littera
芬蘭語
[编辑]名詞
[编辑]littera
- （支票的） 面額
變格
[编辑]| littera 的屈折 (Kotus 類型 12/kulkija，無元音變換) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| 主格 | littera | litterat | |
| 屬格 | litteran | litteroiden litteroitten | |
| 部分格 | litteraa | litteroita | |
| 入格 | litteraan | litteroihin | |
| 單數 | 複數 | ||
| 主格 | littera | litterat | |
| 賓格 | 主 | littera | litterat |
| 屬 | litteran | ||
| 屬格 | litteran | litteroiden litteroitten litterain 罕用 | |
| 部分格 | litteraa | litteroita | |
| 內格 | litterassa | litteroissa | |
| 出格 | litterasta | litteroista | |
| 入格 | litteraan | litteroihin | |
| 接格 | litteralla | litteroilla | |
| 離格 | litteralta | litteroilta | |
| 向格 | litteralle | litteroille | |
| 樣格 | litterana | litteroina | |
| 轉移格 | litteraksi | litteroiksi | |
| 欠格 | litteratta | litteroitta | |
| 手段格 | — | litteroin | |
| 共格 | 請參閱下方的所有格形式。 | ||
因特語
[编辑]發音
[编辑]名詞
[编辑]littera (複數 litteras)
拉丁語
[编辑]其他寫法
[编辑]詞源
[编辑]來源不確定，有兩種解釋：
- 源自早期的lītera（是否存在還有爭議）[1]，輔音加長（也被稱作littera rule）[2]，源自古拉丁語 leitera (見於公元前122年[3]，但Ernout & Meillet 認為應是lino[4]），源自早期形容詞 *lei-tos的複數形 (參見opera ← opus)，與拉丁語 linō (“污漬”)、原始意大利語 *linō (“污漬”)有關，[5]源自原始印歐語 *h₂leyH- (“污漬”)。其變體構擬出的原始印歐語詞根是*leyt- (“撓”)。[6]
發音
[编辑]名詞
[编辑]littera f (属格 litterae); 第一类变格
- 字母
- (轉喻) 書寫
- 106 BCE – 43 BCE, Cicero, Epistulae ad Atticum 7.2:
- Tam Alexidis manum amabam, quod tam prope accedebat ad similitudinem tuae litterae; non amabam, quod indicabat te non valere.
- While I was liking the handwriting of Alexis for it resembled so closely a likeness to your own handwriting, I wasn't liking it for it was indicating that you were not well.
- Tam Alexidis manum amabam, quod tam prope accedebat ad similitudinem tuae litterae; non amabam, quod indicabat te non valere.
- (常用複數) 書信
- Litteras resignare.
- 開啟信封。
- (常用複數) 文學
- Si versus horum duorum poetarum neglegetis, magna parte litterarum carebitis.
- If you neglect the verses of these two poets, you will miss a great part of literature.
- 〈引〉(常用複數) 學問
- (常用複數) 集
- (常用複數) 記錄，文檔
- (常用複數) 法令
使用注意
[编辑]- litterae missae 義為“被人送出去的信”，litterae allatae 是“收到的信”，則liber litterarum missarum et allatarum 義為“書信冊”。
變格
[编辑]第一類變格名詞。
| 格 | 單數 | 複數 |
|---|---|---|
| 主格 | littera | litterae |
| 屬格 | litterae | litterārum |
| 與格 | litterae | litterīs |
| 賓格 | litteram | litterās |
| 奪格 | litterā | litterīs |
| 呼格 | littera | litterae |
派生詞
[编辑]|lang=參數)
派生語彙
[编辑]- 阿斯圖里亞斯語: lletra
- → 布列塔尼語: lizher
- 加泰羅尼亞語: lletra
- → 康沃爾語: lyther
- 達爾馬提亞語: latera
- 弗留利語: letare, lètare
- 意大利語: lettera
- → 阿爾巴尼亞語: letër
- 奧克語: letra
- 古法語: lettre
- → 古愛爾蘭語: liter
- 皮埃蒙特語: litra
- → 波蘭語: litera
- 葡萄牙語: letra
- 羅馬尼亞語: literă
- 羅曼什語: letra
- → 俄語: ли́тера (lítera)
- 撒丁語: lítara, lítera
- 西西里語: littra, lìttira
- 西班牙語: letra
- 威尼斯語: łétara, létara, létera
- → 威爾士語: llythyr
參考資料
[编辑]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “littera”, Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, ISBN 9789004167971, 页346
- ↑ https://books.google.ru/books?id=J7u6BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA47
- ↑ https://droitromain.univ-grenoble-alpes.fr/Leges/acilia_CIL.htm
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Template:R:la:EM
- ↑ Walde, Alois; Hofmann, Johann Baptist (1938), “littera”, Lateinisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (德語), 卷I, 3rd版, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, 页814
- ↑ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0195083458, 页224
拓展閱讀
[编辑]- littera in Charlton T. Lewis & Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1879
- “littera”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
- littera在Charles du Fresne du Cange的Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition, 1883–1887)
- littera在Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré Latin-Français (拉丁語-法語詳解詞典), Hachette中的內容
- Carl Meissner; Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book[1], London: Macmillan and Co.
- to live (all) one's life (honourably, in the country, as a man of learning): vitam, aetatem (omnem aetatem, omne aetatis tempus) agere (honeste, ruri, in litteris), degere, traducere
- the study of belles-lettres; literary pursuits: litterarum studium or tractatio (not occupatio)
- learned, scientific, literary men: homines litterarum studiosi
- scholarship, culture, literature is at a low ebb: litterae iacent, neglectae iacent
- to be engaged in the pursuit of letters: litteras colere
- to be an enthusiastic devotee of letters: litteras amplecti
- to be an enthusiastic devotee of letters: litteras adamasse (only in perf. and plup.)
- to be engaged in literary pursuits: in studio litterarum versari
- to be engaged in any branch of study: in aliquo litterarum genere versari
- to be an ardent student of..: summo studio in litteris versari
- to devote oneself entirely to literature: se totum litteris tradere, dedere
- to be quite engrossed in literary studies: se totum in litteras or se litteris abdere
- to apply oneself very closely to literary, scientific work: in litteris elaborare (De Sen. 8. 26)
- to find recreation in study: in litteris acquiescere or conquiescere
- to devote one's life to science, study: aetatem in litteris ducere, agere
- to devote all one's leisure moments to study: omne (otiosum) tempus in litteris consumere
- to employ all one's energies on literary work: omne studium in litteris collocare, ad litteras conferre
- to feel an attraction for study: litterarum studio trahi
- to feel an attraction for study: trahi, ferri ad litteras
- to relax one's studies: litterarum studia remittere
- to have a superficial knowledge, a smattering of literature, of the sciences: primis (ut dicitur) or primoribus labris gustare or attingere litteras
- literature: litterae
- written records; documents: litterae ac monumenta or simply monumenta
- Roman literature: litterae latinae
- shining lights in the literary world: clarissima litterarum lumina
- to study Greek literature: graecis litteris studere
- to be well (slightly) acquainted with Greek literature: multum (mediocriter) in graecis litteris versari
- acquainted with the Latin language: latinis litteris or latine doctus
- to possess literary knowledge: litterarum scientiam (only in sing.) habere
- to be well-informed, erudite: multarum rerum cognitione imbutum esse (opp. litterarum or eruditionis expertem esse or [rerum] rudem esse)
- to have received a liberal education: litteras scire
- profound scientific education: litterae interiores et reconditae, artes reconditae
- for a Roman he is decidedly well educated: sunt in illo, ut in homine Romano, multae litterae (De Sen. 4. 12)
- to have received a superficial education: litteris leviter imbutum or tinctum esse
- to be educated by some one: litteras discere ab aliquo
- an elementary school: ludus (discendi or litterarum)
- to receive the first elements of a liberal education: primis litterarum elementis imbui
- to teach some one letters: erudire aliquem artibus, litteris (but erudire aliquem in iure civili, in re militari)
- to write expositions of philosophy in Latin: philosophiam latinis litteris illustrare (Acad. 1. 1. 3)
- to study historical records, read history: evolvere historias, litterarum (veterum annalium) monumenta
- to hold by the letter (of the law): verba ac litteras or scriptum (legis) sequi (opp. sententia the spirit)
- to lengthen the pronunciation of a syllable or letter: syllabam, litteram producere (opp. corripere) (Quintil. 9. 4. 89)
- to pronounce the syllables distinctly: litteras exprimere (opp. obscurare)
- to the letter; literally: ad litteram, litterate
- the alphabet: litterarum ordo
- the alphabet: litterae, elementa
- to arrange in alphabetical order: ad litteram or litterarum ordine digerere
- to put down in writing: litteris mandare or consignare aliquid (Acad. 2. 1. 2)
- to treat in writing: litteris persequi (vid. sect. VIII. 2, note persequi...) aliquid
- to write a letter to some one: epistulam (litteras) dare, scribere, mittere ad aliquem
- correspondence: litterae missae et allatae
- to correspond with some one: colloqui cum aliquo per litteras
- to be in correspondence with..: litteras inter se dare et accipere
- to take a letter somewhere: litteras perferre aliquo
- to read a letter aloud (in public): litteras recitare (Att. 8. 9. 2)
- a letter, the tenor of which is..: litterae hoc exemplo (Att. 9. 6. 3)
- the terms, contents of the letter are as follows: litterae in hanc sententiam or his verbis scriptae sunt
- to deliver a letter dated September 21st: litteras reddere datas a. d. Kal. X. Octob.
- a most courteous letter: litterae officii or humanitatis plenae
- to live (all) one's life (honourably, in the country, as a man of learning): vitam, aetatem (omnem aetatem, omne aetatis tempus) agere (honeste, ruri, in litteris), degere, traducere
- littera in Ramminger, Johann (访问于16 July 2016) Neulateinische Wortliste: Ein Wörterbuch des Lateinischen von Petrarca bis 1700[2], pre-publication website, 2005-2016