Saved Queries

by Zhengxiang Zhao, Shuang Pei, Yuying Song, Tiantian Yang, Yuan Gao, Hao Chai, Feishi Luan, Zicheng Zhu and Xuezheng Wang

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(19), 10341; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms251910341 (registering DOI) - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

Rind thickness (RT) is an important agronomic trait in watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Mansf.] and affects watermelon storability. However, genetic studies on this trait, as well as gene regulation studies, are scarce and of limited production significance. We constructed a temporary F₂ generation using the highly differentiated thick-rind watermelon ‘XiaoXiGua-4’ and the thin-rind watermelon ‘DuanMan’ as parents and localized the Cla97C02G044120 gene, which controls the thickness of watermelon rind, to the intervals of chromosome 2, CL2-32303995 and CL2-32316840, through 2 years of genetic analysis. No exonic mutations were found in this gene, but two promoter mutations resulted in changes in the promoter progenitor. Fluorescence quantitative PCR analysis revealed highly significant differences in expression at 1 d and 28 d, and the expression was significantly lower in thick-skinned watermelon varieties. Marker-assisted selection (MAS) for this trait was performed using the Caps marker CL2-32303995 and the InDel marker CL2-32316840, which not only verified the stability of the localization interval but also distinguished thick rind from thin rind. These results can be used for germplasm resource screening and have strong breeding significance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Plant Sciences)

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19 pages, 9734 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Lime Stabilization of Tropical Soil for Resilient Pavements: Mechanical, Microscopic, and Mineralogical Characteristics

by Bruna Calabria Diniz, William Fedrigo, Thaís Radünz Kleinert, Giovanni dos Santos Batista, Washington Peres Núñez, Bethania Machado Correa and Lélio Antônio Teixeira Brito

Materials 2024, 17(19), 4720; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17194720 (registering DOI) - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

Lime stabilization is a sustainable technique due to its use of local materials, increased durability, reduced maintenance, and improved resistance to water action. This paper examines the impact of lime stabilization on the mechanical, microscopic, and mineralogical properties of a tropical soil. Two types of lime, calcitic and dolomitic, were tested at 3% and 5% by weight. Compressive, indirect tensile and flexural test results and statistical analysis revealed that calcitic lime mixtures had higher strength and stiffness, whereas dolomitic lime mixtures exhibited greater deformability with higher tensile strain at break. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that the soil’s porous matrix closed within 7 days for both lime types due to flocculation, with increased matrix interlocking over time. The calcitic lime mixture developed a more closed matrix compared to the dolomitic lime, which showed weaker cementing. X-ray diffraction analysis indicated higher consumption of clay minerals and a notable reduction in calcium hydroxide peaks in the lime-treated soils. The study concludes that calcitic lime provides better pavement performance for stabilizing the soil, enhancing its engineering properties while also being sustainable by reducing the need for raw material extraction and improving resilience to climate-related issues such as floods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Road Materials and Pavement Engineering: Design, Structure, Performance and Characterization)

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15 pages, 1321 KiB

Open AccessCommentary

The Use of Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in the Treatment of Osteoarthritis: Insights from Preclinical Studies

by Mitch Jones, Elena Jones and Dimitrios Kouroupis

Bioengineering 2024, 11(10), 961; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11100961 (registering DOI) - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prominent cause of disability, and has severe social and economic ramifications across the globe. The main driver of OA’s pervasiveness is the fact that no current medical interventions exist to reverse or even attenuate the degeneration of cartilage within the articular joint. Crucial for cell-to-cell communication, extracellular vesicles (EVs) contribute to OA progression through the delivery of bioactive molecules in the inflammatory microenvironment. By repurposing this acellular means of signal transmission, therapeutic drugs may be administered to degenerated cartilage tissue in the hopes of encouraging regeneration. Positive outcomes are apparent in in vivo studies on this subject; however, for this therapy to prove itself in the clinical world, efforts towards standardizing the characterization, application, biological contents, and dosage are essential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Regenerative Engineering)

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6 pages, 941 KiB

Open AccessShort Note

Methyl 6,7-Difluoro-2-[(4-fluorobenzyl)sulfanyl]-4-hydroxyquinoline-3-carboxylate

by Vladimir A. Potapov, Irina A. Novokshonova, Maxim V. Musalov, Svetlana V. Amosova and Oleg A. Rakitin

Molbank 2024, 2024(4), M1889; https://doi.org/10.3390/M1889 (registering DOI) - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

A convenient synthesis of a novel fluoroquinolone precursor, methyl 6,7-difluoro-2-[(4-fluorobenzyl)sulfanyl]-4-hydroxyquinoline-3-carboxylate, at a 78% yield starting from 3,4-difluorophenyl isothiocyanate was developed. The structure of the product was established by ¹H, ¹³C, and ¹⁹F NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, IR spectroscopy and confirmed [...] Read more.

(This article belongs to the Section Organic Synthesis)

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17 pages, 8511 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Effects of Irigenen Alleviate Osteoarthritis Progression through Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway

by Xuan Fang, Hongqi Zhao, Tao Xu, Hua Wu and Gaohong Sheng

Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17(10), 1268; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17101268 (registering DOI) - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent degenerative disease globally, characterized by cartilage degradation and joint dysfunction. Current treatments are insufficient for halting OA progression. Irigenin (IRI), a flavonoid extracted from natural plants with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, has demonstrated potential in mitigating inflammation and oxidative stress in various diseases; however, its effects on OA remain unexplored. This study aims to evaluate the therapeutic effects of IRI on OA through in vivo and in vitro experiments and to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms. Methods: In vitro, chondrocytes were exposed to hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) to induce an oxidative stress environment and were then treated with IRI. Western blotting, RT-qPCR, immunofluorescence staining assays, flow cytometry, and apoptosis assays were employed to assess the effects of IRI on chondrocyte matrix homeostasis, inflammatory response, and apoptosis. In vivo, an OA rat model was treated with regular IRI injections, and therapeutic effects were evaluated using micro-CT, histological staining, and immunohistochemistry assays. Results: IRI treatment restored matrix homeostasis in chondrocytes and effectively suppressed H₂O₂-induced inflammation and apoptosis. Subsequent studies further revealed that IRI exerts its therapeutic effects by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Inhibition of Nrf2 expression in chondrocytes partially blocked the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of IRI. In the OA rat model, regular IRI injections effectively ameliorated cartilage degeneration. Conclusions: This study identifies IRI as a promising strategy for OA treatment by modulating inflammation and apoptosis through the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Pharmacological Management of Bone and Muscle Disorders)

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Graphical abstract

12 pages, 743 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Harnessing Blockchain and IoT for Carbon Credit Exchange to Achieve Pollution Reduction Goals

by Ameni Boumaiza and Kenza Maher

Energies 2024, 17(19), 4811; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17194811 (registering DOI) - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

The trinity of global warming, climate change, and air pollution casts an ominous shadow over society and the environment. At the heart of these threats lie carbon emissions, whose reduction has become paramount. Blockchain technology and the internet of things (IoT) emerge as innovative tools for establishing an efficient carbon credit exchange. This paper presents a blockchain and IoT-centric platform for carbon credit exchange, paving the way for transparent, secure, and effective trading. IoT devices play a pivotal role in monitoring and verifying carbon emissions, safeguarding the integrity and accountability of the trading process. Blockchain technology, with its decentralized and immutable nature, empowers the platform with transparency, reduced fraud, and enhanced accountability. This platform aims to arm organizations and individuals with the ability to actively curb carbon emissions, fostering collective efforts towards global pollution reduction goals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section B: Energy and Environment)

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18 pages, 2851 KiB

Open AccessReview

Challenges and Advances in Tertiary Waste Water Treatment for Municipal Treatment Plants

by Olga Solcova, Martina Dlaskova and Frantisek Kastanek

Processes 2024, 12(10), 2084; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12102084 (registering DOI) - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

Municipal waste water treatment plants have a fundamental task, which is to rid waste water of toxic and health-threatening organic and inorganic substances, including unwanted microorganisms and other pollutants, with the highest possible efficiency so that the discharged water does not contaminate the natural environment, which happens in the case of imperfect cleaning. Current WWTPs usually have a preliminary, primary, and secondary stage, and in very few cases even a tertiary stage, which no longer guarantees the sufficient removal of pollutants from waste water. This research presents the current situation in different parts of the world concerning the possibility of solving the current situation regarding the tertiary and quaternary stages of this process, especially in small and rural WWTPs serving up to approx. 10,000 equivalent inhabitants, which could ensure the removal of so-called emerging pollutants, including microplastics, and would stop WWTPs being point sources of environmental contamination. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Features, Reviews and Perspectives for the 10th Anniversary of Processes)

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14 pages, 10449 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Subsurface Electrical Structure Based on a Dense Geomagnetic Array in Southern Yunnan

by Xiaoyu Shen and Yujia Cao

Sensors 2024, 24(19), 6221; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24196221 (registering DOI) - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

The electrical resistivity of subsurface rocks is one of the important sensitive parameters characterizing the internal physics of the Earth. Currently, research on subsurface electrical structures using geomagnetic sounding methods primarily focuses on two approaches: the first is based on observations from a few geomagnetic stations, which have low spatial resolution and cannot effectively describe the distribution of anomalies; the second is based on mobile geomagnetic observations, which have low temporal resolution and cannot promptly reflect anomalies. To address these issues, this study deployed a dense geomagnetic array for long-term observation in the southern segment of the Xiaojiang Fault Zone in the Yuxi area of southern Yunnan. This setup aims to promptly capture seismic magnetic anomalies, providing more data support and fundamental information for short-term earthquake prediction. Based on the long-term observation data from the dense array, the study of the subsurface electrical structure is carried out. The results indicate that during the observation period, which was seismically quiet, the regional subsurface electrical structure remained stable. A large-scale subsurface low-resistivity body was observed in the region, and the electrical structures at the two ends of the southern segment of the Xiaojiang Fault Zone were found to be completely different. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensing Technologies to Study Synergy in Pre-earthquake Phenomena: Investigating Triggering Mechanisms, Biosensing and Space Weather Impacts)

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17 pages, 645 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Social Determinants Perspective on Adolescent Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic

by Mischa Taylor, Carla T. Hilario, Shelly Ben-David and Gina Dimitropoulos

COVID 2024, 4(10), 1561-1577; https://doi.org/10.3390/covid4100108 (registering DOI) - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

As a framework for understanding the structural factors that affect health, the social determinants of health (SDoH) have particular significance during the developmental stage of adolescence. When the global coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) began, public health measures (PHMs) implemented to curb its spread shifted adolescents’ daily lives and routines, initiating changes to their mental health. The purpose of this study was to apply the SDoH to investigating the impacts of the pandemic-related PHMs on the mental health of adolescents in Canada. Using a youth engagement approach, interviews were conducted with 33 adolescents aged 14–19 years from two sites in Alberta, Canada. Participants shared their experiences of adjusting to the PHMs and how these shaped their mental health. Findings indicate that PHMs particularly affected the social determinants of education, access to health services, employment and income security, and social support amongst adolescents as online schooling, loss of connection with peers, income instability, and limited health services affected their mental health. Most commonly, adolescents expressed feeling greater anxiety, depression, or loneliness as the SDoH shifted with the PHMs. As we continue to understand the mental health impacts of the pandemic, the SDoH framework can be used to identify salient social determinants and evaluate these determinants post-pandemic. This study draws attention to the need for policies and programs that protect access to key SDoH at such a critical life stage as adolescence and promote their mental health resilience in shifting SDoH contexts. Full article

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14 pages, 478 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

The Effect of Corticotomy-Assisted Orthodontic Therapy (CAOT) or Periodontally Accelerated Osteogenic Orthodontics (PAOO) on Bone Remodeling and the Health of Periodontium: A Systematic Review of Systematic Reviews

by Anna Ewa Kuc, Maria Kulgawczyk, Magdalena Ewa Sulewska, Natalia Kuc, Beata Kawala, Joanna Lis, Michał Sarul and Jacek Kotuła

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(19), 5726; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13195726 (registering DOI) - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background: Orthodontic treatment involves moving teeth within the alveolar ridge. Bone remodeling is associated with the activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Procedures such as corticotomy-assisted orthodontic therapy (CAOT) or periodontally accelerated osteogenic orthodontics (PAOO) are intended to reduce bone density and negative stress on the grip side and therefore limit bone resorption during orthodontic movement or add bone substitute material so that the tooth does not cross the vestibular plate. Methods: The study was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. The study design was defined in the PICO format—Population (P): patients with full permanent dentition, both adolescents and adults; Intervention (I): orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances using additional supportive treatments such as CAOT or PAOO; Comparison (C): assessment of the impact of additional treatments during orthodontic treatment on the remodeling of the alveolar bone and the condition of the periodontium; Result (O): statistically significant/non-significant differences in the condition of the alveolar bone before and after orthodontic treatment. Search filters include the time of publication of the article, systematic reviews from the last five years, and publications that appeared in English. The information provided in the abstracts of systematic reviews that describe the effects of additional procedures during orthodontic treatment such as CAOT or PAOO on the health of periodontium was analyzed. Articles unrelated to the subject of the planned study and those in which tooth movement acceleration was analyzed were excluded. Results: Eight articles were selected in which a total number of 835 subjects took part. The changes in bone density and effects on periodontium were different after CAOT and PAOO. Conclusions: The validity of CAOT and PAOO procedures remains controversial. Better results are obtained when combined with tissue augmentation or thickening of the gingival phenotype rather than as stand-alone procedures, as their uses to protect periodontal tissues are limited. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Orthodontics: Current Advances and Future Options)

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15 pages, 450 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification, Safety Assessment, and Antimicrobial Characteristics of Cocci Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Traditional Egyptian Dairy Products

by Khaled Elsaadany, Abeer I. M. EL-Sayed and Sameh Awad

Foods 2024, 13(19), 3059; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13193059 (registering DOI) - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

The main objective of this study is to isolate and identify lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from various Egyptian dairy products, examine their antibacterial and hemolysis potential, and ensure their safety when used as starter cultures in different dairy industries. Egyptian dairy products are often made without the use of commercial starter cultures, using raw milk and artisanal methods. The most popular traditional dairy products are Laban Rayeb and Zabady, as well as the cheese varieties of Ras, Domiati, and Karish. The microbial communities used for fermentation and the diversity of lactic acid bacteria are the most important factors that can affect the quality of these products. In order to investigate the diversity of cocci lactic acid bacteria in Egyptian dairy products, 70 samples of raw or fermented milk and cheeses were collected from traditional cheese-making factories, local markets, and farmhouses located in the Delta area of Egypt. Following this, the LAB were isolated from the samples. One hundred fifty-seven isolates of Gram-positive, catalase-negative, and cocci bacterial species were identified via rep-PCR, and some isolates were confirmed using pheS and 16S rRNA gene sequencing, as follows: Streptococcus infantarius subsp. infantarius (three isolates), Enterococcus hirae (three isolates), Enterococcus faecium (ninety-six isolates), Enterococcus faecalis (forty isolates), Enterococcus durans (six isolates), Lactococcus garvieae (one isolate), Pediococcus acidilactici (seven isolates), and Lactococcus lactis subsp. Lactis (one isolate). These findings validate that five strains have strong antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes, and one hundred thirty-four strains were safe for hemolysis. The five strains were selected as protective cultures, including Pediococcus acidilactici, Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis, E. faecalis, and E. faecium. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Food Microbiology)

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13 pages, 1663 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Examination of Enhanced Nanoceramic-Based Self-Cleaning Sprays for High-Efficiency Hydrophobic Photovoltaic Panels

by Merna Abdrabo, Ahmed Elkaseer, Engy Elshazly, Mohamed S. El-Deab and Iman El-Mahallawi

Coatings 2024, 14(10), 1239; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14101239 (registering DOI) - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

Dust deposition poses a significant challenge in the implementation of photovoltaic panels (PV) especially in hot and dusty environments, such as the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. This issue leads to progressive degradation of PV efficiency and output power. In this context, this research work aims to improve PV performance by developing self-cleaning sprays as a preventative solution. Different concentrations of SnO₂ and TiO₂ nanoceramics were dispersed in isopropyl alcohol solvent to reduce the mixture’s viscosity and facilitate smooth spraying on solar panels, whose efficiency was continually assessed in outdoor conditions. Although less commonly used for this application, the nano-SnO₂ was selected for the purpose of enhancing the surface hydrophobicity, whereas nano-TiO₂ was included for its favorable photocatalytic properties. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) oil, known for its self-cleaning characteristic, was served as the base material in the developed sprays. The described blend of materials represents a novel combination. The results indicated that 2.5% nano-SnO₂ and 2.5% nano-TiO₂ in PDMS oil enhanced efficiency by 5.4% compared to a non-sprayed panel after five weeks of outdoor exposure. This efficiency gain was experimentally justified and attributed to the spray’s ability to achieve a water contact angle (WCA) of 100.6°, forming a hydrophobic surface conducive to self-cleaning. Further characterization results, including photocatalysis and zeta potential have been gathered and analyzed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Polymer Coatings for Industrial Applications: Innovations in Sustainability, Performance, and Processing)

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18 pages, 764 KiB

Open AccessTutorial

A Tutorial on the Use of Physics-Informed Neural Networks to Compute the Spectrum of Quantum Systems

by Lorenzo Brevi, Antonio Mandarino and Enrico Prati

Technologies 2024, 12(10), 174; https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies12100174 (registering DOI) - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

Quantum many-body systems are of great interest for many research areas, including physics, biology, and chemistry. However, their simulation is extremely challenging, due to the exponential growth of the Hilbert space with system size, making it exceedingly difficult to parameterize the wave functions of large systems by using exact methods. Neural networks and machine learning, in general, are a way to face this challenge. For instance, methods like tensor networks and neural quantum states are being investigated as promising tools to obtain the wave function of a quantum mechanical system. In this tutorial, we focus on a particularly promising class of deep learning algorithms. We explain how to construct a Physics-Informed Neural Network (PINN) able to solve the Schrödinger equation for a given potential, by finding its eigenvalues and eigenfunctions. This technique is unsupervised, and utilizes a novel computational method in a manner that is barely explored. PINNs are a deep learning method that exploit automatic differentiation to solve integro-differential equations in a mesh-free way. We show how to find both the ground and the excited states. The method discovers the states progressively by starting from the ground state. We explain how to introduce inductive biases in the loss to exploit further knowledge of the physical system. Such additional constraints allow for a faster and more accurate convergence. This technique can then be enhanced by a smart choice of collocation points in order to take advantage of the mesh-free nature of the PINN. The methods are made explicit by applying them to the infinite potential well and the particle in a ring, a challenging problem to be learned by an artificial intelligence agent due to the presence of complex-valued eigenfunctions and degenerate states Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Quantum Technologies)

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12 pages, 18289 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Microplastics and Organic Fertilizer Regulation on Soil Dissolved Organic Matter Evolution

by Cheng Li, Chunhai Wang and Le Liu

Toxics 2024, 12(10), 695; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12100695 (registering DOI) - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

Microplastics are pollutants of global concern nowadays. However, the effects of microplastics addition to soil as a carbon source and the combined effects of microplastics and organic fertilizer on soil-dissolved organic matter (DOM) evolution are still unclear. This study focused on the evolution of DOM in soil with the addition of microplastics and investigated the variations in the content and composition of DOM in unfertilized and fertilized soil with different particle sizes of microplastics. It was observed that the TOC concentration of the soil DOM in the treatment with organic fertilizer and microplastics increased more (129.97–161.43 mg kg⁻¹) than that in the treatment with microplastics alone (117.17–131.87 mg kg⁻¹) and was higher than that in the original soil (95.65 mg kg⁻¹). According to the humic acid relative abundance in DOM after 40 days of incubation, the humic acid relative abundance in DOM of the soil samples with microplastics and organic fertilizers addition was found to be higher than that in those with microplastic addition alone, reaching more than 80% in a short time. In conclusion, the TOC concentration of the soil DOM increased with the addition of microplastics, and the increase was more pronounced when organic fertilizers and microplastics were added together. Moreover, the soil humification increased to a higher level in the short term with the combined addition of microplastics and organic fertilizers, which was maintained during the long-term incubation process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Toxicity Reduction and Environmental Remediation)

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16 pages, 7703 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification of the Optimal Quantitative RT-PCR Reference Gene for Paper Mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera)

by Fangwei Zhou, Liang Xu, Congguang Shi, Fengying Wu and Shaozong Yang

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46(10), 10779-10794; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46100640 (registering DOI) - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

Paper Mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera) possesses medicinal, economic, and ecological significance and is extensively used for feed production, papermaking, and ecological restoration due to its ease of propagation, rapid growth rate, and strong stress resistance. The recent completion of the sequencing of the Paper Mulberry genome has prompted further research into the genetic breeding and molecular biology of this important species. A highly stable reference gene is essential to enhance the quantitative analysis of functional genes in Paper Mulberry; however, none has been identified. Accordingly, in this study, the leaves, stems, roots, petioles, young fruits, and mature fruits of Paper Mulberry plants were selected as experimental materials, and nine candidate reference genes, namely, α-TUB1, α-TUB2, β-TUB, H2A, ACT, DnaJ, UBQ, CDC2, and TIP41, were identified by RT-qPCR. Their stability was assessed using the geNorm, Normfinder, Delta Ct, BestKeeper, and RefFinder algorithms, identifying ACT and UBQ as showing the greatest stability. The expression of BpMYB090, which regulates the production of trichomes, was examined in the leaves of plants of the wild type (which have more trichomes) and mutant (which have fewer trichomes) at various developmental stages to validate the results of this study. As a result, their identification addresses a critical gap in the field of Paper Mulberry research, providing a solid foundation for future research that will concentrate on the characterization of pertinent functional genes in this economically valuable species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Plant Sciences)

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