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D I S A B I L I T YA N D
MASCUL I N ITIE S
Corporeality, Pedagogy and the Critique of Otherness
EDITED BY CASSANDRA LOESER,
VICKI CROWLEY, BARBARA PINI
Disability and Masculinities
 Cassandra Loeser • Vicki Crowley • Barbara Pini
Editors

Disability and
Masculinities
Corporeality, Pedagogy and the Critique of
Otherness
Editors
Cassandra Loeser Vicki Crowley
Teaching Innovation Unit Communication, Information Studies and
University of South Australia Languages
Adelaide, South Australia, Australia University of South Australia
Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
Barbara Pini
School of Humanities, Languages
and Social Science
Griffith University
Nathan, Queensland, Australia

ISBN 978-1-137-53476-7    ISBN 978-1-137-53477-4 (eBook)

DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-53477-4

Library of Congress Control Number: 2017936991

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017

The author(s) has/have asserted their right(s) to be identified as the author(s) of this work in accordance
with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether
the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of
illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and trans-
mission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or
dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant
protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book
are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or
the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any
errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional
claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Cover image © Laura Maddox / Alamy Stock Photo

Printed on acid-free paper

This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature

The registered company is Macmillan Publishers Ltd.
The registered company address is: The Campus, 4 Crinan Street, London, N1 9XW, United Kingdom
Cassandra dedicates this book to her parents Lynette and Deane Loeser and
to her much loved grandmothers Lena Porter and Joy Sarre. This dedication
is extended, especially, to her brother Sam. She also gives thanks to the
unwavering motivation of her beautiful twin daughters, Imogen and
Zaylei.

Barbara dedicates this book to her brother Michael Pini.

And Vicki writes:

For us all—those who have come before and those still to come—we
continue to learn.
 Contents

List of Figures   xi

List of Table   xiii

Foreword   xv

I ntroductory Essay: Disability and Masculinities:

Corporeality, Pedagogy and the Critique of Otherness   xxv
Cassandra Loeser, Vicki Crowley, and Barbara Pini

Part I Of Pedagogy   1

1 ‘O Canada’ or ‘Freedom Road’?: Shoal Lake 40’s Mirror

on Global Northern Disability Studies and Public
Pedagogies  3
Leslie G. Roman and Sam Eldridge

2 A Pedagogy of Movement and Affect: A Young Man

with Autism Spectrum and Intersubjective Possibilities  45
Sarah Reddington
vii
viii Contents

Part II Corporeality 65

3 The Disability and Diagnosis Nexus: Transgender

Men Navigating Mental Health Care Services 67
Damien W. Riggs and Clare Bartholomaeus

4 Intersex Men, Masculinities and ‘Disabled’ Penises 85

Stephen Kerry

Part III (Re)presentation 103

5 More Than Puddles: Disability and Masculinity in

Alan Marshall’s I Can Jump Puddles 105
Dylan Holdsworth

6 Media Representations of Disabled Veterans of the

Kurdish Conflict: Continuities, Shifts and
Contestations 125
Nurseli Yeşim Sünbüloğlu

7 Formatting Disability in Contemporary Variety TV:

Experiments with Masculinity in The Last Leg 145
Gerard Goggin

Part IV and Critical Self-Stylisation 171

8 Men, Chronic Illness and the Negotiation of

Masculinity 173
Kim Pearson and Barbara Pini
   
Contents ix

9 Hearing (Dis)abled Masculinities in Australian Rules

Football: Possibilities for Pleasure 191
Cassandra Loeser and Vicki Crowley

10 Disidentification and Ingenuity in the Sex Lives of

Disabled Men 213
Sarah Smith Rainey

About the Contributors233

Index237
 List of Figures

Fig. 1.1 Shoal Lake 40 Winnepeg’s Diversion Blocks SL40 from

access to both reserve lands and the Trans-Canada
highway11
Fig. 1.2 Museum of Canadian Human Rights Violations challenging
Canadian hypocrisy 20
Fig. 1.3 Shoal Lake 40 Museum of Human Rights Violations
(MHRV) Brochure p. 1–2, excerpt 21
Fig. 1.4 Water bottle storage handling facility 22
Fig. 1.5 Stewart Redsky comforting junior chief and council
members upon on the announcement of Canada’s
refusal to commit to the construction of ‘Freedom Road’
on June 25, 2015 26
Fig. 1.6 #BoilNoMore 30
Fig. 1.7 The future site of ‘Freedom Road’ 31
Fig. 2.1 Typical boy 53
Fig. 2.2 Leo’s self-portrait 54

xi
 List of Table

Table 8.1 Description of interview sample 177

xiii
 Foreword

As the term ‘masculinities’ suggests a key theme in critical masculini-

ties scholarship has been identifying and exploring the multiple ways
in which being a ‘man’ is imagined and lived. In recent years, attend-
ing to differences and diversity amongst men has been given additional
impetus as a result of intersectionality theory. Despite this, a key gap
remains in terms of knowledge about masculinities and disability. The
2004 publication of the volume Gendering Disability devoted three chap-
ters to the analysis of the intersection of disability and masculinities
(Shuttleworth, Wedgewood and Wilson, 2012). The 2006 special issue
of the Scandinavian Journal of Disability Research ‘Disability and Gender’
explored how gender and disability, age, sexuality, ‘race’ and ethnicity
intersect in the experience of people with disabilities without focused
attention on men and masculinities. As much recent and not so recent
critique has attested, intersectionality is, itself problematic (Everalles &
Minear, 2010, Hewitt, 1992). It is imperative therefore, that the gaps in
the literature and theorising begin to be addressed through the publica-
tion of this first book-length study.
The chapters in Disability and Masculinities: Corporeality, Pedagogy and
the Critique of Otherness locate the embodied subject in the relations of
disability and masculinity. The book rejects disability as a deficit social
category, moving it inwards from the margins to the centre of identifica-
tory power. The authors draw on diverse methodological and theoretical
xv
xvi Foreword

approaches to illuminate the multiple ways that disabled masculinities

are lived, performed, represented and practiced.
As the proposed title indicates, Disability and Masculinities: Corporeality,
Pedagogy and the Critique of Otherness takes up the study of the dynamic
interplay of disability and masculinity with a focus on three inter-related
themes of corporeality, pedagogy and otherness.
An emphasis on corporeality recognises the embodied subject in the
intersection of disability and masculinity. The consideration of the dis-
abled masculine body in each of the chapters of the book offer a strat-
egy for thinking masculinities, disabilities, bodies and identities in new
ways—ways that stress the creative conduct, constraint and contingency
that go into the construction of any embodied subjectivity as an ongoing
and laborious task.
Further to corporeality, the book focuses on pedagogy and positions
the subject of disability and masculinity as a site of cultural pedagogy.
This is because the diversity of methodological, representational and ana-
lytical approaches to disabled masculinity included in this collection act
to confront and challenge historical essentialist ideations and consider
unique possibilities for creativity, resistance and the critique of other-
ness. The chapters in the book each work to affirm different knowings of
masculinity beyond dominant ideologies that normalise a specific mas-
culine body and relegate disabled masculinities the position of abnormal
‘Other’. Through focus on the intersections of disability and masculinity,
the book explores the ways that abelism, and the regime of representa-
tions that it produces in the name of ‘normalcy’, appears as a generality—
that is, as not particular, ‘special’ or noteworthy.
The chapters in this collection critique taken-for granted conceptions
of masculinity and disability, to open the possibility of otherness by chal-
lenging dichotomies of abnormal/normal, masculine/feminine. Identity
is perceived as an ongoing project of becoming, reconstructed in dialec-
tical relation with other identities that traverse categories of ‘race’ and
ethnicity, gender and sexualities, socio-economic status, age and cultural/
geographical location. A focus on the interdependence and intertwin-
ing of identities refuses essentialist rhetorics that assume identities are
linear, static and self-same, problematising those categories of self-defi-
nition that divide self from otherness. In revealing the complex multiple
   
Foreword xvii

layerings in the making of masculinities, the book unsettles those histo-

ries of dichotomous thinking complicit in the relegation of disability to
the position of essential ‘Other’ of a socially privileged normative mascu-
linity. It shows how dominant conceptions of masculinity as fixed, visible
and self-present conceal the conflict and antagonism that determines the
intricate work involved in the re-production of masculinity.
Analysing the dominance of a mythic heterosexual able-bodied mascu-
linity necessarily includes an analysis of the marginalised or ‘Other’ and
what cultural, political and discursive forces operate to create instances of
marginalisation, exclusion and subordination. The book is conscious that
where there is power there are also opportunities for resistance, subver-
sion and dissidence. The book focuses on possibilities for pleasure in the
cultivation of disabled masculinities and the creativity involved in the
subversion of ideals of gendered and corporeal normalcy. In these ways,
the collected edition will build on a scholarly and political commitment
to promote new forms of theorising and knowings of the complexities
and diversities of gender, sexualities and embodiments in and across cul-
tures and societies.

Structure of the Book

Ten empirical chapters constitute this edited collection. Each of the
chapters represent an inter- and trans-disciplinary array of work that uti-
lise multiple methodologies.
The Introductory Essay is authored by Cassandra Loeser, Vicki Crowley
and Barbara Pini, the editors of this collection. It maps the theoretical,
conceptual and methodological terrain that the ten empirical chapters
in the book take up in varying ways. Divided into four sections, Loeser,
Crowley and Pini highlight the significance of speaking to and recog-
nising those issues of intersubjectivity, situatedness, subjectivity and the
lived in methodological designs and approaches that focus on research
and writing about gender and disability. The editors also reflect on the
social, political, economic and geopolitical logics that influence the mate-
riality of masculinities and disabilities and conclude with a reflection on
future directions for research.
xviii Foreword

Following the Introductory Essay, the ten empirical chapters in the

book are presented in four parts, each which explore disability and mas-
culinities in diverse ways and contexts. These parts are ‘Of pedagogy,’
‘corporeality’, ‘representation’ ‘and critical self-stylisation’.
Chapter 1 authored by Leslie G. Roman and Sam Eldridge speaks to
the theme of pedagogy. Through the materialities of ‘medicalized colo-
nialism’ (see Chapter 1 Roman and Eldridge and also Roman, Brown,
Noble, Wainer & Young 2009), imprimaturs of ‘relational genealogies’,
‘compounding differences’ and an analytical exposition of some of the
neo-colonial conditions of the Global South within spatially-considered
places of the Global North, this agenda-framing chapter examines the
denial of human rights to the Indigenous Anishinaabe community of
Shoal Lake 40 in Canada. This includes material rights and, in particu-
lar, the right to clean drinking water and an accessible all-weather road.
Offering a range of pedagogical and theoretical applications, Roman and
Eldridge’s chapter carefully chronicles the activist campaign of the people
of Shoal Lake 40 as a case-study to detail what it can teach us about social
justice public pedagogies. It theorises masculine corporeality in ways that
go beyond neo-liberal conceptions of individual bodies to think anew
about the disabling of an entire populations such as Shoal Lake 40. It
raises the significant question of how scholars in the field of disability
studies might begin to think pedagogically and theoretically anew about
corporeal masculinities and the cultural politics of medicalized colonial-
ism. The chapter’s broader pedagogical message is that disability studies
scholars need to attend to the field’s own margins, namely isolating from
view the present-day effects of disabling human rights through lack of
clean drinking water, access to adequate health care and the resultant
debilitating conditions, disproportionately impairing Indigenous people
collectively and women and children in particular. Chapter 1 stands as
a powerful demonstration of how First Nations experience and knowl-
edge can facilitate material analyses that acutely attend to ‘bare life’ in
dis-abling policies and practices—now entrenched in routine ideas—but
which can be challenged through collaborative interventions attentive to
the repercussions and continuities of medicalized colonialism.
As with Roman and Eldrige’s chapter, pedagogy is the framing device
for the second chapter written by Sarah Reddington. She explains that the
   
Foreword xix

pedagogical relationship for boys in school has largely been territorialised

by the hegemonic order with dominant boys positioned above subordi-
nated. Writing against this grain she describes the affective geographies of
one young man with autism spectrum, Leo, as he engages with other boys
in a school in Nova Scotia, Canada. While some of Leo’s schooling expe-
riences are marked by violence and harassment he resists the dominant
pedagogy taking up a masculinity that situates itself against the norma-
tive. In analysing this sensitively rendered narrative Reddington skilfully
applies Deleuze and Guattari’s (1987) concept of de/reterritorialization
in order to understand how Leo finds space within school filled with pos-
sibilities rather than constraints.
The second part of the book is embedded in the notion of corporeality.
Damien W. Riggs and Clare Bartholomaeus address this notion through
an exploration of the nexus of disability and diagnosis in the context
of transgender men’s experiences of mental health. Data derived from
two surveys with Australian people who were assigned female at birth
but who do not identify as female are engaged in the paper. In a careful
and insightful analysis Riggs and Bartholomaeus detail how in a clinical
setting the focus may be solely or primarily on gender issues so mental
health concerns are obscured. They highlight the ways in which medical
professionals may fail to acknowledge the daily stresses and anxieties of
cisgenderism which may lead to mental health problems. In concluding
the chapter the authors emphasise the need for further research which
identifies how a disability framework could be usefully adopted as a lens
through which to understand the experiences of transgender men.
In Chapter 4 the theme of corporeality is taken up by Stephen Kerry
through an investigation of the still under-explored topic of intersex men
and women. In opening the discussion, Kerry addresses questions of voice
and methodology and the vexed politics of speaking about those who
have been deemed ‘other’. Xie draws on narratives of ‘intersex women’
who were surgically assigned ‘female’ at birth, but as adults either ques-
tioned their gender identity as ‘women’ or underwent a gender transition
as well as narratives of ‘intersex men’ who have undergone phalloplasty,
that is, surgery to construct, reconstruct, or ‘correct’ the penis. Kerry
argues that all the participants live with what xie labels a ‘disabled penis’,
that is, either no penis or an inadequate penis in a society in which the
xx Foreword

penis is hegemonic. Cumulatively, the research participants offer a pow-

erful counter to the medicalisation of the intersexed body and the posi-
tioning of such a body as both object and abject.
In the third part of the book authors turn their attention to representa-
tions of disabilities and masculinities. Dylan Holdsworth opens this sec-
tion with an analysis of Alan Marshall’s first autobiographical novel I Can
Jump Puddles (1955). He skilfully engages Ghassan Hage’s (2010) notion
of interpellation of the racialized subject to explore how Marshall, as the
disabled male, is negatively interpellated and misinterpellated and how
these interpellations are resisted. Woven into the chapter are the politics
of place and a critique of the ways in which disability and masculinity
are mediated by geographies. Thus, Marshall is not just interpellated into
the discourses of normative masculinity and disability but also into dis-
courses of rurality and being nationality.
While moving to a very different context Nurseli Yeşim Sünbüloğlu
also focuses on representations of disability and masculinity in Chapter
6. In the chapter she examines media characterisations of disabled vet-
erans in Turkey in the context of the Kurdish conflict between the PKK
(Partiya Karkerên Kurdistan—Kurdistan Workers’ Party) and the Turkish
Armed Forces that has been continuing since 1984. The chapter analyses
nine mainstream news reports from two time periods during a time of the
most severe conflict and a time of the peace process. What Sünbüloğlu
demonstrates is that representations of disability and masculinity are
embedded in politics. She reveals the deep ideological work of media
images identifying the ways in which they conceal or suppress impair-
ment thus alleviating anxieties about the damaged veteran male body and
broader concerns about the conflict.
It is the political imperatives of the media in relation to depictions of
disability and masculinity which are also of concern to Gerard Goggin in
Chapter 7. In this instance, however, his interest is in a very different type
of media from that of Sünbüloğlu, that is, the television talk-show, The
Last Leg. Compered by comedian, Alan Hills, along with counterparts
Josh Widdicombe and Alex Brooker, the program has received attention
for its nuanced and productive representations of disability. What has not
been afforded much attention, Goggin contends, is that such representa-
tions are also inscribed by masculinity and heterosexuality. In taking up
   
Foreword xxi

this broader remit Goggin illustrates that the program both rewrites tra-
ditional masculinity via disability just as it reinscribes it. He consequently
reminds us of both the fluidity and multiplicity of representations of dis-
ability and masculinity and highlights the need for further work in this
rich and important area of inquiry.
In the final section of the book authors take up questions of self-styli-
sation. As Kim Pearson and Barbara Pini comment in their chapter which
opens this part of the book, the aim is to continue the task of bringing
the body back into disability studies. Pearson and Pini take up this chal-
lenge through interviews with a group of Australian men with chronic
illness, that is, Lyme Disease (LD). They posit that an embodied perspec-
tive is critical to understanding disability for disability is not just the
result of social or physical factors but is experienced through and on the
body. Interviewees recount experiencing a material body as a source of
frustration and grief because it lacks the corporeal capacity to undertake
past practices of masculinity—such as employment, leisure activities,
heterosexual relationships and masculine friendships. They articulate a
new mode of masculinity tethered to a different set of bodily practices
and discourses, consisting of complementary and alternative medicine,
online communities, and lay discourses, giving the men a sense of control
and self-direction.
As with many chapters in this collection, Cassandra Loeser and Vicki
Crowley examine lived experience to demonstrate that disability and
masculinity as experience and category is as outmoded as a category of
contained activity as it is monolithic in scope. Through the stories of
two young men with hearing disabilities and their gendered accounts of
playing Australian Rules Football we see and hear a nimble subversion
of dominant paradigms in the domain of a quintessentially Australian
sport. In this chapter Loeser and Crowley underscore that disability can
be an incisive vector for demonstrating the labour that is required in
any achieving of masculinity, and that sport can provide strategic and
material opportunity for a sense of masculine achievement that may not
be afforded in other spheres of masculinist identity achievement—most
particularly the work place. What emerges from the analysis of the inter-
views are the ways that hearing (dis)abled masculinities in football allows
heterosexual desire to be heard as a productive powerful force for inciting
xxii Foreword

and producing diverse pleasurable heterosexual modes of embodiment,

subjectivity and intimacy for the young men. The football code of
Australian Rules grants a heterogeneity of embodied pleasures and pos-
sibilities for inciting desirable modes of heteronormative ‘able-bodied’
masculinity that the institution of paid work does not permit.
The book closes with Chapter 10 that is authored by Sarah Smith
Rainey. Chapter 10 draws on rich and nuanced textual interview and
autoethnographic data via Sarah Smith Rainey’s experiences of her late
partner, Max, who had multiple sclerosis and used a wheel-chair. The
analysis is underpinned by José Esteban Muñoz’s notion of ‘disidentifica-
tion’ which a mode of identity expression that simultaneously works with
and against dominant ideology. The chapter is divided into two parts. In
the first part of the chapter the author catalogues how men with a dis-
ability reinscribe notions of hegemonic masculinity in their own intimate
relationships so as to be viewed as legitimate. They take up scripts of
disability as a badge of courage requiring strength and toughness. They
also adopt the subject position of recipient of care. The second part of
the chapter explores disabled men’s sexuality ingenuity. Smith Rainey
reveals how men with a disability may actively disidentify with modes of
sexual identity that focus on the penis. In contrast to normative hetero-
sexual masculinity they may create a subject position that focuses on their
capacity with giving rather than receiving sexual pleasure.

References
Deleuze, G & Guattari, F 1987, A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and
Schizophrenia, The University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
Everalles, N & Minear, A 2010, ‘Unspeakable offenses: Untangling race and
disability in discourses of intersectionality’, Journal of Literacy & Cultural
Disability Studies, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 127-145.
Hewitt, NA 1992 ‘Compounding differences’, Feminist Studies, vol.18. no.2,
pp. 313-326.
Roman, LG, Brown, S, Noble, S, Wainer, R & Young, A 2009, ‘No time for
nostalgia!: Asylum-making, medicalized colonialism in British Columbia
(1859-97) and artistic praxis for social transformation’, International journal
   
Foreword xxiii

of Qualitative Studies in Education, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 17-63, <doi:10.1080/0

9518390802581919>.
Shuttleworth, R, Wedgewood, N & Wilson, N 2012, ‘The dilemma of disabled
masculinity’, Men and Masculinities, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 174 – 194.
Traustadóttir, T (ed) 2006, ‘Disability and gender’, Scandinavian Journal of
Disability Research, vol. 8, no. 2/3.
 Introductory Essay: Disability and
Masculinities: Corporeality, Pedagogy and
the Critique of Otherness
Cassandra Loeser, Vicki Crowley, and Barbara Pini

Introduction
This Introductory Essay maps the theoretical, conceptual and method-
ological terrain that the various empirical chapters that constitute the
book take up in varying ways. Divided into four sections, the essay
engages with the literatures and research cultures of those disciplines
and fields of practice within which masculinity and disability are (re)
constructed.
The first section analyses some of the major theoretical influences
and debates informing prevailing assumptions about disability and the
subject of masculinities. It provides an exposition of the theoretical and

C. Loeser (*)
Teaching Innovation Unit, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South
Australia, Australia
V. Crowley (*)
Communication, International Studies and Languages, University of South
Australia, Adelaide, Australia
B. Pini (*)
School of Humanities, Languages and Social Science, Griffith University,
Nathan, Queensland, Australia

xxv
xxvi Introductory Essay

conceptual terrains that underpin and shape this book which work to
canvas a series of often disparate sites of contestation, and suggest that
disabled and masculine embodied subjectivities are much more than sim-
ple, static, seamless and ahistorical constructions. The analysis of some
dominant classical and contemporary theorisations of masculinity, dis-
ability and the body, particularly as they emerge from medical and social
frameworks, will show that these approaches remain mired in dominant
epistemologies and discourses with tendencies towards essentialism. At
the same time, the essay will examine the contributions of anti-essentialist
feminist literatures and research on masculinities that conceptualise bod-
ies as unfinished materialities that gain meaning through symbolic rep-
resentation and material practice. It is argued that anti-essentalism also
retains aspects of essentialist theorisation ultimately reinforcing an align-
ment of the white, heterosexual and ‘able’ male body with non-difference.
The essay then explores the terrains of post-essentialism where the ques-
tion of embodied subjectivity is central, and in so doing, demonstrates
that a post-essentialist position allows the disabled masculine subject to
be heard as a materiality that is (re)constructed in and through changing
historical, social and discursive conditions. A post-essentialist approach
facilitates recognition of the embodied subject’s capacity for multiple
resignification and experience and brings to the fore new knowings about
the diverse possibilities for gender creativity and being across time and
space. Identity is understood as constructed in and through difference, so
identity is seen as a process of becoming that requires labour in its produc-
tion. A post-essentialist approach, in which chapters in this collection may
be read to draw on in different ways, expose the limited capacities of essen-
tialist approaches for theorising disability and masculinity. Importantly,
they demonstrate the disabled masculinities ought to figure as crucial
issues of current scholarly concern1. This is because a focus on disabled
masculinities can work to highlight the fragility and contested nature of
both ‘disability’ and ‘masculinity’ and, in so doing, demonstrate the cre-
ativity and contingency that mediates embodied being and becoming.
1
Different authors in this issue use different terminology when referring to people with disabilities.
These include ‘people with disabilities’ and ‘disabled people’. The utilisation of different terminol-
ogy is contingent upon the theoretical, conceptual and methodological framework utilised in each
of the articles and is the informed choice of terminology used by the individual author(s).
   
Introductory Essay xxvii

The second section investigates masculinity and disability’s relational

construction with and within different socio-political spheres and their
affiliated institutions and gendered practices. The analysis works to dem-
onstrate the ways disabled and masculine bodies are produced, under-
stood and experienced among competing truths in time, place and space.
As will be shown, the ways that various technologies and devices, cultural
events, politics and policies, institutions and locales impact upon the
lived experience and shaping of disabled masculinities reveals the differ-
ent ways the subject of disability and masculinity is both supervised and
constrained. This is evidenced particularly in reference to the material
implications that the socio-political and economic dimensions of work,
welfare and social provisions have upon both the socio-economic sta-
tus and the employment prospects and experiences of many people with
disabilities.
The third section addresses the question of intersubjectivity and situ-
atedness in the practice of (re)presenting research and contains reference
to the gendered identities of the editors and their identification with,
and experiences of, disability. Disability scholar Rob Kitchin (2000) has
drawn attention to the ways disabled people, carers, family members and
researchers are all subjects collectively situated in contradictory loca-
tions that overlap in the shaping of lived experience in the intersubjec-
tive everyday. He maintains that researchers should draw on an approach
to disability that deconstructs the oppositions between ‘abled’ and ‘dis-
abled’, and ‘self ’ and ‘other’. Through a series of reflections of some of the
editors’ previous experiences with disability, identity and corporeality, a
methodological need is highlighted that calls for acceptance of the notion
that although there are unique human experiences, these experiences are
situated and dependent on other knowledges and identities in the inter-
subjective domain. Instead of an ‘abled’ or ‘disabled’, or a ‘masculine’ or
‘feminine’ condition of being, the multiple points of interchange, the
discontinuities and contingencies that make up all embodied experiences
are what is critical when researching, writing about and (re)presenting
gender and disability (Inahara 2009). What is significant conceptually
and methodologically for this book, therefore, is the centrality of under-
standing the body as a pedagogic site where representation always already
matters.
xxviii Introductory Essay

The concluding section considers some of the future challenges for

studies of disability and masculinities. Here we propose, following the
argument of Corker and Shakespeare, that this ongoing project necessar-
ily involves contributing ‘to the emancipation of disabled people, who-
ever they are, and whatever they decide that emancipation means, and to
the development of inclusive societies’ (2002, p 15). Future research must
continue to confront and challenge ‘medicalized colonialism’ (see Roman
and Eldridge Chapter 1) and ableist beliefs, processes and practices
based on enforced notions of humanity that assume a globalist norma-
tive understanding of what is ‘fully human’ that erases difference (Davis
2002; Ghai 2002; Kumari Campbell 2009, p. 6; Meekosha 2004, 2006;
Meekosha and Soldatic 2011; Connell 2011). There must be recognition
of the specificities of gender, identity and subjectivity since one unitary
model or set of ideas cannot accommodate the everyday lifeworlds and
sensory, kinaesthetic and cognitive experience of masculinities and gen-
dered being.

Section 1: Theorising Disability and

Masculinities2
Essentialism and Dualistic Thought

The disabled body and the masculine body have each been consti-
tuted in the context of a powerful effort to construct the ‘normal’ body.
Constructions of this ‘normal’ body retain a preoccupation with Cartesian
logics of dichotomous thought that posit a ‘healthy’ self and its medi-
cally diseased or disabled ‘other’. These oppositional pairs that divide
healthy from unhealthy, abled from disabled, self from other, further
work in the service of dividing and hierarchically ordering other binary
assumptions about of class, gender and sexuality. For Seymour (1998)
and Campbell (2009), biological essentialism has been used as a powerful
ideological weapon in constructing influential ideologies of gender and
2
Section 1 draws upon elements of the unpublished 2005 doctoral thesis by Cassandra Loeser titled
Embodiment, Ethics and the Ear: Constructions of Masculine Subjectivity by Young Men with Hearing
Disabilities in Contemporary Australia, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.
   
Introductory Essay xxix

disability that have subsequently been used to ‘legitimate relations of

inequality in other areas of social life’ (Loeser, Pini and Crowley forth-
coming 2017). Foucault (1994) writes that biological and medical dis-
courses share an analysis of the body that perceives it as the pre-social,
biological basis on which the superstructure and of the self and society
are founded.
Broadly, in essentialist theories of the body, the body is understood
as a biological entity with a fixed natural essence that can be seen and
‘known’. This process of reading and knowing the body is supposedly
achieved through the use of technologies including medical instruments,
classifications, psychological tests and the gaze (Snyder and Mitchell
2005). It is important to note that essentialist theories of bodies have
been important for many groups, particularly in relation to the role of the
cultural representation of oppressed groups who struggle for a collective
voice, visibility and empowerment. Yet, essentialist theories of the body
create a semblance of coherent fixed identities that subsume the possi-
bility of difference, contradiction, fragmentation and diversity within
identity categories. Predicated on concepts reducible to fixed attributes,
there is an embedded tendency in essentialist theories of the body to
reproduce binarised assumptions of what ‘is’ natural/un-natural and what
‘is’ normal/abnormal.
According to scholars including Wilson and Beresford (2002),
Goodley and Rapley (2002), Asch (2004), Garland-Thomson (2004),
Davis (1995), Goggin and Newell (2005), Snyder and Mitchell (2005),
Hickey-Moody (2009) and Campbell (2009), Harwood (2012) and
Jaworski (2014), medical ideologies, including those that involve the
psychopathologisation of particular bodies as ‘disabled’, ‘mentally dis-
abled’, ‘mentally ill’ and/or ‘intellectually impaired’, have been used to
blame the biological/psychological makeup of bodies as origin of their
‘abnormal’ functioning and position within society. Medical ideologies
represent physical impairment as the manifestation of a pathological and
deviant self. Within this framework, the boundaries of the normative
able-body become the limits of the social. Disability is a category of iden-
tity allocated to those bodies that fail to ‘do’ their gender or age ‘right’ in
the social everyday. There is no comment about the social and cultural
status of individuals or groups who meet these categorical items who are,
xxx Introductory Essay

incidentally, also homogenised, their own variabilities suppressed in such

definitions (Crowley 2012).
The essentialisation of gender as a core aspect of the normal body
produces the contemporary effect of categorising and pathologising all
individual bodies. Adult men become classified as disabled, for instance,
when their bodily performance does not cohere with the expected natural
capacities of ‘a young, non-disabled, ‘ideally shaped,’ healthy adult male’
(Wendell 1996, p. 45; see also Gerschick and Miller 1994; Shuttleworth
2002, 2004). These physical capacities are extended to include the ability
to earn wages (Wendell 1996, p. 17), demonstrations of physical strength,
being able to ‘walk, hear and see, well [and] … work and play at a pace
that is not compatible with any type of illness or pain’ (Wendell 1996,
p. 39). The social consequences are vast—in fact there can be few who
do not experience these consequences, given the inevitability of ageing.
Feminist writers including Garland-Thomson (1997, 2004),
Zitzelsgberger (2005), Thomas (2006) and Inahara (2009) similarly
claim that bodies that do not enjoy the status of the ‘complete’ or ‘pro-
ductive’ human subject simultaneously populate the identity categories
of disability and femininity. Garland-Thomson writes:

Both the female and the disabled body are cast as deviant and inferior; both
are excluded from full participation in public as well as economic life; both
are defined in opposition to a norm that is assumed to possess natural
physical superiority. Indeed, the discursive equation of femaleness with dis-
ability is common (1997, p. 19).

Medical ideologies of impairment and gender attempt to identify coher-

ent and metaphysically stable bodily and gendered norms, and to dis-
tinguish them from their deviant counterparts. In this analysis of the
medical view, the disabled male body is used to illuminate a deviant and
abnormally gendered performance; a defective masculinity. Practices
consequent upon this marking of the disabled body as ‘other’ include
ongoing efforts to ‘rehabilitate’ and ‘cure’ disabled individuals from their
‘abnormal’ biological and social state of being (Asch 2004; Garland-
Thomson 2004).
The ideology of the disabled body as requiring rehabilitation in order
to fulfil a role that is classified as ‘normal’ (WHO 2001) resonates with
   
Introductory Essay xxxi

the view that the disabled body is already and always divergent from
those characteristics and capacities attributed to the normal (masculine)
body. The social presupposition is reinforced that people with disabilities
are dependent on medical experts to assist in their desires for amelio-
ration of deviance and suffering as a result of their ‘abnormal’ hearing
capacities. A male becomes disabled when he does not or cannot fulfil
the normative expectations of speaking, walking, seeing, thinking, and
hearing because of his physiological impairment. There is here an active
endorsement of the Cartesian principle: the disabled male subject is
aligned with the ‘feminine’ realm, assumed to be devoid of self-mastery
and control, social independence, physical and interactive competence
and social productivity.
This partial mapping of how socio-biological and medical paradigms
figure essentialist understandings of masculine identification and disabled
existence, reinforces the contentions of writers including Wendell (1996),
Garland-Thomson (1997, 2004), Inahara (2009) and Shuttleworth,
Wedgewood and Wilson, 2012) that gender consolidation is unequivo-
cally equated with the productivity of bodily strength, independence and
‘ability’. Disability is positioned as social and corporeal deviance, lack
and inferiority, as it is aligned with the ‘inability’ to fulfil sexed and aged
roles. Essentialist medical discourses work to invalidate and disfigure dis-
abled male bodies by articulating them as ‘strangers’ of and to a youthful
masculine normality. Yet these scientific discourses of Western medicine
also affect how all people experience and understand their bodies in the
social domain. The disruption to the modelling of self as produced by
‘disability’ definitions may have significance for the total social project of
identity definition.
Western medicine also ‘affects how a society describes our experiences
and validates or invalidates them, adding the burden of epistemic invalida-
tion to many people’s experiences of disability’ (Wendell 1996, p. 9). The
‘authority of medicine shapes and limits, through its effects on the flow of
communication about bodily experiences, what our culture knows about
the human body’ (Wendell 1996, p. 9). Western medical paradigms of
knowledge, disabled bodies are presented as disjunctive bodies in terms
of what counts as the ‘human body’ in the contemporary moment (Rock
1996). The disabled body is seen as a tragedy or cataclysm because of its
xxxii Introductory Essay

supposed failure to conform to the masculinist norms of the historically

created biomedical human body (Inahara 2009). Medical vocabulary is
limited and limiting so that it is not possible within its parameters to
articulate the diversities of bodily difference. Medical discourse can thus
deny disabled people the possibility of having their descriptions of the
world and their bodies taken seriously, or accepted generally as a ‘truth’.
Medical experts are centralised instead as purveyors of the task of clini-
cally ‘extracting’ and ‘naming’ people as disabled and as in need of spe-
cific technological interventions (Goodley and Rapley 2002; Snyder and
Mitchell, 2005).
The medical approach to understanding disability and masculinity
is vital for understanding how men may occupy their masculinity and
their disability. Medical ideologies function as a powerful limit, regulat-
ing ways of defining and understanding the experience and subjectivity
of male individuals with a disability. Since medical and popular social
discourses are founded on the devaluation and rejection of both disabled
bodies and feminine bodies as deviant and inferior, then a universalist
model of masculinity, embedded within medical discourse, can be seen as
an ontological straightjacket for men with disabilities. A normative con-
ceptualisation of masculinity can be problematic for men with disabilities
experimenting with and performing modes of identity and corporeality
marked ‘outside’ those universalist characteristics and significations of
youthful masculinity. Medical and biological approaches to masculinity
and disability are thus reductive. Processes of natural selection are posited
to justify existing social inequalities, and to allow them to be considered
natural, and even desirable. The dualisms that provide the foundations
for medical ideologies are inadequate interpretations of corporeal reali-
ties. Medical ideologies ignore the overlaps in, and stress the differences
between, systems of classifying human bodies.

The Socially Constructed Body

There have been many attempts within the disability studies movement
and some feminist and gender literatures to contest the assumed ‘natu-
ralness’ of bodies. Many of these studies argue that what is popularly
   
Introductory Essay xxxiii

understood as the natural or biological body is instead a social construct

on which notions of ability/disability, masculine/feminine and self/other
have been built. The new awareness of the role of the body in the marking
of social difference has led some of these studies to cast out the body in
their rejection of biological determinism. A crucial example of such work
is the social model of disability.
Disability scholars (primarily from the United Kingdom and the
Global North) are credited with constructing the social model of disabil-
ity. Broadly, this model denies that any particular biological or psycholog-
ical attributes of individual bodies should be understood as constituting
a ‘disadvantage’ outside the social environment in which individuals live.
According to disability scholars Corker and Shakespeare (2002a) the
social model is a move from the personal to the political, as it emphasises
disability as a feature of society’s dysfunction and not the dysfunction
of an individual body. Likewise, Shakespeare, Gillespie-Sells and Davies
note that the notion of disability as a social construction is a ‘sociological
term similar to the feminist distinctions between biological sex and social
gender’ (1996, p. 2).
The social model has been useful in shifting attention away from a
medical model which assumes that the ‘problem’ for people with impair-
ment has to do only with their individual bodies and functions. Writers
including Finkelstein (1980), Oliver (1986, 1990, 1996), Lloyd (1992),
French (1993), Morris (1993a), Barnes (1996) and Barton (1996) have
employed various elements of the social model to draw attention to the
ways that a dominant discourse of normativity has historically worked
to control and exclude people with impairments from the mainstream
of society. This shift demonstrates how universalist conceptions of the
human (male) body have both material-physical and symbolic-interactive
consequences—outcomes that can shape the everyday experiences of men
with disabilities. Finkelstein (1980), for example, argues that changes to
social barriers including attitudes, social roles, environmental controls
systems, the built material environment and discriminatory social poli-
cies will result in the elimination of the social identity of disability. In
Finkelstein’s view, disability is an illumination of society’s inability to
structure itself in a way that allows a broad diversity of individuals to par-
ticipate. The social model attends to social roles, incorporating issues of
xxxiv Introductory Essay

age and gender, revealing how society discriminates against and excludes
people with disabilities. It shows that normative social roles and the social
environment are powerful factors in the way disability emerges as a cat-
egory of identity and experience.
According to Corker, the corporeal experience of disability cannot be
resolved for all people solely through processes of social manipulation.
Her experience of being ‘unable to hear’ (2002b, p. 21), for instance, has
resulted in the ontological priority of vision and text as vehicles through
which she navigates the interactive world. Since her experience of hearing
disability has ontological consequences that become oppressive in a soci-
ety that privileges hearing and speech as primary basis for communicative
exchange, Corker herself implies a relationship between impairment and
disability. Hearing disability has physiological and social consequences,
effecting how people come to know the interactive world and position
themselves in relation to others. Corker’s statement is thus significant,
illustrating the social model of disability as restricted in permitting a
total exploration of the space between impairment and disability (see also
Inahara 2009). The social model preserves a hierarchical social organisa-
tion based on dichotomies of society/nature, maintaining a belief that
there is a space for disabled people to interact and live that is beyond
power.
The social model retains the assumption that a natural binary exists
between sex and gender. Shakespeare, Gillespie-Sells and Davies (1996),
for instance, maintain that there is a distinction between biological sex
and social gender. The perpetuation of this dichotomy ignores the extent
to which sexed identity is itself a discursive construction. The social con-
structionist approaches to gender implicit in the social model reify a posi-
tion which assumes that transformations at the level of gendered social
statuses can stop the oppression of women and other bodies that do not
‘fit’ a universalist model of (hu)manity privileging a young, white, het-
erosexual and ‘able’ male body. There is no question of superseding the
body or its various biological functions, as the body is still positioned as a
transhistorical, inert and passive object, from birth inscribed by gendered
discourse according to sex.
The social model of disability and social constructionist perspectives of
gender provide important insights into how power relations may affect
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Cervidae 29
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2. Nyctinomus sarasinorum A. B. M. 44
3. Nyctinomus bivittatus Hgl. 44
4. Nyctinomus brachypterus (Ptrs.) 44
5. Nyctinomus pumilus (Crtschm.) 45
6. Nyctinomus limbatus (Ptrs.) 45
7. Nyctinomus angolensis Ptrs. 45
8. Nyctinomus astrolabiensis A. B. M. 45
9. Nyctinomus norfolcensis (Gr.) 46
10. Nyctinomus loriae Thos. 46
Arten ohne Spatelhaare im Gesicht 46
11. Nyctinomus brasiliensis Is. Geoffr. 46
12. Nyctinomus africanus Dobs. 46
13. Nyctinomus cestonii (Savi) 46
14. Nyctinomus gracilis (Natt.) 47
Molossus Geoffr. 47
 1. Molossus rufus Geoffr. und M. rufus obscurus 47
(Geoffr.)
2. Molossus nasutus Spix 47
3. Molossus abrasus (Temm.) 47
4. Molossus perotis (Wied) 48
Cheiromeles Horsf. 48
Cheiromeles torquatus Horsf. 48
Erklärung der Abbildungen auf Tafel X und XI 53
Tafeln
 Kolophon
Verfügbarkeit

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Metadaten

Titel: Säugethiere vom Celebes- und

Philippinen-Archipel
Autor: Adolf Bernhard Meyer (1840– Information ↗️
1911)
Illustrator: Bruno Geisler (1857–1945) Information ↗️
Beiträger: József Jablonowski (1863– Information ↗️
1943)
Erstellungsdatum der 2023-09-11 18:11:25 UTC
Datei:
Sprache: Deutsch
Veröffentlichungsdatum [1896–1899]
des Originals:

Überblick der Revisionen

2023-08-29 Started.

Korrekturen

Die folgenden Korrekturen sind am Text angewendet worden:

Seite Quelle Korrektur Edit-

 Distanz
VIII, 23 [Nicht in der
Quelle] . 1
3, 17, 31 . [Weggelassen] 1
5 Ueberbleibsel Überbleibsel 2/1
6 (B 2737 Cel.) B 2737 (Cel.) 2
6 Aeste Äste 2/1
8 ( , 2
13 haben hat 3
13 Ueberwiegen Überwiegen 2/1
14, 18 Uebereinstimmung Übereinstimmung 2 / 1
14, 17, 34,
28 Aehnlichkeit Ähnlichkeit 2/1
14 Längstreif Längsstreif 1
14 1/6.4 ​5⁄32​ 6
15 Aehnlich Ähnlich 2/1
16 Uebersetzung Übersetzung 2/1
17, 26, 28,
32, 28 Uebrigens Übrigens 2/1
20 Barbirusa-Hauer Babirusa-Hauer 1
21 Uebers. Übers. 2/1
21, 45 Aegypten Ägypten 2/1
21 Ueberlieferung Überlieferung 2/1
22, 24, 24 . .. … 2
22 Uebergangstadium Übergangstadium 2 / 1
22 Handlist Hand-List 2
23 Nichts nichts 1
25, 26, 34,
34, 18, 25,
26, 26, 26,
26, 31, 38,
40, 42, 44 . , 1
25 Ueberganges Überganges 2/1
26 [Nicht in der
Quelle] B 2
26 Uebergangsform Übergangsform 2/1
27 Gross-Sangi Gross Sangi 1
28 Ueberlegung Überlegung 2/1
29 Ueberdies Überdies 2/1
30, 32, 30 Uebergänge Übergänge 2/1
30 Uebergewicht Übergewicht 2/1
31 [Nicht in der
Quelle] , 1
31, 30 Uebergang Übergang 2/1
33, 1, 10,
36 Ueber Über 2/1
34 Gesichtzeichnnng Gesichtzeichnung 1
36 salvanica salvania 1
Nicht
zutreffend Phloeomis Phlœomys 3
Nicht
zutreffend Phloeomys Phlœomys 2
Nicht
zutreffend Crateromis Crateromys 1
VII afrikanus africanus 1
VII Fisch.-Wald. Fisch.-Waldh. 1
VII Macroglossus — 12
VIII [Nicht in der
Quelle] ) 1
1 Uebergangzone Übergangzone 2/1
7, 7 Ueberfliegen Überfliegen 2/1
8 N.Z NZ. 2
9 geopraphischen geographischen 1
14 vandykbraun vandykebraun 1
15, 25 Aehnlichkeiten Ähnlichkeiten 2/1
17 Aehnliche Ähnliche 2/1
26 Dredner Dresdner 1
26 : ; 1
28 Uebrigen Übrigen 2/1
46 bespochenen besprochenen 1
48 whih with 2
50 [Nicht in der
Quelle] „ 1
53 brivittatus bivittatus 1
 Nicht Celebes Celébes 1/0
zutreffend,
Nicht
zutreffend

Abkürzungen

Übersicht der Abkürzungen im Text.

Abkürzung Ausgeschriebene Form

ad. adultus
fem. femina
Fisch.-Waldh. Fischer von Waldheim
juv. juvenilis
mar. mares
n. sp. species nova
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SÄUGETHIERE
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