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Appium ppt
Introduction to Appium
Appium is an open-source tool for
automating native, mobile web, and hybrid
applications on iOS and Android platforms
Native apps are those written using the iOS, Android, or Windows SDKs.
Mobile web apps are web apps accessed using a mobile browser (Appium
supports Safari on iOS and Chrome or the built-in ‘Browser’ app on Android).
Hybrid apps have a wrapper around a “webview” – a native control that
enables interaction with web content. Projects like Phonegap, make it easy to
build apps using web technologies that are then bundled into a native wrapper,
creating a hybrid app.
Importantly, Appium is “cross-platform”: it
allows you to write tests against multiple
platforms (iOS, Android, Windows), using the
same API.
This enables code reuse between iOS, Android, and Windows
testsuites.Importantly, Appium is “cross-platform”: it allows you to write tests
against multiple platforms (iOS, Android, Windows), using the same API.
This enables code reuse between iOS, Android, and Windows testsuites.
APPIUM PHILOSOPHY
Appium was designed to meet mobile automation needs according to a
philosophy outlined by the following four tenets:
1. You shouldn’t have to recompile your app or modify it in any way in order
to automate it.
2. You shouldn’t be locked into a specific language or framework to write and
run your tests.
3. A mobile automation framework shouldn’t reinvent the wheel when it
comes to automation APIs.
4. A mobile automation framework should be open source, in spirit and
practice as well as in name!
APPIUM DESIGN
So how does the structure of the Appium project live out this philosophy?
We meet requirement #1 by using vendor-provided automation
frameworks under the hood. That way, we don’t need to compile in any
Appium-specific or third-party code or frameworks to your app. This
means you’re testing the same app you’re shipping. The vendor-provided
frameworks we use are:
1. iOS: 9.3+ Apple’s XCTest
2. Android 4.2+: Google’s UiAutomator
3. Android 2.3+: Google’s Instrumentation. (Instrumentation support is
provided by bundling a separate project, Selendroid)
4. Windows: Microsoft’s WinAppDriver
SUPPORTED PLATFORMS
iOS
Android Windows FirefoxOS
For more information and APPIUM training online
visit: mindmajix/appium training
Contact Info:
Mindmajix Technologies Inc
USA : +1-201 3780 518
IND : +91 9246333245
Email: INFO@MINDMAJIX.COM
Appium ppt

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Appium ppt

  • 2. Introduction to Appium Appium is an open-source tool for automating native, mobile web, and hybrid applications on iOS and Android platforms
  • 3. Native apps are those written using the iOS, Android, or Windows SDKs. Mobile web apps are web apps accessed using a mobile browser (Appium supports Safari on iOS and Chrome or the built-in ‘Browser’ app on Android). Hybrid apps have a wrapper around a “webview” – a native control that enables interaction with web content. Projects like Phonegap, make it easy to build apps using web technologies that are then bundled into a native wrapper, creating a hybrid app.
  • 4. Importantly, Appium is “cross-platform”: it allows you to write tests against multiple platforms (iOS, Android, Windows), using the same API.
  • 5. This enables code reuse between iOS, Android, and Windows testsuites.Importantly, Appium is “cross-platform”: it allows you to write tests against multiple platforms (iOS, Android, Windows), using the same API. This enables code reuse between iOS, Android, and Windows testsuites.
  • 6. APPIUM PHILOSOPHY Appium was designed to meet mobile automation needs according to a philosophy outlined by the following four tenets: 1. You shouldn’t have to recompile your app or modify it in any way in order to automate it. 2. You shouldn’t be locked into a specific language or framework to write and run your tests. 3. A mobile automation framework shouldn’t reinvent the wheel when it comes to automation APIs. 4. A mobile automation framework should be open source, in spirit and practice as well as in name!
  • 7. APPIUM DESIGN So how does the structure of the Appium project live out this philosophy? We meet requirement #1 by using vendor-provided automation frameworks under the hood. That way, we don’t need to compile in any Appium-specific or third-party code or frameworks to your app. This means you’re testing the same app you’re shipping. The vendor-provided frameworks we use are:
  • 8. 1. iOS: 9.3+ Apple’s XCTest 2. Android 4.2+: Google’s UiAutomator 3. Android 2.3+: Google’s Instrumentation. (Instrumentation support is provided by bundling a separate project, Selendroid) 4. Windows: Microsoft’s WinAppDriver
  • 10. For more information and APPIUM training online visit: mindmajix/appium training Contact Info: Mindmajix Technologies Inc USA : +1-201 3780 518 IND : +91 9246333245 Email: [email protected]