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Applied mathematics is any valid mathematics that arises in the evolution and dispatch of real-world problems. It may use all of the techniques of "pure" mathematics, but the two differ in the sources of problems addressed and the uses to which solutions will be put. Therefore, applied mathematics can involve engineering, physics and other fields, in addition to pure mathematics.
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Every Canadian university has a mathematics department and offers one or more programs in this field. The same is probably true of almost every university throughout the world, a reflection of the importance of mathematics in contemporary society (see Mathematics and Society). Mathematics came to prominence as a scientific discipline after the Renaissance, during the period historians call the Scientific Revolution (1450-1700), when brilliant astronomer-mathematicians such as Copernicus and Newton discovered the true nature of the solar system, with the sun at the centre and the planets revolving around it. (See also Astronomy.) The role that mathematics played in these major discoveries gave the discipline the stature it has maintained to this day.
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Mathematics is the science of numbers and spatial relationships. It is customary to distinguish pure mathematics and applied mathematics. Pure mathematics can be divided roughly into three major fields: geometry and topology, algebra and arithmetic, and analysis. It is complemented by logic, which deals with sets, the basic mathematical objects, their axioms and rules of inference. This article provides background on mathematics. For more detailed information please see Applied Mathematics; History of Mathematics in Canada; Mathematics and Society.
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The involvement of a society in mathematics is determined by cultural and functional factors.
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Science is the rational study of nature, rose to prominence in European civilization at almost the same time as the first European exploration of what is now Canada and was, from the beginning, an element in those explorations.
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Statistics is the science concerned with the collection and analysis of numerical information to answer questions wisely. The term also refers to the numerical information that has been collected. Statistics has many applications in Canada, from government censuses and surveys, to decision making in industry, to medical research and technological innovation.
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