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n the porch, a lot of people with bags and sacks were jostling together, but there were even more of them in the orderly’s reception area, a large, cold room divided by a partition. The orderly, a blond-haired young man, was sitting there with a tanned sheepskin jacket thrown over his shoulders, leafing through some papers. The people in the reception area shoved each other on the sly, trying not to squabble loudly among themselves, so they wouldn’t attract the orderly’s attention: he had obviously called them to order already and warned them. They were mostly country people, but there were also a few dressed in town style, even one fashionable woman in a gray astrakhan fur coat with a matching muff and an astrakhan hood. It was strange to see her jostling among the quilted work jackets and short, fur-trimmed coats, trying to squeeze through closer to the counter, where a clerk and a militiaman were accepting the sacks and bags. A massive peasant had taken the place beside the counter. Easily pushing back the people pressing against him from behind, he unloaded pieces of fatback, thickly sprinkled with salt, onto a piece of cloth in front of the clerk, and the clerk made a note of something in a document. The woman in astrakhan fur grabbed hold of the partition with one hand, pressed her shoulder into the peasant’s monolithic, quilted back and squeezed her way desperately, inch by inch, toward the
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cherished counter, holding out at arm’s length a basket tied with silk ribbons, with a bottle of milk glugging in it and an appetizing chunk of roast beef, spiced with garlic, peeping out. Her hood had slipped down onto the nape of her neck and rivulets of sweat were trickling down her young face. “A black marketeer,” Sashenka thought spitefully, drooling. “She got all that astrakhan from thieving.” Just as the woman was getting close, the peasant gently shifted his backside, without even turning around. The blow carried the woman a long way from the counter, behind the other visitors, and flung her hard against the wall. The basket tied with ribbons, which the woman had already managed to set on the very edge of the counter, fell off, the milk ran out under the feet of the jostling crowd, and the woman went diving down, soiling her astrakhan fur on the tarpaulin boots. “Serves her right,” Sashenka thought with malicious glee, “damned black marketeer . . .” “What’s this now?” said the orderly, raising his head. “I warned you, I’ll halt the reception of parcels . . . Why, you people . . . Stepanets,” he said merrily, spotting an old woman at the back of the line, “you’re here again . . .” “Yes, master,” the little old woman mumbled through her gums, bowing. She had three shawls peeping out from under each other, crisscrossed over her quilted vest, and rags with straw poking out of them wrapped around her feet over her felt boots. “I’ve told you time and time again, Stepanets,” the orderly said with patient insistence. “No food parcels will be accepted for your son . . . He’s guilty of extremely grave crimes . . . The mass murder of Soviet citizens, do you understand . . . The people will judge him . . .” “I walked four miles,” the old woman said, wiping her watering eyes. “The frost is scorching . . . What do I want, after all . . . It’s not like I
want to give him much . . . He has a weak stomach . . . And a weak chest too . . . Here . . . Thanks to the kind people who gave me advice . . .” With her frozen, bluish-gray fingers, the old woman began hurriedly untangling the knot of a shawl embroidered with cornflowers. The shawl contained a yellowed piece of paper with scuffed folds, which the old woman carried forward, deftly maneuvering between the other visitors, and held it out to the orderly . . . “What’s this?” said the orderly. “What tatty scrap of nonsense is this, then . . .” He fastidiously took hold of the piece of paper with his finger and thumb and started reading, struggling to make out the faded scribble. “Doctor’s note. The patient P. N. Stepanets suffers from deposits of urate salts in his joints and also inadequate kidney function; he requires a milk diet with a large content of vegetables and fruit. Spa therapy is recommended . . . Hydrogen sulfide and radon baths, mud poultices, in combination with the consumption of mineral water. A visit to Essentuki, Zheleznovodsk, Sochi-Matsesta, or Tskhaltubo is recommended. Doctor Vurvarg. 1940.” While the orderly was reading, the old woman stood in front of him, blinking hopefully and wiping her eyes with her blue-gray fingers. “Everything written here is the truth, master,” she said, “written in honest conscience.” “I don’t have any time for this,” said the orderly, bending over the low partition. “I’ve got a horde of people here, and you’re back here jostling every day! You’d be better off staying at home . . . You walk four miles to get here and four to get back . . .” “That depends, now,” said the old woman. “Sometimes I get a lift . . . Sometimes there’s a collective farm cart or a truck . . . It’s all written here in the paper, he has to take . . .” “This is worthless scribble,” said the orderly, angry now. “Take the paper. Come back again tomorrow, and I’ll detain you . . . Arrest you, understand?” Redemption
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He gave the paper back to the old woman, who carefully wrapped it in the shawl, hid it away on her chest and walked away to the windowsill, obviously settling down for a snack. She took out an onion and a rag containing salt and bread. Taking advantage of the confusion caused by the old woman, the woman in astrakhan fur dashed to the counter through the passage that had opened up, holding out in front of her the basket smelling deliciously of roast beef, which, having been impregnated with spilled milk, had acquired an especially delicate aroma. And tickling Sashenka’s nostrils, that smell redoubled her strength, arousing her malice. Sashenka darted into the passage with equal adroitness, and she and the woman bumped shoulders right at the counter. “I don’t have a parcel,” Sashenka said hastily, straight into the orderly’s face. “I’m here on special business . . .” Sashenka firmly set her elbow on the counter so that it not only prevented the woman from pushing her basket through, but also blocked off the woman’s face from the orderly. “I’ve got special business,” Sashenka repeated, suffering pain because the woman was pressing her knee hard into Sashenka’s leg from below, and on the counter she was scratching the skin just above Sashenka’s wrist with some kind of sharp metal spike protruding from the basket. “What kind of business?” the orderly asked, looking Sashenka up and down. “Special business,” Sashenka said for the third time, struggling to keep her hand on the counter. “Come on through,” said the orderly, lifting a hook and opening a little gate in the partition. Sashenka took her hand off the counter in relief and walked in behind the partition. The woman watched her go with hate in her eyes, and then the woman was squeezed aside again by the tall
peasant, who started laying out hard-boiled eggs on the counter in front of the clerk. “Come in here,” said the orderly, opening a door and letting Sashenka go ahead. It was a small, quite empty room. There wasn’t even a desk in it, nothing but two stools, a telephone on the wall, and a portrait of the People’s Commissar of Internal Affairs. “Sit down,” said the orderly. Sashenka sat down on a stool and the orderly remained standing under the portrait. “I’m listening,” said the orderly. “I know where a polizei is hiding,” said Sashenka, licking her lips that had gone dry for some reason and remembering with absolute clarity the way that Vasya and Olga had sat huddling against each other, like puppies caught in a house fire. “You take your time,” the orderly said briskly and gave her a friendly wink, “and don’t be afraid . . . Come on, tell me all the details . . .” “He’s hiding in my home,” Sashenka said in a flat, firm vice. “My mother feeds him stolen food . . . Stolen from the state . . . I hate her . . . My father was killed at the front, he died for the motherland . . . and she and her lover . . .” The orderly gave Sashenka an intent look, he put his hand on her hair and stroked it . . . “Don’t worry,” he said, “you’ve done the right thing . . . If your father was alive, he’d approve . . . I saw all sorts of things with the partisans for three years . . . So, your mother’s living with a former polizei?” the orderly asked in a different, for-the-record voice. “No,” said Sashenka, with mist floating in front of her eyes and her lips wet from tears, “Olga’s with the polizei . . . my mother’s with a culture worker.”
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“What culture worker?” the orderly asked, taking out a notepad. “Which Olga, let me have the surnames . . .” “I don’t know,” said Sashenka. “The address then,” said the orderly. Sashenka gave him the address. “And where does your mother work?” Sashenka told him. “I ate that food as well,” Sashenka added. “Never mind,” said the orderly, “It’s good that you’ve confessed . . . Do you go to political studies classes? The son is not responsible for the father. Which classic of Marxism is that quote from?” Without waiting for an answer, the orderly went over to the phone, picked up the receiver, and spoke a few words that Sashenka couldn’t make out. Then he hung up, sat down on a stool, put the notepad on his knees, dashed off two phrases in sprawling writing, tore off the page, and held it out to Sashenka. “Go and see the commander,” he said, giving Sashenka the note and opening an inconspicuous door, covered over with wallpaper, to let her out into a corridor. “Go straight on,” he said. “Show them the note.” Sashenka walked along the corridor and found herself in a bright room that was very warm, so that the typist sitting in the corner was wearing a short-sleeved blouse, as if it were summer. And sitting beside the typist was the handsome lieutenant. Sashenka even ran her hand over her eyes at first, unable to believe in such an amazing coincidence. The lieutenant was feeling hot too; he had unfastened the hooks on his uniform tunic, and his neck was cut across by a faint, reddish streak where the tight collar had constricted it. His eyes were not gray now, as they had been at night, but blue. There were three doors in this room, one upholstered with leather, another upholstered with felt, and the third plain wood. A thin man came out through the wooden door, wearing a jacket and
black cotton sleeve protectors, like an accountant. He was holding several folders. “This is what there is in the archives,” said the man, walking over to the lieutenant. The typist stopped tapping away and looked up. The lieutenant looked up too. The thick eyebrows met at the bridge of his nose, the blue eyes turned darker and he became even more handsome, so that Sashenka just stood there, not even breathing. She had forgotten what she came here for and was thinking only of him. “So, on Ravine Street there are 960 citizens who were tortured and killed, and we have lists of almost all of them, since they passed through the secretariat of the feldgendarmie,” said the man in the sleeve protectors. “And then those in the area of the former airfield. And in the village of Khazhin . . . Four miles, the quarries of the porcelain factory . . . And in addition there are a number of small, unregistered graves, since in some places the killings were carried out spontaneously . . . Mostly by local polizeien in an inebriated state . . . We have a report from the doctor of the municipal sanitary epidemiological service and a statement from one of the custodians. They’ll be here straightaway now . . . We still have the doctor under preliminary investigation, and we’ve summoned the custodian . . .” At this point the man noticed Sashenka. “What do you want?” he asked. Sashenka showed him the note. “I see,” said the man in the accountant’s sleeve protectors, “come through here, describe everything in detail and sign it.” He pushed the felt-covered door and let Sashenka through into a room with an office desk, a sofa, and a window that was blocked off with a metal grille, while the glass had been whitewashed halfway up, like in toilets. “Write it down,” he repeated. Sashenka was left alone. On the desk in front of her there was a heap of white paper and a marble inkwell in the shape of the Redemption
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folktale-villain Chernomor’s head, at which Ruslan was charging on horseback with his spear. Sashenka took off the helmet-shaped lid, picked up one of the pens lying on the desk, and dipped the nib into Chernomor’s skull. The penholder was thick, standard officeissue; Sashenka put it down and picked up a more familiar, slim school pen. “My mother,” Sashenka wrote, “is a pilferer of Soviet property. I repudiate her and now wish to be only the daughter of my father, who died for the motherland . . .” Sashenka tried to write forcefully, but the pen splashed and scratched, and although the paper was lined, like in school exercise books, the letters jumped about and the lines of writing either crept upward or curved downward. Sashenka simply couldn’t think of what to write about Vasya, Olga, and the master of ceremonies. She thought it would be a good thing to put something in about Batiunya, and Markeev, and Zara with her gold pendants, and in general everyone who had laughed at Sashenka and mocked her. She put down the pen and started pondering. In addition to the felt-covered door, the room had another one, painted white like in a hospital. And from behind that hospital door she could hear dull voices and someone coughing harshly and painfully, as if he were really sick. Sashenka decided to ask what she should write next: she got up, tiptoed across to the white door and gently pushed it. The door yielded slightly, and in the crack that opened up Sashenka saw the lieutenant. He was sitting in an armchair, leaning one arm on the armrest and resting his head on his palm. An emaciated, pale man, obviously a prisoner, was standing beside him. The prisoner’s scrawny neck was bound around with a scarf, and the skin was stretched so tight over his bluish, shaved scalp and temples that it seemed about to burst at any moment, especially now, when the man was shaken by a painful, hacking cough. The custodian Franya was standing beside this man and crumpling his cap in his hands.
“Go on, Shostak,” said a voice that was quiet but frightening. Sashenka suddenly felt scared, but she didn’t dare to close the door, because she was afraid it would creak. She took one step to the left on tiptoe and saw a major in glasses sitting at a desk, reading some kind of document. “Is this your signature, Shostak?” the major asked. Shostak pulled the end of his dirty scarf out of his quilted jacket, wiped his mouth, took several hoarse breaths and said: “I need a drink . . .” “Is this your signature?” the major repeated. “Permit me,” said Shostak, taking the piece of paper. “Yes . . . As the public health physician, I was obliged to alert . . .” The major took the paper, lifted his glasses up onto his forehead and read out: “The bodies of individuals of Jewish nationality are discovered in sewers and drainage channels, and also in a number of cases at points in courtyards used by the public: individual local residents eliminate them without authorization within the city limits, making use of metal rods, knives, rocks, and other means. These actions, in contravention of the instruction requiring that such individuals be gathered together at strictly defined points for subsequent onward dispatch, threaten the city with an epidemic, which is especially dangerous, bearing in mind the large number of German army hospitals that are located here. Rotting corpses attract stray dogs and cats, and also facilitate the propagation of flies and horseflies, and this increases the danger of an epidemic spreading among both the local population and the army. The municipal council’s sanitary and epidemiological service does not have at its disposal either the transport facilities or the labor force to deliver the corpses to the places stipulated in advance. Therefore, I hereby request that you petition the military authorities to prohibit such violations of the instruction forthwith, and I likewise request that means of transport be allocated for clearing the territory of the municipality of Redemption
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sites of infection. Senior Physician of the Municipal Sanitary and Epidemiological Service Shostak. August 17, 1941.” “They refused to give me any vehicles,” Shostak said in a dull, hollow voice, the way people speak in a state of delirium. “We tried using two-wheeled handcarts, but the shipment point was in the order of three to four miles away, and in addition many of the corpses, especially in order to transport them through the town, and especially in the summer period, required sacks and burlap, since it sometimes happened that the limbs had been separated, and in a number of cases the skin and cutaneous tissue had been damaged, so that the viscera had become extracted, and subjected to an even greater degree of oxidation than the external integuments, increasing the danger of an epidemic. This clearing work was absolutely urgent, insofar as the water main had been blown up and the inhabitants of the town were using natural, exposed sources of water . . . Owing to the intense physical effort and health hazard involved, the work needed to be well paid in meat and milk ration coupons . . . They refused to grant me that too . . . Therefore I gave instructions for custodians to bury the corpses where the individuals had lived . . . That is, making use of secluded spots in courtyards or in nearby vacant lots. Until September 24, the day when it was announced that all individuals of Jewish nationality must assemble together, they lived in their own apartments and had not been removed to separate districts . . . But we had cases of killing in the open street . . . In this connection difficulties arose regarding cleaning up . . . We experienced difficulties even with simple agents for disinfecting an area, such as slaked lime . . .” Shostak sometimes spoke more loudly, and sometimes switched to a whisper, and his eyes glittered feverishly like someone who is seriously ill. He was in a kind of semidelirium and could barely stay on his feet . . . “I need a drink,” Shostak said again. The major poured some water from a carafe into a tin mug. Shostak grabbed it eagerly and set it to his mouth so abruptly that
Sashenka heard his teeth scrape against the tin, but he immediately started coughing, dropped the mug and doubled over, clutching at his stomach. The veins on his shaved head swelled up and every little blood vessel was as clear as on an anatomical teaching aid. “Sit down,” the major said and moved up a stool with his foot. Shostak slumped down heavily onto the stool and wiped his face again with the ends of his scarf. “Now you,” said the major, turning to Franya. “In the case file here we have your report about the dentist’s family . . . This is their son who has arrived.” The major nodded toward the lieutenant, sitting in the armchair. The lieutenant’s face was pale and he kept fastening and unfastening the hooks on the tight collar under his throat. Without saying anything, he took out a photograph glued onto cardboard. Sashenka glued her eye to the crack of the door and got quite a good look at the photograph, because Franya was standing rather close to the door and he was examining the photograph thoroughly. The photograph showed a man and a woman dressed up in their finest. The woman was holding a baby. Standing behind the man and woman were an adolescent boy and a girl. The girl was wearing a frock with an open neck and bare shoulders. “I recall them,” said Franya, who had drunk a glass of red-beet moonshine first thing in the morning, despite having received notice to attend this interview. “Of course I do, they all looked the same, like peas in a pod. A handsome family they were . . . They’re still there . . . In their yard . . . If they’d gone to the mass grave, you’d never find them . . . There’s about ten thousand there, but only four here . . .” “Be more specific, Voznyak,” said the major, raising his voice. “Shuma the Assyrian whacked them,” Franya gasped, “the shoeshine man. He wrapped a brick in a newspaper, smashed their heads open in broad daylight and dragged them into the garbage pit by their legs . . . The sixteen-year-old daughter, and the mother, Redemption
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and Leopold Lvovich, and the five-year-old youngster too. And he threw his bloody clothes in the garbage pit . . . He put on old clothes specially, so he wouldn’t mind throwing them out . . . Torn breeches and a canvas work jacket all smeared in boot polish . . . That family lay there heaped on top of each other for four days, and Shuma wouldn’t let anyone drag them out of the pit; he said it was so the neighbors would pour slops on them and dump filth on them . . . And people were afraid of him, he’d gone to work for the police . . . It was hot weather, the air was rotten, with flies buzzing about . . . I told him: Your own daughter Zara’s breathing this air. He took no notice . . . Well, I went to the municipal council, and they explained everything to me: Don’t listen to him, they said, and don’t be afraid, there’s instructions from the authorities to stop an epidemic. So take them to the quarries out at the porcelain factory . . . But where will I get a cart, I said, that’s four miles . . . You’re the custodian, that’s up to you, he said . . . Well, I dragged all of Leopold Lvovich’s family out of the pit at night and buried them beside the sheds . . . And I wrapped the little one in burlap and carried him to the graveyard . . . I gave the watchman two pieces of soap and some warm long johns. And he let me bury him by the wall . . . You mustn’t offend a little child, it’s an innocent soul . . . I don’t know what Shuma had against Leopold Lvovich—let God be the judge of that—but I told him, you’ll suffer eternal penance in hell for the child . . . I took a drink for courage and I told him . . . He belted me in the face, almost knocked my teeth out . . . But he’s paying his dues in the Ivdel camp now. They didn’t catch him here, it was in Poland, and they gave him twenty-five years. He’d have been better off if they’d topped him. This man who was released came here . . . He’d seen Shuma in the transit camp. He’s sick all the time, with the sort of incredible diseases you can only catch in hell . . . The flesh on his legs is bursting open, his body’s all ripped and torn, so he can’t sleep on his back or his stomach or his sides, he goes to sleep on his
knees, leaning his forehead against the wall, and the moment he falls asleep, he tumbles over onto the bunk, his carbuncles start bursting and he jumps up screaming . . . The other convicts don’t like him for that; he stops them from sleeping . . . And they don’t like the way he eats everything quickly when they give out the food—he licks out the bowl like a dog and goes around asking to lick out other people’s bowls . . . He coughs up blood, but he just doesn’t die . . . That’s his penance for the little child . . . I feel ill will for him, comrade major, although he’s a man, too . . . I told him: do Leopold Lvovich in, if you’ve got the urge, do the wife and the daughter in, but don’t touch the little child . . .” Franya sobbed. He wept in an unruly, drunken manner, wiping his face and cheeks and neck with his elbows and the palms of his hands in a way that left stripes on his skin. The room was quiet for a while, the major sat with his head bowed, while the lieutenant looked straight ahead, and for the first time his face turned pale and changed, so that Sashenka didn’t even find him attractive any more. The entire time they were talking, Sashenka stood there in a kind of stupor. It wasn’t that she didn’t understand what they saying, it was all clear, she could make out every word, but after this conversation, she felt as if she had eavesdropped on some kind of dreadful secret, as appalling as a nightmare, that had left her feeling dizzy, and it had nothing to do with the words that had been spoken here—it reminded her somehow of the three candles in the mirror during the fortune-telling session— but it wasn’t a matter of the candles or the mirror, but of something else that had set the dark air trembling, of strange faces glimpsed approaching through a silvery twilight, as if everything habitual and familiar had disappeared and Sashenka’s skin had been touched by a gentle breeze and the damp, earthy smell of a different world. But as soon as Sashenka felt it, the fright disappeared, and she thought in relief: “Well, you already knew that, didn’t you? Yes, that’s how it is.” And now it seemed to her that, on the contrary, the sight of Redemption
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trees, snow, the sun, or a piece of bread could plunge her into terror. Sashenka didn’t know how long all this went on; she was brought to her senses by a shout from the next room. “I’m sick,” shouted the prisoner who was like an anatomical teaching aid, “I’ve got cramps in my intestines, I’ve got spasms in my stomach.” The major picked up the phone and made a call, and Sashenka thought that she was ill too, she must have caught a chill when she was running about in just her marquisette blouse. A man in a white coat walked into the next room and began feeling the prisoner. He threw the man’s head back and pulled down his lower eyelids. Sashenka tiptoed back to the desk, where her unfinished statement was lying. “ . . . I renounce her,” Sashenka read again. “Now I only want to be the daughter of my father, who was killed at the front . . .” Suddenly Sashenka realized that she didn’t have her pumps with her. She had either left them at the railroad station or dropped them on her way here. And Sashenka felt so aggrieved that she forgot about everything and her tears simply started flowing of their own accord. Sashenka began rapidly blinking her wet eyelashes and carried on blinking like that for about ten minutes, until she suddenly sensed that someone was watching her. The major was standing in the doorway, and the door was wide open. No one was left behind him in the next room, as if it had all been a vision that had melted into thin air. “What are you doing here?” the major asked. He walked over with his boots squeaking, took the statement, and read it. “What are you crying for?” he asked. “Do you feel sorry for your mother?” And suddenly Sashenka thought that perhaps she really did feel sorry for her mother. But then Sashenka remembered her mother standing there with that invalid and beating her, and driving her own daughter out of her home, instead of those louse-ridden
paupers. And Sashenka felt furious with herself for suddenly feeling pity. Sashenka looked at the major angrily and didn’t answer. And she finished writing quickly: “And the polizei Vasya and the polizei Olga, his wife, are living in our apartment.” She signed the paper with a flourish and handed it to the major. “You don’t know how to write papers like this yet,” the major laughed, “you write too sketchily . . . And apart from that, we need the date and the address . . .”
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“Set immediately after World War II in a Soviet town emerging from German occupation, Friedrich Gorenstein’s Redemption is a small masterpiece of post-Holocaust fiction. Vividly translated by Andrew Bromfield, this is a gripping book— full of searing psychological portraits threaded across intersecting social, political, and historical microcosms. Redemption startles the reader with its emotionally and philosophically vivid account of sex and violence and the strange horizons of love.” —VA L V I N O KU R , The New School “Bromfield’s translation of Redemption peels away the layers of the still underexamined archive of the Holocaust in the USSR. In the immediate aftermath of the war with Nazi Germany, denizens of a town in Soviet Ukraine begin to face the consequences of the wartime treatment of their Jewish neighbors. Official documents and witness reports crowd in on personal recollections of perpetrators, survivors, and their progeny in a narrative that shifts between stylistic registers as it challenges the contours of collective memory and individual responsibility. I’m thrilled that this work by an important Russian author is now available to the English-language reader.” —SA SH A S E ND EROVI C H, University of Washington, Seattle
“A master of episodic narration. . . . Gorenstein also proves to be a keen observer and radically critical chronicler of Soviet society.” —H EIN Z LUDWIG A RN OLD, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung Friedrich Gorenstein (1932– 2002), born in Kiev, was a Soviet Jewish writer and screenwriter who collaborated with Andrei Tarkovsky on Solaris (1972), among other works. His father was arrested during Stalin’s purges and later shot. Unable to publish in the Soviet Union, Gorenstein emigrated to Berlin, where he lived until his death. Andrew Bromfield is an acclaimed translator of contemporary Russian writers such as Victor Pelevin and Boris Akunin. He has also translated Leo Tolstoy’s War and Peace. Columbia University Press New York cup.columbia.edu Printed in the U.S.A. Cover design: Roberto de Vicq de Cumptich
$14.95
ISBN: 978-0-231-18515-8
