Leveraging the Potential of In Situ Green-Synthesized Zero-Valent Iron Nanoparticles (nZVI) for Advanced Oxidation of Clinical Dyes in Water
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Reagents
2.2. Extraction of Polyphenols from Green Tea Leaves and Determination of the Polyphenol Content
2.3. Experimental Procedure
2.4. Experimental Design
2.5. Characterization of n-ZVI
2.5.1. Texture and Morphology
2.5.2. Chemical Characterization and Crystal Structure
2.5.3. Thermal Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Characterization of Polyphenol Extracts
3.2. Texture and Morphology of the nZVI Samples
3.3. Chemical Characterization and Crystal Structure of the nZVI Samples
3.4. Thermal Analysis
3.5. Preliminary Tests and Determination of the Operational Variables and Working Intervals
3.6. Analysis of the Statistical Design of Experiments
3.6.1. Numerical Analysis
3.6.2. Graphical Analysis
3.7. Contribution of Fe0 Nanoparticles to the Elimination Process of Dyes
3.8. Contribution of the Fenton/Fenton-like Processes to the Removal of Dyes
3.9. Synergistic Effect of Nanoparticle Formation and Advanced Oxidation Processes on the Removal of Dyes
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Crystal Phase | Formula | Percent | Crystal System | Space Group | a | b | c | Alpha | Beta | Gamma |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
α-Iron | α-Fe | 63.2 | Cubic | Im-3m (229) | 2.8608 | 2.8608 | 2.8608 | 90 | 90 | 90 |
Goethite | FeOOH | 23.9 | Orthorhombic | Pbnm (62) | 4.6080 | 9.9560 | 3.0215 | 90 | 90 | 90 |
Hematite | Fe2O3 | 12.9 | Rhombohedral | R-3c (167) | 5.4200 | 5.4200 | 5.4200 | 55.12 | 55.12 | 55.12 |
Experiment | Coded Values | Removal Efficiency (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fe (II) | Fe (III) | H2O2 | Polyphenols | Chrysoidine | Methylene Blue | |
1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 89.5 | 87.4 |
2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 88.3 | 90.6 |
3 | 1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | 85.1 | 86.8 |
4 | −1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | 83.2 | 76.4 |
5 | −1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | 80.7 | 49.5 |
6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 88.9 | 83.9 |
7 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 93.8 | 91.6 |
8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 89.2 | 87.8 |
9 | 1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | 94.9 | 97.5 |
10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | −2 | 74.4 | 85.5 |
11 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 88.4 | 86.1 |
12 | −1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | 96.4 | 93.5 |
13 | −1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | 93.7 | 55.6 |
14 | −1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | 94.9 | 84.1 |
15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 89.1 | 80.4 |
16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 88.6 | 80.0 |
17 | 1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | 82.7 | 40.5 |
18 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 89.3 | 78.1 |
19 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 81.3 | 50.4 |
20 | −1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | 82.8 | 94.1 |
21 | 0 | 0 | −2 | 0 | 61.5 | 53.0 |
22 | −1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 94.5 | 83.1 |
23 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 89.7 | 87.9 |
24 | 0 | −2 | 0 | 0 | 95.2 | 63.5 |
25 | 1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | 84.2 | 94.0 |
26 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 88.3 | 84.8 |
27 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 89.0 | 85.0 |
28 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 94.6 | 94.8 |
29 | 1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | 81.0 | 24.7 |
30 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 89.4 | 84.8 |
31 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 88.9 | 85.2 |
32 | 1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | 90.7 | 69.6 |
33 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 88.7 | 86.8 |
34 | 1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | 95.6 | 96.2 |
35 | −2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 94.3 | 61.2 |
36 | −1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | 86.3 | 45.7 |
Variable | Chrysoidine | Methylene Blue | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | ||
Fe(II) | −0.609945 | −1.99971 | −1.79394 | −0.451465 |
Fe(III) | 1.92918 | 2.00000 | 0.24663 | 0.15726 |
H2O2 | 1.0094 | 1.49197 | 1.98174 | 0.534451 |
Polyphenols | 0.4105 | 0.494255 | 0.42093 | −1.18908 |
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Alexandre-Franco, M.F.; Rodríguez-Rasero, C.; González-Trejo, A.; Casas-Pulido, M.; Fernández-González, C.; Cuerda-Correa, E.M. Leveraging the Potential of In Situ Green-Synthesized Zero-Valent Iron Nanoparticles (nZVI) for Advanced Oxidation of Clinical Dyes in Water. Appl. Sci. 2024, 14, 6558. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14156558
Alexandre-Franco MF, Rodríguez-Rasero C, González-Trejo A, Casas-Pulido M, Fernández-González C, Cuerda-Correa EM. Leveraging the Potential of In Situ Green-Synthesized Zero-Valent Iron Nanoparticles (nZVI) for Advanced Oxidation of Clinical Dyes in Water. Applied Sciences. 2024; 14(15):6558. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14156558
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlexandre-Franco, María F., Cristina Rodríguez-Rasero, Ana González-Trejo, Mireya Casas-Pulido, Carmen Fernández-González, and Eduardo M. Cuerda-Correa. 2024. "Leveraging the Potential of In Situ Green-Synthesized Zero-Valent Iron Nanoparticles (nZVI) for Advanced Oxidation of Clinical Dyes in Water" Applied Sciences 14, no. 15: 6558. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14156558