TACKLING ILLEGAL LOGGING: PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES

American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR) 2024
A J H S S R J o u r n a l P a g e | 81
American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR)
e-ISSN : 2378-703X
Volume-08, Issue-05, pp-81-94
www.ajhssr.com
Research Paper Open Access
TACKLING ILLEGAL LOGGING: PROBLEMS AND
CHALLENGES
ANGELIE KRISTA HIFUME, JOHN MANUEL ARIAS, OMAR ANTHONY
P. LIPOLES, MECHELLE C. GEMPESAO, MSCJ
1
(College of Criminal Justice Education, University of Mindanao Matina Campus, Davao City, Philippines)
Corresponding author:ANGELIE KRISTA HIFUME, JOHN MANUEL ARIAS, OMAR ANTHONY P. LIPOLES,
MECHELLE C. GEMPESAO, MSCJ
ABSTRACT: Illegal logging poses significant environmental, economic, and social challenges worldwide. This
research explores the problems associated with illegal logging in the present and future, shedding light on the
multifaceted nature of this issue and the accompanying challenges faced by governments, organizations, and
communities. The study employs a comprehensive literature review to analyze the current state of illegal
logging, its causes, and its consequences. It examines the environmental impact of deforestation, including
biodiversity loss, habitat degradation, and climate change. The researchers identify the challenges faced in
combating illegal logging in the present and anticipate future obstacles. It considers illegal logging networks'
complex and elusive nature, the limited enforcement capacity, and the need for international cooperation and
coordination. The study also examines the adoption and effectiveness of policies, regulations, and technological
advancements in curbing illegal logging practices in Davao City.
Keywords -Problems and Challenges, Cultural Disruptions, Anticipate future problems.
I. INTRODUCTION
Illegal logging is a worldwide issue with severe environmental and economic repercussions. It
frequently results in forest degradation and deforestation, endangering not only the essential ecological
functions of forests and biodiversity but also the well-being of individuals who rely on forest resources for their
livelihoods (Bosch, 2021). Illegal logging is the cutting, processing, and trafficking of wood and forest products,
violating national and international laws. Illegal logging causes significant environmental destruction,
diminishes biodiversity, contributes to societal conflicts, and interferes with initiatives to promote sustainable
development (Hoare & Uehara, 2022).
Illegal logging has become a significant global problem due to its adverse impacts on the environment,
businesses, and communities. This illegal practice includes the illicit gathering, processing, and selling of wood,
which leads to mass deforestation, degradation of biodiversity, and habitat destruction. Furthermore, it
frequently raises social tensions, especially in areas where forests are essential to indigenous groups' livelihoods.
In addition, the proceeds generated by illegal logging may promote corruption and organized crime. Illegal
logging endangers our ecosystems and undermines initiatives toward equitable development, leading to an
essential problem requiring immediate action and efficient solutions (Noor et al.,2020).
Environmentally, illegal logging leads to extensive deforestation, threatening biodiversity, disrupting
ecosystems, and contributing significantly to climate change. Socially, it often leads to the displacement of
indigenous communities, fuels social conflicts, and undermines the livelihoods of local populations reliant on
forests. Economically, the practice results in substantial revenue losses for governments, damages legitimate
forestry businesses, and perpetuates poverty by depriving communities of sustainable economic opportunities.
Moreover, illegal logging fosters corruption, weakens the rule of law, and exacerbates inequality (Butler, 2020).
The rise in sophisticated technology, globalized illegal timber trade, corruption, expansion into
untouched areas, and climate change impacts are alarming trends in illegal logging. With the advancement of
technology, illegal loggers are becoming more sophisticated, utilizing tools like drones and GPS systems to
exploit remote forests efficiently (Vasile & Iordăchescu, 2022). The globalization of the illegal timber trade has
created a complex network fueled by demand in international markets. Corruption and weak governance further
exacerbate the issue, enabling illegal activities to persist. Additionally, the expansion of frontier logging into

previously untouched areas and the impacts of climate change, such as wildfires, further threaten our forests
(Work et al., 2022).
Bosch (2021) stated that various aspects of inadequate institutional quality or governance can result in
an increase in illegal logging within a country. Firstly, it suggested that nations with weak government
institutions experience higher levels of illegal logging. This is particularly true when the government needs
more capacity or willingness to create and enforce laws and regulations related to wood harvesting. The
situation can worsen when there is a lack of clarity and overlapping responsibilities between central and local
governments, often stemming from poorly executed decentralization processes. Secondly, an inconsistent
legislative and regulatory framework contributes to illegal logging. Many countries need help with
environmental and forestry laws described as vague, outdated, subject to frequent changes, or playing a minor
role. Consequently, such laws can be interpreted individually and manipulated more efficiently, providing
incentives for illegal wood harvesting.
This study is anchored by the neo-Malthusian theory, which suggests that the expansion of the
population results in an increased need for land and natural resources, potentially leading to a rise in illegal
logging. Furthermore, a growing population is believed to indirectly impact illegal logging by influencing labor
markets, as it generates a surplus of available workers and exerts downward pressure on wage rates.
The primary objective of this study was focused on tackling the problem and challenges of illegal
logging. Specifically, it endeavors to provide and achieve answers to the ensuring ends. First, provide an in-
depth understanding of the current state of illegal logging, including its environmental and cultural impacts on
affected communities. Second, assess the effectiveness of the existing policies, laws, and enforcement
mechanisms that effectively combated illegal logging. Lastly, know the socioeconomic consequences of illegal
logging in local communities.
The study was conducted to offer crucial insights and understanding regarding the chosen topic,
tackling illegal logging: problems and challenges. The community can benefit from the study in several ways. It
can help raise awareness about the environmental and social consequences of illegal logging, such as
deforestation and habitat destruction, which directly impact the community's well-being. It may also foster
community engagement and advocacy for stricter anti-illegal logging policies and more excellent protection of
forests, ensuring a healthier and more sustainable environment for all. Policymakers can also derive valuable
insights from the study, such as it can provide them with a comprehensive understanding of the problems and
challenges associated with illegal logging, offering a basis for evidence-based policymaking. It can help them
identify gaps and weaknesses in existing legislation and regulations related to forestry and environmental
protection, enabling them to craft more effective and targeted policies. Also, the study can offer potential
solutions and best practices for addressing illegal logging, aiding in developing new policies and strategies to
combat this issue.
METHOD
This section provides the methods used in the study, such as the study participants, instruments, design, and
procedure to be utilized in gathering data.
Research Participants
According to Tashakkori Teddlie (2021), research participants are the people, organizations, or groups
who participate in a study and provide data or information. Participants could be chosen based on established
requirements or randomly, and they were required to complete surveys, take part in interviews, or carry out
other research-related tasks. The study participants were the six residents of 2 Barangays in Calinan, Davao
City. The participants were the members of Indigenous People, Barangay Officials, and Local Residents at least
23 years old and above; this study will gather data from the 6 participants. Following that, interviews,
conversations with participants, and analysis of individual texts were carried out on every volunteer who
responded to the study. The respondents of the study were the residents of Barangay Calinan. Out of all the
barangays in Davao City, Calinan is one of the most populated and affected areas in terms of environmental
issues. The estimated population of Calinan is 24,218. Formerly Poblacion, it is a barangay in Davao City. Its
population, as determined by the 2020 Census, was 24,218. This represented 1.36% of the total population of
Davao City (National Statistics Office of the Philippines, 2020).
The researchers selected six respondents through the purposive sampling method. Purposive sampling
was strategically chosen to select participants based on specific characteristics or criteria deemed essential to
address the research question or objectives. In this method, the researchers deliberately targeted individuals with
unique insights, experiences, or attributes relevant to the study. The selection process involved the researcher's
judgment and expertise, ensuring that the chosen participants could provide in-depth information and
perspectives crucial for a comprehensive understanding of the research topic. Purposive sampling allowed for a
focused and intentional approach to participant selection, aligning with the qualitative research goals and

facilitating the collection of rich and meaningful data (Frost, 2022). The sampling method provided an excellent
sampling technique for the study because the respondents selected focused on the barangay Calinan of Davao
City residents.
Materials and Instrument
This study utilized the Interview Guide Questionnaire to interview the participants. This study used a
questionnaire to gather data and information from the participants. The researchers conducted a face-to-face, in-
depth interview with the chosen participants as part of this phenomenological study, and the researchers
recorded or otherwise documented the participants' responses to the provided questions. The participants asked
questions highlighting the purpose of the study, which is to know the experiences, challenges, and problems of
illegal logging in the present and future.
Design and Procedure
The study employed a qualitative design, utilizing a multiple case-study approach. This methodology
facilitated a thorough exploration and examination of specific events or phenomena within a confined
geographical location or through a narrow subject focus. This design allowed the researcher to delve deeply into
the intricacies of the chosen cases for a comprehensive investigation(Barroga & Matanguihan, 2022).
The multiple case-study method is particularly apt when the study's primary objective involves comparisons or
the replication of findings. In instances where researchers aim to draw parallels or contrasts between different
cases or seek to validate and reproduce study outcomes across various contexts, the multiple case-study design
offers a robust framework. This method enables researchers to explore patterns, variations, and commonalities
among cases, providing a comprehensive understanding of the phenomena under investigation. The study gains
depth and breadth by employing multiple cases, allowing for a more nuanced analysis of the research question
or problem (Halkias et al., 2022).
The qualitative data collected through Interviews and reduced through writing will be analyzed through
the thematic analysis method. The thematic analysis method scrutinized patterns and extracted meanings from
qualitative data. In this approach, researchers systematically identified recurring themes and patterns within the
dataset, utilizing a methodical process of coding, categorizing, and interpreting qualitative information. This
method allowed for a detailed examination of the underlying structures and meanings embedded in the data,
providing a comprehensive understanding of the diverse perspectives captured within the narratives, interviews,
or other qualitative sources (Caulfield, 2023).
In furtherance, the researchers follow a systematic procedure during the study. The first was to confirm
the validity and reliability of the guide questions through the approval of an expert and research adviser. Second,
a letter was addressed to the Barangay Chairman of Calinan District, Davao City, asking permission for the
researchers to conduct a study in the locality. The letter also includes the approval of the Dean of the College of
Criminal Justice Education. After the approval, a letter of agreement to participate in the study was distributed
to the selected research respondents. This includes permission and terms of agreement of confidentiality.
Next, an interview was conducted to collect information, and through a tape recorder, the whole
conversation was recorded if the participant agreed. After the interview, the respondents were given monetary
incentives or grocery packs as tokens of gratitude. The span of conducting an interview shall span four (4) days.
After this, the recorded conversation was reduced to written text for data analysis, subscribing to the service of a
data analyst. Lastly, the data will be interpreted in further sections of this dissertation.
Prior to surveying the study, the researchers sought the approval of the panels for the validity of
questionnaires Joner Villaluz Ph. D. and Stella Karen Branzuela Ph. after which the researchers asked for the
approval of the adviser Mechelle C. Gempesao, MSCJ, and the Dean Carmelita B. Chavez, Ph.D. A letter to
conduct the study addressed to and executed by the Barangay Chairman of Barangay Calinan to conduct the
study in the locality. Participants of the researchers were asked for their voluntary participation in the interview.
The letter of consent was recited and explained to the participants. After their consent, the researchers proceeded
to conduct the survey.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In this part, the results and discussion are presented. In the span of September 5 to October 1, the
interview was conducted. The participants were interviewed face-to-face in their respective homes. The study
has 6 participants, all Indigenous people, residents, and Barangay workers of Barangay Calinan, Davao City.
This section will provide an in-depth analysis of the data collected from the study sought to understand the
underlying causes, impacts, and potential solutions to combat illegal logging effectively.
Moreover, this chapter explains the study results, including the participants' information, the verbatim
transcripts of the participants based on the research questions, the categorization of data with the emerging
themes and core ideas for each central theme, and the chapter summary.

The Illegal Logging Challenges
The participants were asked about the significant challenges associated with illegal logging in the
present. During the interviews conducted with various respondents, several challenges associated with illegal
logging were identified and discussed. Many respondents highlighted the lack of effective law enforcement as a
significant challenge. They expressed concerns about inadequate resources, corruption, and the limited capacity
of authorities to combat illegal logging activities effectively. They noted that poverty and limited alternative
livelihood options drive local communities to engage in illegal logging activities as a means of survival.
Steemit, R. (2020) emphasizes that the cause of illegal logging is weak governance. Weaknesses in forest
governance in producer countries are typically the direct cause. However, consumer countries contribute to
these problems by importing timber and timber products without ensuring they are legally sourced. Governance
problems include weak institutions and limited resources, resulting in a lack of law enforcement and limited
capacity for land use planning. In many countries, the legal framework needs to be clearer and more consistent,
making it difficult, if not impossible, to operate legally. In some situations, the law is not accepted, for example,
where the government is considered illegitimate or where customary law holds sway, and the formal legal
system conflicts with this.
“Ahm, kuan siya ang pinaka dakong challenge with regards sa illegal logging is actually man
gud is naa naman juy mga balaod implementation osa prevention naa naman gud tay mga balaod, so in
terms nalang siguro sa implementation osa prevention gani sa mga loggers jud kay siguro ba tungod pod
samao ng area kana ganing mura nag gina naturalize lang na sya kay diri man gud dili kayo sya worse
na logging situation. murag neglected nana nilaba kay tungod naa biya mi sa bukid. Diri sa baranggay,
naga follow mi og balaod. Pero mangod, sa ka dako samong baranggay, dili na man gud mi ma-aware
na ang ilang punuan, ila na diay geputol. So, maghulat lang pud mi na nay motug an lang pod, Mao ng
usually, kay little by little, wala na may nakabantay na nangaopaw na diay ang palibot.” (I1)
[The most significant challenge regarding illegal logging is the implementation and prevention
aspects because we have laws in place. However, loggers are the central issue in terms of implementation
and prevention. Perhaps it is because, in these areas, it appears as if it is just a natural occurrence since
they do not take logging regulations seriously. It is like they neglect it because we live in a rural area. In
our barangay (community), we do follow the laws. However, unfortunately, in the larger barangay area,
we may not be aware that they are cutting down their trees. So, we just must wait for someone to report it.
That is why usually, little by little, no one notices that the surroundings are being gradually denuded.]
“Ang ano sya ma’am like ano sya ma’am like ig ano first jud ma’am kay natural phenomena
ma'am na mahitabo. For example, kanang grabe nanga pagbaha, tapos ang mag-change nasad ang
climate ma'am, which is na-apektuhanna po ng daily basis or daily life sa mga tao. Second is ang area or
space napuy-an satao maam. Which is every annually nag-a-decrease tungod sa illegal logging.” (I2, I3,
I4)
[The natural phenomena that occur, for example, are severe flooding and the changing climate, which
already affects people's daily lives. Second, the areas or spaces where people live are experiencing an
annual decrease due to illegal logging.]
The current situation of illegal logging
The respondents were asked to identify current situations and struggles of illegal logging happening in
society; these are how they responded. The respondents highlighted that illegal logging activities are widespread
in various areas, including Barangay Calinan. They expressed concerns about the extent of deforestation and the
associated environmental degradation caused by these illicit practices. Respondents discussed the
socioeconomic consequences of illegal logging in Calinan and other places. They pointed out that local
communities dependent on forest resources for their livelihoods suffer from losing income and economic
opportunities due to illegal logging. This exacerbates poverty and hampers sustainable development in these
areas. In many parts of the world, the eradication of forests is causing a shortage of ownership rights to forest
communities. As a result, a tremendous amount of pressure is being settled on native populations, forcing them
to shift to more densely populated areas. It is a fact that the conflict between wood industry interests and local
communities is multiplied due to highly uncertain land ownership relations. Several areas in the world are
practicing illegal logging and destroying forests. (Babar, Taj 2019)
“So ano maam, tungod sa illegal logging sa among area ma'am kay murag na opaw nagyud ang among area
ma'am. Puros na mga buildings among makita. Instead na ka ng fresh na oxygen namong ma-inhale. Kay
kanang kuan na ma’am polluted na baho nasiya.” (I2)

[Due to illegal logging in our area, our place has become a barren wasteland. All we see now are buildings;
instead of breathing in fresh oxygen, we are inhaling polluted air.]
“Base sakong na ma-observe is naa gyuy kanang mga trucks na naga agi, naga hakot ganig kanag mga kahoy.
Tapos kung base naman pa pud sa kanang mga pangitabo or situation didto nakanang makaingun jud ka na
kada tuig is naa najuy difference, ahhh for example, last year dili kayo gabaha pero ngano karon ang tubig is
nagataas naman pag mag-baha.” (I3, I4)
[As I have observed, some trucks pass by, carrying many logs. Then, based on the events or situations, you can
tell that there is a difference every year. For example, there was not much flooding last year, but now the water
level rises when it floods.]
Factors contributing to widespread illegal logging
The respondents were interviewed this time about the reasons behind the prevalence of illegal logging,
which they experienced in their immediate surroundings, farmlands, or areas. Respondents identified weak
governance and enforcement as a significant factor contributing to illegal logging. They mentioned the critical
challenges of ineffective policies, inconsistent regulations, and inadequate law enforcement measures. The lack
of viable alternative livelihood options pushes them into engaging in unsustainable and illicit activities. Others
explained that in specific contexts, cultural norms or historical practices may support or tolerate illegal logging.
These factors can make it challenging to address the issue effectively.
Greenpeace (2020) reveals that Illegal logging is a global problem that can have severe negative
environmental, social, and economic impacts, such as deforestation, degradation of biodiversity, and loss of
government revenues. This is a significant issue because, for example, a company may have the permits to
harvest timber but might need to comply with a regulation guiding timber harvest. This is an infringement that
may need to be corrected or penalized. However, there is a significant difference in the impacts on the
environment arising from illegal harvest outside the authorized boundary or even in protected areas and the
breaking of some aspects of a harvesting regulation that may lead to limited or no environmental impact.
Infringements of regulations can undoubtedly lead to adverse environmental impacts, but the point is that those
impacts cannot be presumed.
“Kuan ahhh first siguro is lack of education sa community, pero kanang kuan kanang siguro karon is na-
realize naman siguro nila. Kung mostorya ka sa mga katigulangan, moingon man jud sila nalahi na ang
panahon, init na, basta kanang alimuot na, di pariah kaniadto, so siguro lack of education lang
gyud.”(I1)
[First, there might have been a lack of education in the community, but they have realized it now. When
you talk to the elders, they often say that times have changed, it is getting hotter, and things are not the
same as before, so maybe it is just a lack of education.]
“Para saako ang main reason gyud aning illegal logging kay business maam. Tungod sa gyud sa
business maam kay ang kanang mga gina-illegal logging, gina-baligya nila sa mga pa-housing. Kuan
pud over population pod, kuan pod wala nay ma puy an ang mga tao.” (I2)
[I believe the main reason for illegal logging is business-related, ma'am. Those involved in illegal logging
often do it for profit, selling the illegally harvested wood to housing projects. Additionally, the issue of
overpopulation also plays a role, as the demand for housing increases due to a growing population, and
sometimes, there are not enough legal sources of timber to meet this demand. As a result, some people
turn to illegal logging to make a living.]
“Ang main reason dira sir is poverty, pangwarta, laxity. Kulang ug pagtagad sa wala kabalo basin naa
puy ginahatag ilalom sa lamesa.” (I3, I5)
[The main reasons are poverty, lack of resources, and government negligence. There may be hidden
agendas we are unaware of, which might be happening behind the scenes.]
The effects of illegal timber exploitation on the environment
The majority of the respondents answered that the struggles in the environment can affect them.
Forests play a crucial role in regulating water systems and maintaining healthy watersheds. Illegal logging
can disrupt these functions, negatively impacting water quality and quantity. The interviews with
respondents revealed that illegal timber exploitation has significant environmental effects.
Berry and Kitchen (2020) investigated various causes of illegal logging. However, it is often a symptom
of broader governance problems, such as inappropriate legislation, weak institutions, unclear forest
tenure, corruption, and a lack of law enforcement. In addition, simple economic considerations also
contribute to illegal logging. Illegally harvested timber is usually cheaper than legal timber but also
difficult to differentiate from legal timber. This makes legal timber and timber products less competitive.

“Ahhm, larawan nako na siya ma’am nga kanang maka ingon ko nga dili na okay ang lugar, last year is
kanang okay pa pero karon kay maka ingon ko nga dili na kay tungod kay ang panginabuhi pud sa mga
tao diri samoang lugar ma’am is maka apekto kayo.” (I2, I3)
[Let me describe, ma'am, someone I can say reflects that our place is no longer okay. Last year, it was
still okay, but now I can say it is not okay anymore because people's livelihoods in our area are also being
affected.]
“Ano sir ahhh, syempre kung effect niya noh pugson sa baha. Pero ang baha di gyud mapugngan, muagi
jud na siya. Pero ang baha, kung daghan kahoy dili kayo na siya mo diretso. Pag wala na ang roots ma
weaken na ang yuta. Ang gamut mag deepin na sa yuta musubay na sila sa bato ug mag close na siya.”
(I4)
[Resilience against floods. However, floods cannot be prevented; they will always find a way. However,
the water flow could be more straightforward with many trees. Once the roots are gone, the ground
becomes weaker.]
“Kuan kanang ano jod, sama sa geingon ni ate ka ganina. Grabe najud ang baha dri saamoa, pero
annag kuan lang siya pag bundak sa ulan which is before is never jud me naka experience anang
matanggong ang mga motorista. Pero karon man gud kay grabe najud ang bulhog sa tubig. Especially sa
mga kanang kuan pinyahan na mga areas. Isa pUd sa dahilan diris amoa kay lack of flood measures ug
kulang sa supply.” (I5)
[You know, it is just like what our sister mentioned earlier. The flooding here in our area is severe. We've
never experienced motorists being stranded like this before. However, now, the water level is high,
especially in the areas where there are pineapple crops.]
“Ah sguro labi na sa among bukid kay grabe jud sya kay pati among mga kahoy maputol mao lang.” (I6)
[Ah, currently, due to illegal logging, typhoons have inevitable unavoidable consequences, such as
causing floods, landslides, and damaging families' homes in our community.]
The social and economic impacts of Illegal logging
The respondents were interviewed about their ideas and knowledge of the social and economic impacts
on the environment. Respondents emphasized that it disrupts the livelihoods of communities dependent on
forests by depleting valuable resources. The loss of income and employment opportunities leads to increased
poverty and economic instability in affected areas. Respondents emphasized the social impacts of illegal logging
on environmental awareness and cultural heritage. They mentioned that the connection between local
communities and their natural surroundings weakens as forests are depleted. Traditional ecological knowledge
and cultural practices associated with forests may diminish, leading to cultural heritage and community identity
loss.
Anon (2020) found that the major causes of Illegal logging are serious environmental problems such as
global deforestation leading to reductions in carbon stocks, degradation of biodiversity, lowering water quality,
and discouraging sustainable logging practices and forest management, thus undermining the competitiveness of
the legitimate forestry industry. It also destroys the protective function of the forest’s natural disasters, such as
the massive landslides and ﬂooding after heavy monsoon rain was observed in the Philippines. Moreover, the
poorest populations in several countries live in and around remote forested areas, and most of them depend to
some extent upon forests and non-wood forest products for food, medicine, and ﬁbers. These populations are
increasingly being subjected to changes brought on by globalization, economic growth, and demographic shifts.
Thus, illegal logging hurts the resources that forests provide.
“Same sakoang giingon ganina ma’am, Ma apektuhan jud siya, especially kadtong mga taong naga puyo
diay kayo sa bundok. Amoa is duol lang naman siya syudad dito ma’am. So makita na jud namo nga naa
nay part sa bundok na which is kanang dako na siyag kuha o nahanaw na siya. So ang mga taong nasa
ubos maoy maka experience ato, especially like landslide. Mao nang maglisod na pud sila maka pangitag
bag ong lugar na mapoy an.” (I1)
[Same as I mentioned earlier, ma'am. It will affect them, especially those in the mountains,
ma'am. Our area is, in fact, close to the mountains, so we can see, ma'am, that there is already a part of the
mountain that has been eroded or has collapsed. So, the people living below, ma'am, will be the ones to
experience it, especially things like landslides. That's why it will be difficult for them to find a new place
to live]
“Ahhhhm, ang ilegal nga pagpamutol og kahoy maoy usa ka puwersa sa pagduso sa ubay-ubay nga mga
isyu sa kinaiyahan sama sa deforestation, pagkaguba sa yuta ug pagkawala sa biodiversity nga
makaduso sa dagkong mga krisis sa kinaiyahan sama sa pagbag-o sa klima ug uban pang matang sa
pagkadaot sa kinaiyahan.” (I2)

[Illegal logging drives several environmental issues such as deforestation, soil erosion, and biodiversity
loss, which can drive larger-scale environmental crises such as climate change and other environmental
degradation.]
“Ah, siguro sa economic consequences kay di ba diria farming man ang among pinaka kanang primary
source of livelihood. Then ang among mga farmers is na feel na gyud nila na siguro contributing factors
man gud ang illegal logging into climate change. Na feel na gyud nila ang kausaban in terms sa mga
tanom. Pati sa mga harvest, lahi na gyud kayo siya kay wala na siya nag season. Maski ang mga prutas
diri di na siya naga follow sa sa season. Before gud pag august, July, grabe gud ka bounty among harvest
diri sa sirib.” (I3)
[Ah, in terms of economic consequences. You see, here, farming is our primary source of livelihood. Our
farmers feel that it might contribute to illegal logging and climate change. They feel that there have been
changes in terms of the crops. The harvests are different now because they no longer follow a distinct
season. Even the fruits here no longer adhere to their traditional seasons. Before, during August and July,
we used to have a bountiful harvest here in Sirib.]
“Ang consequences ana kay tungod sa walay kahoy ang amoang yuta kay walay shade sa init ug among
mga tanom din a kaayu mutubo kay dry na ang yuta tungod sa init.” (I5, I6)
[The consequences of deforestation on our land are manifold, as we fall short of the shade required for the
sown seeds, thus rendering the soil arid and incapable of nurturing growth due to excessive heat.]
Actions to enhance enforcement of logging regulations
The respondents were interviewed about their ideas or knowledge of the laws set by the government to
protect the environment. Their answers commonly refer to the law on the illegal cutting of trees, especially those
considered good lumber, which the DENR strictly prohibits. Respondents highlighted the importance of
reviewing and strengthening existing legal frameworks related to logging regulations. This includes enacting
stricter penalties for illegal logging offenses, increasing fines, and imposing stronger sanctions on violators.
Clear and enforceable regulations can act as a deterrent and help ensure compliance. Respondents emphasized
the role of public awareness and education in strengthening enforcement efforts. They mentioned the importance
of raising awareness among local communities, timber industry stakeholders, and the public about the
environmental, social, and economic impacts of illegal logging.
Governance problems include weak institutions and limited resources, resulting in a lack of law enforcement
and limited capacity for land use planning. In many countries, the legal framework is unclear or contradictory,
making it difficult, if not impossible, to operate legally. In some situations, the law is not accepted, for example,
where the government is considered illegitimate or where customary law holds sway, and the formal legal
system conflicts with this.
“Ano ma’am I banned jud dapat ang illegal logging maam, not just kuan to Maximize maam but to minimize but
prevent and stop jud ma’am di jud dapat.” (I1)
[Illegal logging should be banned, ma'am, not just to minimize it, but to prevent and stop it.]
“So, samoa ma’am is naa jud siyay na conduct usahay among barangay area or kanang duol na station sa
sundalo ma’am, auxiliary ug kanang check point unya naga check sila ma’am if kanang mga trucks kay naa bay
permit ma’am or kanang legal ba ang mga trucks nan aga hakot ug kahoy ma’am.” (I2)
[Ma'am, in our area, there is indeed a conducted activity within our barangay vicinity. There is a nearby military
station, an auxiliary post, and a checkpoint where they inspect whether the trucks carrying lumber have the
necessary permits or if the trucks are legally transporting the wood.]
“Sa kani nga pangutana kung kabalo lang mo sa pamamalakad sa mga authority pag kakaron nga si Duterte
na, dapat stricto gyud gipatuman ang balaod. So, hope lang pud nato na ila pud ng ipatuman ug higpitan nila
ang balaod para raman na satoang kaayuhan ug sa future generation.” (I3)
[As of now, with Duterte as the leader, the law should be strictly enforced. We can only hope they will also
implement and tighten the law for our benefit and future generations.]
“Ahhh kanang among committee on environment in partnership sa SK, diraa mandated man mi na mag buhat
mi ug mga lakang no, to prevent ka ng disaster. At the same time, upat man na siya ka factor, preparedness,
mitigation, unsa patong duha naka limot ko. So, didto sa among mitigation kay na conduct mi karong mga tree
planting activities gud. Unya not tree planting but tree growing, kay gina monitor man namo ang plants every
year.” (I4, I5, I6)

[Our committee on the environment, in partnership with our S.K. (Sangguniang Kabataan or Youth Council, is
mandated to take steps to prevent disasters. Additionally, there are four key factors we need to consider:
preparedness, mitigation, and I forgot the other two. Regarding our mitigation efforts, we recently conducted
tree planting activities, but it's more about tree growing since we monitor the plants yearly.]
Future factors driving illegal logging
Many respondents said that they emphasized that urbanization expands as populations grow.
Economies develop, the demand for timber for construction, furniture, and other purposes is likely to rise. This
growing demand can create lucrative incentives for illegal loggers to meet the market needs. The respondents
have mixed responses; others said that Respondents identified the persistence of weak governance and
enforcement as a future factor driving illegal logging. They mentioned that illegal loggers can continue to
operate without effective policies, regulations, and law enforcement measures with reduced risk of detection and
punishment.Respondents highlighted the potential impact of climate change and natural disasters on future
illegal logging. They explained that as climate change affects forest ecosystems, including increased frequency
and intensity of wildfires and extreme weather events, illegal loggers may exploit the resulting vulnerabilities
and chaos. This poses a significant risk for increased illegal logging activities.
Mahyoob (2020) asserts that law enforcement requires resources. The economics of the global markets
equally play a role in promoting illegal logging. This is because illegal timber is usually cheaper than legal
timber in black markets, denying legal operators a competitive advantage. Limited resources, weak institutions,
and lax laws have contributed to inadequate law enforcement and the lack of proper land use management.
Furthermore, many countries have uncleared and poor legal frameworks. Some are even contradictory. In this
case, institutional and community views of what constitutes a crime and considerations associated with the costs
and benefits of law enforcement influence whether and how the law is enforced. Lack of or limited law
enforcement may also be due to perceived negative impacts of the law on livelihoods, and law enforcement
officers may avoid enforcing it. In these cases, lack of law enforcement is not a cause of illegal logging.
"First, ma'am, kay poverty. Tungod sa poverty, ma'am, kay push ang mga tao, ma'am, namo engage ani
nga activity, ma'am." (I1)
First, ma'am, let us talk about poverty. Because of poverty, ma'am, people are pushed to engage in these
kinds of activities.
“Siguro kung moingon kag umaabot, wala naman ta pud ta nag kulang ug educate sailaha kay daghan
naman kaayog gina gamitan medium diba, para lang jud i educate sila na kailangan e save ang mga
kahoy, siguro ang main factors nalang jud kay negligence nalang gyud on our part kay kabalo naman
gud ta na mali pero ginabuhat gihapon nato.” (I2)
[If you were to say, in the future, we have not really been lacking in educating them because many
mediums are being used for that, right? It is just that the main factor now is negligence on our part
because we know it is wrong, but we continue to do it.]
“Ah sakoa siguro ma’am kay ang kamang mangan nila sa law, nga kung muingon ug dili pwede ug di
dapat buhaton kay buhaton jud nila. Isa ang poverty nganong maka buhat silag maka daot sailaha
tungod kay lack of education ang uban.” (I3)
[For me, ma'am, because they will eat the law, that if they say it cannot and should not be done, they
will do it. Poverty is one reason they can do terrible things because others lack education.]
Future environmental impact of illegal logging
Respondents expressed concerns about the future deforestation and habitat loss from illegal logging.
They emphasized that if illegal logging practices persist, more forests will be cleared, leading to the destruction
of valuable ecosystems and the loss of diverse plant and animal species. This can disrupt ecological balance and
reduce biodiversity. In addition, some respondents also highlighted the potential future contribution of illegal
logging to climate change. They explained that forests are crucial in absorbing carbon dioxide from the
atmosphere as part of the carbon sequestration process. Respondents highlighted the potential future impacts of
illegal logging on indigenous and local communities. They explained that many communities rely on forests for
their livelihoods, cultural practices, and traditional knowledge. Continued illegal logging can disrupt these
communities' way of life.
Rinkesh (2020) investigated that the lives of indigenous communities and villagers close to the forests
are usually destroyed in countless ways because of illegal logging. Illegal logging takes away their traditional

way of life and livelihoods. Notably, their tribal cultures are lost if the forest goes away, making it difficult for
them to forage, threatening their survival. Some also depend on the forest resources for income; illegal logging
then ends up their only source of income, which makes them modern-day slaves and shadows of their authentic
cultures. At a vast catastrophic level, illegal logging activity is taking place, which is converting the forests into
grasslands, and a considerable decline in plant and animal species is also observed. In protected areas, illegal
logging practices can threaten rare plant and animal species. Destructive floods, damaged landscapes, polluted
air, and drinking water can result due to deforestation. And the area will become more exposed to climate
change. Deforestation has a wide range of impacts concerning biodiversity, which also leads to species
extinction due to the decrease in the tree count.
“So same sakong giingon ganina ma’am, ang impact jud sa illegal logging in future is dili jud siya
mayo and murag mag result lang gihapon siyag kanang disruption of destruction sapa muyo sa mga
tao ma’am.” (I1)
[As I mentioned earlier, the impact of illegal logging in the future is not good at all, and it seems like
it will still lead to disruptions or destruction of people's homes.]
“Ang illegal logging makaguba sa mga kahoy nga nagsilbing carbon sinks ug climate regulators, nga
adunay dakong papel sa global warming ug climate change. Ang ilegal nga pagpamutol og kahoy
maoy usa ka puwersa sa pagduso sa ubay-ubay nga mga isyu sa kinaiyahan sama sa deforestation,
pagkaguba sa yuta ug pagkawala sa biodiversity nga makaduso sa dagkong mga krisis sa kinaiyahan
sama sa pagbag-o sa klima ug uban pang matang sa pagkadaot sa kinaiyahan.” (I2)
[Illegal logging destroys trees that function as carbon sinks and climate regulators, which play a
significant role in global warming and climate change. Illegal logging is a driving force for several
environmental issues, such as deforestation, soil erosion, and biodiversity loss, which can drive larger-
scale environmental crises such as climate change and other forms of environmental degradation.]
“Hmm kato lagi kanang flash flood diria, common kaayo sa pagkakaron kay dili na muagi ang tubig
sa kay didtoa na sa kalsada. Mangita silag sementado nga maagian. Pwede mo samot kung dili mapa
undang ang illegal logging.” (I3)
[During a flash flood, it is standard for the water not to flow through the river anymore but instead go
onto the road. They are now looking for a concrete passage. It could worsen if illegal logging is not
stopped.]
“So, sa impact sa kahoy so syempre mawala ang kahoy ang mga livestock pud namo mangawala pud
ang mga hayop na originally na naa na diri mamalhin ug mangamatay so wala najuy mabuhi ani.”
(I4)
[The impact of illegal logging is far-reaching; it threatens the loss of trees and endangers livestock and
other animals that depend on the trees for shelter and sustenance. This situation undermines the
livelihoods of the families who rely on these resources to survive.]
The role of government in preventing illegal logging
The respondents were interviewed to emphasize the crucial role of the government in establishing and
enforcing comprehensive policies and regulations to prevent illegal logging. They also emphasized the
importance of government support in strengthening law enforcement agencies responsible for combating illegal
logging. This includes providing adequate resources, such as personnel, training, equipment, and technology, to
effectively enhance their capacity to detect, investigate, and prosecute illegal logging activities. Respondents
highlighted the role of the government in raising public awareness and education about the environmental,
social, and economic impacts of illegal logging. This can involve public campaigns, educational programs, and
community engagement initiatives to foster a sense of responsibility and promote the value of sustainable forest
management among the public.
Listyani (2020) asserts that illegal logging is a severe problem at the global level, which can lead to
environmental degradation, biodiversity suppression, and a deterioration in residents' quality of life. This point
implies that if the lack of support by the government is intentional, external attempts at strengthening those
agencies will not lead to tangible outcomes. This is a familiar picture to many development projects in the forest
sector. In other words, capacity-building projects to stop illegal logging will not lead to substantial change
unless the recipient government is committed to reducing illegal logging.
“First jud kay ma’am sila jud ang dapat mangusog ani maam, pangusgan nila para I ban ni nga mga activity.
Kay Dili lang man gud sila ang maapektuhan, ma'am. Tanan ta. Labi natong mga nagpuyo sa mismong lugar,
ma'am. Ug kinsa jud tung nakasala put in jail jud ma’am ipriso ang dapat I priso ma’am.” (I1)

[They really should take the lead in this, ma'am, to push for a ban on these activities. It's not just them who will
be affected, ma'am, but all of us, especially those who live in the same area.]
“So, ang role na dapat nga lihukon sa government anu ma’am is strengthening nila ang ilang action para ma
stop na ning mga naga buhat ug di dapat.” (I2)
[The role that the government should take and perform in this matter, ma'am, is to strengthen their actions to
stop activities like this, ma'am.]
“Dako, dako kaayo kay pag muingon man kag government, diba tanan gyud na apil na ang tao ang kita, diba
pero pag muingon man gud ta didtoa na creation of environmental laws, daghan naman gyud kaayo,
enforcement na lang gyud ang kulang. Siguro ang dapat e priority sa gobyerno kay ang pagbutang ug ngipon
sa mga balaod nga naa saatoa karon. When it terms of environmental protection and conservation.” (I3)
[Huge, big. Because when you say government, everyone is involved, right? The people, the income, isn't it?
But when we talk about the creation of environmental laws, there are so many; it is just the enforcement that's
lacking. The government should prioritize putting teeth into the laws that we currently have when it comes to
environmental protection and conservation.]
“Ahmmm, possible dli sila I allow kay illegal mana Higpitan ang pagpa kuhaog permit, dapat e monitor sa
gobyerno ang pagpakuhaog permit.” (I4)
[Strictly regulate the issuance of permits; the government should closely monitor the permit application
process]
“Ahhh sa karon kay wala pa kaayu kuy mahuna huna pero akua lang is kanang ma preserve nila ang bukid,
magenforce silag law ug bantayan nila or I fence out nila.” (I5, I6)
[Ah, I have not yet given much thought to it, but in my opinion, it would be best if they preserved the
mountains. They could enforce laws and implement measures to protect and safeguard them. Alternatively,
they could also set up a fence to keep intruders out.]
Effective measures to combat future illegal logging
The respondents were asked whether there are awareness programs, campaigns, or information given
by agencies such as the government and other organizations about their rights to a clean and safe environment;
these are their responses: Respondents highlighted the importance of promoting sustainable forest management
practices to combat illegal logging. This includes developing and implementing comprehensive forest
management plans that prioritize conservation, restoration, and responsible logging practices. Respondents
highlighted the need for improved governance and transparency in the forestry sector. This includes establishing
clear policies and regulations, strengthening institutional capacity, and promoting transparency in logging
permits, timber trade, and supply chains.
We know deforestation is a real problem in the world today. Apart from damaging the environment,
deforestation also brings social problems. According to Cashore (2019), the politics and economics of
biodiversity conservation are other factors with a bearing on the future of illegal logging and the forest. Illegal
logging in protected areas may seem to be the most obvious target of law enforcement. Our society is
overconsuming. We’re demanding too much from our planet and having an unsustainable ecological footprint.
“Siguro ma’am kay If ever maam na naay kuan nahibal an na nag illegal logging, kaning ipakulong jud na
sila maam.” (I1)
[If someone is found to be engaged in illegal logging, they should be arrested and prosecuted, ma'am.]
“For example, ani ma’am ang pinaka-effective jud na-measure ani ma’am na para ma stop kung sa karon ma-
lessen lang sa nga buhaton ma’am is ang tao jud mismo na naa ana nga lugar ma’am bali e support na lang
jud ang government.” (I2)
[The most effective measure to stop or reduce certain activities right now is for the people themselves in that
area to actively support it, and the government should just provide assistance.]
“Political power to stop it and there is an alternative na livelihood satao. Bigyan din sila ng kabuhayan din
nila. Magtanom pod og fruit trees.” (I3)
[To have the political power to stop it, and there is an alternative livelihood for the people. They should also be
given their means of livelihood. Plant fruit trees as well.]

“Kuan ma’am, apprehension lang jud siguro, e strengthened lang jud siya, kanang murag butngan lang siyag
action.” (I4)
[It's probably just apprehension; it just needs to be strengthened, like adding some action to it.]
“Bawalan ug pakuhaon jud silage permit, naa man guy patago gud para ma minimize ang illegal logging na
pagpamutol sa kahoy.” (I5)
[They will be required to obtain a permit to minimize illegal tree cutting]
“Ahhhh so para sa ako di na sya ma totally stop but we can ano lessen or slow lang ang progress sa pagputol
sa kahoy by sample ahhh magputol kag kahoy tanum napud isa, mao rana akung only way para ma sustain.”
(I6)
[Ah, I understand. We cannot completely stop the practice of illegal logging, but we can certainly reduce it or
slow down its progression. For instance, we could consider planting a new tree for everyone that is cut down.
This is the only way that we can ensure the sustainability of our resources.]
Public awareness efforts and education influence future unlawful logging.
The respondents were asked about the effectiveness of public awareness and public campaigns.
Respondents emphasized that public campaigns and education initiatives play a crucial role in raising awareness
about the negative impacts of illegal logging and promoting a sense of responsibility toward forest conservation.
Respondents stressed that public campaigns and education initiatives can empower local communities living in
or near forested areas. By providing knowledge and resources, these initiatives can help communities
understand their rights, promote sustainable livelihood alternatives, and actively participate in forest
conservation efforts.
Degradation of the world's forest resources is one of the most pressing human development challenges
facing the planet today. Forest degradation impacts the daily lives of hundreds of millions of people around the
world. Increasing insecurity of access to forest goods and services impacts the poorest most severely because
they rely on such goods and services for their subsistence. According to Andres (2020), the environmental
communication skills of stakeholders at the national and local levels were significantly enhanced, contributing
not only to the impact of this campaign but also to the capacity to undertake future environmental campaigns.
“Yes, ma’am para matagad sa mga tao nga bawal ang illegal logging ma’am.” (I1)
[Yes, ma'am, so that people can learn about the effects of illegal logging, ma'am.]
“Gamit siya, that is knowledge about sa tao. Naa lang sa isa ka tao kung mo tuman sila tapos naa pud nay
tendency na mo supa. Pero, sa giingon nako ganina nga ang number one jud ang political power” (I2, I3)
[It is functional; that is knowledge; it's up to him if he'll follow it, and there's also a tendency to oppose it. But,
as I said earlier, political power is number one.]
“Oo, mutuo gyud ko kana gyud siya at least sa napulo, naay isa nga kanang murag ma inclined na pud siya
ba. At least isa, maski ganing one hundred kahoy nga imong itanom, pila raman gani ang mutuo diba so same
satoa. At least pag mag educate kang napulo bahalag nay isa nga nakasabot.” (I4)
[Yes, I agree. Yes, at least one out of ten. It's like they're inclined that way. At least one. Even if you plant a
hundred trees, how many will grow, right? So, it is the same with people. At least when you educate ten, even
if there is just one.]
“So sa ing ana, kuan depende na mana sa kuan so if mu follow sila sa ilang mga platforms muangay jud na
sailaha kay daku nana nga tabang para samoa.” (I6)
[In that case, it all depends on the individuals themselves. If they adhere to the prescribed methods and
protocols, it will surely be of great help to all concerned.]
Individual actions to prevent future illegal logging activities
Upon answering the question, most of the respondents said that they can make a difference by being
responsible individuals. Other participants said that individuals can educate themselves about the issue of illegal
logging. By understanding the environmental, social, and economic impacts of illegal logging, individuals can
raise awareness among their peers, communities, and networks. Individuals can report any suspicious activities
related to illegal logging to the appropriate authorities. By reporting such activities, individuals can contribute to
the detection and prevention of illegal logging operations.

Ending deforestation is our best chance to conserve wildlife and defend the rights of forest
communities. On top of that, it’s one of the quickest and most cost-effective ways to curb global warming.
According to Mustafa (2019), companies should set ambitious targets to maximize the use of recycled wood,
pulp, paper, and fiber in their products. For the non-recycled products they buy, they should ensure that any
virgin fiber used has transparent, credible assurances that it was sourced legally and respects principles of
environmental and social responsibility. Working to end deforestation and forest degradation while helping to
restore lost forests is our best chance to solve the climate emergency, protect wildlife, and defend the rights of
Indigenous Peoples and traditional local communities.
“As a link individual ma'am, if ever ma'am na naa koy mahibal an or madunggan ma'am na illegal logging, i-
report dayun nako samga official’s para mabuhatan dayun og legal action.” (I1)
[As a responsible citizen, if I ever come across information or hear about illegal logging activities, I will
promptly report it to the relevant authorities so that appropriate legal actions can be taken.]
“Ahhhhm, ang gina recruit or gina kuan jud ani na trabaho ma’am is kana man jung mga walang wala
ma’am. So as an individual nga mangita ug trabaho, kadto nalang pud unta nga marangal nga trabaho ma’am
dili pareha nang illegal logging kung kabao ta nga mali na.” (I2)
[Those who are being recruited or hired for this job, ma'am, are those who do not have anything, ma'am. So, as
an individual looking for a job, it should be an honorable job, ma'am, different from illegal logging if we know
it's wrong.]
“Full understanding, maka dungog ta na that is bad, mo tuman jud ta ana. Kung naka sabot ka nay tendency
na mabutang ka for example, maka kita ka nga may namutol ug kahoy, dili nimo siya tabunan, the more maka
sabot ta anang butanga gamay nalang ang mo supak ana.” (I3)
[Full understanding, when we hear that something is terrible, we should avoid it. If you understand that there is
a tendency for you to help, for example, if you see someone cutting down a tree and you do not cover it up, the
more you understand that thing, the less likely you are to go against it.]
“Siguro kay kanang kailangan lang jud nato e put into action ang atong mga pag love satong environment.
Kay kanang naa nata, available nagud na sato, naay balaod, ang pag play as a steward nalang jud, as steward
sa environment.” (I4)
[What we really need to do is to put our love for the environment into action. Since everything is already there,
available to us, and we have laws in place, we should just play the role of a steward, as a steward to the
environment.]
“Maghimo ta og dissemination campaign na dili na pamutlon ang mga kahoy, isa pa maghimo usab ta og
ordinance.” (I5)
[Let us conduct a dissemination campaign to discourage tree cutting, and let's also create an ordinance.]
“Kuan first is be educated ahhh unta makabalo ta sa mga consequences sa pagkuha sa atung mga gusto ug
para I enforce natu atung mga sarili nga tama jud ni sya ihhh kuan nato na way as sustainable na ano way
nga ma prevent aning future mga events such as kanang pag putol ug kahoy ug mga resulta ana so on and so
forthhh…..” (I6)
[Ideally, we should educate ourselves on the consequences of our actions to reinforce the importance of acting
responsibly and sustainably in achieving our goals. We need to ensure that we do not engage in activities such
as illegal logging, which can lead to undesirable results such as deforestation and its associated consequences.
Thus, preventing such future events requires an initiative-taking approach and a long-term vision for a more
sustainable future.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
The study on illegal logging brings attention to critical challenges in enforcement, revealing obstacles
like resource limitations, corruption, and neglect in rural areas that impede the implementation of existing laws.
Poverty drives communities towards illegal logging, necessitating interventions that provide alternative
livelihoods. Educational campaigns are deemed essential to shift the perception of illegal logging as a natural
occurrence and increase awareness of its environmental impact. Environmental degradation, exacerbated by
floods and climate change, highlights the urgent need for preventive measures. Limited awareness and reporting
mechanisms further complicate the issue, prompting a call for community engagement and accessible reporting
systems.

The study sheds light on severe environmental degradation and socioeconomic hardships, linking
rampant deforestation and pollution to adverse impacts on community health and economic stability. Weak
governance, inadequate regulations, and poverty-driven motivations contribute to the crisis, emphasizing the
need for alternative livelihoods. Respondents stressed the importance of robust governance, poverty alleviation,
education, and sustainable economic options to effectively combat the far-reaching impacts of illegal logging.
The study underscores the need for more robust legal frameworks, stricter penalties, and heightened sanctions to
minimize or halt illegal logging. Emphasizing the role of public awareness and education, the study highlights
the importance of informing communities, stakeholders, and the public about the ecological, social, and
economic repercussions of illegal logging.
Future factors driving illegal logging, such as poverty, lack of education, urbanization, and rising
timber demand, are anticipated, raising concerns about severe deforestation, habitat loss, ecosystem disruption,
biodiversity decline, and potential contributions to climate change. Urgent actions are required to fortify
regulations, educate communities, and mitigate future threats to preserve ecosystems and safeguard local
livelihoods. The study underscores the government's pivotal role in curbing illegal logging through robust
policies, effective enforcement, and public awareness campaigns. Strategies for combating future illegal logging
include empowering communities, implementing transparent forestry governance, and prioritizing conservation
efforts. Individual activities indicate that individuals can educate themselves and others, report suspicious
activities, and engage in responsible environmental stewardship to prevent the devastating consequences of
illegal logging. Collective efforts at both governmental and individual levels are vital to protect forests and
mitigate the impacts of illegal logging on ecosystems and communities.
The challenges identified in the study on illegal logging offer significant implications for future
research and related investigations. In particular, understanding and enhancing the effectiveness of law
enforcement against illegal logging, exploring socioeconomic drivers, assessing environmental impact,
monitoring links to climate change, promoting community awareness and reporting mechanisms, evaluating
economic consequences on affected communities, and addressing societal health impacts are critical areas for
further exploration. Future research should adopt interdisciplinary approaches, considering the interconnected
nature of these challenges, and engage with communities to develop targeted interventions and sustainable
solutions. These findings provide a valuable foundation for comprehensive studies that aim to address the
complex issues surrounding illegal logging and contribute to informed policymaking and conservation efforts.
The researcher gleaned insightful findings from the study on illegal logging, identifying significant
challenges such as the pervasive issue of ineffective law enforcement driven by concerns about resource
constraints, corruption, and limited authorities' capacity. Poverty emerged as a significant driver for engagement
in illegal logging activities, leading to profound socioeconomic consequences for local communities dependent
on forest resources. The study shed light on the intricate interplay between environmental degradation and
economic instability, exacerbating poverty and hindering sustainable development. Future challenges, including
weak governance, climate change impacts, and the potential contribution to climate change, were explored,
emphasizing the need for adaptive strategies. The crucial role of the government in enforcing comprehensive
policies, supporting law enforcement agencies, and raising public awareness was underscored.
The researcher gleaned lessons on the importance of holistic approaches, public awareness, and future
preparedness, realizing the power of individual agency and the necessity for sustainable forest management and
community engagement. These insights, lessons learned, and realizations contribute to a nuanced understanding
of illegal logging, guiding the formulation of effective strategies for mitigation and prevention.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We extend our heartfelt gratitude to all those who have contributed to the realization of this qualitative research
entitled “Illegal Logging: Problems and Challenges in Present and Future." This undergraduate thesis was only
possible with the following person's unwavering support, guidance, and cooperation.
To Carmelita B. Chavez, Ph. D Dean of the College of Criminal Justice Education, for approving the
researchers to conduct this thesis.
To Mechelle C. Gempesao, MSCJ, our research adviser, for the guidance and mentorship, whose expertise and
encouragement have been instrumental throughout our research process.
To our research panels, Stella Karen Branzuela, Ph.D. and Joner Villaluz, Ph.D. Their guidance and
suggestions are crucial to the success of the study.
To Irish P. Bandolos, MSCJ, our research coordinator, for giving us information, suggestions, and guidance to
complete this thesis.
Moreover, above all, to Almighty God, our strength and fortress, all things are to you and for you; thank you
for the knowledge and the grace to persevere.

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