608
environmental impact calculation, DIN 4226–100, 293, 294, 430
178–9 DIN 4226–100:2002, 307
life cycle stages environmental impact DIN 4226–100, 572
differences, 181 direct labour, 161–2
materials and end-of-life global Directive 2008/98/EC, 506
environmental impact, 181 Directive 80/106/EEC, 120
scenarios environmental impacts for disposal cost, 162–3
materials and end-of-life life-cycle material waste flows disposal costs, 166
stages, 180 disposal fees, 171–3
future trends, 182–3 published information on landfill fees for
technological aspects, 146–50 several world regions, 173
façade elements for re-use (with variation of total cost, 172
scaffolding), 148 distance from existing facility, 93

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distance from inert landfill, 93–4 EN 12620, 120, 572

double barrel drum mixing, 399 EN 12620:2002, 429
downcycling, 64 EN 12697, 417
drywall see gypsum board EN 12697 – Part 3:2007, 407
durability, 334 EN 12697 26, 382
EN 12697–24, 383
E-crete, 440 EN 12697–31: 1998, 413
eccentric-shaft rotor, 254 EN 12697-Part 2: 2002, 408
Ecological Risk Assessment (ERA), 609 EN 12697: Part 39:2004, 404
economic allocation, 575–6 EN 13108: Part 1, 413
concrete recycling, 576–82 EN 13108: Part 8: 2005, 403
allocation factors for recycling of EN 13108:2005, 396
demolished concrete, 579 EN 13242, 120
transport distances and types, 579 EN 13302: 2010, 407
NAC life-cycle, 578, 581 EN 146130: 2000, 358
schematic diagram, 576 EN 14769: 2005, 408
economics EN 1744–1, 332, 365
construction and demolition waste (C&DW) EN 1744–1: 1998, 357, 361
management facilities, 108–36 EN 1744–6, 332
cost factors of end of waste criteria EN 206–1, 572
implementation, 133–5 EN 933–11, 361
cost factors of recycling, 121–33 EN 933–3: 1997, 354
emerging C&DW management practices, EN 933–5: 1999, 355
130–3 EN 933–8: 2000, 358
plant and feed complexity vs. possible encapsulation sensu lato, 505
employments classification scheme, 122 encapsulation sensu stricto, 505
processing plants, 128–30 end of waste (EoW), 121, 133–5
technical and economic classification of end-of-life, 599
C&DW treatment plants, 121–3 scenarios for buildings, 187–8
treatment equipment, 123–8 states of concrete during recycling
drivers and constraints for recycling sector progress, 188
development, 115–21 end-of-waste status, 27
public perception and consumer Energy Performance of Buildings Directive
acceptance, 121 (EPBD), 2
overview, 108–15 environmental hazard
aggregates sources and market trends, assessment of concrete using recycled
110–11 aggregates (RA), 605–28
C&D waste arising and recycling rates in assessment methods, 606–12
the EU27, 115 pollutant emissions, 612–22
construction aggregates sector policy, properties and intrinsic potential hazards,
108–10 622–5
re-use, recycling and recovery of C&DW, properties and potential hazards, 625–6
111, 114–15 environmental impact
ecotoxicity, 610–12 assessment methodology, 173–7
ecotoxicological tests, 627 environmental impact factor and analysed
efficient management, 43 building, 174
efflorescence, 444, 459–60 extra environmental impacts due to
EHE–08, 291, 293, 294 recycling, 177
Electre II, 86 reference building case, 174
Electre III, 86 relationship between recycling percentage
Electre methods, 82 and transportation magnification
electrical demolition, 145–6 factor, 175
electrodialytic remediation (EDR), 528–30 transportation magnification factors and
electrodialytic cell, 529 masses of recycled materials, 176
EN 1097 6:2001/A1:2006, 307 calculation, 178–9
EN 1097–2: 1999, 355 environmental impact assessment (EIA), 79
EN 1097–6, 332 environmental life-cycle perspective, 63
EN 1097–6:2000, 353 equipment cost
EN 12457–3:2002, 374 deconstruction and traditional demolition
EN 12607–1: 2007b, 408 operations, 162

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638 Index

equivalent mortar volume (EMV), 343 28-day compressive strength of prepared

Euro gypsum, 481 mixes, 458
European Aggregates Association, 110 chemical composition of waste brick and
European Asphalt Pavement Association concrete, 452
(EAPA), 401 compressive strength, 457–9
European Union (EU), 2–3 effects of Na2O content, W/DB-ratio, and
European Waste List (EWL), 25, 33 silica modulus on final setting time, 456
Evamix (EV), 86 efflorescence, 459–60
execution time, 156–9 experimental procedure, 454–6
average zone use areas and total material Fourier Transform Infrared analysis, 460–2
weight, 159 FTIR spectra of waste brick and concrete,
data for calculating the case study 453
deconstruction cost and duration, 158 FTIR spectrum of 28-day hardened paste of
data for calculating the case study traditional mix M5–8, 461
demolition cost and duration, 160 ground waste brick and concrete particle
task flow management chart for size distributions, 452
deconstruction activities, 157 materials characterisation, 451–4
mixture proportions of waste brick and
F statistics, 18, 19, 20 concrete, 455
F-test, 14 scanning electron microscopy, 462
feeders SEM images from microstructure of
lightweight vibrating feed, 216 28-day hardened paste of the mix
Fenton oxidation, 538 M5–8, 463–6
ferrous metals, 29 setting time, 456–7
fibre dispersion, 506 severity of efflorescence in the prepared
fibrils, 502 mixes, 459–60
fibrous-asbestiform, 502 used activators, 455
Finfalt, 399 X-ray diffraction analysis, 462
first-order recycling, 187 X-ray diffraction pattern of 28-day
fixed costs, 230–2 hardened paste of the mixture M5–8, 467
fixed recycling plant X-ray diffraction pattern of waste brick,
benefits, 232, 234 453
costs, 230–2 X-ray diffraction pattern of waste concrete,
economic sensitivity analysis, 234–5 454
influence of CDW input gate fee on the precursors from waste, 447–51
return of investment, 235 fly ash, 449–50
Flat and Elongated (FE) test, 410 industrial slags, 447–8
fly ash, 449–50 metakolin, 448
Fourier Transform Infrared analysis, 460–2 miscellaneous materials, 450–1
freeze-thaw test, 559 geopolymerisation, 515
friable asbestos, 503 geopolymers, 441, 515–18
fuel cost, 127 obtained from thermal transformation of
cement-asbestos, 516
Geographical Information System (GIS), 79–80, technological properties, 516
83, 86 global warming potential, 1–2
GeoMelt, 508–9 grabbing, 196, 198
geopolymer cements, 439–67, 440 light weight parts, 198
alkali activation mechanisms and properties Green Public Procurement (GPP), 116
of alkali-activated cements, 442–4 greenhouse warming potential, 64, 65
alkali-activation mechanism, 442–3 ground granulated furnace slag (GGBS), 333
properties of alkali-activated cements, gypsum
443–4 contamination problem, 483–8
applications, 444–7 composition of C&DW, 487
future research trends, 446 content in C&DW, 483–8
future technical trends, 446–7 environmental and technical problems, 488
development, 440–1 fine particles, 486
molecular units of molecular structure of manual presorting, 485
geopolymers, 441 pathways, 483
development based on construction and properties of C&DW-Wf, 488
demolition waste, 451–67 semi-fine particles, 486

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 Index 639

treatment fl ow of an intermediate hot mix asphalt (HMA), 396

treatment facility, 484 moisture damage testing, 561–2
waste gypsum board, 485 damage test results, 561
definition and utilisation, 480–2 hydraulic breaker, 198
production, 481 uses to destroy fundamentals of building, 199
production by country in 2000, 482 hydrothermal curing, 459
production by country in 2010, 482
usage, 481–2 incorporated impacts, 236
future trends, 497 indirect labour, 161–2
minimum contamination level, 495–7 induced impact, 601
backfill material, 495–7 industrial slags, 447–8
cement and concrete, 495 industrialisation ratio, 92
H2 S gas generated from solutions, 496 INERTAM-Europlasma, 508
removal from construction and demolition inorganic metallic preservatives, 532–4, 535–6,
waste, 479–97 537–8
removal methods from C&DW, 488–95 inorganic polymers, 441
change of existence ratio of substances in International Roughness Index (IRI), 372
C&DWf, 491 ISO 14000, 17
content after treatment, 489–95 ISO 14041, 573
contents in C&DWf separated by manual ISO/TC 71, 569
presorting, 492 isolation, 505
demolition site and intermediate treatment
facilities, 489 KS F2573, 292
gypsum board, 480–1, 491–2
gypsum waste management, 131 landfill tax, 67
Gyratory compaction, 416 landfill taxation, 117–18
different member states, 118
Health Risk Assessment (HRA), 609 landfilling, 60, 61–2, 598
heating and rubbing technique, 258 leaching, 541–2, 610–12
high energy milling (HEM), 506–7 mechanism and parameters of influence,
high performance concrete (HPC) 607–8
applications using recycled aggregates, 430–4 level 1 fixed plants, 213–14
compressive strength according to air sifting separation arrangement, 215
aggregate/binder mass ratio and manual separation cabin, 214
H2O/Na2O molar ratio, 332–3 level 2 fixed plants, 214–15
geopolymer structure model, 434 level 3 fixed plants, 216–25
suitability of concrete using recycled level of tourism activity, 93
aggregates, 424–34 life cycle assessment (LCA), 1
recycling rates of C&DR in Europe, 425 allocation issues, 572–82
recycling rates of C&DW in Europe, 425 closed- and open-loop recycling, 574
with recycled aggregates: an overview, concrete with recycled aggregates, 569–601
426–30 future trends, 600–1
compressive strength of recycled low-grade applications of RCA, 592–7
aggregates HPC vs the age and the w/b leaching of heavy metals from natural and
ratio, 427 recycle concrete aggregates, 595
half-cell potential of recycled reinforced life-cycle of a road structure base and
concrete beams, 429 system boundaries, 594
HPC trials, 426 relationship between acidification and
impurity content in the Japanese, British transport distance, 596
and Korean standards, 430 relationship between energy use and
other relevant mechanical strength and transport distance, 595
durability studies, 426–8 relationship between eutrophication and
problem of impurities in RAs, 428–9 transport distance, 596
RA concrete standards, 429–30 relationship between global warming and
relationship between aluminium impurity transport distance, 596
content and residual ratio of compressive relationship between POC and transport
strength, 429 distance, 597
high-quality recycling, 64–5, 68–9 properties, 571–2
horizontal plane, 607 RAC vs. NAC production, 582–92
horizontal screens, 219 waste management systems, 597–600

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640 Index

life cycle inventory (LCI), 572, 577 multiple attribute problems, 81

life-cycle thinking (LCT), 108 multiple objective problems, 81
linear variable displacement transducer Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), 83, 111
(LVDT), 558 municipal solid waste (MSW), 212
lithium hydroxide monohydrate, 333
lithium nitrate, 333 nano-chrysotile, 518
LNEC E 471, 291, 293, 429 National Asphalt Pavement Association
Lottman test, 558 (NAPA), 396
low management, 43, 46 natural aggregates, 108–10, 110, 570
lube cost, 127 availability and cost, 119–20
taxation, 116–17
magnesia oxychloride cements (MOC), 518 natural concrete aggregates (NAC), 571
magnesia oxysulphate cements (MOS), 518 vs. RAC production, 582–92
magnesia phosphate cements (MPC), 518 contribution of different life-cycle phase,
magnets, 217 590
cross belt electromagnet, 218 cut-off rule inventory table, 585
maintenance labour costs, 126 economic allocation inventory table, 586
maintenance parts costs, 126 economic allocation over cut-off increase,
maltenes, 405 587
manual demolition environmental impacts, 592
steel beams, 201–2 inventory table, 591
manual flame-cut with two bearing life-cycle of a concrete structure and
cuts, 203 system boundaries, 583
manually flame-cutting of horizontal mix proportions and properties, 589
beams, 202 properties, 587–8
manual presorting, 491–2 recycled concrete aggregate properties, 588
Marshall compactor, 416 neighbourhood perspective, 62
Marshall test, 414 NEN 5905, 294
mass-volume correction factor, 192 NEN 7341, 375, 624
material ageing, 608 NEN 7343, 375
mechanical demolition, 144 NLT–115, 361
mechanical grinding, 254 NLT–350, 382
metakolin, 448 non-ferrous metal separators, 220–1
micro-calorimeter, 558 construction drawing side view, 223
micro-deval, 559 operating principle, 222
Microwave Asphalt Recycling System (MARS)
process, 399 off-site treatments, 132
microwave thermal treatment, 509 on-site sorting, 489
military explosives, 145 on-site treatments, 132
minimal management, 43 operation costs, 230–2
mobile plant, 123, 212–13 operation impacts, 237
cost and benefits, 230 optimization models (OM), 80
CDW recycling plant in Chongqing, China, optimum binder content for binder course
231 mixes, 415
costs and benefits, 230 ordinary cements, 512
mobile crushing unit, 213 organic preservatives, 532, 534–5, 536–7
mobile plants, 58, 61 organo-metallic preservatives, 532–4, 535–6,
modified beam test, 558, 563–4 537–8
Modified Proctor Test, 358 overhaul labour costs, 126
Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA), 80 overhaul parts costs, 126
Cantabria, northern Spain, 89–100 ozone depleting substances (ODS), 131–2
construction and demolition waste (C&DW)
recycling facilities location, 76–101 parallel flow drum mixing, 398
methodology of site selection of C&DW partial cost, 159, 161–3
recycling facilities, 86–9 waste operators distance to the case study
optical location selection, 87 location and charges, 161
overview, 80–6 Paxole 1009, 405
applications to site selection, 83–6 PD 6682–1, 332
classifications, 82 Percent Voids Total Mix (VTM), 379
site election, 78–80 physical remediation, 528–34

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 Index 641

plastics, 229 quantisation tables

pollutant emissions, 606–7 based estimates, 38–42
concrete materials, 612–22 demolition – non-residential – concrete –
before and after leaching with heavyweight construction, 41
demineralised water, 620 demolition – non-residential – metal –
composition of model materials, 618 heavyweight construction, 42
conceptual model of the leaching process, demolition – non-residential – metal –
616 lightweight construction, 42
concrete slabs leaching in outdoor demolition – residential – concrete –
conditions, 617 heavyweight construction, 41
conventional concrete materials, 615–17 demolition – residential – concrete –
eluates concentration vs. pH for four lightweight construction, 42
leaching tests, 621 demolition – residential – masonry –
lead and sulphate behaviour in pH heavyweight construction, 41
dependent test, 619 demolition – residential – masonry –
pH-dependent behaviour of chromium, 615 lightweight construction, 42
pollutant behaviour in the cement matrix, new building construction – non-residential
618–22 – heavyweight construction, 40
solubility curves of different copper-based new building construction – non-residential
solid phases, 614 – lightweight construction, 41
solubility curves of different lead-based new building construction – residential –
solid phases, 614 heavyweight construction, 40
Polysialate, 441 new building construction – residential –
pop out (type 1) deterioration, 337 lightweight construction, 40–1
pop out (type 2) deterioration, 337 rehabilitation – non-residential –
Portland cement concrete (PCC) heavyweight construction, 42
recycled aggregates utilisation from rehabilitation – non-residential –
alkali-silica reaction (ASR), 555–66 lightweight construction, 42
field implications, 564–5 rehabilitation – residential – heavyweight
materials and test methods, 558–9 construction, 42
recommendations, 565–6 rehabilitation – residential – lightweight
results and discussion, 559–64 construction, 42
scope of study, 557–8 rounded average percentage of
potassium permanganate, 361 waste composition by volume in
power cost, 127 rehabilitations, 43
prEN 933–11, 332 rounded average waste composition by
Pressure Ageing Vessel (PAV), 408 volume in constructions, 39
PROMETHEE, 82, 86 rounded average waste composition by
protected land, 93 volume in demolitions, 40
PTV–406, 294 volume average C&D waste generation
pulling walls, 196 rates, 39
safety use of pushing/pulling techniques, weighted average C&D waste generation
197 rates, 39
pushing walls, 196
safety use of pushing/pulling techniques, ratio of affected population, 93
197 Reclamite, 405
pyrolysis, 533 recycled aggregates (RA), 58, 59, 64–5, 66, 68,
69, 108–10, 110, 111
quality control asphalt materials, 378–91
recycled aggregates from construction and fatigue, 386–7
demolition waste, 270–97 rutting, 380–3
guidelines for measuring quality stiffness, 383–6
parameters of recycled aggregates, stripping and durability, 387–9
296–94 volumetric properties, 379–80
parameters affecting compliance with assessing the use in practice, 370–3
quality criteria, 294–6 bearing capacity in field conditions, 370–2
quality criteria for the use of recycled falling weight deflectometer mounted on
aggregates, 274–86 trailer, 371
recycled aggregates composition and IRI equipment, 373
classification, 271–4 measured and theoretical deflections, 372

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642 Index

minimum value of Ev2 based on traffic parameters affecting compliance with quality
category, 371 criteria, 294–6
practical issues, 370 chemical properties, 295–6
road roughness measurement, 372–3 geometric properties, 296
assessment methods, 606–12 mechanical properties, 295
health end environmental impact an risk physical properties, 294–5
assessment, 609–10 physical characteristics, 274–8
leaching and ecotoxicity, 610–12 density, 275–6
leaching mechanism and parameters of maximum and minimum density values in
influence, 607–8 the references, 276
pollutant emissions, 606–7 porosity, 278
chemical characterisation for road water absorption, 276–7
construction, 360–2 physico-mechanical characterisation for
chemical and mineralogical analysis, 360 roads, 352–9
different recycled aggregates chemical California bearing ratio, 359
characterisation, 360 CBR index values, 359
mineral phases present in different RA, classification of RA according to
360 composition, 352
organic matter, 361 composition, 352–3
soluble salts, 362 composition of mixed RA before and after
sulphur compounds, 361–2 the Los Angeles abrasion test, 356
chemical suitability, 280–3 density and water absorption, 353–4
chlorides, 282 fragmentation resistance, 355–7
damaging substances, 282–3 Los Angeles abrasion coefficients of
organic matter, 283 different RA components, 356
sulphur compounds, 280–2 modified compaction test curves for
classification based on composition, 272–3 crushed limestone and aggregates
composition and classification, 271–4 recycled from CDW, 358
environmental hazard assessment of concrete, moisture-density relationship, 358–9
605–28 particle oven-dry density and water
environmental performance, 373–5 absorption of RA components, 353
acceptance criteria, 374 particle shape, 354–5
from construction and demolition waste, particle size distribution, 354
270–97 particle size distribution curves of RCA,
geometric properties, 283–6 RMA and CNA, 355
aggregate size, 283 plasticity, susceptibility to expansion,
crushing value, 286 sand equivalent and clean coefficient,
fines content, 286 357–8
flakiness index, 285 range of LA abrasion coefficient values,
recycled sand content, 283, 285 357
sand equivalent index, 286 pollutant emissions from concrete materials,
shape index, 285 612–22
guidelines for quality parameters properties and intrinsic potential hazards,
measurement, 286–94 622–5
chemical suitability, 289–92 properties and potential hazards, 625–6
geometric properties, 292– properties of concrete with RAs, 304–27
mechanical behaviour, 288–9 fresh concrete, 305–10
physical characteristics, 286–8 hardened concrete, 310–23
requirements for chemical properties in using recycled aggregates successfully in
standards and guidelines, 290 concrete, 323–4
requirements for geometric properties in quality certification, 120
standards and guidelines, 293 quality criteria, 274–86
requirements for mechanical properties in chemical requirements in standards and
standards and guidelines, 289 guidelines, 281
requirements for physical properties in geometric specifications in standards and
standards and guidelines, 287 guidelines, 284
mechanical behaviour, 278–80 mechanical specification in standards and
10% fine value, 279 guidelines, 278
Los Angeles abrasion coefficient, 279 physical requirements in standards and
soundness or mass loss, 279–80 guidelines, 275

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 Index 643

RAs from construction and demolition waste mixture design and assessment of
in pavement sections, 362–70 suitability and proportioning of RA, 404
basic components of conventional flexible particle size distribution, 408
and semi-rigid pavement sections, 363 RA binder viscosity, 405–8
grading envelopes of materials to be used relative density, 409
as sub-bases and bases, 366 samples of 20mm virgin and RA aggregate,
grading envelopes of materials to be used 410
in bases, 367 recycling process, 395–403
grading envelopes of materials used as flexible pavement schematic cross-section,
cement-treated materials, 369 396
RAs as cement-treated materials, 368–70 pavement removal and crushing, 395–6
RAs as unbound base materials, 366–7 stockpiling of recycled asphalt, 396–7
RAs as unbound roadbed materials, 364–5 testing mechanical properties of designed
RAs as unbound sub-base materials, 365–6 mixtures, 415–18
road pavement sections, 362–4 laboratory compaction methods, 416
roads, 351–76 laboratory mixing, 415–16
future trends, 375–6 laboratory testing, 417
strength and durability of concrete using RAs, standard asphalt pavement mix tests, 417
330–46 test specimen storage, 417
factors affecting durability of concrete, recycled concrete aggregates (RCA), 187–8,
334–41 228, 305
strength and durability of concrete using beneficiation, 251–63
RAs, 341–6 ‘heating and rubbing’ RCA beneficiation
using RAs in concrete, 330–4 method, 258
suitability of concrete for high-performance 10 kW microwave-assisted RCA
concrete, 424–34 beneficiation system, 262
applications of HPC using RAs, 430–4 acid treatment, 255–8
high performance concrete with recycled acid treatment procedure, 255
aggregates, 426–30 chemical-mechanical beneficiation, 259–60
recycled asphalt effects of thermal beneficiation at various
asphalt pavement recycling methods, temperatures on the RCA properties, 253
397–403 effects of thermal-mechanical beneficiation
cold batch in-plant recycling, 402 on RCA properties, 260
cold on-site recycling, 402–3 efficiency of various acid treatment
cold recycling, 401–2 methods, 257
cold recycling in a stationary plant, 402 four different acid treatment testing
hot in-plant regeneration, 398–9 procedures considered, 256
hot on-site regeneration, 399–401 mechanical beneficiation, 253–5
warm recycling, 400–1 mechanical beneficiation using LA
designing a pavement mix containing abrasion resistance testing apparatus on
recycled asphalt, 412–15 the RCA properties, 254
mix designs, 413 microwave-assisted beneficiation, 260–3
particle size distribution percentage temperature, temperature gradient, normal
passing, 413 stresses and tangential stresses variation,
percentage by weight passing, 413 261
RA mix design, 412–15 thermal beneficiation, 251–3
for pavements, 394–419 thermal beneficiation procedure, 253
future trends, 418–19 thermal-mechanical beneficiation, 258–9
properties assessment, 403–12 variation in the attenuation factor of natural
20 mm binder course mix constituent, 408 aggregates and mortar, 260
20mm binder course mix surface area economic and environmental assessment of
factor, 411 RCA beneficiation, 266–8
aggregate particle shape, 409–11 effects of microwave-assisted beneficiation
asphalt binder ageing procedures, 408 on RCA properties, 267
binder content, 404–5 estimated embodied energy and embodied
bitumen chemical composition changes carbon of 1 ton microwave-treated RCA,
after ageing and rejuvenation, 406 268
environmental properties, 412 effects of RCA beneficiation on the
mineral contest test, 409 mechanical properties of RAC, 263–6
mix surface area factor, 411–12 compressive strength and modulus

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644 Index

of elasticity of recycled aggregate construction and demolition waste (CDW),

concretes, 265 1–5
modulus of rupture of recycled aggregate cost factors, 121–33
concretes, 266 demolition of construction and demolition
variation in compressive strength of waste (C&DW), 186–207
recycled aggregate concrete with mortar drivers and constraints for sector
content of RCA, 264 development, 115–21
field implications, 564–5 EU target, 2–3
life cycle assessment (LCA), 569–601 properties and purity levels in concrete
allocation issues, 572–82 aggregates, 225–7
future trends, 600–1 recycled aggregates for construction
low-grade applications of RCA, 592–7 standards requirements, 226–7
properties, 571–2 reclamation, disposal of ACM, 505–10
RAC vs. NAC production, 582–92 technology, 132–3
waste management systems, 597–600 recycling products, 60
materials and test methods, 558–9 REG methods, 82–3, 86
properties and mortar content, 247–50 regions
abrasion resistance (toughness), 248–50 quantification of C&D waste, 33–6
bulk density and mortar content, 249 C&D waste generated in Spain by type of
density and water absorption, 248 construction and civil works, 35
Los Angeles abrasion loss and mortar estimation based on material stocks and
content, 250 flows by dynamic model technique, 35–6
water absorption and mortar content, 249 estimation based on range of waste
recommendations, 565–6 generated in each activity, 33–5
results and discussion, 559–64 weighted average C&D waste generation
AST testing, 562–3 rates in Spain, 34
durability testing, 559–61 regrip, 400
Micro-deval and freeze-thaw test results, rejuvenator, 405
560 remediation
scope of study, 557–8 bioremediation of treated wood wastes, 534–8
compacted HMA testing, 557 chemical remediation of treated wood wastes,
testing, 557 538–46
separation processes to improve quality, future trends, 546–7
246–68 physical remediation for treated wood wastes,
utilisation from alkali-silica reaction(ASR) 528–34
affected Portland cement concrete, wood treatment with organic and inorganic
555–66 preservatives, 526–47
various types, 247 remix process, 400
recycled crushed concrete (RCC), 187–8 Renofalt asphalt regeneration process, 395
recycled mix aggregates (RMA), 305 repave, 400
recycling reshaping, 400
asbestos-containing material (ACM), 506–10 Retread, 402
chrysotile fibres fully recrystallized into retro-clinkerisation process, 511
forsterite and enstatite, 507 Revised Waste Framework Directive 2008/98/
asbestos-containing material (ACM) from EC, 424
construction and demolition waste, road network, 94
500–19 rock wool, 132
cement asbestos for concrete production, rolling wheel compaction, 416
510–15 Rollong Thin Film Oven (RTFO), 408
evolution of C2S, C3S and amorphous Rostler Analysis, 405
phase, 514 Royal Decree 105/2008, 12–13
SEM micrograph of concrete mix, 513
trend of compressive strength for the SANA SCG–3001, 454
standard concrete mix, 514 scanning electron microscopy, 462
cement asbestos in geopolymers, 515–18 scoring step, 80
geopolymers obtained from thermal Secar 71, 460
transformation of cement-asbestos, 516 second-order recycling, 187–8, 207
technological properties of geopolymers, secondary aggregates, 108–10, 110, 111
516 quality certification, 120
concrete, technological aspect, 212–27 secondary raw material (SRM), 501, 502

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 Index 645

semi-mobile plants, 58, 61 surface scaling, 336

separation surface-dry density, 288
by color, 492 Sustainable Aggregates Resource Management
gypsum and wood contents in C&DWf, (SARMa), 109–10, 111
493 Sustainable Supply Mix (SSM), 109
efficiency, 492–5
gypsum and wood contents in C&DWf Tensile Strength Ratio (TSR), 388
after sorting, 494 the linear quarry project’, 403
overall separation efficiency to obtain thermal demolition, 144–5
processed, 495 thermal treatment, 531–4
manual presorting according to the presence oxygen and temperature requirements of
of gypsum board, 491–2 thermo-chemical treatment, 531
gypsum contents in C&DWf, 492 thermo-chemical conversion, 531
recycled concrete aggregates quality thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), 559
improvement, 246–68 third-order recycling, 188
beneficiation of RCA, 250–63 time, 608
economic and environmental assessment top-down methods, 199–201
of RCA beneficiation, 266–8 demolition with shears, 201
effects of RCA beneficiation on mechanical typical demolition from top to down, 200
properties of RAC, 263–6 total cost, 163
RCA properties and mortar content, average proportion and standard deviation of
247–50 cost, 170
serpentine asbestos, 503 deconstruction and traditional demolitions
shrinkage, 320–1 global costs, 169
sieving, 490 global costs for traditional demolition and
Silestone decorative stone, 389, 390, 391 deconstruction, 170
simulation models (SM), 79 total energy of adhesion (TEA), 558
site selection, 78–80 Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure
applications, 83–6 (TCLP), 611
MCA in the location of waste treatment transport related impacts, 237–8
facilities, 84–5 transportation costs, 92, 162
MCA-based methodology of C&DW deconstruction transportation costs, 164
recycling facilities, 86–9 materials loose densities, 163
optimal location selection, 87 transportation unitary costs, 163
sloped screens, 219 tyre cost, 127
sloping plane, 607
SMARTWasteTM, 37 UNE 103201, 361
sodium hydroxide, 458 UNE 103601: 1996, 357
sodium silicate, 458–9 UNE-EN 12457–3, 624
soil cement, 440 unemployed population, 92
Spanish EHE Concrete Code, 282 UNI EN 206–1:2006, 512
Spanish Standard PG–3, 388
Specifications for Concrete with Recycled vacant land, 94
Aggregates, 304 vertical plane, 607
spirals, 222, 225 vibrating screens, 217, 219–20
separators, 224 inclined vibrating screen, 220
Standard Proctor Test, 358 Voids Filled with Asphalt (VFA), 379
stationary plant Voids in the Mineral Aggregate (VMA), 379
with dry processing, 123
with wet processing, 123 Warm Mix recycling, 397
steel beams Waste Framework Directive (WFD), 108
manual demolition, 201–2 Waste Framework Directive 2008/98/EC, 2, 108
manual flame-cut with two bearing cuts, waste generation factors, 34–5
203 waste holder, 28–9
manually flame-cutting of horizontal waste management plan (WMP), 28
beams, 202 construction projects, 9–22
Stonemastic asphalt (SMA), 408 effectiveness of methodology assessment,
stripping, 387 14–21
surface area factors (SAF), 411 attitudes to implementation, 15–17
surface regeneration, 400 benefits of implementation, 17–19

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646 Index

difficulties in implementation, 19–20 future trends, 68–70

distribution of respondents, 15 fate of C&D waste as modelled for the
effective implementation measures, 20–1 case-study area in SW Germany, 70
relative important index for benefits in management plants in waste chain, 65–8
implementation, 18 amount and fate of recycled aggregates in
relative important index for difficulties in Germany, 66
implementation, 19 environmental and resource policy, 67–8
relative important index for effective supply and demand, 65–6
measures in implementation, 21 types, 57–62
survey results on major sources of share of mobile C&D waste recycling
construction waste, 15 plants in Germany, 62
survey results on project goal of Waste Management Study (WMS), 27–8, 32
construction projects, 16 Waste Materials Check-lists, 33
survey results on reducing waste waste producer, 28
production, 17 waste status, 27
survey results on willingness to minimize waste treatment facilities, 36
waste, 16 water-solid ratio, 608
measures and methods of control, 10–14 wear parts cost, 127
comparison of proportions of construction weighing step, 80
solid waste, 11 Weighted Summation (WS), 82, 86
in China, 10, 13–14 wood, 229
in Finland, 10–11 wood waste
in France, 14 remediation treatment with organic and
in Germany, 11–12 inorganic preservatives, 526–47
in Hongkong, 13 bioremediation, 534–8
in Ireland, 12 chemical remediation, 538–46
in Japan, 12 future trends, 546–7
in Norway, 12 physical remediation, 528–34
in Spain, 12–13 workers perspective, 63
in United Kingdom, 13 wrecking balls, 193–4
waste management plants
construction and demolition (C&D) waste, X-ray diffraction analysis, 462
53–70
environmental and health aspects, 62–5 yard cost, 161

© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013