INTRODUCTION

The student score management is an automated version of manual student score

management system. It can handle all details about a student. The details include collage

details, subject details, student personnel details, academic details, exam details etc.

Apart from storing, it maintains the information by doing proper updating in the

database. The SSMS has the following feature:

 Student information can be added, deleted, modify and viewed.

 For each option proper user validation id done while entering.

At present the school management and it’s all procedures are totally manual based. It

creates a lot of problem due to wrong entries or mistakes in totaling etc. This system

avoided such mistakes through proper checks and validation control methods in checking

of student record, fee deposit particulars, teachers’ schedules, examination report, issue

of transfer certificates etc. SSMS is a software application for education establishment to

manage student data

1
 OBJECTIVE

The objective of developing such a computerization system is to reduce the paper work

and safe of time in school management. There by increase the efficiency and decreasing

the work load.

The project provides us the information about student record, school faculty, school

timetable, school fee, and school examination result and library management. The system

must provide the flexibility of generating the required document on screen as well as on

printer as and when required.

 Addition/deletion of student personal record.

 Modification of student personal record.

 Addition/deletion of student educational record.

 Searching of student information.

 Checking for dues.

 To automate the process of manual handling of student record.

 To easily add new student information to the database.

 To easily retrieve information about particular student.

 To provide interactive user interface.

 To provide details information without much effort.

 To provide security against unauthorized access of database.

 To allow the achieving of hard copy materials.

It creates a lot of problem due to wrong entries or mistakes in totaling etc. This

system avoided such mistakes through proper checks and validation control methods

in checking of student record, fee deposit particulars, teachers’ schedules,

2
examination report, issue of transfer certificates etc. SSMS is a software application

for education establishment to manage student data. It provide capabilities for

entering student test and other assignment scope through electronic grade book,

building student schedules, an managing many other student-related data need in

college or institute. Also known student records system (SRS), student management

system (SMS).SPR is software which is helpful for student as well as college or

school authorities. In the current system all the activities are done manually. It is very

time consuming and costly

3
 SCOPE

In the present time the scope of this application is very popular because of the less time

for meet people and talk to them so this application helps them to communicate other.

The project provides us the information about student record, school faculty, school

timetable, school fee, and school examination result and library management. The system

must provide the flexibility of generating the required document on screen as well as on

printer as and when required.

4
 SOFTWARE ENGINEERING PARADIGM

APPLIED

Solves the actual problems the software engineer or a team of engineers must incorporate

a developments strategy that encompasses the process, method and tools and the generic

phases (connection, adoption, enhancement and prevention). This strategy is often

referred to an as process model or software engineering paradigm. A process model for

software engineering is chosen based on the nature of the project and application the

method and tools to be used and the controls and deliverable that are required.

As the development process specifies the major development and quality assurance

activity that need to be performed in the project, the development process really forms

the core of the software process. The management process is decided based on the

development process. Due to the importance of the development process various model

have been proposed e.g. Water Fall Model (linear sequential model) , spiral model

prototyping model and RAD model etc. in our project we used the Water Fall Model for

software development is as follow:

WATERFALL MODEL

The Water Fall model sometimes called classic life cycle model or linear sequential

model. It suggest a systematic sequential approach to software development that begins

at the system level and progress through, analysis, design, coding, testing and

maintenance.

Model after the conventional engineering cycle the linear sequential model encompasses

the following activities:

ANALYSIS
5

DESIGNING
 Fig.1

MINIMUM HARDWARE &SOFTWARE REQUIRENMENT

MINIMUM HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

PROCESSOR : PIV 2.8 GHz Processor and Above

RAM : 512MB and Above

HARD DISK : 20 GB Hard Disk Space and Above

MONITOR

MOUSE

MINIMUM SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

Windows OS (XP and above)

Visual Studio JSP 2005 Enterprise Edition

Visual Studio .Net Framework (Minimal for Deployment)

oracle Server 2005 Enterprise Edition

Front end – JSP

Back end – ORACLE 10G

6
 FRONT END AND BACK END

FRONT END

HISTORY oracle

After four years of development, and a series of beta releases in 2000 and 2001,

ASP.NET 1.0 was released on January 5, 2002 as part of version 1.0 of the .NET

Framework. Even prior to the release, dozens of books had been written about ASP.NET,
[5]
and Microsoft promoted it heavily as part of its platform for Web services. Scott

Guthrie became the product unit manager for ASP.NET, and development continued

apace, with version 1.1 being released on April 24, 2003 as a part of Windows Server

2003. ASP.NET is loosely based on HTML. This release focused on improving

ASP.NET's support for mobile devices.

INTRODUCTION TO oracle

Asp.net is an open-sourCeserver-sideweb application framework designed for Web

development to produce dynamic web pages. It was developed by Microsoft to allow

7
Programmers to build dynamic web sites, web applications and web services.

It was first released in January 2002 with version 1.0 of the .NET Framework, and is the

Successor to Microsoft's Active Server Pages (ASP) technology. JSP is built on the

Common Language Runtime (CLR), allowing programmers to write JSP code using

anysupported . JSP language. The JSP SOAP extension framework allows JSP

components to process SOAP messages. JSP is in the process of being re-implemented as

a modern and modular web framework, together with other frameworks like Entity

Framework. The new framework will make use of the new open-source. JSP is not just a

simple upgrade or the latest version of .JSP. .JSP combines unprecedented developer

productivity with performance, reliability, and deployment. JSP redesigns the whole

process. It's still easy to grasp for new comers but it provides many new ways of

managing projects. Below are the features of JSP Easy Programming Model JSP makes

building real world Web applications dramatically easier. JSP server controls enable an

HTML-like style of declarative programming that let you build great pages with far less

code than with classic ASP. Displaying data, validating user input, and uploading files

are all amazingly easy. Best of all, JSP pages work in all browsers Including Netscape,

Opera, AOL, and Internet Explorer. JSP stands for Active Server Pages .NET and is

developed by Microsoft. ASP.NET is used to create web pages and web technologies and

is an integral part of Microsoft’s .NET framework vision. As a member of the .NET

framework, ASP.NET is a very valuable tool for programmers and developers as it

allows them to build dynamic, rich web sites and web applications using compiled

languages like VB and C#.ASP.NET is not limited to script languages, it allows you to

make use of .NET languages like C#, J#, VB, etc. It allows developers to build very

compelling applications by making use of Visual Studio, the development tool provided

by Microsoft. ASP.NET is purely server-side technology. It is built on a common

8
language runtime that can be used on any Windows server to host powerful ASP.NET

web sites and technologies.

In the early days of the Web i.e. before the release of Internet Information Services (IIS)

in 1997, the contents of web pages were largely static. These web pages needed to be

constantly, and manually, modified. There was an urgent need to create web sites that

were dynamic and would update automatically.

Microsoft’s Active Server Pages (ASP) was brought to the market to meet this need. ASP

executed on the server side, with its output sent to the user’s web browser, thus allowing

the server to generate dynamic web pages based on the actions of the user.

These server-side technologies are important contributions to the development of the

Web. Amazon.com, eBay.com, and many other popular web sites use JSP as the

framework for their site; without JSP it would not be possible.

12 important advantages JSP offers over other Web development models:

1. JSP drastically reduces the amount of code required to build large applications.

2. With built-in Windows authentication and per-application configuration, your

applications are safe and secured.

3. It provides better performance by taking advantage of early binding, just-in-time

compilation, native optimization, and caching services right out of the box.

4. The JSP framework is complemented by a rich toolbox and designer in the Visual

Studio integrated development environment. WYSIWYG editing, drag-and-drop server

controls, and automatic deployment are just a few of the features this powerful tool

provides.

9
5. Provides simplicity as JSP makes it easy to perform common tasks, from simple form

submission and client authentication to deployment and site configuration.

6. The source code and HTML are together therefore JSP pages are easy to maintain and

write. Also the source code is executed on the server. This provides a lot of power and

flexibility to the web pages.

7. All the processes are closely monitored and managed by the ASP.NET runtime, so that

if process is dead, a new process can be created in its place, which helps keep your

application constantly available to handle requests.

8. It is purely server-side technology so, JSP code executes on the server before it is sent

to the browser.

9. Being language-independent, it allows you to choose the language that best applies to

your application or partition your application across many languages.

10 JSP makes for easy deployment. There is no need to register components because the

configuration information is built-in.

11. The Web server continuously monitors the pages, components and applications

running on it. If it notices any memory leaks, infinite loops, other illegal activities, it

immediately destroys those activities and restarts itself.

12. Easily works with JSP using data-binding and page formatting features. It is an

application which runs faster and counters large volumes of users without having

performance problems

In short JSP, the next generation version of Microsoft’s ASP, is a programming

framework used to create enterprise-class web sites, web applications, and technologies.

ASP.NET developed applications are accessible on a global basis leading to efficient

10
information management. Whether you are building a small business web site or a large

corporate web application distributed across multiple networks, JSP will provide you all

the features you could possibly need…

ASP.NET is not just a simple upgrade or the latest version of ASP. JSP combines

unprecedented developer productivity with performance, reliability, and deployment.

ASP.NET redesigns the whole process. It's still easy to grasp for new comers but it

provides many new ways of managing projects. Below are the features of ASP.NET.

CHARACTERISTICS

ASP.NET Web pages, known officially as Web Forms, are the main building blocks for

application development in ASP.NET.[7] There are two basic methodologies for Web

Forms, a web application format and a web site format. [8] Web applications need to be

compiled before deployment, while web sites structures allow the user to copy the files

directly to the server without prior compilation. Web forms are contained in files with a

".asp" extension; these files typically contain static (X)HTML mark up or component

mark up. The component mark-up can include server-side Web Controls and User

Controls that have been defined in the framework or the web page. For example, there is

a textbox component which can be defined on a page as <asp: textbox id='midi'

runt='server'> which will be rendered into a html input box. Additionally, dynamic code,

which runs on the server, can be placed in a page within a block <% -- dynamic code --

%>, which is similar to other Web development technologies such as PHP, JSP, and

ASP. With ASP.NET Framework 2.0, Microsoft introduced a new code-behind model

which allows static text to remain on the .asp page, while dynamic code remains in

an .aspx.vb or .aspx.cs or .aspx.fs file (depending on the programming language used).

11
EASY PROGRAMMING MODEL

ASP.NET makes building real world Web applications dramatically easier. ASP.NET

server controls enable an HTML-like style of declarative programming that let you build

great pages with far less code than with classic ASP. Displaying data, validating user

input, and uploading files are all amazingly easy. Best of all, JSP pages work in all

browsers including Netscape, Opera, AOL, and Internet Explorer.

FLEXIBLE LANGUAGE OPTIONS

JSP lets you leverage your current programming language skills. Unlike classic ASP,

which supports only interpreted VBScript and J Script, JSP now supports more than

25 .JSP languages (built-in support for VB.NET, C#, and JScript.NET), giving us

unprecedented flexibility in the choice of language.

GREAT TOOL SUPPORT

We can harness the full power of .JSP using any text editor, even Notepad. But Visual

Studio .NET adds the productivity of Visual Basic-style development to the Web. Now

we can visually design .JSP Web Forms using familiar drag-drop-double click

techniques, and enjoy full-fledged code support including statement completion and

colour-coding. VS.NET also provides integrated support for debugging and

deploying .JSP Web applications. The Enterprise versions of Visual Studio .NET deliver

life-cycle features to help organizations plan, analyse, design, build, test, and coordinate

teams that develop .JSP Web applications. These include UML class modelling, database

modelling (conceptual, logical, and physical models), testing tools (functional,

performance and scalability), and enterprise frameworks and templates, all available

within the integrated Visual Studio .NET environment.

12
RICH CLASS FRAMEWORK

Application features that used to be hard to implement, or required a 3rd-party

component, can now be added in just a few lines of code using the .NET Framework.

The .NET Framework offers over 4500 classes that encapsulate rich functionality like

XML, data access, file upload, regular expressions, image generation, performance

monitoring and logging, transactions, message queuing, SMTP mail, and much more.

With Improved Performance and Scalability ASP.NET lets we use serve more users with

the same hardware.

COMPILED EXECUTION

.JSP is much faster than classic ASP, while preserving the "just hit save" update model of

ASP. However, no explicit compile step is required. .JSP will automatically detect any

changes, dynamically compile the files if needed, and store the compiled results to reuse

for subsequent requests. Dynamic compilation ensures that the application is always up

to date, and compiled execution makes it fast. Most applications migrated from classic

ASP see a 3x to 5x increase in pages served.

RICH OUTPUT CACHING

Oracle output caching can dramatically improve the performance and scalability of the

application. When output caching is enabled on a page, Oracle executes the page just

once, and saves the result in memory in addition to sending it to the user. When another

13
user requests the same page, Oracle serves the cached result from memory without re-

executing the page. Output caching is configurable, and can be used to cache individual

regions or an entire page. Output caching can dramatically improve the performance of

data-driven pages by eliminating the need to query the database on every request.

ENHANCED RELIABILITY

Oracle ensures that the application is always available to the users.

MEMORY LEAK, DEAD LOCK AND CRASH PROTECTION

.JSP automatically detects and recovers from errors like deadlocks and memory leaks to

ensure our application is always available to our users. For example, say that our

application has a small memory leak, and that after a week the leak has tied up a

significant percentage of our server's virtual memory. .JSP will detect this condition,

automatically start up another copy of the Oracle worker process, and direct all new

requests to the new process. Once the old process has finished processing its pending

requests, it is gracefully disposed and the leaked memory is released. Automatically,

without administrator intervention or any interruption of service, .JSP has recovered

from the error.

EASY DEPLOYMENT

Oracle takes the pain out of deploying server applications. "No touch" application

deployment. Oracle dramatically simplifies installation of our application. With Oracle,

we can deploy an entire application as easily as an HTML page; just copy it to the server.

No need to run regsvr32 to register any components, and configuration settings are stored

in an XML file within the application.

14
DYNAMIC UPDATE OF RUNNING APPLICATION

.JSP now let’s we update compiled components without restarting the web server. In the

past with classic COM components, the developer would have to restart the web server

each time he deployed an update. With Oracle, we simply copy the component over the

existing DLL; Oracle will automatically detect the change and start using the new code.

Oracle COMPARED WITH CLASSIC Oracle

.JSP Web Forms simplifies developers' transition from Windows application

development to Web development by offering the ability to build pages composed of

controls similar to a Windows user interface. A Web control, such as a button or label,

functions in very much the same way as its Windows counterparts: code can assign its

properties and respond to its events. Controls know how to render themselves: whereas

Windows controls draw themselves to the screen, Web controls produce segments of

HTML and JavaScript which form parts of the resulting page sent to the end-user's

browser.

Oracle Web Forms encourages the programmer to develop applications using an driving

model, rather than in conventional Web-scripting environments like ASP and PHP. The

framework combines existing technologies such as JavaScript with internal components

like "View State" to bring persistent (inter-request) state to the inherently stateless Web

environment.

15
INTRODUCTION TO .NET

.Net Framework is a software framework developed by Microsoft that runs primarily on

Microsoft Windows. It includes a large class library known as Framework Class Library

(FCL) and provides language interoperability (each language can use code written in

other languages) across several programming languages. Programs written for .NET

Framework execute in a software environment (as contrasted to hardware environment),

common language runtime(CLR), an application virtual machine that provides services

such as security, memory management, and exception handling. FCL and CLR together

constitute Oracle Framework.FCL provides user interface, data access, database

connectivity, cryptography, application development, numeric algorithms, and network

communications. Programmers produce software by combining their own source code

with Oracle Framework and other libraries. Oracle Framework is intended to be used by

most new applications created for the Windows platform. Microsoft Also produces an

integrated development environment largely for .NET software called Visual Studio.

Oracle Framework started out as a proprietary framework, although the company worked

tostandardize the software stack almost immediately, even before its first release. Despite

the standardization efforts, developers—particularly those in the free and open-source

softwarecommunities—expressed their uneasiness with the selected terms and the

prospects of any freehand open-source implementation, especially with regard to

software patents. Since then, Microsoft has changed .NET development to more closely

follow a contemporary model of a community-developed software project, including

16
issuing an update to its patent that promises to address the concerns..NET Framework

family also includes two versions for mobile or embedded device use. Areduced version

of the framework, .NET Compact Framework, is available on Windows CEplatforms,

including Windows Mobile devices such as smart phones. Additionally,.NET Micro

Framework is targeted at severely resource-constrained devices.

C# LANGUAGE

C# is a modern, general-purpose, object-oriented programming language developed by

Microsoftand approved by European Computer Manufacturers Association (ECMA) and

InternationalStandards Organization (ISO). C# was developed by Anders Hejlsberg and

his team during the development of .Net Framework. C# is designed for Common

Language Infrastructure (CLI),which consists of the executable code and runtime

environment that allows use of various high-level languages on different computer

platforms and architectures. The following reasons makeC# a widely used professional

language: It is a modern, general-purpose programming languageit is object oriented. It

is component oriented. It is easy to learn. It is a structured language. It produces efficient

programs. It can be compiled on a variety of computer platforms. It is a part of .Net

Framework.

17
 BACK END

Oracle 10g

Oracle tutorial gives unique learning on Structured Query Language and it helps to make

practice on Oracle commands which provides immediate results. Oracle is a language of

database, it includes database creation, deletion, fetching rows and modifying rows etc.

Oracle is an ANSI (American National Standards Institute) standard, but there are many

different versions of the Oracle language.

What is Oracle?

Oracle is Structured Query Language, which is a computer language for storing,

manipulating and retrieving data stored in relational database. SQL is the standard

language for Relation Database System. All relational database management systems like

me, MS Access, Oracle, Sybase,Informix,Postures and SQL Server use SQL as standard

database language. Also, they are using different dialects, such as:

1. MS SQL Server using T-SQL,

2. Oracle using PL/SQL,

3. MS Access version of SQL is called JET SQL (native format) etc.

Why SQL is use?

1. Allows users to access data in relational database management systems.

2. Allows users to describe the data.

3. Allows users to define the data in database and manipulate that data.

18
4. Allows embedding within other languages using SQL modules, libraries & pre-

compilers.

5. Allows users to create and drop databases and tables.

SQL Server 2005 (formerly codenamed "Yukon") released in October 2005. It included

native support for managing XML data, in addition to relational data. For this purpose, it

defined an xml data type that could be used either as a data type in database columns or

as literals in queries. XML columns can be associated with XSD schemas; XML data

being stored is verified against the schema. XML is converted to an internal binary data

type before being stored in the database. Specialized indexing methods were made

available for XML data. XML data is queried using Query; SQL Server 2005 added

some extensions to the T-SQL language to allow embedding Query queries in T-SQL. In

addition, it also defines a new extension to Query, called XML DML, that allows query-

based modifications to XML data. SQL Server 2005 also allows a database server to be

exposed over web services using Tabular Data Stream (TDS) packets encapsulated

within SOAP (protocol) requests. When the data is accessed over web services, results

are returned as XML.

Common Language Runtime (CLR) integration was introduced with this version,

enabling one to write SQL code as Managed Code by the CLR. For relational data, T-

SQL has been augmented with error handling features (try/catch) and support for

recursive queries with CTEs (Common Table Expressions). SQL Server 2005 has also

been enhanced with new indexing algorithms, syntax and better error recovery systems.

Data pages are check summed for better error resiliency, and optimistic concurrency

support has been added for better performance. Permissions and access control have been

made more granular and the query processor handles concurrent execution of queries in a

more efficient way. Partitions on tables and indexes are supported natively, so scaling out

19
a database onto a cluster is easier. SQL CLR was introduced with SQL Server 2005 to let

it integrate with the .NET Framework.

SQL Server 2005 introduced Multi-Version Concurrency Control. User facing features

include new transaction isolation level called SNAPSHOT and a variation of the READ

COMMITTED isolation level based on statement-level data snapshots.

SQL Server 2005 introduced "MARS" (Multiple Active Results Sets), a method of

allowing usage of database connections for multiple purposes.

SQL Server 2005 introduced DMVs (Dynamic Management Views), which are

specialized views and functions that return server state information that can be used to

monitor the health of a server instance, diagnose problems, and tune performance.

Service Pack 1 (SP1) of SQL Server 2005 introduced Database Mirroring, a high

availability option that provides redundancy and failover capabilities at the database

level.[11] Failover can be performed manually or can be configured for automatic failover.

Automatic failover requires a witness partner and an operating mode of synchronous

(also known as high-safety or full safety).[12] Database Mirroring was included in the first

release of SQL Server 2005 for evaluation purposes only. Prior to SP1, it was not

enabled by default, and was not supported by Microsoft.

A database management, or DBMS, gives the user access to their data and helps

them transform the data into information. Such database management systems include

dBase, paradox, IMS, SQL Server .These systems allow users to create, update and

extract information from their database. A database is a structured collection of data.

Data refers to the characteristics of people, things and events. SQL Server stores each

data item in its own fields. In SQL Server, the fields relating to a particular person, thing

20
or event are bundled together to form a single complete unit of data, called a record (it

can also be referred to as raw or an occurrence). Each record is made up of a number of

fields. No two fields in a record can have the same field name

SQL Server 2005 (formerly codenamed "Yukon") released in October 2005. It included

native support for managing XML data, in addition to relational data. For this purpose, it

defined an xml data type that could be used either as a data type in database columns or

as literals in queries. XML columns can be associated with XSD schemas; XML data

being stored is verified against the schema. XML is converted to an internal binary data

type before being stored in the database. Specialized indexing methods were made

available for XML data. XML data is queried using Query; SQL Server 2005 added

some extensions to the T-SQL language to allow embedding Query queries in T-SQL. In

addition, it also defines a new extension to Query, called XML DML that allows query-

based modifications to XML data. SQL Server 2005 also allows a database server to be

exposed over web services using Tabular Data Stream (TDS) packets encapsulated

within SOAP (protocol) requests. When the data is accessed over web services, results

are returned as XML.Common Language Runtime (CLR) integration was introduced

with this version, enabling one to write SQL code as Managed Code by the CLR. For

relational data, T-SQL has been augmented with error handling features (try/catch) and

support for recursive queries with CTEs (Common Table Expressions). SQL Server 2005

has also been enhanced with new indexing algorithms, syntax and better error recovery

systems. Data pages are check summed for better error resiliency, and optimistic

concurrency support has been added for better performance. Permissions and access

control have been made more granular and the query processor handles concurrent

execution of queries in a more efficient way. Partitions on tables and indexes are

supported natively, so scaling out a database onto a cluster is easier. SQL CLR was

21
introduced with SQL Server 2005 to let it integrate with the .NET Framework.SQL

Server 2005 introduced "MARS" (Multiple Active Results Sets), a method of allowing

usage of database connections for multiple purposes.SQL Server 2005 introduced DMVs

(Dynamic Management Views), which are specialized views and functions that return

server state information that can be used to monitor the health of a server instance,

diagnose problems, and tune performance. SQL Server 2005 introduced Database

Mirroring, a high availability option that provides redundancy and failover capabilities at

the database level. Failover can be performed manually or can be configured for

automatic failover. Automatic failover requires a witness partner and an operating mode

of synchronous (also known as high-safety or full safety).

SQL Server 2005 exceeds dependability requirements and provides innovative

capabilities that increase employee effectiveness, integrate heterogeneous IT ecosystems,

and maximize capital and operating budgets. SQL Server 2005 provides the enterprise

data management platform our organization needs to adapt quickly in a fast-changing

environment.

With the lowest implementation and maintenance costs in the industry, SQL Server 2005

delivers rapid return on the data management investment. SQL Server 2005 supports the

rapid development of enterprise-class business applications that can give our company a

critical competitive advantage.

Benchmarked for scalability, speed, and performance, SQL Server 2005 is a fully

enterprise-class database product, providing core support for Extensible Mark-up

Language (XML) and Internet queries.

22
ARCHITECTURE

The protocol layer implements the external interface to SQL Server. All operations that

can be invoked on SQL Server are communicated to it via a Microsoft-defined format,

called Tabular Data Stream (TDS). TDS is an application layer protocol, used to transfer

data between a database server and a client. Initially designed and developed by Sybase

Inc. for their Sybase oracle Server relational database engine in 1984, and later by

Microsoft in Microsoft SQL Server, TDS packets can be encased in other physical

transport dependent protocols, including TCP/IP, named pipes, and shared memory.

Consequently, access to SQL Server is available over these protocols. In addition, the

SQL Server API is also exposed over web services.

DATA STORAGE

Data storage is a database, which is a collection of tables with typed columns. SQL

Server supports different data types, including primary types such as Integer, Float,

Decimal, Char (including character strings), Varchar (variable length character strings),

binary (for unstructured blobs of data), Text (for textual data) among others. The

rounding of floats to integers uses either Symmetric Arithmetic Rounding or Symmetric

Round Down (Fix) depending on arguments: SELECT Round(2.5, 0) gives 3.

Microsoft SQL Server also allows user-defined composite types (UDTs) to be defined

and used. It also makes server statistics available as virtual tables and views (called

Dynamic Management Views or DMVs). In addition to tables, a database can also

contain other objects including views, stored procedures, indexes and constraints, along

with a transaction log. A SQL Server database can contain a maximum of 2 31 objects, and

can span multiple OS-level files with a maximum file size of 2 60 bytes (1 Exabyte). The

23
data in the database are stored in primary data files with an extension .miff. Secondary

data files, identified with a .nod extension, are used to allow the data of a single database

to be spread across more than one file, and optionally across more than one file system.

Log files are identified with the .led extension.

Storage space allocated to a database is divided into sequentially numbered pages, each 8

KB in size. A page is the basic unit of I/O for ORACLE Server operations. A page is

marked with a 96-byte header which stores metadata about the page including the page

number, page type, free space on the page and the ID of the object that owns it. Page type

defines the data contained in the page: data stored in the database, index, allocation map

which holds information about how pages are allocated to tables and indexes, change

map which holds information about the changes made to other pages since last backup or

logging, or contain large data types such as image or text. While page is the basic unit of

an I/O operation, space is actually managed in terms of an extent which consists of 8

pages. A database object can either span all 8 pages in an extent ("uniform extent") or

share an extent with up to 7 more objects ("mixed extent"). A row in a database table

cannot span more than one page, so is limited to 8 KB in size. However, if the data

exceeds 8 KB and the row contains Varchar or Varbinary data, the data in those columns

are moved to a new page (or possibly a sequence of pages, called an Allocation unit) and

replaced with a pointer to the data.

For physical storage of a table, its rows are divided into a series of partitions (numbered

1 to n). The partition size is user defined; by default all rows are in a single partition. A

table is split into multiple partitions in order to spread a database over a computer cluster.

Rows in each partition are stored in either B-tree or heap structure. If the table has an

associated, clustered index to allow fast retrieval of rows, the rows are stored in-order

24
according to their index values, with a B-tree providing the index. The data is in the leaf

node of the leaves, and other nodes storing the index values for the leaf data reachable

from the respective nodes. If the index is non-clustered, the rows are not sorted according

to the index keys. An indexed view has the same storage structure as an indexed table. A

table without a clustered index is stored in an unordered heap structure. However, the

table may have non-clustered indices to allow fast retrieval of rows. In some situations

the heap structure has performance advantages over the clustered structure. Both heaps

and B-trees can span multiple allocation units.

USER-DEFINED FUNCTIONS

ORACLE Server has always provided the ability to store and execute ORACLE code

routines via stored procedures. In addition, ORACLE Server has always supplied a

number of built-in functions. Functions can be used almost anywhere an expression can

be specified in a query. This was one of the shortcomings of stored procedures they

couldn't be used in line in queries in select lists, where clauses, and so on. Perhaps we

want to write a routine to calculate the last business day of the month. With a stored

procedure, we have to exec the procedure, passing in the current month as a parameter

and returning the value into an output variable, and then use the variable in our queries. If

only we could write our own function that we could use directly in the query just like a

system function. In SQL Server 2005, we have.

INDEXED VIEWS

Views are often used to simplify complex queries, and they can contain joins and

aggregate functions. However, in the past, queries against views were resolved to queries

against the underlying base tables, and any aggregates were recalculated each time we

25
ran a query against the view. In ORACLE Server 2005 Enterprise or Developer Edition,

we can define indexes on views to improve query performance against the view. When

creating an index on a view, the result set of the view is stored and indexed in the

database. Existing applications can take advantage of the performance improvements

without needing to be modified.

DISTRIBUTED PARTITIONED VIEWS

ORACLE Server 7.0 provided the ability to create partitioned views using the UNION

ALL statement in a view definition. It was limited, however, in that all the tables had to

reside within the same SQL Server where the view was defined. ORACLE Server 2005

expands the ability to create partitioned views by allowing us to horizontally partition

tables across multiple SQL Servers. The feature helps to scale out one database server to

multiple database servers, while making the data appear as if it comes from a single table

on a single ORACLE Server. In addition, partitioned views can now be updated.

NEW DATA TYPES

ORACLE Server 2005 introduces three new data types. Two of these can be used as data

types for local variables, stored procedure parameters and return values, user-defined

function parameters and return values, or table columns:Biginto An 8-byte integer that

can store values from -263 through 263-1.Sol variant A variable-sized column that can

store values of various ORACLE Server-supported data types, with the exception of text,

next, timestamp, and sol variant.

The third new data type, the table data type, can be used only as a local variable data type

within functions, stored procedures, and ORACLE batches. The table data type cannot be

passed as a parameter to functions or stored procedures, nor can it be used as a column

data type. A variable defined with the table data type can be used to store a result set for
26
later processing. A table variable can be used in queries anywhere a table can be

specified.

TEXT IN ROW DATA

In previous versions of ORACLE Server, text and image data was always stored on a

separate page chain from where the actual data row resided. The data row contained only

a pointer to the text or image page chain, regardless of the size of the text or image data.

ORACLE Server 2005 provides a new text in row table option that allows small text and

image data values to be placed directly in the data row, instead of requiring a separate

data page. This can reduce the amount of space required to store small text and image

data values, as well as reduce the amount of I/O required to retrieve rows containing

small text and image data values.

CASCADING RI CONSTRAINTS

In previous versions of ORACLE Server, referential integrity (RI) constraints were

restrictive only. If an insert, updates, or delete operation violated referential integrity, it

was aborted with an error message. ORACLE Server 2005 provides the ability to specify

the action to take when a column referenced by a foreign key constraint is updated or

deleted. We can still abort the update or delete if related foreign key records exist by

specifying the NO ACTION option, or we can specify the new CASCADE option, which

will cascade the update or delete operation to the related foreign key records.

MULTIPLE ORACLE SERVER INSTANCES

Previous versions of ORACLE Server supported the running of only a single instance of

ORACLE Server at a time on a computer. Running multiple instances or multiple

27
versions of ORACLE Server required switching back and forth between the different

instances, requiring changes in the Windows registry.

ORACLE Server 2005 provides support for running multiple instances of ORACLE

Server on the same system. This allows us to simultaneously run one instance of

ORACLE Server 6.5 or 7.0 along with one or more instances of ORACLE Server 2005.

Each ORACLE Server instance runs independently of the others and has its own set of

system and user databases, security configuration, and so on. Applications can connect to

the different instances in the same way they connect to different ORACLE Servers on

different machines.

XMLSUPPORT

Extensible Mark-up Language has become a standard in Web-related programming to

describe the contents of a set of data and how the data should be output or displayed on a

Web page. XML, like HTML, is derived from the Standard Generalize Mark-up

Language (SGML). When linking a Web application to ORACLE Server, a translation

needs to take place from the result set returned from ORACLE Server to a format that

can be understood and displayed by a Web application. Previously, this translation

needed to be done in a client application.

LOG SHIPPING

The Enterprise Edition of ORACLE Server 2005 now supports log shipping, which we

can use to copy and load transaction log backups from one database to one or more

databases on a constant basis. This allows you to have a primary read/write database with

one or more read only copies of the database that are kept synchronized by restoring the

logs from the primary database. The destination database can be used as a warm standby

28
for the primary database, for which we can switch users over in the event of a primary

database failure. Additionally, log shipping provides a way to offload read-only

29
Analysis and Design

30
 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT

SPECIFICATION (SRS)

A software requirements specification is a document which is used as a communication

medium between the customer and the supplier. When the software requirement

specification iscompleted and is accepted by all parties, the end of the requirements

engineering phase has beenreached. This is not to say, that after the acceptance phase,

any of the requirements cannot be changed, but the changes must be tightly controlled.

The software requirement specification should be edited by both the customer and the

supplier, as initially neither has both the knowledge of what is required (the supplier) and

what is feasible (the customer).

WHY IS A SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION

REQUIRED?

A software requirements specification has a number of purposes and contexts in which it

is used.This can range from a company publishing a software requirement specification

to companiesfor competitive tendering, or a company writing their own software

requirement specification inresponse to a user requirement document. In the first case,

the author of the document has to write the document in such a way that it is general

enough as to allow a number of differentsuppliers to propose solutions, but at the same

time containing any constraints which must beapplied. In the second instance, the

software requirement specification is used to capture theuser’s requirements and if any,

highlight any inconsistencies and conflicting requirements anddefine system and

acceptance testing activities.

31
WHAT IS CONTAINED IN A SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

SPECIFICATION?

A software requirement specification in its most basic form is a formal document used in

Communicating the software requirements between the customer and the developer. With

this inmind then the minimum amount of information that the software requirement

specificationshould contain is a list of requirements which has been agreed by both

parties. The types ofrequirements are defined. The requirements, to fully satisfy the user

should havethe characteristics are defined. However the requirements will only give a

narrowview of the system, so more information is required to place the system into a

context whichdefines the purpose of the system, an overview of the systems functions

and the type of user thatthe system will have. This additional information will aid the

developer in creating a software system which will be aimed at the user’s ability and the

clients function.

TYPES OF SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

32
Whilst requirements are being collated and analyzed, they are segregated into type

categories.

The European Space Agency defined possible categories.

1. Functional requirements

2. Performance requirements

3. Interface requirements

4. Operational requirements

5. Resource requirements

6. Verification requirements

7. Acceptance testing requirements

8. Documentation requirements

9. Quality requirements

10. Safety requirements

11. Reliability requirements

12. Maintainability requirements

FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS

33
Functional or behavioral requirements are a sub-set of the overall system requirements.

These requirements are used to consider trade-offs system behavior, redundancy and

human aspects.Trade-offs may be between hardware and software issues, weighing up

the benefits of each. Behavioral requirements, as well as describing how the system will

operate under normal operation should also consider the consequences and response due

to software failure or invalid inputs to the system

PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS

All performance requirements must have a value which is measurable and quantitative,

not a Value which is perceptive. Performance requirements are stated in measurable

values, such as rate, frequency, speeds and levels. The values specified must also be in

some recognized unit, for example meters, centimeter square, BAR, kilometers per hour,

etc. The performance values are based either on values extracted from the system

specification, or on an estimated value.

INTERFACE REQUIREMENTS

Interface requirements, at this stage are handled separately, with hardware requirements

being derived separately from the software requirements. Software interfaces include

dealing with an existing software system, or any interface standard that has been

requested. Hardware requirements, unlike software give room for trade-offs if they are

not fully defined, however all assumptions should be defined and carefully documented.

OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS

34
Operational requirements give an "in the field" view to the specification, detailing such

things as: how the system will operate, what is the operator syntax, how the system will

communicate with the operators, how many operators are required and their qualification,

what tasks will eachoperator be required to perform, what assistance/help is provided by

the system, any error messages and how they are displayed, and what the screen layout

looks like.

RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS

Resource requirements divulge the design constraints relating to the utilization of the

system Hardware. Software restrictions may be placed on only using specific, certified,

and standardCompilers and databases. Hardware restrictions include amount, percentage

or mean use of the available memory and the amount of memory available. The

definition of available hardware is especially important when the extension of the

hardware, late in the development life cycle is impossible or expensive.

VERIFICATION REQUIREMENTS

Verification requirements take into account how customer acceptance will be conducted

at the platoon of the project. Here a reference should be made to the verification plan

document.

Verification requirements specify how the functional and the performance requirements

are to be measured and verified. The measurements taken may include simulation,

emulation and livetests with real or simulated inputs. The requirements should also state

whether the measurement tests are to be staged.

ACCEPTANCE TESTING REQUIREMENTS

35
Acceptance test requirements detail the types of tests which are to be performed prior to

Customer acceptance. These tests should be formalized in an acceptance test document.

DOCUMENTATION REQUIREMENTS

Documentation requirements specify what documentation is to be supplied to the client,

either through or at the end of the project. The documentation supplied to the client may

include projectspecific documentation as well as user guides and any other relevant

documentation.

QUALITY REQUIREMENTS

Quality requirements will specify any international as well as local standards which

should be adhered to. The quality requirements should be addressed in the quality

assurance plan, which isa core part of the quality assurance document. Typical quality

requirements include following procedures. The National Aeronautics and Space

Administration’s software Requirementspecification goes to the extent of having

subsections detailing relevant quality criteria and how they will be met. These sections

are –

 Quality Factors

 Correctness

 Reliability

 Efficiency

 Integrity

 Usability

 Maintainability

 Testability

36
  Flexibility

 Portability

 Reusability

 Interoperability

 Additional Factors

Some of these factors can be addressed directly by requirements, for example, reliability

can be stated as an average period of operation before failure. However most of the

factors detailed above are subjective and may only be realized during operation or post

delivery maintenance. For example, the system may be vigorously tested, but it is not

always possible to test allpermutations of possible inputs and operating conditions. For

this reason errors may be found in the delivered system. With correctness the

subjectiveness of how correct the system is, is still open to interpretation and needs to be

put into context with the overall system and its intended usage. An example of this can

be taken from the recently publicized 15th point rounding error found in Pentium

(processors. In the whole most users of the processor will not be interested in values of

that order, so as far as they are concerned, the processor meets their correctness quality

criteria, however a laboratory assistant performing minute calculations for an experiment

this level or error may mean that the processor does not have the required quality of

correctness.

SAFETY REQUIREMENTS

37
Safety requirements cover not only human safety, but also equipment and data safety.

Human safety considerations include protecting the operator from moving parts,

electrical circuitry and other physical dangers. There may be special operating

procedures, which if ignored my lead to a hazardous or dangerous condition occurring.

Equipment safety includes safeguarding the software system from unauthorized access

either electronically or physically. An example of a safety requirement may be that a

monitor used in the system will conform to certain screen emission standards or that the

system will be installed in a Faraday Cage with a combinationdoor lock.

RELIABILITY REQUIREMENTS

Reliability requirements are those which the software must meet in order to perform a

specificfunction under certain stated conditions, for a given period of time. The level of

reliability requirement can be dependent on the type of system, i.e. the more critical or

life threatening the system, the higher the level of reliability required. Reliability can be

measured in a number of ways including number of bugs per x lines of code, mean time

to failure as a percentage of the time the system will be operational before crashing or an

error occurring. Davis states however that the mean time to failure and percent reliability

should not be an issue as if the software is fully tested, the error will either show itself

during the initial period of use, if the system is asked to perform a function it was not

designed to do orthe hardware/software configuration of the software host has been

changed [Davis ’90]. Davis suggests the following hierarchy when considering the detail

of reliability in a software requirement specification Destroy all humankind Destroy large

numbers of human beings Kill a few people Injure people Cause major financial loss

Cause major embarrassment Cause minor financial loss Cause mild Inconvenience.

MAINTAINABILITY REQUIREMENTS

38
Maintainability requirements look at the long term lift of the proposed system.

Requirements

Should take into consideration any expected changes in the software system, any changes

of the computer hardware configuration and special consideration should be given to

software

Operating at sites where software support is not available.

SRS MAY CONTAIN FOLLOWING ATTRIBUTES

1. Actors

2. Case Diagram

3. Use case Diagram

ACTORS

There are three actor of this project.

 Admin

 Teacher

 Student

1.ADMIN

Admin means the administrative of the project who handle the allover project

functionality. Hehas full authorization to add or delete any user. He performs as the lead

role in this project.

WORK OF ADMIN

39
1.Firstly he must login into the application or signup into the app.

2.He can add some new features.

3.He can modify and manage student and teacher detail.

2. TEACHER

Teacher is also perform a main actor in this project because he can teach subject, course

etc.So he is that person who use the applicaion.

WORK OF TEACHER

1. Like the admin teacher must also login or signup into the app.

2. Teach of the student.

3. Update attendance of the student.

4. Provide the assignment to the students.

3. STUDENT

1. Read the subject and comments.

2. Edit profile.

3. Find the job.

CASE DIAGRAM

40
A case diagram is a graphical depiction of the interaction among the element of the

system A caseis a methodology used in system analysis is to identify, clarify and

organize system Requirement. System objectives can include planning overall

requirement, validating a hardware design, testing and debugging a software

productunder development creating an online help reference, or performing a consumer

service orientedtask.

41
 CASE DIAGRAM

ADMIN CASE DIAGRAM

42
 OUT OF
R EC SYSTEM
R
IN CO
T
LOGIN COR
CT RE IN THE
SYSTEM
D AT
DA

UP
A
U P P

UPD

TE
DA
ADMI U
E ET

TE
N ADD TEACHE COURS
STUDENT E&FEES
NOTICE R
DETAIL
DETAIL

Fig.2Admin Case Diagram

ABOUT THE ADMIN CASE DIAGRAM

This is the Admin case diagram. In this diagram admin firstly login into the application

or signup and then he can configure the user, manage user, update data base, create user

and can add some new feature. It is tells us how a process may relates with actor. To

perform any action we mustinsert data into the application, so it can easy flow of control

to manage the functionality of the application. It is very easy to understand the work of

43
administrative. It pronounced like case diagram of the admin because of the

diagrammatic form of the process control that means to know how a case sensitivity of

diagram.

TEACHER CASE DIAGRAM

44
 OUT OF
R E SYSTEM
OR
INC
T
LOGIN COC
CT RRE
IN THE
TEACHER SYSTEM
I UP
ROV TE DA

H C
P

TE A
DE
ASSIGNM LEARNIN ATTENDEN
ENT G CE

Fig.3 case diagram of teacher

45
 STUDENT CASE DIAGRAM

R RE OUT OF
IN CO
SYSTEM
LOGIN CT
CO
CT R R
E
STUDE IN THE
NT SYSTEM
CH
E C CHEC K E C
C H K
ASSIGNM
K
ATTENDE COMME
ENT NCE NTS

Fig.4 Student Case Diagram

46
USE CASE DIAGRAM

47
USE CASE DIAGRAM

A Use case diagram is a graphical depiction of the interaction among the element of the

system. A use case is a methodology used in system analysis is to identify, clarify and

organize system requirement. In this context, the term “system” refers to something

being developed or operate, such as a mail-order product sales and service web sites.

System objectives can include planning overall requirement, validating a hardware

design, testing and debugging a software product under development creating an online

help reference, or performing a consumer service oriented task

48
USE CASE DIAGRAM

LOGIN
IN THE
SYSTEM
ASSIGNME
NT
LEARNING
ATTENDEN
TEACHE CE
COMMENT
R NOTICE
STUDENT
DETAIL ADMI
TEACHER
DTL N
COURCE &
STUDE FEE
LOG OUT
NT

Fig.5 Use Case Diagram of student score management system

49
 DATA DICTIONARY

A tool for recording and processing information (metadata) about the data that an

organizationuses. A central catalogue for metadata. Can be integrated within the DBMS

or be separate. May be referenced during system design, programming, and by actively-

executing programs.Can be used as a repository for common code (e.g. library routines).

BENEFITS OF A DD

Benefits of a DDS are mainly due to the fact that it is a central store of information about

the Database that are.

1. Improved documentation and control.

2. Consistency in data use.

3. Easier data analysis.

4. Reduced data redundancy.

5. Simpler programming.

6. The enforcement of standards.

7. Better means of estimating the effect of change.

DD FACILITIES

1. A DD should provide two sets of facilities:

2. To record and analyses data requirements independently of how they are going to be

50
Met - conceptual data models (entities, attributes, and relationships).

3. To record and design decisions in terms of database or file structures implemented and

thePrograms which access them - internal schema.

4. One of the main functions of a DDS is to show the relationship between the conceptual

and implementation views. The mapping should be consistent -inconsistencies are an

error and can be detected here.

DD INFORMATION

1. The names associated with that element (aliases).

2. A description of the data element in natural language.

3. Details of ownership.

4. Details of users that refer to the element.

5. Details of the systems and programs which refer to or update the element.

6. Details on any privacy constraints that should be associated with the item.

7. Details about the data element in data processing systems, such as the length of the

data item in characters, whether it is numeric alphabetic or another data type, and what

logical files include the data item.

8. The security level attached to the element in order to control access.

9. The total storage requirement.

10. The validation rules for each element (e.g. acceptable values).

11. Details of the relationship of the data items to others.

DD MANAGEMENT

51
1. With so much detail held on the DD, it is essential that an indexing and cross-

referencingFacility is provided by the DD.

2. The DDS can produce reports for use by the data administration staff (to investigate

the Efficiency of use and storage of data), systems analysts, programmers, and users.

3. DD can provide a pre-printed form to aid data input into the database and DD.

4. A query language is provided for ad-hoc queries. If the DD is tied to the DBMS, then

the query language will be that of the DBMS itself.

MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES

From an management point of view, the DDS should….

1. Provide facilities for documenting information collected during all stages of a

computer Project.

2. Provide details of applicationsusage and their data usage once a system has been

implemented, So that analysis and redesign may be facilitated as the environment

changes.

3. Make access to the DD information easier than a paper-based approach by providing

cross-Referencing and indexing facilities. Make extension of the DD information easier.

4. Encourage systems analysts to follow structured methodologies.

ADVANCED FACILITIES

Extra facilities which may be supported by DD are:

1. Automatic input from source code of data definitions (at compile time).

2. The recognition that several versions of the same programs or data structures may exist

at the same time. –live and test states of the programs or data. –programs and data

52
structures which may be used at different sites. –data set up under different software or

validation routine.

3. The provision of an interface with a DBMS.

4. Security features such as password protection, to restrict DDS access.

5. Generation of update application programs and programs to produce reports and

validation Routines.

MANAGEMENT ADVANTAGES

A number of possible benefits may come from using a DD:

1. Improve control and knowledge about the data resource.

2. Allows accurate assessment of cost and time scale to effect any changes.

3. Reduces the clerical load of database administration, and gives more control over the

design and use of the database.

4. Accurate data definitions can be provided securely directly to programs.

5. Aid the recording, processing, storage and destruction of data and associated

documents.

MANAGEMENT DISADVANTAGES

1. A DD is a useful management tool, but at a price.

2. The DD ’project’ may itself take two or three years.

3. It needs careful planning, defining the exact requirements designing its contents,

testing, Implementation and evaluation.

4. The cost of a DD includes not only the initial price of its installation and any hardware

53
Requirements, but also the cost of collecting the information entering it into the DD,

keeping it up-to-date and enforcing standards.

5. The use of a DD requires management commitment, which is not easy to achieve,

particularly where the benefits are intangible and long term.

PROJECT INFORMATION (DD)

In our project there are four data table which are library record, marks record, attendance

record, and subject record. These records tell us what are the attribute of each record?

And how they are relates with other tables?

54
DATA DICTIONARY

55
 LIBRARY RECORD TABLE

Table.1 library record

SR. NO FIELD NAME CHARECTER & SIZE CONSTRAINTS

1 ID VARCHAR(20) PRIMARY KEY

2 NAME VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL

3 CLASS VARCHAR (5) NOT NULL

4 BOOK NAME VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL

5 BOOK NO. VARCHAR(5) UNIQUE KEY

6 PASSWORD VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL

56
 MARKS RECORD TABLE

Table.2 marks record

SR.NO FIELD NAME CHARACTER & SIZE CONSTRAINTS

1 ID VARCHAR (20) PRIMARY KEY

2 NAM1E VARCHAR (20) NOT NULL

3 ROLL NO VARCHAR (15) NOT NULL

4 CLASS VARCHAR (10) NOT NULL

5 PASSWORD VARCHAR (10) NOT NULL

57
 ATTENDANCE RECORD TABLE

Table.3 attendance record

SR.NO FIELD NAME CHARACTER & SIZE CONSTRAINTS

1 ID VARCHAR (20) PRIMARY KEY

2 ROLL NUMBER VARCHAR (15) NOT NULL

3 NAME VARCHAR (20) NOT NULL

4 MOBILE NUMBER VARCHAR (10) NOT NULL

5 ADDRESS VARCHAR (10) NOT NULL

6 PASSWORD VARCHAR (10) NOT NULL

58
 SUBJECT RECORD TABLE

Table.4 subject record

SR.NO FIELD NAME CHARACTER & SIZE CONSTRAINTS

1 ID VARCHAR (20) PRIMARY KEY

2 SUBJECT NAME VARCHAR (10) NOT NULL

3 SEMESTER VARCHAR (5) NOT NULL

4 PASSWORD VARCHAR (10) NOT NULL

DATA FLOW DIAGRAM

59
Data flow diagrams were proposed by Larry Constantine, the original developer of

structured design, based on Martin and Strain’s "Data Flow Graph" model of

computation. Starting in the 1970s, data flow diagrams (DFD) became a popular way to

visualise the major steps and data involved in software system processes. DFDs were

usually used to show data flows in a computer system, although they could in theory be

applied to business process modelling. DFD were useful to document the major data

flows or to explore a new high-level design in terms of data flow.

A data flow diagram (DFD) is a graphical representation of the "flow" of data through

an information system, modelling its process aspects. A DFD is often used as a

preliminary step to create an overview of the system, which can later be elaborated.

DFDs can also be used for the visualization of data processing (structured design).

A DFD shows what kind of information will be input to and output from the system,

where the data will come from and go to, and where the data will be stored. It does not

show information about the timing of process or information about whether processes

will operate in sequence or in parallel (which is shown on a flowchart).

A DFD also known as ‘bubble chart’ has the purpose of clarifying system requirements

and identifying major transformations. It shows the flow of data through a system. It is a

graphical tool because it presents a picture. The DFD may be partitioned into levels that

represent increasing information flow and functional detail.

FOUR SIMPLE NOTATIONS ARE USED TO COMPLETE A DFD

 DATA FLOW

60
  PROCESS

 EXTERNAL ENTITY

 DATA STORE

DATA FLOW

The previous three symbols may be interconnected with data flows. These represent the

flow of data to or from a process. The symbol is an arrow and next to it a brief

description of the data that is represented. There are some interconnections, though, that

• Betweena data store and another data store. This would imply that one data store could

independently decide to send some of information to another data store. In practice this

must involve a process between an external entity and a data store. This would mean that

an external entity could read or write to the data stores having direct access. Again in

practice this must involve a process. Also, it is unusual to show interconnections between

external entities. We are not normally concerned with information exchanges between

two external entities as they are outside our system and interest to us.

The data flow is used to describe the movement of information from one part of the

system to another part. Flows represent data in motion. It is a pipe line through which

information flows. Data flow is represented by an arrow.

Data flow
Fig.6 data flow

PROCESS

Processes are actions that are carried out with the data that flows around the system. A

process accepts input data needed for the process to be carried out and produces data that

61
it passes on to another part of the DFD. The processes that are identified on a design

DFD will be provided in the final artefact. They may be provided for using special

screens for input and output or by the provision of specific buttons or menu items. Each

identifiable process must have a well-chosen process name that describes what the

process will do with the information it uses and the output it will produce. Process names

must be well chosen to give a precise meaning to the action to be taken. It is good

practice to always start with a strong verb and to follow with not more than four or five

words.

Try to avoid using the verb ‘process’, otherwise it is easy to use this for every process.

We already know from the symbol it is a process so this does not help us to understand

what kind of a process we are looking at.

A circle or bubble represents a process that transforms incoming data to outgoing data.

Process shows a part of the system that transforms inputs to outputs.

Process
Fig.7 attribute

EXTERNAL ENTITY

External entities are those things that are identified as needing to interact with the system

under consideration. The external entities either input information to the system, output

62
information from the system or both. Typically they may represent job titles or other

systems that interact with the system to be built. Some examples are given below in

Figure 1. Notice that the SSADM symbol is an ellipse. If the same external entity is

shown more than once on a diagram (for clarity) a diagonal line indicates this.

A square defines a source or destination of system Information from the system but is not

a part of the system. External entities represent any entity that supplies or receive.

EXTERNAL
\
ENTITY
Fig.8 external entity

DATA STORE

Data stores are places where data may be stored. This information may be stored either

temporarily or permanently by the user. In any system you will probably need to make

some assumptions about which relevant data stores to include. How many data stores you

place on a DFD somewhat depends on the case study and how far you go in being

specific about the information stored in them. It is important to remember that unless we

store information coming into our system it will be lost.

The data store represents a logical file. A logical file can represent either a data store

symbol which can represent either a data structure or a physical file on disk.

Data store
63
 Fig.9 Data store

THEORY

This context-level DFD is next "exploded", to produce a Level 1 DFD that shows some

of the detail of the system being modelled. The Level 1 DFD shows how the system is

divided into sub-systems (processes), each of which deals with one or more of the data

flows to or from an external agent, and which together provide all of the functionality of

the system as a whole. It also identifies internal data stores that must be present in order

for the system to do its job, and shows the flow of data between the various parts of the

system.

Data flow diagrams are one of the three essential perspectives of the structured-systems

analysis and design method SSADM. The sponsor of a project and the end users will

need to be briefed and consulted throughout all stages of a system's evolution. With a

data flow diagram, users are able to visualize how the system will operate, what the

system will accomplish, and how the system will be implemented. The old system's

dataflow diagrams can be drawn up and compared with the new system's data flow

diagrams to draw comparisons to implement a more efficient system. Data flow diagrams

can be used to provide the end user with a physical idea of where the data they input

ultimately has an effect upon the structure of the whole system from order to dispatch to

report. How any system is developed can be determined through a data flow diagram

model. In the course of developing a set of levelled data flow diagrams the

analyst/designer is forced to address how the system may be decomposed into component

sub-systems, and to identify the transaction data in the data model. Data flow diagrams

can be used in both Analysis and Design phase of the SDLC.

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There are different notations to draw data flow diagrams (Yourdon &Coda and

Gane&Sarson), defining different visual representations for processes, data stores, data

flow, and external entities.

PHYSICAL DFD

A physical DFD shows how the system is actually implemented, either at the moment

(Current Physical DFD), or how the designer intends it to be in the future (Required

Physical DFD). Thus, a Physical DFD may be used to describe the set of data items that

appear on each piece of paper that move around an office, and the fact that a particular

set of pieces of paper are stored together in a filing cabinet. It is quite possible that a

Physical DFD will include references to data that are duplicated, or redundant, and that

the data stores, if implemented as a set of database tables, would constitute an un-

normalised (or de-normalised) relational database. In contrast, a Logical DFD attempts to

capture the data flow aspects of a system in a form that has neither redundancy nor

duplication.

‘0’LEVEL DFD

Context Diagrams and DFD Layers and Levels. Context Diagram. A context diagram is a

top level (also known as "Level 0") data flow diagram. It only contains one process node

("Process 0") that generalizes the function of the entire system in relationship to external

entities. A context level DFD is the most basic form of DFD. It aims to show how the

entire system works at a glance. There is only one process in the system and all the data

flows either into or out of this process. Context level DFD’s demonstrates the

interactions between the process and external entities. They do not contain Data

Stores.When drawing Context Level DFD’s, we must first identify the process, all the

65
external entities and all the data flows. We must also state any assumptions we make

about the system. It is advised that we draw the process in the middle of the page. We

then draw our external entities in the corners and finally connect our entities to our

process with the data flows.

This DFD provides an overview of the data entering and leaving the system. It also

shows the entities that are providing or receiving that data. These correspond usually to

the people that are using the system we will develop. The context diagram helps to define

our system boundary to show what is included in, and what is excluded from, our system.

 One process, numbered 0.

 Source and sinks (external entities) as square.

 Main data flows depicted.

 No internal data store are shown

 They are inside the system.

 External data store are shown as external entities.

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 ‘0’ LEVEL DFD

STUDENT

TEACHER ADMIN
RESPON
ID&PA

ME
SS NA
ROLL

MARKS,ATTEND,G
OF

RAD,REMARKS,TE
NO

NAME,MO
BILE,ADDR
RESPON
BIRTH
ID&PAS

ID&PA
DATE
SRECOR

CE
RESPO
MARK

VIEW,ABUTE
ME
DNA

NCE

STUDENTSS
CE
STUDENT
ESS
S

ACHER
SCORE
Virtual
MANAGEM
classroom
ENT
SYSTEM
Fig.10 ‘0’ LEVEL DFD

LEVEL 1 DFD

Level 1 DFD’s aim to give an overview of the full system. They look at the system in

more detail. Major processes are broken down into sub-processes. Level 1 DFD’s also

67
identifies data stores that are used by the major processes. When constructing a Level 1

DFD, we must start by examining the Context Level DFD. We must break up the single

process into its sub-processes. We must then pick out the data stores from the text we are

given and include them in our DFD. Like the Context Level DFD’s, all entities, data

stores and processes must be labelled. We must also state any assumptions made from the

text.

LIBRARIA
LO N
N GI

Verific
data
ation
Login
data
Login
ADMIN Login data STUDENT
data LOGIN
Verification Ver. data
ta

data
da

Verificati
on data

da

CHECK/
Login

ta
data

UPDAT assig
nme
E nt
TEACHER
Student
record
Teacher
record
ASSIGNME
NT
Fig.11 ’1’-Level DFD

LEVEL 2 DFD

68
 CHECK
& dat
UPDAT a UPDAT
E E

STUDENT
TEACHER RECORD
RECORD

CHEC
K

Fig.12 ’2’-Level DFD

ER-RDIAGRAM

69
In software engineering, an entity–relationship model (ER model) is a data model for

describing the data or information aspects of a business domain or its process

requirements, in an abstract way that lends itself to ultimately being implemented in a

database such as a relational database. The main components of ER models are entities

(things) and the relationships that can exist among them.

Entity–relationship modeling was developed by Petersenand published in a 1976 paper.

However, variants of the idea existed previously and have been devised subsequently

such as super type and subtype data entities and commonality relationships.

INTRODUCTION

An entity–relationship model is the result of using a systematic process to describe and

define a subject area of business data. It does not define business process; only visualize

business data. The data is represented as components (entities) that are linked with each

other by relationships that express the dependencies and requirements between them,

such as: one building may be divided into zero or more apartments, but one apartment

can only be located in one building. Entities may have various properties (attributes) that

characterize them. Diagrams created to represent these entities, attributes, and

relationships graphically are called entity–relationship diagrams.

An ER model is typically implemented as a database. In the case of a relational database,

which stores data in tables, every row of each table represents one instance of an entity.

Some data fields in these tables point to indexes in other tables; such pointers are the

physical implementation of the relationships.

The three schema approach to software engineering uses three levels of ER models that

may be developed.

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CONCEPTUAL DATA MODEL

This is the highest level ER model in that it contains the least granular detail but

establishes the overall scope of what is to be included within the model set. The

conceptual ER model normally defines master reference data entities that are commonly

used by the organization. Developing an enterprise-wide conceptual ER model is useful

to support documenting the data architecture for an organization.

A conceptual ER model may be used as the foundation for one or more logical data

models (see below). The purpose of the conceptual ER model is then to establish

structural metadata commonality for the master data entities between the set of logical

ER models. The conceptual data model may be used to form commonality relationships

between ER models as a basis for data model integration.

Logical data model:

A logical ER model does not require a conceptual ER model, especially if the scope of

the logical ER model includes only the development of a distinct information system.

The logical ER model contains more detail than the conceptual ER model. In addition to

master data entities, operational and transactional data entities are now defined. The

details of each data entity are developed and the relationships between these data entities

are established. The logical ER model is however developed independent of technology

into which it can be implemented.

PHYSICAL DATA MODEL

One or more physical ER models may be developed from each logical ER model. The

physical ER model is normally developed to be instantiated as a database. Therefore,

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each physical ER model must contain enough detail to produce a database and each

physical ER model is technology dependent since each database management system is

somewhat different. The physical model is normally instantiated in the structural

metadata of a database management system as relational database objects such as

database tables, database indexes such as unique key indexes, and database constraints

such as a foreign key constraint or a commonality constraint. The ER model is also

normally used to design modifications to the relational database objects and to maintain

the structural metadata of the database. The first stage of information system design uses

these models during the requirements analysis to describe information needs or the type

of information that is to be stored in a database.

The data modeling technique can be used to describe any ontology (i.e. an overview and

classifications of used terms and their relationships) for a certain area of interest. In the

case of the design of an information system that is based on a database, the conceptual

data model is, at a later stage (usually called logical design), mapped to a logical data

model, such as the relational model; this in turn is mapped to a physical model during

physical design. Note that sometimes, both of these phases are referred to as "physical

design". It is also used in database management system.

NOTATION OF E-R DIAGRAM

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ATTRIBUTES

Fig.13 Attributes

KEY ATTRIBUTES

Fig.14 Key Attributes

COMPOSITE ATTRIBUTES

Fig.15 Composite Attributes

MULTIVALVE ATTRIBUTES

Fig.16 Multivalve Attributes

STRONG ENTITY SET

Fig.17 Strong Entity Set

WEAK ENTITY SET

Fig.18 Weak Entity Set

RELATIONSHIP

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 Fig.19 Relationship

LINKS

Fig.20 Links

RELATIONSHIP

A relationship is an association among several entities. A relationship defines the

association of entity type relationship instance is an association of entity instances. There

are three types of relationship:

 One to One relationship

 One to Many relationships

 Many to Many relationship

ONE TO ONE RELATIONSHIP

A1 B1
A2 B2
A3 B3

Fig.21 One to One Relationship

ONE TO MANY RELATIONSHIPS

A1 B1
A2 B2
A3 B3
74
 Fig.22 One to Many Relationship

MANY TO MANY RELATIONSHIP

A1 B1

A2 B2

A3 B3

A4

Fig.23 Many To Many Relationship

THE CONCEPT OF KEYS

A key is an attribute of a table which helps to identify a row. There can be many different

types of keys which are explained here.

75
1. SUPER KEY OR CANDIDATE KEY

It is such an attribute of a table that can uniquely identify a row in a table. Generally

they contain unique values and can never contain NULL values. There can be more than

one super key or candidate key in a table e.g. within a STUDENT table Roll and Mobile

No. can both serve to uniquely identify a student.

2. PRIMARY KEY

It is one of the candidate keys that are chosen to be the identifying key for the entire

table. E.g. although there are two candidate keys in the STUDENT table, the college

would obviously use Roll as the primary key of the table.

3. ALTERNATE KEY

This is the candidate key which is not chosen as the primary key of the table. They are

named so because although not the primary key, they can still identify a row.

4. COMPOSITE KEY

Sometimes one key is not enough to uniquely identify a row. E.g. in a single class Roll is

enough to find a student, but in the entire school, merely searching by the Roll is not

enough, because there could be 10 classes in the school and each one of them may

contain a certain roll no 5. To uniquely identify the student we have to say something

like “class VII, roll no 5”. So, a combination of two or more attributes is combined to

create a unique combination of values, such as Class + Roll.

5. FOREIGN KEY

76
Sometimes we may have to work with an attribute that does not have a primary key of its

own. To identify its rows, we have to use the primary attribute of a related table. Such a

copy of another related table’s primary key is called foreign key.

STRONG AND WEAK ENTITY

Based on the concept of foreign key, there may arise a situation when we have to relate

an entity having a primary key of its own and an entity not having a primary key of its

own. In such a case, the entity having its own primary key is called a strong entity and

the entity not having its own primary key is called a weak entity. Whenever we need to

relate a strong and a weak entity together, the ERD would change just a little.Say, for

example, we have a statement “A Student lives in a Home.” STUDENT is obviously a

strong entity having a primary key Roll. But HOME may not have a unique primary key,

as its only attribute Address may be shared by many homes (what if it is a housing

estate?). HOME is a weak entity in this case. The ERD of this statement would be like

the following

Strong Entity Relationship

Weak
Entity

Fig.24Strong and Weak Entity

ENTITY–RELATIONSHIP MODELLING

An entity may be defined as a thing capable of an independent existence that can be

uniquely identified. An entity is an abstraction from the complexities of a domain. When

77
we speak of an entity, we normally speak of some aspect of the real world that can be

distinguished from other aspects of the real world. An entity is a thing that exists either

physically or logically. An entity may be a physical object such as a house or a car (they

exist physically), an event such as a house sale or a car service, or a concept such as a

customer transaction or order (they exist logically—as a concept). Although the term

entity is the one most commonly used, following Chen we should really distinguish

between an entity and an entity-type. An entity-type is a category. An entity, strictly

speaking, is an instance of a given entity-type. There are usually many instances of an

entity-type. Because the term entity-type is somewhat cumbersome, most people tend to

use the term entity as a synonym for this term. Entities can be thought of as nouns.

Examples: a computer, an employee, a song, a mathematical theorem.A relationship

captures how entities are related to one another. Relationships can be thought of as verbs,

linking two or more nouns. Examples: an owns relationship between a company and a

computer, a supervises relationship between an employee and a department, a performs

relationship between an artist and a song, a proves relationship between a mathematician

and a conjecture.The model's linguistic aspect described above is utilized in the

declarative database query language ERROL, which mimics natural language, constructs.

ERROL's semantics and implementation are based on reshaped relational algebra (RRA),

a relational algebra that is adapted to the entity–relationship model and captures its

linguistic aspect.Entities and relationships can both have attributes. Examples: an

employee entity might have a Social Security Number (SSN) attribute; the proved

relationship may have a date attribute.

Every entity (unless it is a weak entity) must have a minimal set of uniquely identifying

attributes, which is called the entity's primary key.Entity–relationship diagrams don't

show single entities or single instances of relations. Rather, they show entity sets (all

78
entities of the same entity type) and relationship sets (all relationships of the same

relationship type). Example: a particular song is an entity. The collection of all songs in a

database is an entity set. The eaten relationship between a child and her lunch is a single

relationship. The set of all such child-lunch relationships in a database is a relationship

set. In other words, a relationship set corresponds to a relation in mathematics, while a

relationship corresponds to a member of the relation. Certain cardinality constraints on

relationship sets may be indicated as well.

ENTITY RELATIONSHIP DIAGRAM

79
 .
NA NAM
ME BOOK ID PASS
NAM E WOR
LIBRA E MARKS D
RY H
1 A M RECOR
ID RECO S R
M D
EL
RDA M A1
N T
A E
G W
E
1 SUBJEC
IT
ATTEND H M H ID
PASS ANCE M A 1 T
WOR RECORD S RECOR SUBJ
D MOB
D ECT
ILE
NAM NAM
NO
E SEMES
E
TER

Fig.25Entity Relationship Diagram

DESCRIPTION

This is the Entity Relationship Diagram of proposed system. In this E-R Diagram there

Are Four entity set. This is library record, marks record, attendance record, and subject
80
Record. From each entity set connect its attribute. The library record has a login and it is

1 toleration. can createthe marks and it is 1 to many relations. He can also see attend

Record and it in Many relations. Here the relation ‘create’ and ‘see’ proposed by an

Aggregation. Like this the Subject can also have a login and it is many to much relation.

81