左翼集團 (葡萄牙)

左翼集團
Bloco de Esquerda
左翼集團; Bloco de Esquerda
	左翼集團标志
简称	BE
领袖	集体领导
发言人	卡塔琳娜·馬丁斯
成立	1999年3月24日
合并自	革命社会党; 人民民主联盟（英语：Popular Democratic Union (Portugal)）; 政治21（英语：Politics XXI）
总部	里斯本
党报	《左翼》
意識形態	民主社会主义; 生态社会主义; 女性主义; 左翼民粹主义; 反资本主义; 欧洲怀疑主义;
政治立場	左翼至极左翼
欧洲组织	欧洲反资本主义左翼; 现在人民; 欧洲左翼党（2024年以前）
歐洲議會黨團	欧洲议会左翼—GUE/NGL
官方色彩
	葡萄牙政治; 政党 · 选举

左翼集團（葡萄牙語：Bloco de Esquerda，缩写为BE）是葡萄牙的一个左翼政黨，成立於1999年3月24日，由革命社会党（托派政党，第四国际葡萄牙支部）、人民民主联盟（英语：Popular Democratic Union (Portugal)）（马克思主义政党，包含毛派和霍查派）和政治21（英语：Politics XXI）（社会主义政党，分裂自葡萄牙共产党）三个政党组成。

選舉結果

共和國議會選舉

选举年份	共和国议会					政府	排名	领导	备注
选举年份	票数	%	±pp	议席数	+/−	政府	排名	领导	备注
1999	132,333	2.4%		2 / 230		反对党	第5	弗朗西斯科·卢萨（英语：Francisco Louçã）
2002	149,966	2.7%	▲0.4	3 / 230	▲ 1	反对党	第5	弗朗西斯科·卢萨（英语：Francisco Louçã）
2005	364,971	6.4%	▲3.6	8 / 230	▲ 5	反对党	第5	弗朗西斯科·卢萨（英语：Francisco Louçã）
2009	557,306	9.8%	▲3.1	16 / 230	▲ 8	反对党	第4	弗朗西斯科·卢萨（英语：Francisco Louçã）
2011	288,923	5.2%	▼4.6	8 / 230	▼ 8	反对党	第5	弗朗西斯科·卢萨（英语：Francisco Louçã）
2015	550,945	10.2%	▲5.0	19 / 230	▲ 11	议会支持	第3	卡塔琳娜·馬丁斯	议会支持安東尼奧·科斯塔
2019	500,017	9.5%	▼0.7	19 / 230	━ 0		第3	卡塔琳娜·馬丁斯

歐洲議會

年份	得票數	得票比例	獲得席次	+/-	備註
1999	61,920	1.8 %	0 / 25		第5大黨
2004	167,313	4.9 %	1 / 24	▲ 1	第5大黨
2009	382,667	10.7 %	3 / 22	▲ 2	第3大黨 2011年黨籍議員Rui Tavares退黨後剩下2席^[14]
2014	149,764	4.56 (#5)	1 / 21	▼ 2
2019	325,450	9.82(#3)	2 / 21	▲1

參考文献

^ Portal do Bloco de Esquerda - Mesa Nacional elege Comissão Política e Comissão Permanente. Portal do Bloco de Esquerda. 2014-12-01 [2014-12-01]. （原始内容存档于2016-06-29）.
^ March, Luke. Radical left parties in Europe. Routledge. December 2011: 1801. ISBN 9781136578977.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 Where is Portugal's Radical Left? – Global Politics. 11 February 2015 [7 January 2018]. （原始内容存档于2018-09-25）.
^ ^[2]^[3]
^ {{Citation |first=Derek |last=Wall |title=The Rise of the Green Left: Inside the Worldwide Ecosocialist Movement |publisher=Pluto Press |year=2010 |page=97
^ Populism Report Q3 2018 (PDF). Foundation for European Progressive Studies. [27 March 2019]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于27 March 2019）.
^ Portugal's bright outlook offers Europe some hope. Financial Times. 25 August 2019. （原始内容存档于10 December 2022）. The alliance between Mr Costa's Socialist Party (PS) and further left groups such as the anti-establishment Left Bloc was considered tenuous when it was forged in 2015.
^ ^[6]^[7]
^ Country profile – Portugal - Euroviews 2014. www.euroviews.eu. [7 January 2018]. （原始内容存档于2014-12-30）.
^
- Risque pays du Portugal : Politique. Société Générale. [11 May 2019]. （原始内容存档于2018-10-03）（法语）.
- Portugal - Political Parties - Elections. perspective.usherbrooke.ca. [11 May 2019]. （原始内容存档于2023-04-08）（法语）. Portugal : la coalition de droite conserve le pouvoir. perspective.usherbrooke.ca. 26 October 2015 [11 May 2019]. （原始内容存档于2024-01-25）（法语）. Deux autres partis de " gauche " étaient en lice pour les élections. Premièrement, le Bloc de gauche, considéré par le journal The Guardian comme étant une version portugaise du parti politique grec anti-austérité Syriza, a récolté 10,2% des suffrages (8).
- Portugal, Le paysage politique. BiblioMonde. [2018-12-11]. （原始内容存档于2018-11-15）（法语）. BE, le Bloc des gauches (Bloco da Esquerda) : formation regroupant l’extrême gauche portugaise depuis 1999. Influente dans les milieux intellectuels de la capitale, BE a obtenu 2,7% des voix et 3 députés en mars 2002 (soit un siège de plus qu’en 1999). BE comprend notamment l'Union démocratique populaire (União Democràtica Popular), le Parti socialiste révolutionnaire (Partido Socialista Revolucionario ) et Politica XXI. .
- When the Socialists came to power in 2015, they won the parliamentary support of two left wing parties, the Left Bloc and the Communists.. Reuters. 31 July 2019 [2024-04-05]. （原始内容存档于2019-08-02）.
^
- Left Bloc (BE). The Democratic Society. 19 May 2014 [26 August 2018]. （原始内容存档于28 May 2019）. The Left Bloc is the more socially libertarian, and bohemian of Portugal's two far-left structures.
- Cunha, Carlos. Few but Pure and Good Members are Preferred to a Mass Party – The Portuguese Communist Party's Continued Orthodoxy. Communist and Post-Communist Parties in Europe. Hannah Arendt Institute Research on Totalitarianism. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. 2008 [16 March 2024]. ISBN 978-3525369128.
- March, Luke. Contemporary Far Left Parties in Europe (PDF). Berlin: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. 2008: 4 [2024-04-05]. ISBN 978-3-86872-000-6. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2011-09-09）.
- As Europe left struggles, Portugal's alliance wins over voters and Brussels. reuters.com. 31 March 2017 [11 May 2019]. （原始内容存档于2023-04-08）（英语）. The unlikely alliance of center-left Socialists and two far-left parties has overcome deep scepticism since it was formed in 2015, achieving stability and maintaining economic recovery at a time of political uncertainty across Europe.
- Portugal PM says open to new alliance with far left. Euronews. 11 July 2019 [2024-04-05]. （原始内容存档于2023-09-21）.
^ EL-Parties Archive.is的存檔，存档日期2016-06-29. Party of European Left.[2018-06-02]
^ Bloco de Esquerda - GUE/NGL - Another Europe is possible. GUE/NGL. [2014-12-31]. （原始内容存档于2015-01-01）.
^ Rui Tavares rompe com o Bloco de Esquerda. Expresso. 2011-06-21 [2018-10-30]. （原始内容存档于2011-11-30）.

[1] Portal do Bloco de Esquerda - Mesa Nacional elege Comissão Política e Comissão Permanente. Portal do Bloco de Esquerda. 2014-12-01 [2014-12-01]. （原始内容存档于2016-06-29）.

[2] March, Luke. Radical left parties in Europe. Routledge. December 2011: 1801. ISBN 9781136578977.

[radleft-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Where is Portugal's Radical Left? – Global Politics. 11 February 2015 [7 January 2018]. （原始内容存档于2018-09-25）.

[4] [2]^[3]

[5] {{Citation |first=Derek |last=Wall |title=The Rise of the Green Left: Inside the Worldwide Ecosocialist Movement |publisher=Pluto Press |year=2010 |page=97

[6] Populism Report Q3 2018 (PDF). Foundation for European Progressive Studies. [27 March 2019]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于27 March 2019）.

[7] Portugal's bright outlook offers Europe some hope. Financial Times. 25 August 2019. （原始内容存档于10 December 2022）. The alliance between Mr Costa's Socialist Party (PS) and further left groups such as the anti-establishment Left Bloc was considered tenuous when it was forged in 2015.

[8] [6]^[7]

[9] Country profile – Portugal - Euroviews 2014. www.euroviews.eu. [7 January 2018]. （原始内容存档于2014-12-30）.

[left-wing-10] 
Risque pays du Portugal : Politique. Société Générale. [11 May 2019]. （原始内容存档于2018-10-03）（法语）.
Portugal - Political Parties - Elections. perspective.usherbrooke.ca. [11 May 2019]. （原始内容存档于2023-04-08）（法语）. Portugal : la coalition de droite conserve le pouvoir. perspective.usherbrooke.ca. 26 October 2015 [11 May 2019]. （原始内容存档于2024-01-25）（法语）. Deux autres partis de " gauche " étaient en lice pour les élections. Premièrement, le Bloc de gauche, considéré par le journal The Guardian comme étant une version portugaise du parti politique grec anti-austérité Syriza, a récolté 10,2% des suffrages (8).
Portugal, Le paysage politique. BiblioMonde. [2018-12-11]. （原始内容存档于2018-11-15）（法语）. BE, le Bloc des gauches (Bloco da Esquerda) : formation regroupant l’extrême gauche portugaise depuis 1999. Influente dans les milieux intellectuels de la capitale, BE a obtenu 2,7% des voix et 3 députés en mars 2002 (soit un siège de plus qu’en 1999). BE comprend notamment l'Union démocratique populaire (União Democràtica Popular), le Parti socialiste révolutionnaire (Partido Socialista Revolucionario ) et Politica XXI. .
When the Socialists came to power in 2015, they won the parliamentary support of two left wing parties, the Left Bloc and the Communists.. Reuters. 31 July 2019 [2024-04-05]. （原始内容存档于2019-08-02）.

[11] Risque pays du Portugal : Politique. Société Générale. [11 May 2019]. （原始内容存档于2018-10-03）（法语）.

[12] Portugal - Political Parties - Elections. perspective.usherbrooke.ca. [11 May 2019]. （原始内容存档于2023-04-08）（法语）. Portugal : la coalition de droite conserve le pouvoir. perspective.usherbrooke.ca. 26 October 2015 [11 May 2019]. （原始内容存档于2024-01-25）（法语）. Deux autres partis de " gauche " étaient en lice pour les élections. Premièrement, le Bloc de gauche, considéré par le journal The Guardian comme étant une version portugaise du parti politique grec anti-austérité Syriza, a récolté 10,2% des suffrages (8).

[13] Portugal, Le paysage politique. BiblioMonde. [2018-12-11]. （原始内容存档于2018-11-15）（法语）. BE, le Bloc des gauches (Bloco da Esquerda) : formation regroupant l’extrême gauche portugaise depuis 1999. Influente dans les milieux intellectuels de la capitale, BE a obtenu 2,7% des voix et 3 députés en mars 2002 (soit un siège de plus qu’en 1999). BE comprend notamment l'Union démocratique populaire (União Democràtica Popular), le Parti socialiste révolutionnaire (Partido Socialista Revolucionario ) et Politica XXI. .

[14] When the Socialists came to power in 2015, they won the parliamentary support of two left wing parties, the Left Bloc and the Communists.. Reuters. 31 July 2019 [2024-04-05]. （原始内容存档于2019-08-02）.

[far-left-11] 
Left Bloc (BE). The Democratic Society. 19 May 2014 [26 August 2018]. （原始内容存档于28 May 2019）. The Left Bloc is the more socially libertarian, and bohemian of Portugal's two far-left structures.
Cunha, Carlos. Few but Pure and Good Members are Preferred to a Mass Party – The Portuguese Communist Party's Continued Orthodoxy. Communist and Post-Communist Parties in Europe. Hannah Arendt Institute Research on Totalitarianism. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. 2008 [16 March 2024]. ISBN 978-3525369128.
March, Luke. Contemporary Far Left Parties in Europe (PDF). Berlin: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. 2008: 4 [2024-04-05]. ISBN 978-3-86872-000-6. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2011-09-09）.
As Europe left struggles, Portugal's alliance wins over voters and Brussels. reuters.com. 31 March 2017 [11 May 2019]. （原始内容存档于2023-04-08）（英语）. The unlikely alliance of center-left Socialists and two far-left parties has overcome deep scepticism since it was formed in 2015, achieving stability and maintaining economic recovery at a time of political uncertainty across Europe.
Portugal PM says open to new alliance with far left. Euronews. 11 July 2019 [2024-04-05]. （原始内容存档于2023-09-21）.

[16] Left Bloc (BE). The Democratic Society. 19 May 2014 [26 August 2018]. （原始内容存档于28 May 2019）. The Left Bloc is the more socially libertarian, and bohemian of Portugal's two far-left structures.

[17] Cunha, Carlos. Few but Pure and Good Members are Preferred to a Mass Party – The Portuguese Communist Party's Continued Orthodoxy. Communist and Post-Communist Parties in Europe. Hannah Arendt Institute Research on Totalitarianism. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. 2008 [16 March 2024]. ISBN 978-3525369128.

[18] March, Luke. Contemporary Far Left Parties in Europe (PDF). Berlin: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. 2008: 4 [2024-04-05]. ISBN 978-3-86872-000-6. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2011-09-09）.

[19] As Europe left struggles, Portugal's alliance wins over voters and Brussels. reuters.com. 31 March 2017 [11 May 2019]. （原始内容存档于2023-04-08）（英语）. The unlikely alliance of center-left Socialists and two far-left parties has overcome deep scepticism since it was formed in 2015, achieving stability and maintaining economic recovery at a time of political uncertainty across Europe.

[20] Portugal PM says open to new alliance with far left. Euronews. 11 July 2019 [2024-04-05]. （原始内容存档于2023-09-21）.

[12] EL-Parties Archive.is的存檔，存档日期2016-06-29. Party of European Left.[2018-06-02]

[13] Bloco de Esquerda - GUE/NGL - Another Europe is possible. GUE/NGL. [2014-12-31]. （原始内容存档于2015-01-01）.

[14] Rui Tavares rompe com o Bloco de Esquerda. Expresso. 2011-06-21 [2018-10-30]. （原始内容存档于2011-11-30）.

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