Biomimetic Strategies for Sustainable Resilient Cities: Review across Scales and City Systems
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Aim and Objectives
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- A systematic review of previous literature identifying applications of biomimicry in the built environment is carried out.
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- The most promising selected strategies and case studies of prior applications of biomimicry are assessed and ranked.
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- A select database of biomimetic strategies is created and classified.
3. Background
3.1. Regenerative Sustainability
3.2. Urban Resilience
3.3. City Systems and Flows
- The physical built environment or the urban infrastructure and buildings: Built environment, transportation, energy, water grids, and green spaces.
- Networked material and energy flows, also referred to as “metabolic flows”: These include water, energy, food, materials, waste, and consumer goods.
- Governance Networks: Actors and institutions shaping urban decisions such as consumers, NGOs, labor, industry, and the state.
- Socioeconomic Dynamics: Social aspects influencing urban resilience like demographics, mobility, public health, capital, education, equity, and justice.
3.4. What Is Biomimicry?
3.5. Levels of Biomimicry?
3.6. Nature’s Approach to Sustainable Design
3.7. Biomimicry in the Built Environment: Current State of Research
3.8. Contribution of the Study
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Phase 1: Data Collection
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- Literature search only using Web of Science and Scopus (Google Scholar was dismissed due to an anomaly in results, which produced an excessive number of irrelevant results);
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- The combination of keywords as specified below in Table 2;
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- Language: English;
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- Published after 1997, when the term biomimicry was coined by Janine Benyus;
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- Only peer-reviewed articles, conference papers, reviews, and books were selected, not magazine articles.
Key terms |
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Search string used | TITLE-ABS-KEY ((“biomimetic” OR “biomimicry” OR “nature-inspired”) AND (“built environment” OR “architecture” OR “urban” OR “cities” OR “Buildings”) AND (“sustainable” OR “sustainability” OR “resilient”)) |
Inclusion criteria |
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Exclusion criteria |
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4.2. Phase 2: Data Screening
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- Titles and authors were arranged in a spreadsheet, allowing for sorting.
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- Duplicates were identified and removed.
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- Irrelevant documents according to title were removed.
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- At this stage, abstracts were reviewed, and irrelevant documents were removed according to their abstracts.
4.3. Phase 3: Data Analysis (for Case Studies)
4.4. Phase 4: Data Synthesis (for Strategies)
5. Results
Case Study ID | Case Studies | Location | Natural Model | Biomimicry Level | Source Document ID(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CS001 | Eastgate Building | Zimbabwe | Termite mound | BL | 4, 8, 10, 17, 22, 23, 27, 32, 33, 37, 43, 46, 48, 50, 52 |
CS002 | City Council House 2 (CH2) | Australia | Termite mound, trees bark | BL | 4, 10, 22, 23, 32, 33, 37, 43, 46, 50 |
CS003 | Lavasa | India | Indian Harvester Ant, Fig leaf, Natural water cycle, Ecosystem Performance Standards | BL, EL | 9, 10, 19, 22, 26, 34, 40, 51, 52 |
CS004 | Flectofins by ITKE | Stuttgart, Germany | Valvular pollination mechanism in the Strelitzia reginae flower (aka Bird-Of-Paradise flower) | OL | 1, 3, 5, 17, 20, 27, 40 |
CS005 | One Ocean Thematic Pavilion by SOMA Architecture | Yeosu, South Korea | Valvular pollination mechanism in the Strelitzia reginae flower (aka Bird-Of-Paradise flower) | OL | 1, 3, 23, 27, 33 |
CS006 | HygroSkin Pavilion | Orleans, France | spruce (pine?) cones passive response to humidity changes | OL | 1, 3, 5, 17, 27 |
CS007 | Lotusan Paint | Not Applicable | Lotus Leaves | OL | 4, 8, 29, 39, 52 |
CS008 | MMAA | Qatar | Cactus | OL, BL | 22, 32, 43, 46, 48 |
CS009 | Intitute de monde Arabe | France | Eye Iris | BL | 4, 22, 27, 33 |
CS010 | Water Cube National Swimming Center Beijing | China | Bubbles | OL | 4, 10, 22, 27 |
CS011 | Eiffel Tower | France | Thigh Bone | OL | 10, 22, 23, 43 |
CS012 | Pechino National Stadium (Birds Nest Stadium) | Beijing, China | Bird’s nest | OL | 4, 10, 22, 27 |
CS013 | Espalande theater | Singapore | Durian Fruit, sea urchin shells | OL | 10, 22, 27, 33 |
CS014 | Lloyd Crossing | USA | Local ecosystem patterns | EL | 19, 40, 51, 52 |
CS015 | Self-repairing concrete (Bio-concrete/Bionic self-healing concrete) | Not Applicable | Trees/fauna and human skin | BL | 4, 37, 39 |
CS016 | Calera Portland cement, Eco-Cement | Not Applicable | Salp fish, seashells, and the Saguaro cactus | BL | 9, 37, 39 |
CS017 | Urban Green Print Project | Seattle, USA | Water cycle, Forest | EL | 9, 51, 52 |
CS018 | Cooke’s koki’o photosensitive | Not Applicable | Photosynthesis, Cooke’s Koki`o (Kokia cookei) | BL | 9, 37, 39 |
CS019 | Living Machine/Eco-machine | Not Applicable | Natural water purification, Wetlands | EL | 18, 37, 39 |
CS020 | Lotus Temple | New Delhi, India | Lotus Flower | OL | 22, 27, 33 |
CS021 | Hydrological Center Namib University | Namibia | Stenocara Beetle | OL | 35, 44, 52 |
CS022 | IRLens Spot Heating System | Not Applicable | crayfish and lobster eyes | BL | 37, 39, 50 |
CS023 | Rafflesia Zero Energy House | Not Applicable | Rafflesia flower | BL | 22, 33, 43 |
CS024 | The Las Palmas Water Theater | Spain | Stenocara Namib Beetle | OL | 4, 44 |
CS025 | Heliotrope | Germany | Sunflower | OL | 4, 17 |
CS026 | Mobius | London, UK | ecosystem’s recycling of resources, Wetlands | EL | 9, 20 |
CS027 | Eco-Smart City of Langfang | Langfang, China | Natural water cycle, wetlands | EL | 9, 26 |
CS028 | Tensegrity (Kurilpa) Bridges | Australia | Spider web, human body’s adaptation to damage | OL, BL | 9, 22 |
CS029 | Biocement, Engineered cement composite | Not Applicable | flexible self-healing skin | BL | 17, 48 |
CS030 | i2 Modular Carpets | Not Applicable | Forest floor, organized chaos of nature’s ground coverings | OL | 18,39 |
CS031 | Explore Biomimetic office Building | Zurich, Switzerland | Spookefish eye, brittle starfish, Stone Plant, Bird’s skull, mimosa leaves, Beetle’s wings, mollusc’s iridescent shell, double-duty spinal column, mimosa pudica plant | OL, BL | 23, 46 |
CS032 | Sagrada Familia | Barcelona, Spain | Tree | OL | 22, 27 |
CS033 | Milwaukee Art Museum | Milwaukee, USA | Bird Wings, Animal bone | OL | 4, 27 |
CS034 | Eden Project | Cornwall, UK | Soap Bubbles Formation | BL | 27, 33 |
CS035 | Sahara Forest Project | Qatar, Tunisia, and Jordan | Namibian Desert Beetle, Ecosystem | BL, EL | 24, 33 |
CS036 | The carbon-neutral Utopian Village (coral reef project) | Haiti | Coral Reefs | EL | 35, 43 |
CS037 | BioWave | Not Applicable | Bull Kelp, Cochayuyo seaweed withstand strong wave forces by being flexible and stretchy | OL | 37, 39 |
CS038 | Biolytix System | Not Applicable | Earth Ecosystem | EL | 37, 39 |
CS039 | COMOLEVI Forest Canopy | Not Applicable | Shadow Trees | OL | 37,39 |
CS040 | Sage GlassQuantum Glass | Not Applicable | Bobtail squid, hummingbird | OL | 37, 39 |
CS041 | Aquaporin Membrane | Not Applicable | lipid bilayer of living cells, cell membrane | BL | 37,39 |
CS042 | Chaac-ha | Not Applicable | Spiders and Bromeliads | OL | 37, 39 |
CS043 | Purebond (Bioplywood) | Not Applicable | Blue mussel mollusk adhesion | OL | 37, 39 |
CS044 | Gherkin Tower, SwissRe Headquarters | London, UK | Venus flower basket sponge | OL | 22, 43 |
CS045 | Encycle BMS Swarm Logic | Not Applicable | Honeybees | BL | 23, 50 |
CS046 | Waterloo International Terminal | Waterloo, UK | pangolin | OL | 22, 53 |
CS047 | brewery near Tsumeb | Namibia | Ecosystem | EL | 2 |
CS048 | Sunflower fiber optic lighting system | Japan | Sunflower | OL | 4 |
CS049 | Urban Cactus | Netherlands | phyllotaxy, which refers to the way in which the leaves of different plants grow on the stem and which varies between alternate phyllotaxy | OL | 4 |
CS050 | Haikou Tower | China | fins | OL | 4 |
CS051 | Duisburg Business Support Cente | Germany | biological circulatory system | OL | 4 |
CS052 | The Sky house by kiyonori Kikutake | Japan | Growth and Metabolism | BL | 4 |
CS053 | Tokyo Dome Stadium | Japan | Bubbles | OL | 4 |
CS054 | School of Youth Education designed by Thomas Herzog | Germany | Polar Bear Skin | OL | 4 |
CS055 | Self-cleaning traffic light glass | Germany | Lotus Leaves | OL | 4 |
CS056 | Willis Tower | Chicago, USA | Bamboo | OL | 4 |
CS057 | BMW Office Building | Munich, Germany | Ears of wheat | OL | 4 |
CS058 | Rome Gatt Wool Factory | Italy | Lotus leaf vein | OL | 4 |
CS059 | Worker’s Stadium | Beijing, China | Cobweb | OL | 4 |
CS060 | Fuji Pavilion World Expo, 1970 | Osaka, Japan | Soap bubble | OL | 4 |
CS061 | National Industries & Techniques Center | France | Eggshell | OL | 4 |
CS062 | The Montreal Biosphere | Montreal, Canada | Honeycomb | OL | 4 |
CS063 | Palazzeto Dellospori | Rome, Italy | Amazon Water Lilly | OL | 4 |
CS064 | Albufeira River Restoration | Portugal | Nature Based Solutions, Soil, Evapotranspiration | EL | 6 |
CS065 | Van Gogh Roosegaarde cycle route | Eindhoven, Netherlands | Bioluminescence | BL | 6 |
CS066 | Tokyo railway mapping experiment | Tokyo, Japan | Physarum polycephalum Slime Mould | BL | 9 |
CS067 | Wellington | New Zealand | Ecosystem services (provision of water and energy) | EL | 17 |
CS068 | Green surge project | Europe | Nature | EL | 17 |
CS069 | Kalundborg Industrial Complex | Kalundborg, Denmark | ecosystem’s recycling of resources | EL | 18 |
CS070 | Organic Waste Biodigester | Not Applicable | Natural Decomposition Process | BL, EL | 18 |
CS071 | Bullet train | Japan | Kingfisher Bird’s beak | OL | 20 |
CS072 | Silk Pavilion | Massachusetts, USA | Silkworm | OL | 20 |
CS073 | Biohaven’s Floating Islands | Not Applicable | Wetland ecosystems | EL | 20 |
CS074 | Sinosteel International Plaza | Tianjin, China | Beehive | OL | 22 |
CS075 | Habitat 2020 | Not Applicable | stomata of leaves | BL | 22 |
CS076 | Tree scraper, tower of tomorrow | Not Applicable | Tree growth | BL | 22 |
CS077 | Taichung Opera house | Taichung, Taiwan | Schwarz P type | OL | 22 |
CS078 | Earth ships | Not Applicable | Ship? | EL | 22 |
CS079 | Treepods | Boston, USA | Dragon tree | BL | 22 |
CS080 | All seasons tent tower | Armenia | Mt. Ararat | OL | 22 |
CS081 | Lily pad floating city | Not Applicable | Lily pad | EL | 22 |
CS082 | Loblolly House | Maryland, USA | tree house | BL | 22 |
CS083 | Shi ling bridge | China | shell lace structure | OL | 22 |
CS084 | Guggenheim Museum | New York, USA | Ship | OL | 22 |
CS085 | Parkroyal | Singapore | Vertical Garden | BL | 22 |
CS086 | SUTD library pavilion | Singapore | timber shell | BL | 22 |
CS087 | Sydney opera house | Sydney, Australia | shell structure | OL | 22 |
CS088 | Redwood Tree house | New Zealand | seed pod | OL | 22 |
CS089 | TWA terminal | New York, USA | bird flight | OL | 22 |
CS090 | Institute for Computer-Based Design | Stuttgart, Germany | BL | 23 | |
CS091 | Himalayan rhubarb towers | China | Metabolism heat | BL | 23 |
CS092 | Cabo Llanos Towers | Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain | BL | 23 | |
CS093 | Simon Center for Geometry and Physics at the State University | New York, USA | Tree Canopy | OL | 23 |
CS094 | Hobermann’s Dynamic Windows | Not Applicable | Tree Canopy | OL | 23 |
CS095 | phyllotactic towers | Iran | Plants with phyllo-tactic geometry | OL | 23 |
CS096 | Pantheon | Rome, Italy | Seashell | OL | 23 |
CS097 | Vertical Wind turbines | Not Applicable | Schools of fish | BL | 23 |
CS098 | humpback fin wind turbine | Not Applicable | humpback whale fin | OL | 23 |
CS099 | Green Power Island | Not Applicable | Energy storage | BL | 23 |
CS100 | Max Fordham’s House | London, UK | Metabolism heat | BL | 24 |
CS101 | IKEA’s Space 10 lab miniature wooden village | Copenhagen, Denmark | Mycellium | BL | 24 |
CS102 | Here East | Lonon, UK | Nature recycles everything | EL | 24 |
CS103 | Waterloo City Farm | Waterloo, UK | Nature recycles everything | EL | 24 |
CS104 | Rieselfeld & Vauban | Freiburg, Germany | Ecosystem | EL | 25 |
CS105 | Hammarby Sjostad District | Sweden | ecosystem’s recycling of resources | EL | 25 |
CS106 | Crystal Palace | London, UK | Victoria amazonica | OL | 27 |
CS107 | Teatro del Agua | Canary Islands | Stenocara Beetle, Hydrological cycle | BL | 28 |
CS108 | Self-cleaning Solar Panels | Not Applicable | Lotus Leaves | OL | 29 |
CS109 | Homeostatic Façade | New York, USA | Muscles | BL | 33 |
CS110 | Cairo Gate Residence | Cairo, Egypt | Termite Mound | BL | 33 |
CS111 | Durban resilient development plan | South Africa | Kwazulu Natal-Cape coastal forests, Southern Africa mangroves | EL | 34 |
CS112 | Interface Inc.: factory as a forest | Lagrange, USA | Oak–hickory–pine forest | EL | 34 |
CS113 | Adaptive fitting glass | Not Applicable | Namaqua chameleon | BL | 35 |
CS114 | Dockside Green development | B.C, Canada | Hydrological cycle | EL | 36 |
CS115 | Vancouver Olympic Village at Southeast False Creek | Vancouver, Canada | Hydrological cycle | EL | 36 |
CS116 | Radiant Cooling Technology | Not Applicable | Ground water channels | EL | 37 |
CS117 | Turtle glass | Not Applicable | Chelonia mydas | OL | 37 |
CS118 | sharklet | Not Applicable | Shark skin | OL | 39 |
CS119 | Lotus clay roofing tiles | Not Applicable | Lotus Leaves | OL | 39 |
CS120 | Ornilux insulated glass, | Not Applicable | Orb weaver spiders | OL, BL | 39 |
CS121 | BioUrban 2.0 | Panama City, Panama | Trees | BL | 40 |
CS122 | Photocatalytic cement | Milan, Italy | nature uses nonharmful chemicals | EL | 40 |
CS123 | IONITY | Europe | Nature uses clean energy | EL | 40 |
CS124 | Sierpinski roof | Not Applicable | Sierpinski forest | OL | 40 |
CS125 | La Paz and El Alto | Bolivia | ant colony algorithm | BL | 40 |
CS126 | Plus-energy Rooftop Unit | Not Applicable | Liana | BL | 41 |
CS127 | CSET building | Ningbo, China | natural flows | EL | 42 |
CS128 | Pearl River Tower | China | Sea sponge | OL | 43 |
CS129 | Warka Towers | Ethiopia | Spider Web | OL | 44 |
CS130 | Rainbellows | Seattle, USA | Ice Flower | OL | 44 |
CS131 | The Media TIC building | Barcelona, Spain | Stomata | BL | 46 |
CS132 | Doha Tower | Doha, Qatar | Cactus Pores | BL | 46 |
CS133 | Tricon Corporate Center | Lahore, Pakistan | Oxalis Oreganada leaf | BL | 46 |
CS134 | Al Bahar Tower | Abu Dhabi, UAE | White Butterfly | BL | 46 |
CS135 | Model Community at Salton Sea | California, USA | Ecosystem, Algae | EL | 47 |
CS136 | MemBrain blocks | Not Applicable | stomata transpiration | BL | 48 |
CS137 | Zira Island | Azerbaijan | Forest Ecosystem | EL | 48 |
CS138 | Davis Alpine House in Kew Gardens | London, UK | termite mound | BL | 52 |
CS139 | Hemisferic | Valencia, Spain | Eyelid | OL | 27 |
6. Discussion
7. Conclusions
8. Limitations and Future Work
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Conventional | Eco-Efficiency | Regeneration | |
---|---|---|---|
Works within the existing mindset | ✓ | ✓ | |
Minimizes environmental impact | ✓ | ✓ | |
Enhances people’s physical well-being | ✓ | ✓ | |
Boosts psychological health | ✓ | ✓ | |
Reduces overall lifecycle costs | ✓ | ✓ | |
Enhances economic value in projects | ✓ | ✓ | |
Fosters innovation in projects | ✓ | ✓ | |
Yields positive environmental outcomes | ✓ | ||
Transforms development into a potential income source | ✓ | ||
Manages global issues strategically via place-based approaches | ✓ | ||
Improves integrated knowledge of place | ✓ | ||
Promotes mutually beneficial relationships between people and place | ✓ | ||
Enhances resilience, flexibility, and adaptability in built environments | ✓ | ||
Strengthens equitable communities | ✓ |
SourceDoc ID | Author, Year | Title | Source Document Focus | Citation Ref-No |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | (López et al., 2017) | How plants inspire facades. From plants to architecture: Biomimetic principles for the development of adaptive architectural envelopes | Adaptive building envelopes | [40] |
2 | (Mathews, 2011) | Towards a Deeper Philosophy of Biomimicry | Philosophical principles | [41] |
3 | (Al-Obaidi et al., 2017) | Biomimetic building skins: An adaptive approach | Adaptive building envelopes | [42] |
4 | (Yuan et al., 2017) | Bionic building energy efficiency and bionic green architecture: A review | Energy efficiency, structure, and materials | [43] |
5 | (Anzaniyan et al., 2022) | Design, fabrication and computational simulation of a bio-kinetic façade inspired by the mechanism of the Lupinus Succulents plant for daylight and energy efficiency | Biomimetic kinetic envelope design | [44] |
6 | (Blau et al., 2018) | Urban River Recovery Inspired by Nature-Based Solutions and Biophilic Design in Albufeira, Portugal | Nature-based solutions | [45] |
7 | (Hayes et al., 2019) | Leveraging socio-ecological resilience theory to build climate resilience in transport infrastructure | Transport infrastructure | [46] |
8 | (Ahamed et al., 2022) | From biology to biomimicry: Using nature to build better structures-A review | Envelopes, structure, and materials | [47] |
9 | (Buck, 2017) | The art of imitating life: The potential contribution of biomimicry in shaping the future of our cities | City systems | [48] |
10 | (Radwan & Osama, 2016) | Biomimicry, An Approach For Energy Efficient Building Skin Design | Buildings envelopes | [49] |
11 | (Hayes et al., 2020) | Learning from nature—Biomimicry innovation to support infrastructure sustainability and resilience | Structure and infrastructure | [50] |
12 | (Zari & Hecht, 2020) | Biomimicry for Regenerative Built Environments: Mapping Design Strategies for Producing Ecosystem Services | Ecosystem services | [51] |
13 | (Gruber & Imhof, 2017) | Patterns of Growth-Biomimetics and Architectural Design | Growth patterns | [52] |
14 | (Badarnah, 2015) | A Biophysical Framework of Heat Regulation Strategies for the Design of Biomimetic Building Envelopes | Envelopes (heat regulation) | [53] |
15 | (Chou et al., 2016) | Big data analytics and cloud computing for sustainable building energy efficiency | Energy efficiency management | [54] |
16 | (Pedersen Zari & Koner, n.d.) | An ecosystem based biomimetic theory for a regenerative built environment | Ecosystem principles | [55] |
17 | (Uchiyama et al., 2020) | Application of biomimetics to architectural and urban design: A review across scales | Biomimicry across scales | [33] |
18 | (Carlos Montana-Hoyos & Carlos Fiorentino, 2016) | Bio-utilization, bio-inspiration, and bio-affiliation in design for sustainability: Biotechnology, biomimicry, and biophilic design | Education | [56] |
19 | (Blanco et al., 2021) | Urban Ecosystem-Level Biomimicry and Regenerative Design: Linking Ecosystem Functioning and Urban Built Environments | Ecosystem biomimicry | [57] |
20 | (Ilieva et al., 2022) | Biomimicry as a Sustainable Design Methodology-Introducing the ‘Biomimicry for Sustainability’ Framework | Classification framework | [58] |
21 | (Badarnah, 2016) | Light management lessons from nature for building applications | Light management | [59] |
22 | (Dash, 2018) | Application of biomimicry in building design | Case studies classification | [60] |
23 | (Jamei & Vrcelj, 2021) | Biomimicry and the Built Environment, Learning from Nature’s Solutions | Envelopes, structure, materials, and energy retrofits | [61] |
24 | (Timea Kadar & Manuella Kadar, 2020) | Sustainability Is Not Enough: Towards AI Supported Regenerative Design | AI for regenerative design | [62] |
25 | (Spiegelhalter & Arch, 2010) | Biomimicry and circular metabolism for the cities of the future | Ecosystem biomimicry | [63] |
26 | (Lazarus & Crawford, n.d.) | Returning genius to the place | Ecosystem biomimicry | [64] |
27 | (Sommese et al., 2022) | A critical review of biomimetic building envelopes: towards a bio-adaptive model from nature to architecture | Adaptive building envelopes | [65] |
28 | (Pedersen Zari, 2009) | An architectural love of the living: Bio-inspired design in the pursuit of ecological regeneration and psychological well-being | Ecosystem biomimicry | [66] |
29 | (Dicks et al., 2021) | Applying Biomimicry to Cities: The Forest as Model for Urban Planning and Design | Forest ecosystem biomimicry | [67] |
30 | (Faragalla & Asadi, 2022) | Biomimetic Design for Adaptive Building Facades: A Paradigm Shift towards Environmentally Conscious Architecture | Adaptive building envelopes | [68] |
31 | (Imani & Vale, 2022) | Developing a Method to Connect Thermal Physiology in Animals and Plants to the Design of Energy Efficient Buildings | Thermal energy efficiency | [69] |
32 | (Faragllah, 2021) | Biomimetic approaches for adaptive building envelopes: Applications and design considerations | Adaptive building envelopes | [70] |
33 | (Verbrugghe et al., 2023) | Biomimicry in Architecture: A Review of Definitions, Case Studies, and Design Methods | Biomimetic design methods | [37] |
34 | (Benyus et al., 2022) | Ecological performance standards for regenerative urban design | Ecological performance standards (EPS) | [71] |
35 | (Elshapasy et al., 2022) | Bio-Tech Retrofitting To Create A Smart-Green University | Biomimicry and smart buildings | [72] |
36 | (Hao et al., n.d.-b) | Closed-Loop Water and Energy Systems: Implementing Nature’s Design in Cities of the Future | Closed-loop urban water systems | [73] |
37 | (Movva & Velpula, 2020) | An analytical approach to sustainable building adaption using biomimicry | Building scale biomimetic design | [74] |
38 | (Hao et al., 2010a) | Network Infrastructure—Cities of the Future | Urban water management | [73] |
39 | (Oguntona & Aigbavboa, 2019) | Assessing the awareness level of biomimetic materials and technologies in the construction industry | Biomimetic construction materials and technologies | [75] |
40 | (Quintero et al., 2021) | Sustainability Assessment of the Anthropogenic System in Panama City: Application of Biomimetic Strategies towards Regenerative Cities | Biomimetic regenerative cities and EPS | [76] |
41 | (Speck et al., 2022) | Biological Concepts as a Source of Inspiration for Efficiency, Consistency, and Sufficiency | Biological concepts of lianas | [77] |
42 | (Widera, 2016) | Biomimetic And Bioclimatic Approach To Contemporary Architectural Design On The Example Of CSET Building | Biomimicry for net zero buildings | [78] |
43 | (AlAli et al., 2023) | Applications of Biomimicry in Architecture, Construction and Civil Engineering | Biomimicry in building design | [79] |
44 | (Aslan et al., 2022) | A Biomimetic Approach to Water Harvesting Strategies: An Architectural Point of View | Water harvesting on the building level | [80] |
45 | (Ortega Del Rosario et al., 2023) | Environmentally Responsive Materials for Building Envelopes: A Review on Manufacturing and Biomimicry-Based Approaches | Responsive building envelopes | [81] |
46 | (Elsakksa et al., 2022) | Biomimetic Approach for Thermal Performance Optimization in Sustainable Architecture. Case study: Office Buildings in Hot Climate Countries | Envelope Thermal Performance | [82] |
47 | (Mazzoleni et al., 2008b) | Eco-systematic restoration: a model community at Salton Sea | Biomimetic urban Restoration | [83] |
48 | (Sharma & Singh, 2021) | Protecting humanity by providing sustainable solution for mimicking the nature in construction field | Biomimicry levels in built environment | [84] |
49 | (Van Den Dobbelsteen et al., 2010) | Cities As Organisms: Using Biomimetic Principles To Become Energetically Self-Supporting And Climate Proof | Biomimetic city planning principles | [85] |
50 | (Pedersen Zari M, 2018) | Can built environment biomimicry address climate change? | Biomimetic strategies | [7] |
51 | (Pedersen Zari M, 2018) | Emulating ecosystem services in architectural and urban design Ecosystem services analysis | Ecosystem services | [7] |
52 | (Pedersen Zari M, 2018) | Incorporating biomimicry into regenerative design | Biomimetic strategy regenerative design | [7] |
53 | (Pedersen Zari M, 2018) | Translating ecosystem processes into built environment design | Ecosystem services | [7] |
Strategy ID | Biomimetic Strategy | Corresponding Case Study ID | Application Scale | City Systems |
---|---|---|---|---|
S001 | Sequester atmospheric carbon into building materials, Neutral and strength-enhancing carbon sequestering cement | CS003, CS016, CS111, CS112 | C | EC, IB |
S002 | Low Carbon Economy (LCE) | CS105 | U | EC |
S003 | (Efficient) wind turbines | CS097, CS098, CS064, CS104, CS110, CS127, CS128, CS135 | U, C | EC |
S004 | Hydro turbines | CS036, CS037 | U | EC |
S005 | Geothermal energy | CS104 | U | EC |
S006 | CHP—Combined Heating and Power Plants | CS104 | U | EC |
S007 | Solar Photovoltaic Panels (on building’s roof and façade) | CS023, CS036, CS064, CS076, CS080, CS104, CS110, CS126, CS127, CS135 | B | EC, IB |
S008 | Dye-Sensitive Solar cells | CS018 | C | EC |
S009 | Solar Benches | CS064 | U | EC |
S010 | Solar light posts | CS064 | U | EC |
S011 | Biofuel producing algae farms | CS135 | U | EC, BG |
S012 | Biomass | CS104 | U | EC |
S013 | Blue battery, energy storage for different RE outputs | CS099 | U | EC |
S014 | Batteries to store renewable energy | CS078, CS135 | B | EC |
S015 | Bioluminescence Materials | CS065 | U | EC |
S016 | P2P energy sharing via blockchain technology | CS101 | B, C | EC, GD |
S017 | Reduce Peak Demand | CS045 | C | EC, GD |
S018 | Zero (fossil) energy | CS023, CS104, CS135 | B | EC |
S019 | low energy passive house | CS104 | U | EC, IB |
S020 | Passive design strategies | CS135, CS104 | U | EC, IB |
S021 | Active Solar design strategies | CS104 | U | EC, IB |
S022 | Wall/slab thermal mass | CS135 | U | EC, IB |
S023 | Energy excess fed into grid | CS135 | U | EC |
S024 | Double glazing | CS135 | U | EC, IB |
S025 | Openings sizing to control solar radiation | CS135 | U | EC, IB |
S026 | District Heating/Cooling | CS104 | U | EC |
S027 | Spot heating system | CS022 | C | EC |
S028 | Underground radiant heating/cooling | CS002, CS051, CS116, CS135 | C | EC |
S029 | Geothermal heat pump | CS110, CS127, CS135 | B, U | EC |
S030 | Cooling by avoiding direct sunlight | CS092 | B | EC |
S031 | Radiative heat gain | CS092 | B | EC |
S032 | Heat by Occupants’ Metabolism | CS091, CS100 | B | EC |
S033 | Improved Trombe wall | CS054 | C | EC |
S034 | Solar water heating/Solar Collector | CS025, CS127, CS135 | B | EC |
S035 | Sewage heat recovery | CS115 | U | EC |
S036 | Heat sinks | CS135 | U | EC |
S037 | Solar ponds | CS135 | U | EC |
S038 | Water cooled façade | CS135 | U | EC, IB |
S039 | Passive Cooling (Stack effect Ventilation) | CS001, CS002, CS138 | B | EC |
S040 | Natural Cross Ventilation | CS050, CS135 | B | EC, AQ |
S041 | Demand-driven ventilation system | CS085 | B | EC, AQ |
S042 | Wind Catchers | CS023, CS110 | B | EC, IB |
S043 | Minimal Structural members for maximum daylight | CS034 | B | IB, EC |
S044 | Fiber optic lighting system | CS048 | C | EC, IB |
S045 | Phyllotaxy/Fibonacci order to avoid self-shading | CS049, CS095 | B | IB, EC |
S046 | Narrow Floor Plan Depth | CS031, CS135 | B | IB, EC |
S047 | Reflect/Focus light into Dim Areas | CS031 | B, C | EC, BI |
S048 | Inflatable membrane structures | CS010, CS053, CS060 | B | IB, EC |
S049 | Responsive Adaptive skin color change to retain or absorb heat | CS113 | B | EC, IB, GD |
S050 | Solar Envelope Masterplanning | CS104 | U | EC, IB |
S051 | Elastically Deformable Louvers | CS004, CS005 | C | EC, IB |
S052 | Solar Self-Shading | CS008, CS013, CS039, CS074, CS080, CS093, CS124 | B | EC, IB |
S053 | Responsive Adaptive Shading System | CS009, CS031, CS134 | C | EC, GD |
S054 | Kinetic screen | CS132 | B | EC, GD |
S055 | Foldable Shading Devices | CS031 | B, C | EC |
S056 | Adjustable Shading Device | CS133, CS033, CS139 | B | EC |
S057 | inflatable shading device | CS131 | C | EC |
S058 | Dynamic Windows | CS094 | C | EC |
S059 | Electrochromic smart windows for energy savings | CS040 | C | EC, GD |
S060 | Dyed glass to decrease light projection | CS117 | C | EC |
S061 | Self-thermoregulation hybrid systems | CS127 | B | EC, GD |
S062 | Responsive Adaptive envelopes | CS090, CS109 | B, C | IB, EC |
S063 | humidity-sensitive envelope | CS006 | C | IB |
S064 | Envelope controls daylight and air quality | CS075 | B | EC, IB |
S065 | Walkable city/compact city design | CS003, CS104 | U | MT, EC, AQ |
S066 | Building on columns for less footprint | CS023 | B | IB |
S067 | Allow for Growth (degrowth) | CS052 | B | IB |
S068 | Design for disassembly | CS062, CS082, CS103 | B | IB |
S069 | Standardized modular prefabricated parts | CS030, CS036, CS062, CS082 | C | IB |
S070 | Refurbish rather than dismantle | CS102 | B | IB |
S071 | Design for Longevity | CS102, CS103 | B | IB |
S072 | Design for adaptability | CS103 | U | IB |
S073 | Adaptive Building Zoning | CS025 | B, C | IB, EC |
S074 | Reduce surface area to volume ratio | CS076 | B | IB, EC |
S075 | Parasitic Architecture (addition of net zero units on top of existing buildings, surplus PV power provided to the building in exchange for use of staircase, etc.) | CS126 | B | IB |
S076 | Building orientation | CS135 | U | IB, EC |
S077 | Decentralization | CS104 | U | GD |
S078 | Decentralized services and markets | CS104 | U | IB |
S079 | Hexagonal structural elements | CS074, CS053, CS060, CS010 | B | IB |
S080 | Remove excess structural material | CS011, CS031, CS074, CS083 | B | IB |
S081 | Hollow Structural elements with integrated systems | CS031 | B, C | IB |
S082 | Cobiax technology | CS085 | B | IB, WS |
S083 | Thin-shell structure | CS020, CS061, CS087, CS089 | B | IB |
S084 | Lightweight Structure | CS034, CS072 | B | IB |
S085 | Shell lace structure | CS083 | B | IB |
S086 | Branching columns | CS032 | B | IB |
S087 | Irregular steel trusses structure | CS012 | B | IB |
S088 | Curved diagrid steel envelope structure | CS044 | B | IB |
S089 | Radial bifurcating ribs | CS058, CS063, CS106 | B | IB |
S090 | Multidimensional curvature structure | CS096 | B | IB |
S091 | Skin as Structure | CS074 | B | IB |
S092 | Barrel structure | CS056 | B | IB |
S093 | Responsive adjusting to loads. Infrastructure senses structural compromises and alters structure to compensate | CS028 | U | IB, GD |
S094 | Flexible structures for high wind loads | CS046, CS011 | B | IB |
S095 | Folding Structure | CS033, CS139 | C | IB |
S096 | Suspension structure | CS057 | B | IB |
S097 | Suspended-cable structure | CS059 | B | IB |
S098 | load bearing curvilinear walls | CS084 | B | IB |
S099 | Locally available materials | CS086, CS088 | B | IB |
S100 | Recycled construction materials | CS078 | B | IB, WS |
S101 | Design for less maintenance | CS007, CS015, CS029, CS030, CS055, CS108, CS118, CS119, CS122 | C | IB |
S102 | Photocatalytic cement, neutralize organic and inorganic pollutants. It makes surfaces self-cleaning. Savings in maintenance costs | CS122 | B, U | IB |
S103 | Smart Vapor Retarder blocks | CS136 | C | IB |
S104 | surfaces that inhibit bacterial growth on high-touch surfaces | CS118 | C | IB |
S105 | Non emissive materials | CS135 | U | IB, AQ |
S106 | Self-cleaning paints | CS007 | C | IB |
S107 | Self-cleaning solar panels | CS108 | C | IB, EC |
S108 | Self-cleaning clay roofs | CS119 | C | IB |
S109 | Self-cleaning urban elements | CS055 | C | IB |
S110 | Self-healing cement/concrete | CS015, CS029 | C | IB |
S111 | Industrial Ecology | CS069, CS105 | U | WS, EC |
S112 | Closed-loop models/Cradle-to-cradle | CS026, CS035, CS047, CS069 | B, U | GD, WS |
S113 | Organic Waste to Biogas and fertilizers | CS026, CS070, CS075 | U | WS, EC, FD |
S114 | Biogas to energy (from landfills and waste treatment plants) | CS104 | U | WS, EC |
S115 | Thermal waste treatment plant for (non-recyclables) | CS104 | U | WS |
S116 | Fermentation of Bioorganic waste to energy | CS104 | U | WS, EC |
S117 | Zero waste to landfill | CS047, CS135 | U | WS |
S118 | Design out waste | CS103, CS104 | U | WS |
S119 | Onsite waste recycling | CS036 | U | WS |
S120 | Upcycle/recycle waste | CS078, CS103, CS104 | B | WS, GD |
S121 | Zero Waste | CS135 | U | WS, GD |
S122 | (Net) zero emissions | CS036, CS047, CS064, CS077, CS104, CS135 | U | AQ, EC |
S123 | Non-toxic VOC-free wood glue | CS043 | C | AQ, IB |
S124 | Biofilters for air purification | CS079, CS121 | U | AQ |
S125 | Nature-based solution (NBS) and Biophilia | CS064, CS068 | U | BG |
S126 | Green walls/vertical garden | CS064, CS085 | B | BG, IB, EC, AQ |
S127 | Gravity driven irrigation | CS085 | B | BG, WR |
S128 | Smart irrigation (soil sensors) | CS115 | U | WR, GD |
S129 | Green Roofs | CS064, CS114, CS115 | U | BG, IB, EC, AQ |
S130 | Organic suspended roof gardens | CS036, CS115 | U | FD, BG, EC |
S131 | (Pervious) green corridor/green belt | CS003, CS027, CS64, CS104 | U | BG, AQ |
S132 | Green Infrastructure | CS064 | U | BG |
S133 | Trees and Shrubs | CS064 | U | BG, AQ |
S134 | Permeable (Pervious) Paving/Urban Surfaces | CS064, CS003 | U | IB, WR |
S135 | Recycle/Purify all Urban Water | CS064 | U | WR |
S136 | Bioswales | CS114 | U | WR |
S137 | Protect native landscapes/forests | CS104 | U | BG |
S138 | interconnect protected landscape areas with biotopes | CS104 | U | BG |
S139 | Urban landscapes | CS104 | U | BG, IB, AQ |
S140 | Nature sensitive farming | CS135 | U | FD, BG |
S141 | UV-reflective coating that mitigates bird collisions | CS120 | C | IB, BG |
S142 | Design for increased biodiversity | CS035, CS073 | U | BG |
S143 | Ecosystem Services | CS014, CS067 | U | GD |
S144 | Ecological Performance Standards (EPS) | CS003, CS014, CS067, CS111, CS112 | U | GD |
S145 | Food forest | CS135 | U | FD |
S146 | Fish pond | CS135 | U | FD |
S147 | Edible plants | CS135 | U | FD |
S148 | Water Neutrality | CS135 | U | WR |
S149 | Fog water collection | CS020, CS021, CS024, CS035, CS042, CS107, CS129 | B | WR |
S150 | Rainwater Collection | CS042, CS077, CS114, CS115, CS129, CS 135, | C | WR |
S151 | Rainwater filtration | CS114 | U | WR |
S152 | Rainwater Storage | CS008, CS114, CS115 | B | WR |
S153 | Water banking (inter-seasonal water storage) | CS115, CS003 | U | WR |
S154 | Cistern Rainwater Storage | CS114, CS115 | B | WR |
S155 | Rainwater storage pockets on façade | CS130 | C | WR |
S156 | Rainwater onsite use | CS114, CS135 | U | WR |
S157 | Greywater onsite use for irrigation and toilet flush | CS076, CS077, CS114, CS135 | B | WR |
S158 | Recharge Aquifers | CS027 | U | WR |
S159 | Connect water infrastructure to the surrounding watershed | CS115 | U | WR |
S160 | water conservation | CS104 | U | WR |
S161 | Adapt rain screens on buildings to enhance evapotranspiration and reduce runoff | CS017 | U | WR, IB |
S162 | multipath low-grade channel designs of underground stormwater infrastructures and street layouts take a similar form | CS003 | U | WR |
S163 | Redirect water to increased flow paths | CS003 | U | WR |
S164 | Eliminate chemical runoff to waterbodies | CS135 | U | WR |
S165 | Membrane filtration technology for safe drinking water | CS041 | C | WR |
S166 | Onsite wastewater treatment (Bioreactor membrane) | CS114 | U | WR |
S167 | Chemical-free wastewater treatment and filtering system | CS019, CS026, CS027, CS038, CS073 | U | WR |
S168 | Wetland | CS135 | U | WR, BG |
S169 | Electric Transport | CS123 | U | MT, EC, AQ |
S170 | Routing Algorithm | CS125 | U | MT, EC |
S171 | Reduced-traffic zones | CS104 | U | MT, AQ |
S172 | Direct Access to public transport | CS104 | U | MT |
S173 | Pedestrian traffic | CS104 | U | MT |
S174 | Connecting public transport to bike lane network | CS104 | U | MT |
S175 | Reduce distance to nearest bus/tram stop | CS104 | U | MT |
S176 | High-density public transport | CS104 | U | MT |
S177 | bicycle networks | CS104 | U | MT |
S178 | Design infrastructure to mimic capacity hierarchies, bifurcation angles, and minimal disruption of flow | CS066 | U | MT |
S179 | Bullet train | CS071 | U | MT, EC |
S180 | Sensors and Actuators | CS028 | U | GD |
S181 | Real-time building energy use auditing | CS104 | U | GD, EC |
S182 | Real-time building CO2 emissions auditing | CS104 | U | GD, EC |
S183 | Integrated systems | CS135 | U | GD |
S184 | self-sustaining off-grid system (energy, water) | CS036, CS081, CS127, CS137 | U | GD |
Urban Scale (U) | Whole Building Scale (B) | Building Component Scale (C) | |
---|---|---|---|
Energy and Carbon (EC) | S002, S003, S004, S005, S006, S009, S010, S011, S012, S013, S015, S019, S020, S021, S022, S023, S024, S025, S026, S029, S035, S036, S037, S038, S050, S065, S076, S111, S113, S114, S116, S122, S129, S130, S169, S170, S179, S181, S182 | S007, S014, S016, S018, S029, S030, S031, S032, S034, S039, S040, S041, S042, S043, S045, S046, S047, S048, S049, S052, S054, S055, S056, S061, S062, S064, S073, S074, S126 | S001, S003, S008, S016, S017, S027, S028, S033, S044, S047, S051, S053, S055, S057, S058, S059, S060, S062, S073, S107 |
Water (WR) | S128, S134, S135, S136, S148, S151, S153, S156, S158, S159, S160, S161, S162, S163, S164, S166, S167, S168 | S127, S149, S152, S154, S157 | S150, S155, S165 |
Waste (WS) | S111, S112, S113, S114, S115, S116, S117, S118, S119, S121 | S082, S100, S112, S120 | |
Mobility and Transport (MT) | S065, S169, S170, S171, S172, 173, S174, S175, S176, S177, S178, S179 | ||
Infrastructure and Buildings (IB) | S019, S020, S021, S022, S024, S025, S038, S050, S072, S076, S078, S093, S102, S105, S129, S134, S139, S161 | S007, S042, S043, S045, S046, S047, S048, S049, S052, S062, S064, S066, S067, S068, S070, S071, S073, S074, S075, S079, S080, S081, S082, S083, S084, S085, S086, S087, S088, S089, S090, S091, S092, S094, S096, S097, S098, S099, S100, S102, S126 | S001, S044, S047, S051, S062, S063, S069, S073, S081, S095, S101, S103, S104, S106, S107, S108, S109, S110, S123, S141 |
Food (FD) | S113, S130, S140, S145, S146, S147 | ||
Air Quality (AQ) | S065, S105, S122, S124, S129, S131, S133, S139, S169, S171 | S040, S041, S126, | S123 |
Governance and Data (GD) | S077, S093, S112, S121, S128, S143, S144, S180, S181, S182, S183, S184 | S016, S049, S054, S061, S112, S120 | S016, S017, S053, S059 |
Biodiversity and Green Infrastructure (BG) | S011, S125, S129, S130, S131, S132, S133, S137, S138, S139, S140, S142, S168 | S126, S127 | S141 |
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Borham, O.; Croxford, B.; Wilson, D. Biomimetic Strategies for Sustainable Resilient Cities: Review across Scales and City Systems. Biomimetics 2024, 9, 514. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9090514
Borham O, Croxford B, Wilson D. Biomimetic Strategies for Sustainable Resilient Cities: Review across Scales and City Systems. Biomimetics. 2024; 9(9):514. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9090514
Chicago/Turabian StyleBorham, Omar, Ben Croxford, and Duncan Wilson. 2024. "Biomimetic Strategies for Sustainable Resilient Cities: Review across Scales and City Systems" Biomimetics 9, no. 9: 514. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9090514