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Elevated Blood Lead Levels Among Employed Adults — United States, 1994–2012

Walter A. Alarcon, MD1,

State Adult Blood Lead Epidemiology and Surveillance (ABLES) Program investigators

1National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, CDC


Corresponding author: Walter A. Alarcon, MD, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, CDC. Telephone: 513-841-4451 e-mail: [email protected].

Preface

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and state health departments collect data on laboratory-reported adult blood lead levels (BLLs). This report presents data on elevated blood lead levels among employed adults in the United States for 1994–2012. This report is a part of the first-ever Summary of Notifiable Noninfectious Conditions and Disease Outbreaks, which encompasses various surveillance years but is being published in 2015 (1). The Summary of Notifiable Noninfectious Conditions and Disease Outbreaks appears in the same volume of MMWR as the annual Summary of Notifiable Infectious Diseases (2).

Background

Since 1987, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and state health departments have maintained a state–based surveillance program of laboratory-reported adult blood lead levels (BLLs) known as the Adult Blood Lead Epidemiology and Surveillance (ABLES) Program (3). The BLL is an often-used estimate of recent external exposure to lead (4,5). This report summarizes data on elevated blood lead levels among employed adults, defined as persons aged ≥16 years, during January 1, 1994–December 31, 2012.

Reported cases of elevated BLLs in 2012 are provided in tabular form (Tables 14). Information is provided by geographic division and reporting state, for "all cases" reported by a state (these include cases among adult residents in the reporting state plus cases identified by the reporting state but who reside in another state) and "state-residents" only, by exposure source, age, and sex groups, for BLLs ≥10 µg/dL (current definition of elevated BLL) (3,6), and for BLLs ≥25 µg/dL (former definition of elevated BLL)(7). The current case definition was adopted in 2009 on the basis of mounting evidence for adverse health outcomes among adults with BLLs between 10 µg/dL and 25 µg/dL (4,6). State prevalence rates of elevated BLLs (≥10 µg/dL) for 2012 are categorized into two groups (above or below the national rate) (Figure 1). Trends of national prevalence rates of BLLs ≥10 µg/dL and BLLs ≥25 µg/dL from 1994 to 2012 are provided (Figure 2). Prevalence rates are provided for "all cases" (these include cases among adult residents in the reporting state plus cases identified by the reporting state but who reside in another state) and "state-residents" when available. National and state numbers of cases, employed populations, and prevalence rates of elevated BLLs are provided in tabular form (Tables 510). Available data include BLLs ≥10 µg/dL from 2010 to 2012 and BLLs ≥25 µg/dL from 1994 to 2012. Prevalence rates and numerators are provided for "all cases" and "state residents" when available. The number of employed adults (state residents) used as denominators for calculating rates are provided in tabular form (Tables 11 and 12).

ABLES is the only program conducting nationwide adult lead exposure surveillance. It has provided the occupational safety and health community with essential information for setting research and intervention priorities. ABLES' impact is achieved through its longstanding strategic partnerships with State ABLES programs, federal agencies, and worker-affiliated organizations. For example, in 2008, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) updated its National Lead Emphasis Program to reduce occupational lead exposure by targeting unsafe conditions and high-hazard industries (8). To accomplish this objective, OSHA utilized ABLES data to identify industries with elevated BLL problems and has agreements with State ABLES programs to obtain their lead exposure data to target workplace inspections.

Although federal funding for State ABLES programs was discontinued in September 2013, a total of 34 states continue to collaborate with NIOSH (down from a peak of 41). These states self-fund their ABLES programs to sustain lead exposure surveillance and prevention activities. To assist with accomplishing these objectives, State ABLES programs share resources with two other CDC programs: the Healthy Homes and Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Program and Environmental Public Health Tracking. Since September 2013, NIOSH has continued to provide technical assistance to states with adult blood lead surveillance programs and maintains the ABLES website for reporting ongoing analyses of ABLES data.

The BLL is a direct index of a worker's recent exposure to lead as well as an indication of the potential for adverse effects from that exposure (4,5). The half-life of lead in blood is about 40 days in men (9), so the BLL is an estimate primarily of recent exposure to lead. Because lead accumulates in bone and BLL is in equilibrium with bone lead, the BLL might be elevated in some persons who have not had recent exposure to lead. Because this equilibrium can lead to persistent BLL elevations, the public health burden of elevated BLLs in adults is measured as prevalence. In contrast, the public health burden of elevated BLLs in children aged <5 years is measured as incidence because these young children have little lead storage in their bones at birth and thus their early childhood blood lead tests reflect recent exposures.

Over the past several decades in the United States, a marked reduction has occurred in environmental sources of lead and improved protection from occupational lead exposure. As a result, there is an overall decreasing trend in the prevalence of elevated BLLs among adults. Nonetheless, lead exposures continue to occur at unacceptable levels (3). In 2012, the prevalence rate of BLLs ≥10 µg/dL was 22.5 adults per 100,000 employed population. During 2011–2012, the mean BLL in adults in the United States was 1.09 µg/dL (10).

Research continues to find that low BLLs are associated with harmful effects in adults (11). In 2009, NIOSH and State ABLES programs led the occupational safety and health community to establish a new case definition for an elevated BLL (i.e., BLLs ≥10 µg/dL) (3). The Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists also recommended that CDC use this case definition (12). In 2010, for the first time, CDC included elevated BLLs, defined as those ≥10 µg/dL, in the List of Nationally Notifiable Noninfectious Conditions (6). The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' Healthy People 2020 initiative also uses the 10 µg/dL level for its Occupational Safety and Health Objective No. 7 (OSH-7), which is to reduce the proportion of persons who have elevated blood lead concentrations from work exposures (13). Before 2009, the case definition for an elevated BLL was ≥25 µg/dL.

Data Sources

The ABLES program is an occupational health state-based surveillance system. The number of cases (numerator) is provided by 41 State ABLES programs. The number of employed adults (denominator) is obtained from the Local Area Unemployment Statistics (LAUS), Bureau of Labor Statistics, in the U.S. Department of Labor (available at http://www.bls.gov/data). A direct link to annual averages of states employment status of the civilian noninstitutionalized population is available at http://www.bls.gov/lau/staadata.txt).

State ABLES programs 1) collect data on adult BLLs from laboratories and physicians through mandatory reporting; 2) assign unique identifiers to each adult to account for multiple BLL records to protect individual privacy and permit longitudinal analyses; 3) follow-up on adults with BLLs ≥10 or ≥25 µg/dL with laboratories, health-care providers, employers, or workers to ensure completeness of information (e.g., the industry in which the adult is employed and whether the exposure source is occupational, nonoccupational, or both); 4) provide guidance and information to workers and employers to prevent lead exposures; and 5) submit data annually to NIOSH. Most ABLES states submit data on all BLLs (both occupational and nonoccupational) to NIOSH, including records from adults whose BLLs fall below the state mandatory reporting requirement. NIOSH conducts data quality control, analyzes the data, and disseminates the findings among stakeholders.

Interpreting Data

The primary measure of adult lead exposure in the United States is the National Prevalence Rate of Elevated BLLs. This measure is provided by the ABLES program and can be used to estimate the magnitude and monitor trends of lead exposures and to target areas requiring further investigation or interventions. The results indicate that efforts to reduce the prevalence of elevated BLLs have resulted in considerable progress towards reducing lead exposures. However, the ABLES data from 2012 establish that lead exposure remains a national health problem and that continued efforts to reduce lead exposures both within and outside the workplace are needed.

Many adults in the United States continue to have BLLs above levels known to be associated with acute and chronic adverse effects in multiple organ systems ranging from subclinical changes in function to symptomatic intoxication. These include neurologic, cardiovascular, reproductive, hematologic, and kidney adverse effects. The risks for adverse chronic health effects are even higher if the exposure is maintained for many years (4,5). Current research has found decreased renal function associated with BLLs at 5 µg/dL and lower, and increased risk of hypertension and essential tremor at BLLs below 10 µg/dL (11).

Prevalence rates of adults with BLLs ≥25 µg/dL are available since 1994. Beginning in 2002, State ABLES programs reported individual BLL laboratory test and state of residence. Formerly, state-resident and non-resident data could not be separated. When an adult has multiple blood lead tests in a given year, only the highest blood lead level for that adult in that year was counted. Prevalence rates of BLLs ≥10 µg/dL are provided since 2010. Prevalence rates of BLLs ≥25 µg/dL are a subset of rates of BLLs ≥10 µg/dL. In the U.S. most lead exposures are occupational. Among all participating states in 2012, when an exposure source was known, the proportion of BLLs ≥25 µg/dL from occupational exposures was 93.3%. The greatest proportions of adults with elevated BLLs were employed in four main industry sectors: manufacturing, construction, services, and mining.

These counts and rates of elevated BLLs must be considered minimum estimates of the actual magnitude of the problem of lead exposures in the U.S. This is for multiple reasons:

  • not all states are included in the system;
  • not all employers provide BLL testing to lead-exposed workers as required by OSHA regulations;
  • not all nonoccupationally exposed adults are tested; and
  • some laboratories might not report all tests as required by state laws or regulations.

For specific explanations, interpretation, and possible updates on data for any individual state, we strongly recommend contacting the State ABLES program investigator. Their contact information is available from the ABLES State-based Programs webpage (http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/ABLES/state.html).

Methods for Identifying Elevated BLLs Among Employed Adults

A nationally reportable case of an employed adult with an elevated BLL is defined as a case in an employed adult (≥16 years at the time of blood collection) with a venous blood lead level ≥10 µg/dL (0.48 µmol/L) of whole blood. The standardized diagnostic test is the blood lead level test using a venous blood sample. All participating state health departments have a requirement for laboratories and/or health-care providers to report laboratory blood lead results to the state health department. However, this requirement varies among ABLES states, ranging from the reporting of all BLLs to only BLLs ≥40 µg/dL (3). The ABLES program ultimately aims to collect a complete list of variables for all BLL tests, including BLLs <10 µg/dL, and encourages all states to supply this information to NIOSH.

Publication Criteria

Adult cases meet the publication criteria if between 1994 and 2012 a venous BLL was ≥25 µg/dL and since 2010 if the venous BLL was ≥10 µg/dL. BLLs ≥25 µg/dL are a subset of BLLs ≥10 µg/dL and are included for historical comparison. When an adult had multiple blood lead tests in a given year, only the highest blood lead level for that adult in that year was counted.

Highlights

In 2012, a total of 41 states submitted data on 7,529 adults with BLLs ≥25 µg/dL and 38 states submitted data on 27,218 adults with BLLs ≥10µg/dL. Overall, the prevalence of BLLs ≥10 µg/dL among state residents and nonresidents declined from 26.6 adults per 100,000 employed in 2010 to 22.5 in 2012. The prevalence of BLLs ≥25 µg/dL among state residents and nonresidents declined from 14.0 adults per 100,000 employed in 1994 to 5.7 in 2012. In 2012, state prevalence rates of BLLs ≥25 µg/dL were above the national rate (5.7/100,000) in 10 states and state prevalence rates of BLLs ≥10µg/dL were above the national rate (22.5/100,000) in 12 states.

In 2012, more than half (53.0%) of adults with BLLs ≥10 µg/dL were aged 40–64 years 33.3% were aged 25–39 years, and the great majority (91.5%) were males. Historically, in the United States, most lead exposures have been occupational. During 2002–2012, the annual proportion of BLLs ≥25 µg/dL from occupational exposures was 94.7% among participating states (minimum: 93.3% in 2012; maximum: 95.5% in 2004). In 2012, among the 37 states that reported the exposure source for adults with BLLs ≥25µg/dL, the proportion of occupational cases ranged from 38.9% to 100%.

References

  1. CDC. Summary of notifiable noninfectious conditions and disease outbreaks—United States. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2013;62(54).
  2. CDC. Summary of notifiable infectious diseases—United States. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2013;62(53).
  3. CDC. Adult Blood Lead Epidemiology and Surveillance (ABLES) Program. Cincinnati, OH: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; 2014. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/ables/description.html.
  4. Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics. Medical management guidelines for lead-exposed adults. Washington, DC: Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics; 2007. Available at http://www.aoec.org/documents/positions/mmg_revision_with_cste_2013.pdf.
  5. Kosnett MJ, Wedeen, RP, Rothenberg SJ, et al. Recommendations for medical management of adult lead exposure. Environ Health Perspect 2007;115:463–71.
  6. CDC. National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS). Lead, elevated blood levels; 2010. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2015. Available at http://wwwn.cdc.gov/nndss/conditions/lead-elevated-blood-levels.
  7. CDC. Adult blood lead epidemiology and surveillance—United States, 2005–2007. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2009;58:365–9.
  8. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Directive number: CPL 03-00-009. OSHA instruction: National Emphasis Program on Lead. Washington, DC: US Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration; 2008. Available at https://www.osha.gov/OshDoc/Directive_pdf/CPL_03-00-0009.pdf.
  9. Barbosa F, Tanus-Santos JE, Gerlach RF, Parsons PJ. A critical review of biomarkers used for monitoring human exposure to lead: advantages, limitations, and future needs. Environ Health Perspect 2005;113:1669–74.
  10. CDC. Fourth national report on human exposure to environmental chemicals. Updated tables, August 2014. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2014. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/exposurereport/pdf/FourthReport_UpdatedTables_Aug2014.pdf.
  11. National Toxicology Program. Health effects of low-level lead evaluation. Research Triangle Park, NC: US Department of Health and Human Services, National Toxicology Program; 2013. Available at http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/go/36443.
  12. Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE) Position Statement 09-OH-02. Public Health Reporting and National Notification for Elevated Blood: Lead Levels; 2009. Available at http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.cste.org/resource/resmgr/PS/09-OH-02.pdf.
  13. US Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy people 2020: occupational safety and health objectives. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services; 2013. Available at http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics-objectives/topic/occupational-safety-and-health/objectives.

FIGURE 1. Prevalence rate* of adults with elevated blood lead levels ≥10 µg/dL, by state — State Adult Blood Lead Epidemiology and Surveillance programs, United States, 2012

The figure shows a map of the United States indicating the prevalence rate per 100,000 employed persons aged ≥16 years of elevated blood lead levels ≥10 μg/dL for 2012 in the 41 states that participated in the State Adult Blood Lead Epidemiology and Surveillance programs. Results varied by state. The national rate in 2012 was 22.5 cases per 100,000 employed adults aged ≥16 years.

Abbreviation: ABLES = Adult Blood Level Epidemiology and Surveillance.

* Rate per 100,000 employed adults aged ≥16 years. State-resident rate might be lower for some states. Data from the Adult Blood Epidemiology and Surveillance Program, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH/CDC). Denominators for 2012 extracted from 2013 U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Local Area Unemployment Statistics (LAUS) program available at http://www.bls.gov/lau/staadata.txt.

A total of 41 states submitted data in 2012: Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Washington, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. Kentucky and Illinois submitted BLLs ≥25 µg/dL and Massachusetts submitted BLLs ≥15 µg/dL. In 2012, the two states reporting the highest prevalence of elevated blood lead levels were Missouri (106.66) and Kansas (77.32). The national rate in 2012 was 22.5 cases per 100,000 employed adults aged ≥16 years.

Alternate Text: The figure shows a map of the United States indicating the prevalence rate per 100,000 employed persons aged ≥16 years of elevated blood lead levels ≥10 μg/dL for 2012 in the 41 states that participated in the State Adult Blood Lead Epidemiology and Surveillance programs. Results varied by state. The national rate in 2012 was 22.5 cases per 100,000 employed adults aged ≥16 years.


FIGURE 2. National prevalence rate* of reported cases of elevated blood lead levels (BLLs), by year — State Adult Blood Epidemiology and Surveillance Programs, United States, 1994–2012§

The figure shows a line graph presenting the national prevalence rate per 100,000 employed adults aged ≥16 years of elevated blood lead levels in the United States during 1994–2012.

Abbreviations: All cases = all reported cases by a state, including adult residents in the reporting state and residents in other states; state residents = adult residents in the reporting state.

* Per 100,000 employed adults aged ≥16 years. Denominators for 1994–2012 extracted from 2013 US Department of Labor, Bureau of labor Statistics Local Area Unemployment Statistics (LAUS) program available at http://www.bls.gov/lau/staadata.txt.

Since 2009, the case definition for an elevated blood lead level is a BLL ≥10 µg/dL. For historical comparisons, prevalence rates at the previous case definition (BLL ≥25 µg/dL) are provided.

§ Numbers of states reporting BLL ≥25 µg/dL data are in parentheses. From 2010, numbers of states reporting BLLs ≥10 µg/dL data also are provided. A total of 41 states submitted data in 2012: Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Washington, Wisconsin, and Wyoming.

Alternate Text: The figure shows a line graph presenting the national prevalence rate per 100,000 employed adults aged ≥16 years of elevated blood lead levels in the United States during 1994–2012.


TABLE 1. Reported numbers of cases of adults* with blood lead levels ≥10 µg/dL and blood lead levels ≥25 µg/dL, by geographic division and area — State Adult Blood Lead Epidemiology and Surveillance programs, United States, 2012

Division/Area

No. of employed state-resident adults (in 1,000s)

Blood lead levels
≥10
µg/dL

Blood lead levels
≥25
µg/dL§

All
cases

State residents**

All
cases

State
residents

Total

131,879

27,218

26,034

7,529

7,332

New England

Connecticut

1,731

281

276

53

53

Maine

656

133

133

18

18

Massachusetts

3,235

††

124

117

New Hampshire

702

155

155

16

16

Rhode Island

501

104

104

22

22

Vermont

338

47

47

8

8

Mid Atlantic

New Jersey

4,137

1,102

1,085

178

176

New York

8,806

2,149

1,924

285

260

Pennsylvania

5,954

3,138

3,137

1,708

1,708

East North Central

Illinois

5,982

318

312

Indiana

2,912

1,081

1,081

280

280

Michigan

4,244

631

630

132

132

Ohio

5,317

2,323

2,167

517

495

Wisconsin

2,850

708

708

100

100

West North Central

Iowa

1,577

816

816

196

196

Kansas

1,401

1,083

1,083

234

234

Minnesota

2,795

493

493

123

123

Missouri

2,787

2,973

2,973

669

669

Nebraska

979

168

168

51

51

South Atlantic

Florida

8,547

1,273

1,197

384

363

Georgia

4,342

745

743

205

203

Maryland

2,910

273

253

63

61

North Carolina

4,271

277

274

112

112

South Carolina

1,989

291

290

66

66


TABLE 1. (Continued) Reported numbers of cases of adults* with blood lead levels ≥10 µg/dL and blood lead levels ≥25 µg/dL, by geographic division and area — State Adult Blood Lead Epidemiology and Surveillance programs, United States, 2012

Division/Area

No. of employed state-resident adults (in 1,000s)

Blood lead levels
≥10
µg/dL

Blood lead levels
≥25
µg/dL§

All
cases

State residents**

All
cases

State
residents

East South Central

Alabama

2,010

970

969

380

380

Kentucky

1,900

138

122

Tennessee

2,846

985

838

214

195

Louisiana

1,944

382

381

67

67

Oklahoma

1,698

175

117

80

65

Texas

11,762

1,149

1,144

261

260

Mountain

Arizona

2,774

238

238

43

43

Colorado

2,531

107

69

44

37

Montana

477

27

27

2

2

New Mexico

860

50

50

7

7

Utah

1,303

164

56

26

8

Wyoming

289

56

55

12

12

Pacific

Alaska

340

219

139

30

23

California

16,590

1,797

1,783

221

218

Hawaii

612

28

27

2

2

Oregon

1,777

344

226

53

38

Washington

3,203

283

178

87

78

* A person aged ≥16 years at the time of blood collection. When an adult had multiple blood lead tests in a given year, only the highest blood lead level for that adult in that year was counted.

A total of 41 states participated in the ABLES Program in 2012.

§ Adults with BLLs ≥25 µg/dL are a subset of adults with BLLs ≥10 µg/dL.

All cases reported by a state. These include cases among adult residents in the reporting state plus cases identified by the reporting state but who reside in another state.

** Adults residing in the reporting state. States did not report this variable before 2002.

†† 10–24 µg/dL BLL data were not complete.


TABLE 2. Reported numbers of adults* with blood lead levels ≥25 µg/dL, by exposure source, geographic division, and area — State Adult Blood Lead Epidemiology and Surveillance programs, United States, 2012

Division/Area

Exposure source

 Total

Occupational§

Nonoccupational

Unknown

Total

5,902

424

737

7,063

New England

Connecticut

28

22

3

53

Maine

7

11

18

Massachusetts

71

24

29

124

New Hampshire

7

9

16

Rhode Island

13

1

8

22

Vermont

7

1

8

Mid Atlantic

New Jersey

148

16

14

178

New York

181

65

39

285

Pennsylvania

1,594

114

1,708

East North Central

Illinois

185

30

103

318

Indiana

260

20

280

Michigan

93

32

7

132

Ohio

450

13

54

517

Wisconsin

86

11

3

100

West North Central

Iowa

180

10

6

196

Kansas

200

34

234

Minnesota

96

6

21

123

Missouri

642

27

669

Nebraska

39

12

51

South Atlantic

Florida

312

6

66

384

Maryland

50

7

6

63

North Carolina

88

21

3

112

South Carolina

58

— 

8

66

East South Central

Alabama

331

2

47

380

Tennessee

149

65

214

West South Central

Louisiana

59

8

67

Texas

207

41

13

261

Mountain

Colorado

28

7

9

44

Montana

2

2

New Mexico

5

1

1

7

Utah

5

1

20

26

Wyoming

12

12

Pacific

Alaska

20

10

30

California

170

51

221

Hawaii

1

1

2

Oregon

42

4

7

53

Washington

76

5

6

87

* A person aged ≥16 years at the time of blood collection. When an adult had multiple blood lead tests in a given year, only the highest blood lead level for that adult in that year was counted.

A total of 37 states reported data on exposure source in 2012. These data includes data from adult residents in the state and residents of other states reported by the State ABLES programs.

§ Includes 32 cases coded with both occupational and nonoccupational exposure source.

No cases were reported.


TABLE 3. Reported number of cases and prevalence rate of adults* with blood lead levels ≥10 µg/dL, by state and age group — State Adult Blood Lead Epidemiology and Surveillance programs, United States, 2012

State

16–24 yrs

25–39 yrs

40–64 yrs

≥65 yrs

Age not stated

Total

No.

(Rate)

No.

(Rate)

No.

(Rate)

No.

(Rate)

No.

No.

Alabama

All cases

101

(41.8)

364

(59.7)

482

(44.6)

23

(25.3)

§

970

State residents

101

(41.8)

363

(59.6)

482

(44.6)

23

(25.3)

969

Alaska

All cases

19

(42.8)

86

(82.2)

108

(62.0)

6

(41.7)

219

State residents

12

(27.0)

62

(59.3)

62

(35.6)

3

(20.8)

139

Arizona

All cases

26

(7.1)

68

(7.6)

114

(8.2)

23

(18.8)

7

238

State residents

26

(7.1)

68

(7.6)

114

(8.2)

23

(18.8)

7

238

California

All cases

176

(8.7)

530

(9.5)

928

(11.4)

163

(20.7)

1,797

State residents

174

(8.6)

528

(9.4)

920

(11.3)

161

(20.5)

1,783

Colorado

All cases

11

(3.5)

38

(4.5)

42

(3.4)

16

(13.5)

107

State residents

6

(1.9)

20

(2.4)

30

(2.4)

13

(11.0)

69

Connecticut

All cases

17

(8.3)

55

(12.1)

170

(17.7)

39

(38.4)

281

State residents

17

(8.3)

53

(11.6)

167

(17.4)

39

(38.4)

276

Florida

All cases

149

(16.6)

392

(15.1)

645

(14.0)

74

(14.8)

13

1,273

State residents

138

(15.4)

366

(14.1)

613

(13.3)

68

(13.6)

12

1,197

Georgia

All cases

64

(12.7)

280

(20.0)

361

(15.8)

40

(23.9)

745

State residents

64

(12.7)

279

(19.9)

360

(15.7)

40

(23.9)

743

Hawaii

All cases

1

(1.3)

8

(4.4)

18

(5.8)

1

(2.8)

28

State residents

1

(1.3)

7

(3.9)

18

(5.8)

1

(2.8)

27

Indiana

All cases

74

(18.6)

361

(39.5)

603

(42.1)

43

(28.7)

1,081

State residents

74

(18.6)

361

(39.5)

603

(42.1)

43

(28.7)

1,081

Iowa

All cases

67

(29.7)

202

(43.0)

521

(65.0)

26

(32.0)

816

State residents

67

(29.7)

202

(43.0)

521

(65.0)

26

(32.0)

816

Kansas

All cases

76

(39.2)

354

(77.0)

619

(93.3)

34

(38.1)

1,083

State residents

76

(39.2)

354

(77.0)

619

(93.3)

34

(38.1)

1,083

Louisiana

All cases

49

(19.8)

166

(25.9)

151

(16.2)

15

(14.2)

1

382

State residents

49

(19.8)

165

(25.7)

151

(16.2)

15

(14.2)

1

381

Maine

All cases

7

(8.6)

28

(17.6)

79

(21.3)

19

(47.2)

133

State residents

7

(8.6)

28

(17.6)

79

(21.3)

19

(47.2)

133

Maryland

All cases

24

(6.9)

116

(13.0)

115

(7.7)

17

(10.3)

1

273

State residents

23

(6.6)

108

(12.1)

105

(7.0)

17

(10.3)

253

Michigan

All cases

36

(6.2)

208

(16.6)

342

(15.1)

45

(21.7)

631

State residents

36

(6.2)

208

(16.6)

342

(15.1)

44

(21.2)

630


TABLE 3. (Continued) Reported number of cases and prevalence rate of adults* with blood lead levels ≥10 µg/dL, by state and age group — State Adult Blood Lead Epidemiology and Surveillance programs, United States, 2012

State

16–24 yrs

25–39 yrs

40–64 yrs

≥65 yrs

Age not stated

Total

No.

(Rate)

No.

(Rate)

No.

(Rate)

No.

(Rate)

No.

No.

Minnesota

All cases

40

(10.7)

174

(19.6)

253

(18.2)

26

(20.0)

493

State residents

40

(10.7)

174

(19.6)

253

(18.2)

26

(20.0)

493

Missouri

All cases

222

(65.5)

1,043

(115.8)

1,650

(116.6)

58

(37.2)

2,973

State residents

222

(65.5)

1,043

(115.8)

1,650

(116.6)

58

(37.2)

2,973

Montana

All cases

(—)

7

(5.0)

17

(7.3)

3

(7.2)

27

State residents

(—)

7

(5.0)

17

(7.3)

3

(7.2)

27

Nebraska

All cases

15

(10.9)

61

(20.1)

84

(17.7)

8

(11.6)

168

State residents

15

(10.9)

61

(20.1)

84

(17.7)

8

(11.6)

168

New Hampshire

All cases

7

(8.0)

56

(30.4)

81

(20.9)

11

(26.8)

155

State residents

7

(8.0)

56

(30.4)

81

(20.9)

11

(26.8)

155

New Jersey

All cases

71

(14.7)

450

(38.2)

506

(23.0)

73

(26.8)

2

1,102

State residents

71

(14.7)

442

(37.5)

497

(22.6)

73

(26.8)

2

1,085

New Mexico

All cases

4

(3.5)

12

(4.4)

31

(6.8)

3

(6.8)

50

State residents

4

(3.5)

12

(4.4)

31

(6.8)

3

(6.8)

50

New York

All cases

176

(18.0)

782

(27.5)

1,091

(24.4)

100

(22.7)

2,149

State residents

161

(16.5)

686

(24.1)

980

(21.9)

97

(22.0)

1,924

North Carolina

All cases

25

(4.7)

101

(7.4)

134

(6.1)

17

(7.7)

277

State residents

25

(4.7)

100

(7.3)

132

(6.0)

17

(7.7)

274

Ohio

All cases

170

(22.5)

748

(48.1)

1,294

(47.8)

110

(34.7)

1

2,323

State residents

157

(20.8)

701

(45.0)

1,206

(44.5)

102

(32.2)

1

2,167

Oklahoma

All cases

12

(5.4)

66

(11.7)

91

(11.1)

5

(4.1)

1

175

State residents

7

(3.2)

39

(6.9)

67

(8.2)

3

(2.4)

1

117

Oregon

All cases

19

(8.6)

103

(18.8)

201

(22.1)

21

(22.2)

344

State residents

11

(5.0)

68

(12.4)

134

(14.7)

13

(13.7)

226

Pennsylvania

All cases

429

(51.4)

1,019

(60.0)

1,608

(50.5)

81

(25.6)

1

3,138

State residents

429

(51.4)

1,019

(60.0)

1,607

(50.4)

81

(25.6)

1

3,137

Rhode Island

All cases

6

(8.2)

25

(18.3)

62

(23.9)

11

(38.0)

104

State residents

6

(8.2)

25

(18.3)

62

(23.9)

11

(38.0)

104

South Carolina

All cases

26

(10.9)

90

(14.3)

170

(16.8)

5

(5.0)

291

State residents

26

(10.9)

90

(14.3)

169

(16.7)

5

(5.0)

290

Tennessee

All cases

77

(20.6)

346

(38.1)

531

(37.3)

29

(18.1)

2

985

State residents

63

(16.9)

298

(32.9)

451

(31.7)

24

(15.0)

2

838

Texas

All cases

152

(10.3)

368

(8.9)

571

(10.1)

58

(10.8)

1,149

State residents

151

(10.2)

366

(8.9)

569

(10.1)

58

(10.8)

1,144

Utah

All cases

9

(4.0)

59

(12.2)

79

(15.0)

17

(33.2)

164

State residents

2

(0.9)

13

(2.7)

32

(6.1)

9

(17.6)

56


TABLE 3. (Continued) Reported number of cases and prevalence rate of adults* with blood lead levels ≥10 µg/dL, by state and age group — State Adult Blood Lead Epidemiology and Surveillance programs, United States, 2012

State

16–24 yrs

25–39 yrs

40–64 yrs

≥65 yrs

Age not stated

Total

No.

(Rate)

No.

(Rate)

No.

(Rate)

No.

(Rate)

No.

No.

Vermont

All cases

4

(10.4)

8

(8.8)

29

(15.3)

6

(28.3)

47

State residents

4

(10.4)

8

(8.8)

29

(15.3)

6

(28.3)

47

Washington

All cases

30

(7.9)

99

(9.6)

143

(8.7)

11

(7.2)

283

State residents

18

(4.8)

62

(6.0)

93

(5.7)

5

(3.3)

178

Wisconsin

All cases

37

(9.0)

184

(22.0)

452

(31.0)

33

(22.2)

2

708

State residents

37

(9.0)

184

(22.0)

452

(31.0)

33

(22.2)

2

708

Wyoming

All cases

1

(2.6)

12

(13.5)

38

(26.7)

5

(26.3)

56

State residents

1

(2.6)

11

(12.4)

38

(26.7)

5

(26.3)

55

* A person aged ≥16 years at the time of blood collection. When an adult had multiple blood lead tests in a given year, only the highest blood lead level for that adult in that year was counted. To calculate rates, CDC estimated the number of employed adults (denominator) by age group and sex on the basis of data obtained from the Current Population Survey, U.S. Census Bureau.

All cases reported by a state. These include cases among adult residents in the reporting state plus cases identified by the reporting state but who reside in another state.

§ No cases were reported.

Adults residing in the reporting state. States did not report this variable before 2002.


TABLE 4. Number of reported cases and prevalence of adults* with blood lead levels ≥10 µg/dL, by state and sex — State Adult Blood Lead Epidemiology and Surveillance programs, United States, 2012

State

Male

Female

Sex not stated

Total 

No.

(Rate)

No.

(Rate)

No.

Alabama

All cases

933

(87.4)

24

(2.5)

13

970

State residents§

932

(87.3)

24

(2.5)

13

969

Alaska

All cases

207

(114.7)

12

(7.6)

219

State residents

130

(72.0)

9

(5.7)

139

Arizona

All cases

226

(15.1)

12

(0.9)

238

State residents

226

(15.1)

12

(0.9)

238

California

All cases

1,642

(18.1)

155

(2.1)

1,797

State residents

1,629

(18.0)

154

(2.1)

1,783

Colorado

All cases

98

(7.2)

9

(0.8)

107

State residents

62

(4.6)

7

(0.6)

69

Connecticut

All cases

265

(29.6)

14

(1.7)

2

281

State residents

260

(29.1)

14

(1.7)

2

276

Florida

All cases

1,204

(26.9)

64

(1.6)

5

1,273

State residents

1,130

(25.2)

62

(1.5)

5

1,197

Georgia

All cases

628

(27.2)

92

(4.5)

25

745

State residents

627

(27.2)

91

(4.4)

25

743

Hawaii

All cases

22

(6.9)

6

(2.1)

28

State residents

22

(6.9)

5

(1.8)

27

Indiana

All cases

1,020

(66.2)

57

(4.2)

4

1,081

State residents

1,020

(66.2)

57

(4.2)

4

1,081

Iowa

All cases

724

(88.0)

92

(12.1)

816

State residents

724

(88.0)

92

(12.1)

816

Kansas

All cases

941

(127.0)

141

(21.1)

1

1,083

State residents

941

(127.0)

141

(21.1)

1

1,083

Louisiana

All cases

371

(36.0)

11

(1.2)

382

State residents

370

(35.9)

11

(1.2)

381

Maine

All cases

106

(31.5)

27

(8.6)

133

State residents

106

(31.5)

27

(8.6)

133

Maryland

All cases

260

(17.8)

12

(0.8)

1

273

State residents

240

(16.4)

12

(0.8)

1

253

Michigan

All cases

591

(26.0)

40

(2.0)

631

State residents

590

(26.0)

40

(2.0)

630

Minnesota

All cases

459

(31.2)

34

(2.6)

493

State residents

459

(31.2)

34

(2.6)

493


TABLE 4. (Continued) Number of reported cases and prevalence of adults* with blood lead levels ≥10 µg/dL, by state and sex — State Adult Blood Lead Epidemiology and Surveillance programs, United States, 2012

State

Male

Female

Sex not stated

Total 

No.

(Rate)

No.

(Rate)

No.

Missouri

All cases

2,625

(178.9)

348

(25.8)

2,973

State residents

2,625

(178.9)

348

(25.8)

2,973

Montana

All cases

21

(8.5)

5

(2.2)

1

27

State residents

21

(8.5)

5

(2.2)

1

27

Nebraska

All cases

159

(30.7)

5

(1.1)

4

168

State residents

159

(30.7)

5

(1.1)

4

168

New Hampshire

All cases

151

(41.4)

4

(1.2)

155

State residents

151

(41.4)

4

(1.2)

155

New Jersey

All cases

1,059

(48.4)

40

(2.1)

3

1,102

State residents

1,044

(47.7)

38

(1.9)

3

1,085

New Mexico

All cases

45

(9.7)

5

(1.2)

50

State residents

45

(9.7)

5

(1.2)

50

New York

All cases

1,826

(40.1)

323

(7.7)

2,149

State residents

1,605

(35.2)

319

(7.6)

1,924

North Carolina

All cases

253

(11.1)

23

(1.1)

1

277

State residents

250

(10.9)

23

(1.1)

1

274

Ohio

All cases

2,160

(76.9)

156

(6.1)

7

2,323

State residents

2,011

(71.6)

152

(6.0)

4

2,167

Oklahoma

All cases

159

(16.8)

16

(2.0)

175

State residents

104

(11.0)

13

(1.7)

117

Oregon

All cases

322

(34.6)

18

(2.1)

4

344

State residents

211

(22.7)

14

(1.7)

1

226

Pennsylvania

All cases

3,015

(94.2)

118

(4.1)

5

3,138

State residents

3,014

(94.2)

118

(4.1)

5

3,137

Rhode Island

All cases

95

(37.5)

9

(3.6)

104

State residents

95

(37.5)

9

(3.6)

104

South Carolina

All cases

262

(25.7)

25

(2.6)

4

291

State residents

262

(25.7)

24

(2.5)

4

290

Tennessee

All cases

832

(54.3)

82

(6.1)

71

985

State residents

709

(46.3)

71

(5.3)

58

838

Texas

All cases

1,079

(16.6)

69

(1.3)

1

1,149

State residents

1,075

(16.6)

68

(1.3)

1

1,144

Utah

All cases

153

(21.1)

10

(1.8)

1

164

State residents

52

(7.2)

4

(0.7)

56


TABLE 4. (Continued) Number of reported cases and prevalence of adults* with blood lead levels ≥10 µg/dL, by state and sex — State Adult Blood Lead Epidemiology and Surveillance programs, United States, 2012

State

Male

Female

Sex not stated

Total 

No.

(Rate)

No.

(Rate)

No.

Vermont

All cases

43

(24.7)

4

(2.4)

47

State residents

43

(24.7)

4

(2.4)

47

Washington

All cases

273

(16.0)

9

(0.6)

1

283

State residents

172

(10.1)

6

(0.4)

178

Wisconsin

All cases

640

(43.3)

66

(4.8)

2

708

State residents

640

(43.3)

66

(4.8)

2

708

Wyoming

All cases

46

(28.6)

10

(7.7)

56

State residents

45

(28.0)

10

(7.7)

55

* A person aged ≥16 years at the time of blood collection. When an adult had multiple blood lead tests in a given year, only the highest blood lead level for that adult in that year was counted. To calculate rates, CDC estimated the number of employed adults (denominator) by age group and sex on the basis of data obtained from the Current Population Survey, U.S. Census Bureau.

All cases reported by a state. These include cases among adult residents in the reporting state plus cases identified by the reporting state but who reside in another state.

§ Adults residing in the reporting state. States did not report this variable before 2002.

No cases were reported.


TABLE 5. Number and national prevalence rates per 100,000 employed adults* of adults with blood lead levels ≥10 µg/dL — State Adult Blood Lead Epidemiology and Surveillance programs, United States, 2010–2012

Characteristic

2010

2011

2012

Prevalence rate

All cases§

26.6

23.9

22.5

State residents

25.0

22.9

21.6

No. of cases

All cases

30,738

28,456

27,218

State residents

28,928

27,279

26,034

Employed population

Total (in 1,000s)

115,768

119,128

120,763

* A person aged ≥16 years at the time of blood collection. When an adult had multiple blood lead tests in a given year, only the highest blood lead level for that adult in that year was counted. Rates were calculated on the basis of data on the number of employed adults (denominator), which were obtained from the Local Area Unemployment Statistics (LAUS) program, Bureau of labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor.

A total of 37 states participated in 2010; 38 states participated in 2011 and 2012.

§ All cases reported by a state. These include cases among adults residing in the reporting state plus cases identified by the reporting state but who reside in another state.

Adults residing in the reporting state.


TABLE 6. National prevalence rates per 100,000 employed adults* of adults with blood lead levels ≥25 µg/dL — State Adult Blood Lead Epidemiology and Surveillance programs, United States, 1994–2012

Characteristic

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

No. of states participating

17

18

20

24

24

25

25

23

35

36

Prevalence rate

All cases

14.0

14.9

15.0

14.8

12.1

11.6

11.9

10.9

9.2

8.7

State residents§

8.5

8.2

No. of cases

All cases

9,225

10,260

11,607

12,613

10,454

10,309

10,718

9,517

10,690

10,404

State residents

**

**

**

**

**

**

**

**

9,922

9,809

Employed population (in 1,000s)

Total in reporting states

65,706

68,787

77,444

85,390

86,759

88,943

90,111

87,477

116,325

119,302

Characteristic

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

No. of states participating

37

37

38

38††

40††

40

39

41

41

Prevalence rate

All cases

7.9

7.5

7.7

7.8

7.4

6.3

7.0

6.6

5.7

State residents§

7.6

7.3

7.5

7.6

7.1

6.1

6.7

6.4

5.6

No. of cases

All cases

9,530

9,235

9,880

10,190

9,709

7,992

8,738

8,567

7,529

State residents

9,169

8,934

9,613

9,882

9,212

7,725

8,369

8,366

7,332

Employed population (in 1,000s)

Total in reporting states

121,203

123,191

128,378

130,943

131,510

126,689

124,880

130,156

131,879

* A person aged ≥16 years at the time of blood collection. When an adult had multiple blood lead tests in a given year, only the highest blood lead level for that adult in that year was counted. Rates were calculated on the basis of data on the number of employed adults (denominator), which were obtained from the Local Area Unemployment Statistics (LAUS) program, Bureau of labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor.

All cases reported by a state. These include cases among adults residing in the reporting state plus cases identified by the reporting state but who reside in another state.

§ Adults residing in the reporting state. States did not report this variable before 2002.

Rates were not calculated because data for state residents were not available.

** Data for state residents were not available.

†† Montana reported zero cases of state residents with elevated BLLs in 2007 and Kentucky did not report state-resident data in 2008. National state-resident rates were calculated by excluding the employed population in these states for these years.


TABLE 7. Number of reported cases and prevalence rate per 100,000 of employed adults* of persons with blood lead levels ≥10 µg/dL — State Adult Blood Lead Epidemiology and Surveillance programs, United States, 2010–2012

State

2010

2011

2012

No.

(Rate)

No.

(Rate)

No.

(Rate)

Alabama

All cases

832

(42.1)

998

(49.8)

970

(48.3)

State residents§

831

(42.0)

992

(49.5)

969

(48.2)

Alaska

All cases

267

(80.2)

264

(78.3)

219

(64.4)

State residents

70

(21.0)

83

(24.6)

139

(40.9)

Arizona

All cases

167

(6.0)

217

(7.9)

238

(8.6)

State residents

167

(6.0)

217

(7.9)

238

(8.6)

California

All cases

1,746

(10.9)

1,819

(11.2)

1,797

(10.8)

State residents

1,702

(10.6)

1,778

(10.9)

1,783

(10.8)

Colorado

All cases

(—)

64

(2.6)

107

(4.2)

State residents

(—)

31

(1.2)

69

(2.7)

Connecticut

All cases

446

(25.7)

330

(19.0)

281

(16.2)

State residents

431

(24.8)

317

(18.3)

276

(16.0)

Florida

All cases

886

(10.9)

1,082

(13.0)

1,273

(14.9)

State residents

864

(10.6)

1,082

(13.0)

1,197

(14.0)

Georgia

All cases

530

(12.5)

635

(14.8)

745

(17.2)

State residents

508

(12.0)

630

(14.7)

743

(17.1)

Hawaii

All cases

15

(2.5)

28

(4.6)

28

(4.6)

State residents

15

(2.5)

28

(4.6)

27

(4.4)

Indiana

All cases

1,387

(48.7)

1,386

(48.0)

1,081

(37.1)

State residents

1,387

(48.7)

1,386

(48.0)

1,081

(37.1)

Iowa

All cases

735

(46.9)

829

(52.9)

816

(51.8)

State residents

735

(46.9)

829

(52.9)

816

(51.8)

Kansas

All cases

1,155

(82.7)

1,143

(81.7)

1,083

(77.3)

State residents

1,155

(82.7)

1,143

(81.7)

1,083

(77.3)

Kentucky

All cases

1,805

(97.2)

(—)

(—)

State residents

1,745

(94.0)

(—)

(—)

Louisiana

All cases

287

(15.0)

309

(16.1)

382

(19.7)

State residents

287

(15.0)

309

(16.1)

381

(19.6)


TABLE 7. (Continued) Number of reported cases and prevalence rate per 100,000 of employed adults* of persons with blood lead levels ≥10 µg/dL — State Adult Blood Lead Epidemiology and Surveillance programs, United States, 2010–2012

State

2010

2011

2012

No.

(Rate)

No.

(Rate)

No.

(Rate)

Maine

All cases

120

(18.6)

85

(13.1)

133

(20.3)

State residents

120

(18.6)

85

(13.1)

133

(20.3)

Maryland

All cases

209

(7.4)

273

(9.5)

273

(9.4)

State residents

170

(6.0)

265

(9.2)

253

(8.7)

Michigan

All cases

598

(14.4)

625

(14.9)

631

(14.9)

State residents

590

(14.2)

615

(14.7)

630

(14.9)

Minnesota

All cases

572

(20.8)

428

(15.4)

493

(17.6)

State residents

572

(20.8)

428

(15.4)

493

(17.6)

Missouri

All cases

2,951

(107.3)

2,988

(108.2)

2,973

(106.7)

State residents

2,951

(107.3)

2,988

(108.2)

2,973

(106.7)

Montana

All cases

88

(19.0)

34

(7.3)

27

(5.7)

State residents

26

(5.6)

34

(7.3)

27

(5.7)

Nebraska

All cases

163

(17.3)

141

(14.7)

168

(17.2)

State residents

163

(17.3)

141

(14.7)

168

(17.2)

New Hampshire

All cases

225

(32.4)

214

(30.7)

155

(22.1)

State residents

225

(32.4)

214

(30.7)

155

(22.1)

New Jersey

All cases

1,187

(28.9)

1,261

(30.7)

1,102

(26.6)

State residents

1,119

(27.2)

1,146

(27.9)

1,085

(26.2)

New Mexico

All cases

63

(7.4)

61

(7.1)

50

(5.8)

State residents

57

(6.7)

61

(7.1)

50

(5.8)

New York

All cases

2,552

(29.1)

2,376

(27.1)

2,149

(24.4)

State residents

2,222

(25.4)

2,136

(24.4)

1,924

(21.9)

North Carolina

All cases

484

(11.7)

395

(9.4)

277

(6.5)

State residents

482

(11.7)

391

(9.4)

274

(6.4)

Ohio

All cases

3,002

(57.1)

2,049

(38.8)

2,323

(43.7)

State residents

2,880

(54.8)

1,988

(37.6)

2,167

(40.8)

Oklahoma

All cases

(—)

65

(3.9)

175

(10.3)

State residents

(—)

54

(3.2)

117

(6.9)


TABLE 7. (Continued) Number of reported cases and prevalence rate per 100,000 of employed adults* of persons with blood lead levels ≥10 µg/dL — State Adult Blood Lead Epidemiology and Surveillance programs, United States, 2010–2012

State

2010

2011

2012

No.

(Rate)

No.

(Rate)

No.

(Rate)

Oregon

All cases

355

(20.2)

312

(17.6)

344

(19.4)

State residents

340

(19.4)

295

(16.6)

226

(12.7)

Pennsylvania

All cases

3,904

(66.7)

4,042

(68.7)

3,138

(52.7)

State residents

3,895

(66.6)

4,030

(68.5)

3,137

(52.7)

Rhode Island

All cases

159

(31.5)

134

(26.8)

104

(20.7)

State residents

159

(31.5)

134

(26.8)

104

(20.7)

South Carolina

All cases

240

(12.5)

216

(11.1)

291

(14.6)

State residents

102

(5.3)

216

(11.1)

290

(14.6)

Tennessee

All cases

967

(34.8)

1,189

(42.0)

985

(34.6)

State residents

632

(22.7)

942

(33.3)

838

(29.4)

Texas

All cases

1,203

(10.7)

1,156

(10.1)

1,149

(9.8)

State residents

1,157

(10.3)

1,149

(10.0)

1,144

(9.7)

Utah

All cases

170

(13.6)

129

(10.2)

164

(12.6)

State residents

75

(6.0)

56

(4.4)

56

(4.3)

Vermont

All cases

57

(16.9)

63

(18.6)

47

(13.9)

State residents

57

(16.9)

63

(18.6)

47

(13.9)

Washington

All cases

332

(10.5)

278

(8.8)

283

(8.8)

State residents

159

(5.0)

187

(5.9)

178

(5.6)

Wisconsin

All cases

831

(29.4)

782

(27.6)

708

(24.8)

State residents

830

(29.4)

781

(27.5)

708

(24.8)

Wyoming

All cases

48

(17.1)

56

(19.7)

56

(19.4)

State residents

48

(17.1)

55

(19.3)

55

(19.0)

* A person aged ≥16 years at the time of blood collection. When an adult had multiple blood lead tests in a given year, only the highest blood lead level for that adult in that year was counted. Rates were calculated on the basis of data on the number of employed adults (denominator), which were obtained from the Local Area Unemployment Statistics (LAUS) program, Bureau of labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor.

All cases reported by a state. These include cases among adults residing in the reporting state plus cases identified by the reporting state but who reside in another state.

§ Adults residing in the reporting state. States did not report this variable before 2002.

Data unavailable.


TABLE 8. Reported prevalence rate per 100,000 employed adults of adults* with blood lead levels ≥25 µg/dL — State Adult Blood Lead Epidemiology and Surveillance programs, United States, 2002–2012

State

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Alabama

All cases

23.8 

27.3

30.5

29.6

27.3

24.2

20.6

15.4

18.2

21.5

18.9

State residents§

23.8

27.3

30.5

29.6

27.3

24.2

20.6

15.4

18.2

21.2

18.9

Alaska

All cases

13.5

8.3

13.1

12.3

9.4

6.6

4.5

9.6

10.1

8.8

State residents

1.0

4.1

6.9

3.4

3.0

2.1

3.0

4.5

5.6

6.8

Arizona

All cases

0.8

1.4

2.0

0.7

1.0

0.9

1.1

1.1

0.7

1.4

1.6

State residents

0.8

1.4

2.0

0.7

1.0

0.9

1.0

1.0

0.7

1.4

1.6

California

All cases

4.2

3.4

2.8

2.6

2.2

2.1

2.2

2.0

1.5

1.4

1.3

State residents

3.8

3.0

2.6

2.5

2.1

2.0

2.2

2.0

1.5

1.4

1.3

Colorado

All cases

1.0

1.7

State residents

0.8

1.5

Connecticut

All cases

4.1

3.7

2.4

3.8

3.5

4.2

4.1

3.5

4.3

4.3

3.1

State residents

3.9

3.6

2.0

3.6

3.4

4.2

4.1

3.5

4.0

3.9

3.1

Florida

All cases

4.4

3.9

3.3

2.7

2.3

1.5

2.3

2.5

3.1

3.2

4.5

State residents

4.4

3.9

3.3

2.7

2.3

1.5

2.3

2.5

3.1

3.2

4.3

Georgia

All cases

4.1

6.5

3.3

8.6

6.2

4.3

4.2

3.7

3.9

4.5

4.7

State residents

4.1

6.5

3.3

8.6

6.2

4.3

4.2

3.7

3.7

4.5

4.7

Hawaii

All cases

1.2

0.8

0.5

1.6

0.5

0.5

0.2

1.1

0.3

State residents

1.2

0.8

0.5

1.6

0.5

0.5

0.2

1.1

0.3

Illinois

All cases

10.1

7.7

5.9

6.2

6.5

6.2

5.4

4.8

4.6

4.5

5.3

State residents

10.1

7.7

5.9

6.1

6.5

6.2

5.3

4.6

4.6

4.4

5.2

Indiana

All cases

12.7

18.6

19.9

16.8

22.1

12.1

15.5

16.2

14.6

9.6

State residents

12.6

18.5

19.9

16.8

22.1

12.1

15.5

16.2

14.6

9.6

Iowa

All cases

29.0

22.3

16.0

16.7

15.9

20.2

16.9

11.8

11.1

15.3

12.4

State residents

29.0

22.3

16.0

16.7

15.9

20.2

16.9

11.8

11.1

15.3

12.4

Kansas

All cases

46.6

41.4

33.6

34.0

24.9

27.3

22.5

22.6

22.8

20.9

16.7

State residents

43.9

39.8

33.6

34.0

24.9

27.3

22.5

22.6

22.8

20.9

16.7

Kentucky

All cases

20.2

14.8

10.3

9.8

13.9

15.3

10.1

6.9

15.2

8.0

7.3

State residents

20.2

14.8

7.8

8.4

12.8

13.3

NA

6.4

14.0

7.7

6.4

Louisiana

All cases

8.8

9.5

7.1

2.4

3.1

3.5

State residents

8.8

9.3

7.0

2.4

3.1

3.5


TABLE 8. (Continued) Reported prevalence rate per 100,000 employed adults of adults* with blood lead levels ≥25 µg/dL — State Adult Blood Lead Epidemiology and Surveillance programs, United States, 2002–2012

State

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Maine

All cases

7.1

6.9

6.6

4.0

4.8

3.0

3.8

2.2

4.2

2.2

2.7

State residents

7.1

6.9

4.7

4.0

4.8

3.0

3.8

2.2

4.2

2.2

2.7

Maryland

All cases

4.8

4.6

3.1

2.7

2.3

3.9

3.9

3.7

3.7

2.0

2.2

State residents

4.7

3.4

2.2

1.5

1.8

3.3

3.1

2.8

2.9

1.9

2.1

Massachusetts

All cases

9.1

7.6

7.8

6.3

7.1

5.6

5.3

5.3

5.4

6.1

3.8

State residents

7.3

6.9

7.2

5.8

6.1

5.0

4.9

4.7

4.5

5.5

3.6

Michigan

All cases

4.1

3.7

3.4

2.8

2.3

2.8

2.8

2.5

2.5

2.8

3.1

State residents

4.1

3.5

3.2

2.7

2.3

2.8

2.8

2.4

2.4

2.7

3.1

Minnesota

All cases

6.0

6.7

5.2

4.8

4.8

5.6

4.5

3.5

4.1

3.2

4.4

State residents

6.0

6.7

5.2

4.7

4.8

5.6

4.5

3.5

4.1

3.2

4.4

Missouri

All cases

32.9

33.1

26.8

30.9

32.1

37.2

35.3

26.5

30.7

28.2

24.0

State residents

15.1

24.7

26.3

29.0

30.6

36.0

34.4

26.4

30.7

28.2

24.0

Montana

All cases

0.9

1.1

1.8

0.9

1.5

1.0

2.1

3.0

2.6

0.6

0.4

State residents

0.9

1.1

1.8

0.9

0.2

**

1.2

2.4

1.1

0.6

0.4

Nebraska

All cases

4.8

6.3

5.5

4.5

3.3

5.4

5.0

5.1

5.0

4.1

5.2

State residents

4.8

6.3

5.5

4.5

3.3

5.4

5.0

5.1

5.0

4.1

5.2

New Hampshire

All cases

9.1

8.4

7.6

7.6

6.4

5.5

7.0

4.2

4.3

3.9

2.3

State residents

8.4

8.4

7.6

7.6

6.4

5.5

7.0

4.2

4.3

3.9

2.3

New Jersey

All cases

10.4

10.2

9.5

9.5

7.8

3.3

4.7

4.9

5.8

5.1

4.3

State residents

10.4

8.7

7.8

8.7

7.3

3.1

4.5

4.7

5.5

4.5

4.3

New Mexico

All cases

1.8

1.1

1.3

0.6

0.8

0.8

1.1

1.0

0.8

1.9

0.8

State residents

1.8

1.1

1.3

0.6

0.8

0.8

1.0

1.0

0.7

1.9

0.8

New York

All cases

9.2

7.3

7.8

6.2

5.6

3.6

3.8

3.2

4.6

3.8

3.2

State residents

8.4

6.8

7.2

5.6

5.3

3.3

3.5

2.8

3.9

3.5

3.0

North Carolina

All cases

5.5

5.6

4.5

3.2

3.7

4.8

3.9

3.5

5.6

3.5

2.6

State residents

5.5

5.6

4.4

3.1

3.7

4.7

3.8

3.4

5.6

3.5

2.6

Ohio

All cases

16.5

13.0

12.4

13.2

10.9

10.9

10.8

10.2

13.1

10.4

9.7

State residents

16.5

13.0

12.3

13.1

10.9

10.9

10.7

10.2

13.0

10.2

9.3

Oklahoma

All cases

3.9

6.1

5.1

3.0

4.0

1.9

2.3

2.0

2.5

4.7

State residents

3.9

5.3

4.6

3.0

3.6

1.3

1.6

2.0

2.1

3.8


TABLE 8. (Continued) Reported prevalence rate per 100,000 employed adults of adults* with blood lead levels ≥25 µg/dL — State Adult Blood Lead Epidemiology and Surveillance programs, United States, 2002–2012

State

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Oregon

All cases

4.1

4.5

4.8

3.5

2.7

3.4

3.9

2.7

2.2

3.0

3.0

State residents

4.1

4.2

4.1

3.3

2.7

3.4

3.9

2.0

1.9

2.7

2.1

Pennsylvania

All cases

26.0

31.3

30.2

20.9

32.2

34.3

37.6

32.2

35.7

39.3

28.7

State residents

25.8

31.3

30.2

20.9

32.2

34.0

37.3

32.0

35.6

39.2

28.7

Rhode Island

All cases

20.4

8.3

7.0

7.7

7.2

6.1

4.9

5.4

5.9

6.4

4.4

State residents

20.4

7.7

7.0

7.7

7.2

6.1

4.9

5.4

5.9

6.4

4.4

South Carolina

All cases

6.7

4.2

6.1

12.1

6.9

5.6

3.7

1.6

3.7

2.1

3.3

State residents

6.7

4.2

5.4

12.1

6.9

5.6

3.6

0.6

1.5

2.1

3.3

Tennessee

All cases

19.8

21.2

19.5

9.7

9.4

9.4

7.5

State residents

19.5

19.1

17.3

7.7

6.3

8.2

6.9

Texas

All cases

3.4

2.4

2.0

2.3

2.4

2.3

2.9

2.9

2.5

2.5

2.2

State residents

3.4

2.4

2.0

2.3

2.4

2.3

2.5

2.7

2.5

2.4

2.2

Utah

All cases

4.0

5.2

3.0

4.3

3.0

2.6

2.6

2.6

1.9

1.6

2.0

State residents

4.0

5.1

2.8

4.0

2.5

2.4

2.3

2.4

1.2

0.7

0.6

Vermont

All cases

5.6

4.2

3.3

5.0

2.4

State residents

5.6

4.2

3.3

5.0

2.4

Washington

All cases

2.8

3.6

2.3

2.0

2.5

2.3

1.7

2.6

2.7

2.3

2.7

State residents

2.7

2.7

2.1

1.6

2.0

1.8

1.5

2.1

2.1

2.0

2.4

Wisconsin

All cases

9.0

7.4

7.0

6.0

5.2

7.9

6.5

5.6

4.2

4.2

3.5

State residents

9.0

7.4

7.0

6.0

5.2

7.9

6.5

5.6

4.2

4.1

3.5

Wyoming

All cases

4.3

5.0

10.7

15.7

10.1

9.6

6.6

5.0

2.1

4.6

4.2

State residents

4.3

5.0

10.7

15.7

10.1

9.2

6.3

5.0

2.1

4.6

4.2

Abbreviation: NA = not available; program did not report state resident data this year.

* A person aged ≥16 years at the time of blood collection. When an adult had multiple blood lead tests in a given year, only the highest blood lead level for that adult in that year was counted.

All cases reported by a state. These include cases among adults residing in the reporting state plus cases identified by the reporting state but who reside in another state.

§ Adults residing in the reporting state. States did not report this variable before 2002.

Data were unavailable because the state did not participate in the program for this year.

** Reported zero cases of state residents with elevated BLLs for this year.


TABLE 9. Number of reported cases of adults* with blood lead levels ≥25 µg/dL — State Adult Blood Lead Epidemiology and Surveillance programs, United States, 2002–2012

State

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Alabama

All cases

474

544

612

608

572

509

423

298

360

431

380

State residents§

474

544

612

608

572

509

423

298

359

425

380

Alaska

All cases

42

26

42

40

31

22

15

32

34

30

State residents

3

13

22

11

10

7

10

15

19

23

Arizona

All cases

21

35

54

19

27

27

31

30

18

39

43

State residents

21

35

54

18

27

27

29

29

18

39

43

California

All cases

686

554

462

436

368

349

372

324

238

231

221

State residents

622

481

421

413

346

337

369

317

234

227

218

Colorado

All cases

26

44

State residents

21

37

Connecticut

All cases

69

62

41

66

61

73

72

61

74

74

53

State residents

66

61

34

61

59

73

72

60

70

67

53

Florida

All cases

335

301

267

227

194

135

198

200

253

262

384

State residents

335

301

267

227

194

134

198

200

251

262

363

Georgia

All cases

170

271

138

375

279

199

191

158

165

192

205

State residents

170

271

138

375

279

199

191

157

158

192

203

Hawaii

All cases

7

5

3

10

3

3

1

7

2

State residents

7

5

3

10

3

3

1

7

2

Illinois

All cases

600

457

354

373

405

392

339

282

274

265

318

State residents

600

457

352

369

402

389

333

273

273

262

312

Indiana

All cases

380

556

604

518

682

371

444

462

423

280

State residents

378

555

604

516

681

371

444

462

423

280

Iowa

All cases

455

343

245

260

253

324

272

185

173

240

196

State residents

455

343

245

260

253

324

272

185

173

240

196

Kansas

All cases

630

565

464

473

349

385

318

316

318

293

234

State residents

593

543

464

473

349

385

318

316

318

293

234

Kentucky

All cases

372

274

191

183

265

294

193

127

283

151

138

State residents

372

274

144

158

244

255

NA

118

260

144

122

Louisiana

All cases

170

187

136

46

59

67

State residents

170

183

135

46

59

67


TABLE 9. (Continued) Number of reported cases of adults* with blood lead levels ≥25 µg/dL — State Adult Blood Lead Epidemiology and Surveillance programs, United States, 2002–2012

State

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Maine

All cases

46

45

43

26

32

20

25

14

27

14

18

State residents

46

45

31

26

32

20

25

14

27

14

18

Maryland

All cases

132

126

85

75

66

113

114

103

106

56

63

State residents

128

93

60

42

51

96

89

80

82

54

61

Massachusetts

All cases

296

245

249

203

232

183

174

168

173

196

124

State residents

237

222

230

186

198

165

160

151

142

176

117

Michigan

All cases

195

173

157

133

108

132

128

103

102

116

132

State residents

194

162

149

129

107

132

127

102

101

115

132

Minnesota

All cases

164

185

143

131

134

156

125

96

113

88

123

State residents

164

185

143

130

134

156

125

96

113

88

123

Missouri

All cases

932

931

755

881

928

1,078

1,014

736

845

780

669

State residents

427

695

740

826

885

1,042

987

734

845

780

669

Montana

All cases

4

5

8

4

7

5

10

14

12

3

2

State residents

4

5

8

4

1

**

6

11

5

3

2

Nebraska

All cases

44

59

52

42

31

51

48

48

47

39

51

State residents

44

59

52

42

31

51

48

48

47

39

51

New Hampshire

All cases

62

57

52

53

45

39

50

29

30

27

16

State residents

57

57

52

53

45

39

50

29

30

27

16

New Jersey

All cases

430

417

392

401

331

141

199

202

239

210

178

State residents

430

358

325

367

309

131

193

196

227

186

176

New Mexico

All cases

15

9

11

5

7

7

10

9

7

16

7

State residents

15

9

11

5

7

7

9

9

6

16

7

New York

All cases

801

639

683

552

511

330

350

285

402

331

285

State residents

728

593

631

503

480

299

318

246

342

308

260

North Carolina

All cases

217

221

183

132

157

205

168

142

230

147

112

State residents

217

221

176

129

157

200

161

140

230

147

112

Ohio

All cases

910

716

680

730

608

611

601

544

689

548

517

State residents

910

715

676

723

608

611

594

544

684

539

495


TABLE 9. (Continued) Number of reported cases of adults* with blood lead levels ≥25 µg/dL — State Adult Blood Lead Epidemiology and Surveillance programs, United States, 2002–2012

State

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Oklahoma

All cases

62

97

82

49

66

31

39

33

41

80

State residents

62

85

74

48

59

22

27

33

35

65

Oregon

All cases

70

77

82

60

49

62

71

47

39

54

53

State residents

69

71

70

58

48

62

71

35

34

48

38

Pennsylvania

All cases

1,526

1,816

1,770

1,244

1,937

2,074

2,296

1,897

2,087

2,312

1,708

State residents

1,512

1,816

1,770

1,244

1,937

2,058

2,276

1,886

2,084

2,309

1,708

Rhode Island

All cases

107

44

37

41

39

33

26

27

30

32

22

State residents

107

41

37

41

39

33

26

27

30

32

22

South Carolina

All cases

123

78

115

233

136

112

73

31

72

41

66

State residents

123

78

102

233

136

112

71

11

29

41

66

Tennessee

All cases

564

614

555

264

260

267

214

State residents

557

554

493

210

176

232

195

Texas

All cases

344

246

202

241

254

255

321

318

287

282

261

State residents

344

246

202

241

254

251

281

295

279

279

260

Utah

All cases

44

59

35

53

38

35

35

33

24

20

26

State residents

44

58

33

49

32

32

31

30

15

9

8

Vermont

All cases

19

14

11

17

8

State residents

19

14

11

17

8

Washington

All cases

79

105

69

62

78

73

57

83

84

72

87

State residents

77

78

63

49

63

57

48

66

67

62

78

Wisconsin

All cases

257

213

202

173

153

233

190

159

119

118

100

State residents

257

213

202

173

153

233

190

159

119

117

100

Wyoming

All cases

11

13

28

42

28

27

19

14

6

13

12

State residents

11

13

28

42

28

26

18

14

6

13

12

Abbreviation: NA = not available; program did not report state resident data this year.

* A person aged ≥16 years at the time of blood collection. When an adult had multiple blood lead tests in a given year, only the highest blood lead level for that adult in that year was counted.

All cases reported by a state. These include cases among adults residing in the reporting state plus cases identified by the reporting state but who reside in another state.

§ Adults residing in the reporting state. States did not report this variable before 2002.

Data were unavailable because the state did not participate in the program in this year.

** Reported zero cases of state residents with elevated BLLs for this year.


TABLE 10. Reported number of cases and prevalence rate per 100,000 employed adults of adults* with blood lead levels ≥25 µg/dL — State Adult Blood Lead Epidemiology and Surveillance programs, United States, 1994–2001

State

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

No.

Rate

No.

Rate

No.

Rate

No.

Rate

No.

Rate

No.

Rate

No.

Rate

No.

Rate

Alabama

502

(26.3)

(—)

511

(25.6)

567

(27.9)

549

(26.7)

490

(23.7)

634

(30.6)

578

(28.4)

Arizona

40

(2.0)

148

(7.1)

56

(2.6)

79

(3.6)

91

(4.0)

48

(2.0)

58

(2.4)

35

(1.4)

California

1,347

(9.7)

997

(7.1)

1,010

(7.1)

1,044

(7.1)

900

(5.9)

911

(5.9)

1,001

(6.2)

872

(5.4)

Connecticut

354

(21.2)

262

(15.8)

229

(13.8)

207

(12.4)

118

(7.0)

124

(7.3)

99

(5.8)

77

(4.5)

Iowa

533

(34.9)

522

(33.7)

421

(27.1)

309

(19.9)

401

(25.7)

268

(17.2)

432

(27.5)

Maryland

196

(7.7)

178

(6.9)

153

(5.9)

189

(7.1)

162

(6.1)

292

(10.9)

229

(8.5)

205

(7.5)

Massachusetts

755

(25.3)

641

(21.2)

582

(18.9)

507

(16.1)

470

(14.7)

429

(13.2)

368

(11.2)

297

(9.1)

Michigan

(—)

(—)

(—)

135

(2.8)

298

(6.2)

272

(5.6)

238

(4.8)

208

(4.3)

Minnesota

(—)

467

(18.5)

255

(9.9)

258

(9.9)

264

(9.9)

272

(10.1)

190

(7.0)

244

(8.8)

Nebraska

(—)

(—)

(—)

(—)

(—)

143

(15.6)

94

(10.2)

(—)

New Hampshire

(—)

(—)

(—)

187

(29.4)

213

(32.7)

174

(26.1)

212

(31.3)

142

(20.9)

New Jersey

744

(19.6)

611

(15.9)

592

(15.1)

567

(14.1)

511

(12.6)

534

(13.1)

572

(13.9)

543

(13.2)

New York

955

(11.8)

850

(10.5)

1,115

(13.6)

1,045

(12.4)

903

(10.6)

948

(11.0)

955

(10.9)

834

(9.6)

North Carolina

224

(6.4)

342

(9.6)

269

(7.3)

362

(9.5)

379

(9.9)

426

(10.9)

280

(7.1)

345

(8.7)

Ohio

(—)

(—)

1,367

(25.4)

1,440

(26.4)

1,146

(20.9)

1,090

(19.7)

1,039

(18.7)

1,572

(28.2)

Oklahoma

52

(3.5)

76

(5.1)

94

(6.2)

88

(5.7)

67

(4.3)

46

(2.9)

66

(4.1)

49

(3.0)

Oregon

269

(17.4)

199

(12.6)

204

(12.6)

187

(11.3)

129

(7.7)

170

(10.0)

180

(10.5)

89

(5.2)

Pennsylvania

2,005

(36.3)

2,897

(52.2)

2,862

(50.6)

3,348

(58.0)

2,394

(41.4)

2,031

(35.0)

2,826

(48.5)

2,113

(36.0)

Rhode Island

(—)

(—)

(—)

104

(20.6)

78

(15.3)

67

(12.9)

178

(34.2)

95

(18.3)

South Carolina

367

(21.2)

595

(33.9)

188

(10.5)

189

(10.4)

195

(10.6)

32

(1.7)

60

(3.2)

(—)

Texas

387

(4.4)

189

(2.1)

738

(8.0)

687

(7.3)

556

(5.8)

510

(5.2)

554

(5.6)

307

(3.1)

Utah

83

(8.8)

102

(10.4)

57

(5.7)

98

(9.5)

75

(7.1)

41

(3.8)

34

(3.1)

45

(4.1)

Washington

232

(9.0)

241

(9.1)

203

(7.5)

277

(9.8)

152

(5.3)

148

(5.1)

160

(5.5)

120

(4.2)

Wisconsin

713

(26.3)

932

(33.6)

600

(21.3)

528

(18.5)

428

(14.9)

671

(23.3)

376

(13.0)

294

(10.1)

Wyoming

(—)

(—)

(—)

99

(40.6)

67

(27.0)

39

(15.5)

47

(18.3)

21

(8.1)

* A person aged ≥16 years at the time of blood collection. When an adult had multiple blood lead tests in a given year, only the highest blood lead level for that adult in that year was counted. Rates are forAll reported cases by the state. These include adult residents in the reporting state plus residents of other states. State resident data were only available from 2002 onwards.

Data were unavailable because the state did not participate in the ABLES program in this year.


TABLE 11. Total number (in 1000s) of state-resident employed adults* (denominators), by state and year — United States, 2002–2012

State

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Alabama

1,995

1,990

2,007

2,052

2,098

2,104

2,054

1,937

1,978

2,004

2,010

Alaska

—†

311

315

321

326

330

333

331

333

337

340

Arizona

2,513

2,573

2,650

2,725

2,837

2,898

2,913

2,822

2,782

2,761

2,774

California

16,181

16,200

16,355

16,592

16,821

16,961

16,894

16,155

16,068

16,250

16,590

Colorado

2,493

2,531

Connecticut

1,701

1,697

1,704

1,719

1,746

1,761

1,769

1,741

1,737

1,737

1,731

Florida

7,663

7,786

7,998

8,305

8,584

8,839

8,637

8,140

8,131

8,311

8,547

Georgia

4,135

4,174

4,249

4,375

4,500

4,588

4,541

4,295

4,235

4,280

4,342

Hawaii

584

598

610

618

617

593

604

614

612

Illinois

5,969

5,917

5,969

6,033

6,225

6,322

6,248

5,938

5,925

5,937

5,982

Indiana

2,998

2,998

3,032

3,080

3,082

3,057

2,873

2,851

2,890

2,912

Iowa

1,568

1,537

1,535

1,558

1,595

1,604

1,609

1,571

1,566

1,569

1,577

Kansas

1,351

1,365

1,381

1,390

1,404

1,411

1,416

1,400

1,397

1,399

1,401

Kentucky

1,838

1,848

1,855

1,876

1,904

1,924

1,907

1,850

1,857

1,879

1,900

Louisiana

1,934

1,965

1,916

1,919

1,917

1,944

Maine

651

650

654

659

666

666

665

643

645

651

656

Maryland

2,733

2,741

2,762

2,825

2,893

2,885

2,893

2,814

2,833

2,871

2,910

Massachusetts

3,243

3,209

3,204

3,220

3,256

3,277

3,278

3,188

3,187

3,212

3,235

Michigan

4,725

4,676

4,687

4,717

4,723

4,678

4,551

4,204

4,151

4,192

4,244

Minnesota

2,750

2,751

2,752

2,757

2,775

2,768

2,772

2,714

2,744

2,776

2,795

Missouri

2,830

2,814

2,816

2,850

2,889

2,895

2,870

2,776

2,751

2,762

2,787

Montana

445

450

456

463

476

486

487

466

463

467

477

Nebraska

921

932

938

935

943

953

962

939

944

960

979

New Hampshire

680

679

688

697

709

714

714

696

694

698

702

New Jersey

4,117

4,108

4,144

4,208

4,258

4,265

4,262

4,136

4,109

4,112

4,137

New Mexico

823

836

850

866

887

904

905

870

856

854

860

New York

8,721

8,704

8,816

8,947

9,062

9,098

9,111

8,834

8,767

8,755

8,806

North Carolina

3,931

3,974

4,031

4,124

4,261

4,284

4,280

4,108

4,138

4,183

4,271

Ohio

5,503

5,499

5,503

5,537

5,603

5,611

5,550

5,312

5,260

5,287

5,317

Oklahoma

1,602

1,599

1,606

1,629

1,650

1,664

1,676

1,647

1,671

1,698

Oregon

1,704

1,700

1,714

1,741

1,792

1,822

1,827

1,751

1,757

1,777

1,777

Pennsylvania

5,869

5,796

5,860

5,958

6,021

6,054

6,105

5,898

5,851

5,885

5,954

Rhode Island

526

533

526

533

544

544

528

504

505

499

501

South Carolina

1,826

1,854

1,888

1,922

1,971

2,010

1,998

1,912

1,925

1,955

1,989

Tennessee

2,853

2,902

2,854

2,715

2,779

2,828

2,846

Texas

10,115

10,229

10,385

10,552

10,758

10,914

11,076

11,074

11,281

11,506

11,762

Utah

1,114

1,139

1,179

1,230

1,285

1,329

1,330

1,273

1,253

1,262

1,303

Vermont

342

335

337

338

338

Washington

2,877

2,913

3,000

3,076

3,155

3,233

3,285

3,194

3,167

3,154

3,203

Wisconsin

2,861

2,863

2,868

2,890

2,932

2,949

2,941

2,845

2,823

2,838

2,850

Wyoming

258

259

262

268

277

282

287

281

281

285

289

* Persons aged ≥16 years in the civilian noninstitutionalizedpopulation who, during the reference week (the week including the 12th day of the month), either 1) did any work as paid employees, worked in their own business or profession or on their own farm, or worked 15 hours or more as unpaid workers in an enterprise operated by a member of their family, or 2) were not working but who had jobs from which they were temporarily absent because of vacation, illness, bad weather, childcare problems, maternity or paternity leave, labor-management dispute job training, or other family or personal reasons, whether or not they were paid for the time off or were seeking other jobs. Each employed person is counted only once, even if he or she holds more than one job. Source: US Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Local Area Unemployment Statistics (LAUS) program. Washington, DC: Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics; 2014. Available at http://www.bls.gov/lau/staadata.txt.

No denominator data were provided because the state did not participate in the ABLES program in these years.


TABLE 12. Total number (in 1,000s) of state-resident employed adults* (denominators) by state and year — United States, 1994–2001

State

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

Alabama

1,910

1,993

2,035

2,059

2,070

2,073

2,033

Arizona

1,977

2,096

2,146

2,197

2,279

2,355

2,406

2,453

California

13,954

14,062

14,304

14,781

15,204

15,567

16,034

16,217

Connecticut

1,670

1,658

1,660

1,675

1,685

1,695

1,698

1,698

Iowa

1,528

1,551

1,556

1,556

1,561

1,561

1,570

Maryland

2,545

2,573

2,616

2,646

2,661

2,688

2,703

2,719

Massachusetts

2,989

3,029

3,083

3,159

3,209

3,246

3,277

3,275

Michigan

4,749

4,810

4,897

4,967

4,865

Minnesota

2,529

2,566

2,606

2,657

2,687

2,733

2,764

Nebraska

916

926

New Hampshire

635

651

666

677

681

New Jersey

3,790

3,846

3,926

4,031

4,047

4,093

4,129

4,112

New York

8,080

8,126

8,229

8,417

8,547

8,657

8,764

8,730

North Carolina

3,511

3,583

3,704

3,810

3,845

3,921

3,959

3,949

Ohio

5,378

5,448

5,489

5,534

5,571

5,570

Oklahoma

1,469

1,491

1,515

1,543

1,569

1,591

1,608

1,615

Oregon

1,547

1,583

1,619

1,653

1,678

1,697

1,721

1,709

Pennsylvania

5,530

5,554

5,662

5,775

5,788

5,810

5,832

5,870

Rhode Island

504

510

519

521

520

South Carolina

1,729

1,755

1,786

1,820

1,849

1,877

1,896

Texas

8,779

8,986

9,176

9,395

9,601

9,766

9,913

10,004

Utah

945

979

1,004

1,034

1,061

1,080

1,096

1,103

Washington

2,567

2,636

2,712

2,822

2,887

2,918

2,899

2,861

Wisconsin

2,713

2,774

2,816

2,856

2,870

2,879

2,891

2,899

Wyoming

244

248

252

257

260

* Persons aged ≥16 years in the civilian noninstitutionalized population who were employed during the reference week. Source: US Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2003 Local Area Unemployment Statistics (LAUS) program. Washington, DC: Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics; 2004. Available at http://www.bls.gov/lau/staadata.txt.

No denominator data were provided because the state did not participate in the ABLES program in these years.


State Adult Blood Lead Epidemiology and Surveillance (ABLES) Program Investigators

(All ABLES program investigators meet the CDC and MMWR criteria for contributors)

Sherri Davidson, MPH, Martha L. Sanchez, MD, Alabama Department of Public Health; Sandrine E. Deglin, PhD, Alaska Department of Health and Social Services; Diane Eckles, Arizona Department of Health Services; Susan F. Payne, MA, California Department of Public Health; Albert L. DeLoreto, MPH, Thomas St. Louis, MSPH, Connecticut Department of Public Health; Christy Kuriatnyk, MSPH, Georgia Department of Public Health; Barbara Brooks, PhD, Hawaii Department of Health; Van Nguyen, MS, Tiefu Shen, MD, Illinois Department of Public Health; Jeffery M. Turner, Indiana State Department of Health; Kathy Leinenkugel, MPA, Iowa Department of Public Health; Alisha Langham, Kansas Department of Health and Environment; Monica L. Clouse, MPH, Kentucky Department for Public Health; Michelle Lackovic, MPH, Jocelyn Lewis, PhD, Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals; Ezattolah Keyvan, MD, Maryland Department of the Environment; Robert J. Nicotera, DJ, Massachusetts Department of Labor Standards; Joanna Kica, MPA, Michigan State University; Stephanie Yendell, DVM, Minnesota Department of Health; Carol R. Braun, Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services; Doug Gillespie, Derry Stover, MPH, Nebraska Department of Health and Human Services; Karla R. Armenti, ScD, Paul L. Lakevicius, MBA, New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services; Marija Borjan, PhD, Margaret E. Lumia, PhD, Devendra Singh, New Jersey Department of Health; Leilani Schwarcz, MPH, New Mexico Department of Health; Alicia M. Fletcher, MPH, New York State Department of Health; Sheila Higgins, MPH, North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services; Chris Alexander, MS, Tyler Serafini, MPH, Ohio Department of Health; Susan J. Quigley, Christin T. Benner, MPH, Oklahoma State Health Department; Daniel Cain, MA, Oregon Health Authority; Sasidevi Arunachalam, Pennsylvania Department of Health; James Bruckshaw, Rhode Island Department of Health; H. Reed Corley, MPH, South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control; Jennifer Karnik, MPH, Teresa Willis, Texas Department of State Health Services; Bonnie Hinds, Martha Keel, PhD, Morey Parang, Phillip Woodard, University of Tennessee; Mark E. Jones, Sam Lefevre, Utah Department of Health; Mike Sullivan, MBA, Vermont Department of Health; Todd M. Schoonover, PhD, Washington Department of Labor and Industries; Carrie Tomasallo, PhD, Wisconsin Department of Health Services; Steve Melia, MSPH, Wyoming Department of Health; ABLES Programs coordinators in Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Florida Department of Health, Maine Department of Health and Human Services, and Montana Department of Public Health and Human Services.



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