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Article

Activity in the Field of Blood Coagulation Processes of Poly(Lactide)-Zinc Fiber Composite Material Obtained by Magnetron Sputtering

by
Zdzisława Mrozińska
1,
Michał B. Ponczek
2,
Anna Kaczmarek
1,
Małgorzata Świerczyńska
1,3 and
Marcin H. Kudzin
1,*
1
Łukasiewicz Research Network—Lodz Institute of Technology, 19/27 Marii Sklodowskiej-Curie Str, 90-570 Lodz, Poland
2
Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
3
Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 16, 90-537 Lodz, Poland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Coatings 2024, 14(6), 666; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14060666
Submission received: 3 April 2024 / Revised: 21 May 2024 / Accepted: 21 May 2024 / Published: 24 May 2024
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
This article presents the biochemical properties of poly(lactide)-zinc (PLA-Zn) composites obtained by DC magnetron sputtering of zinc onto melt-blown nonwoven fabrics. The biochemical properties were determined by the evaluation of the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and prothrombin time (PT). The antimicrobial activity of the PLA-Zn samples was additionally tested against representative Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria strains. A structural study of the PLA-Zn has been carried out using specific surface area and total pore volume (BET) analysis, as well as atomic absorption spectrometry with flame excitation (FAAS). PLA-Zn composites exhibited an antibacterial effect against the analyzed strains and produced inhibition zones against E. coli and S. aureus. Biochemical investigations revealed that the untreated PLA fibers caused the acceleration of the clotting of human blood plasma in the intrinsic pathway. However, the PLA-Zn composites demonstrated significantly different properties in this regard, the aPTT was prolonged while the PT was not altered.

1. Introduction

Bleeding from an accidental (battlefield, disasters and accidents) or medical (trauma, surgery) origin is accompanied by a bacterial invasion and presents a serious health problem, leading to higher morbidity and mortality nowadays. Therefore, different wound dressings are being developed to stop uncontrolled bleeding and prevent wound contamination. Among them, polymer composites equipped with effective hemostatic and antibacterial properties have received wide attention [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10].
Polylactic acid (PLA), due to its physio-chemical and biological properties, is the composite matrix of choice. PLA possesses good physical and mechanical properties [11,12,13], bioresorbable properties [14,15,16,17,18], degradability [19,20,21,22,23], cell compatibility [24,25] and exhibits biological activity in its biocomposites [26,27,28,29,30,31,32]. PLA is not toxic [33,34], has hemostatic ability [35,36,37,38,39,40] and, although it does not have inherent antibacterial properties, it presents synergistic biocidal and anti-bacterial adhesion properties [41,42,43]. These properties make PLA a suitable, versatile material for a wide variety of healthcare applications [44,45,46,47,48].
The current study is a continuation of our research program aimed at developing antibacterial polymer–metal composites [49,50,51,52,53,54] and is focused on the PLA-Zn composites made from a matrix with hemostatic properties [35,36,37,38,39,40] (but without an inherent antibacterial effect [55]) and with an antipathogenic (antibacterial [56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65]; antiviral [66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77]; and antifungal [78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87]), hemostatic [88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97] and angiogenic [98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109] metal.
In spite of the high medical potential of both components of the PLA-Zn (ZnO), only a few papers concerning the biochemical investigations of this type of composite have been published [110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117].
These have been mainly focused on the antimicrobial properties of PLA-Zn (ZnO) composites [110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117], but also concerning their influence on osteoblasts and bacterial cell behavior in vitro (PLA-ZnO-Ag) [113], on cytotoxicity using ST-2 bone marrow cells (PLA-ZnO) [116] and on cell viability and proliferation (PLA-ZnO-SiO2) [111].
The tested PLA-Zn composites were prepared using the DC magnetron sputtering to deposit zinc on the melt-blown PLA nonwovens. The composites were characterized by a complex of physio-mechanical and biological-biochemical tests. The main purpose of the presented paper is to assess the major blood coagulation parameters of the PLA-Zn composites, namely the Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT) and Prothrombin Time (PT) [118].

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Materials

2.1.1. Polymers

The poly(lactic acid) (PLA, type Ingeo™ Biopolymer 3251D, MFR = 30–40 g/10 min (190 °C/2.16 kg), Tmp = 160–170 °C) polymer was obtained in the form of granulates from NatureWorks LLC (Minnetonka, MN, USA). The polymer was applied to fabricate the nonwoven samples.

2.1.2. Magnetron Usable Material

A copper target (99.99% purity) was purchased from Testbourne Ltd. (Basingstoke, UK).

2.1.3. Microbiological Strains

The following strains of bacteria were obtained from Microbiologics (St. Cloud, MN, USA):
  • Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538);
  • Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922).

2.1.4. Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT) and Prothrombin Time (PT)

The lyophilizates of the standard human blood plasma, a aPTT reagent (Dia-PTT), a PT reagent (Dia-PT) and a 0.025 M CaCl2 solution were obtained from Diagon Kft. (Budapest, Hungary). All of the reagents were prepared prior to the measurements following the instructions provided by the manufacturer. A K-3002 OPTIC coagulometer (KSELMED®, Grudziadz, Poland) was used for the blood coagulation measurements.

2.2. Methods

2.2.1. PLA–Zinc Composites (PLA-Zn) Synthesis

PLA Nonwoven Fabrics

The melt-blown method was used in order to manufacture the PLA nonwovens. For this purpose, an Axon one-screw laboratory extruder (Axon, Limmared, Sweden) was used. The extruder is equipped with a head with 30 holes with a diameter of 0.25 mm and three heating zones. The following temperatures of the heating zones were applied: 195 °C, 245 °C and 260 °C. The head temperature and the temperature of the air heater were 260 °C. The applied air flow rate was equal to 6-9 m3/h. The polymer yield was 5 g/min. The obtained nonwovens were characterized by a mass per unit area eqaul to 180 g/m2.

PLA Nonwoven Zinc Coating (PLA-Zn Composite Synthesis)

The PLA nonwovens were coated with zinc using the magnetron sputtering method. For this purpose, a DC magnetron sputtering apparatus developed by P.P.H. Jolex S.C. (Czestochowa, Poland) was used. The magnetron sputtering system consisted of the following parts: an electric field (power supply), a zinc sputtering target as a source of material to be deposited on the substrate, a PLA substrate, a vacuum chamber, and a non-reactive gas (Ar+) (Scheme 1) The process begins by introducing the process gas, i.e., argon, into the chamber. When an electrical voltage is applied, the gas is ionized, creating a plasma consisting of ions and electrons. Argon ions bombard the surface of the zinc sputtering target. As a result of these collisions, zinc atoms separate from the target and are carried away in the form of atoms, ions, and cations. The atomic stream of zinc floating in the process chamber is deposited on the prepared PLA substrate. The thin coating is built atom by atom, which allows for control of thickness and structure. During the process, parameters such as the gas pressure, magnetron power, process duration, and temperature were controlled, which allowed us to obtain even and controlled layers with the desired properties.
The applied sputtering process parameters were as follows:
(1)
The target–substrate distance—15 cm;
(2)
Deposition time: 5, 10, 15 min;
(3)
Working atmosphere—Ar;
(4)
Working pressure—1.8 × 10−3 mbar;
(5)
Power discharge—350–1000 W;
(6)
Power density—0.78 W/cm2.

2.2.2. PLA–Zn Composite Physico-Chemical Characterization

PLA–Zn Composite Characterization

  • Zinc concentration determination
The determination of the zinc content in the PLA-Zn composites was performed by prior sample mineralization (Figure 1), using a single-module Magnum II microwave mineralizer from Ertec (Wroclaw, Poland), in a similar way as was described previously [49,50,51,52,53,54].
The concentration of zinc in the obtained composites was determined by means of a Thermo Solar M6 (Thermo Scientific, LabWrench, Midland, ON, Canada) atomic absorption spectrometer and a Magnum II single-module microwave mineralizer (Ertec, Wroclaw, Poland). The atomic absorption spectrometer has a 100 mm titanium burner and coded lamps with a single-element hollow cathode. The background correction (a D2 deuterium lamp) was used. All of the measurements were performed in triplicate and the mean values were calculated as the final results.
The total zinc content in the sample M [mg/kg; ppm] was determined using the following equation [119]:
M = C i · V m i mg kg
where Ci is the metal concentration in the tested solution [mg/L]; mi is the mass of the mineralized sample [g]; and V is the volume of the sample solution [mL].

PLA–Zn Composite Morphology

The morphology of the obtained samples, i.e., the poly(lactic acid) nonwoven and PLA-Zn composites, was evaluated by means of a DM6 M microscope (Leica, Wetzlar, Germany) and a Phenom ProX G6 scanning electron microscope (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). The observations were carried out at magnifications equal to 500× and 2500×.

PLA–Zn Composite Specific Surface Area and Total Pore Volume

The Brunauer, Emmet and Teller method (BET) was used in order to assess the specific surface area (SSA) and total pore volume (TPV) of the investigated samples. For this purpose, an Autosorb-1 apparatus (Quantachrome Instruments, Boynton Beach, FL, USA) was used. The measurements were carried out using nitrogen at 77 °K as a sorption agent. Before the analysis, all samples were dried for 24 h at 105 °C, and later degassed at room temperature. For each experiment, 2 g of a given sample was used. The measurements were duplicated and then the mean values were calculated and presented as the final results.

2.2.3. PLA–Zn Composite Biochemical Characterization

Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT) and Prothrombin Time (PT)

The freeze-dried blood plasma preparations from human blood were thawed in 1 mL of deionized water. The 1 mg square slices of the PLA-Zn composites were supplemented with 200 μL of the plasma sample, mixed and kept at 37 °C for 15 min. In order to perform the aPTT measurements, 50 μL of the plasma sample and 50 μL of the Dia-PTT suspension were added to the measuring tubes and placed in the coagulometer at 37 °C for 3 min. After the incubation time, 50 μL of the 0.025 M CaCl2 solution was added to each measuring tube and the aPTT measurements were carried out.
The PT measurements were conducted by incubating 100 μL of the plasma at 37 °C for 2 min (37 °C), and then adding 100 μL of the Dia-PT to each measuring tube. This was followed by the PT measurement. In order to ensure a homogenous suspension, the Dia-PT reagent (the tissue thromboplastin from a rabbit brain, calcium ions and a preservative) was mixed each time before adding. The results have been measured in duplicate.

PLA–Zn Composite Antimicrobial Properties

The antimicrobial properties of the PLA-Zn(t) composites were evaluated against the E. coli (ATCC 25922) and S. aureus (ATCC 6538) bacteria, according to the EN ISO 20645:2006 standard [120], analogous to our previous works [49,50,51,52,53,54].

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Magnetron Sputtering Modification of Poly(Lactide) Nonwovens

Metallic zinc was deposited on the surface of the PLA samples by means of a direct current (DC) magnetron sputtering system. Zinc is a reactive element [121], with a standard electrode potential equal to 0.76 V. The zinc electron configuration (1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4px0py0pz0) is responsible for its electro-donor and electro-acceptor reactivity [121,122]. Thus, metallic zinc interacts with several organic functions, e.g., carbo-esters (appearing in the PLA) and derived functions (Figure 2) [123,124,125,126,127,128,129].
The putative mechanism of the interaction of the PLA matrix with the sputtered zinc atoms, and the subsequent formation of the PLA–Zn interface is presented in Figure 3. It seems obvious that zinc atoms, either dispersed on the surface of the PLA or chemisorbed, maintain their physio-chemical characteristics influencing the biological properties of the composites.

3.2. Physico-Chemical Characterisation

3.2.1. Atomic Absorption Spectrometry with Flame Excitation (FAAS)

The zinc content in the PLA composites was determined by means of the FAAS method and is presented in Table 1.
The obtained results showed that the zinc content in the investigated samples is influenced by the deposition time. The correlation bewteen the zinc content and the deposition time is almost linear: 5 min process—21.09 g/kg, 0.32 molal (PLA-Zn(5)(0.3)); 10 min process—43.60 g/kg, 0.67 molal (PLA-Zn(10)(0.7)); and 15 min process—105 g/kg, 1.61 molal (PLA-Zn(15)(1.6)). In addition, the distribution of zinc in the composite bulk after the magnetron sputtering is uniform.

3.2.2. Microscopy Analysis

The optical microscopy images of the PLA and PLA-Zn samples are shown in Figure 4, while Figure 5 presents the SEM images of the investigated samples. The morphology analysis revealed that the zinc coatings are uniform. Moreover, apart from covering the surface of the fibers, zinc is also present between the fibers and partially fills up the voids between them. Nevertheless, the PLA fibers are not destroyed by the magnetron sputtering of zinc and the fibrous structure of the samples is retained.
The SEM images of the PLA and PLA-Zn composites were also presented in our earlier work [52].

3.2.3. Specific Surface Area and Total Pore Volume Analysis

The nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms of the tested PLA and PLA-Zn samples are presented in Figure 6. The obtained isotherms are sigmoid- or S-shaped and thus, according to the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), may be classified as type II isotherms, which are characteristic of monolayer–multilayer sorption [130,131]. The most distinctive Point B (i.e., the beginning of the middle, almost linear, section [130]) is observed for the unmodified PLA, while for the Zn-modified samples, a more gradual curvature appeared. This implies the overlap of the beginning of a multilayer adsorption with a monolayer formation [130]. Based on the shape of the isotherms, it may be concluded that mainly mesopores and macropores, and less micropores, were present in the investigated samples. Since the amount of the adsorbate grew exponentially with increasing pressure, it may be concluded that firstly (at low pressure) nitrogen diffused into the micropores, and then (at higher pressure) it was adsorbed in a monolayer followed by multilayer adsorption [132].
The occurrence of the hysteresis loop was observed for all of the samples. This is related to the mesoporosity and the capillary condensation in mesopores [130,131]. The observed hysteresis loops match the H3 type [130,131] associated with the slit-shaped pores [132]. Moreover, this shape of the hysteresis loop typically appears if the pore condensate does not entirely fill the macropores [130].
Table 2 summarizes the calculated specific surface area (SSA) and total pore volume (TPV) of the PLA and PLA-Zn nonwovens.
For the unmodified PLA, the SSA value was equal to 0.9842 m2/g. The modification of the PLA with zinc using the magnetron sputtering resulted in a decrease in the SSA to 0.9405–0.7300 m2/g with increasing zinc deposition time. The observed decline in the SSA value is probably a result of the lower porosity of the PLA-Zn composites. This is in agreement with the TPV values, which also decreased with increasing zinc concentration (from 3.836 × 10−3 cm3/g for the unmodified PLA to 2.511 × 10−3 cm3/g for the PLA-Zn(15)). The decrease of the SSA and TPV values as a result of the zinc sputtering may be due to the fact that the deposited zinc atoms formed a coating, which covered the structural holes of the nonwoven and partially filled in the pores. Similar observations were made using the optical microscope.

3.3. PLA–Zn Composite Biochemical Characterization

3.3.1. Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT), Prothrombin Time (PT)

Poly(lactide) fabrics had a shorter aPTT clotting time, whereas its modifications with Zn led to the prolongation of the aPTT for all of the composites (Figure 7). The observed change in the aPTT with a simultaneous lack of such an impact on the PT (Figure 8) might suggest that the surface of the Zn adsorbed only contact factors, such as XI, XII and HK, from the plasma. Such phenomenon caused the prolongation of the aPTT. There was no significant alteration of the coagulation cascade during the PT. Thus, it may be concluded that there was no disturbance in the factors of the extrinsic pathways. This observation is in agreement with a few studies concerning the dependence between the contact factors and the transition metals, such as copper, cobalt, nickel and zinc, which influence the aPTT due to the binding of the XI, XII and HK factors present in human plasma [133].
The aPTT measures the intrinsic, i.e., contact, mechanism of the blood plasma coagulation through the thrombin formation and the polymerization of the fibrin clot. It expresses the time of a fibrin clot formation after activation on a negatively charged surface. For diagnostic purposes, kaolin (silicates and cephalin) is applied and contact factors (such as FXII, FXI, PK and HK) start the blood coagulation cascade. The plasma is supplemented with a kaolin and cephalin suspension, and after the addition of the Ca2+ ions, the clot time formation is determined. The FXII and HK factors are the main players in the activation of the blood clotting on the surface with a negative charge. The FXII factor is autoactivated in the contact complex with the cooperation of the listed components of the contact system. PLA has a coiled polymer structure, which encompasses the oxygen atoms of the carbonyl group. Therefore, the polarization occurs as a result of the difference in the electronegativity within the carbon atom, and a dipole is formed with the partial negative charge on the oxygen atom. Numerous oxygen atoms, which are partially negatively charged, in close proximity to each other, act as the activators of the intrinsic pathway of blood coagulation, similar to silicon dioxide, nucleic acids and polyphosphates. The PLA-Zn composites were not studied in this respect before. Our current results revealed that even the PLA itself acts as the activator of blood coagulation, since it causes a shortening of the aPTT clotting time. The PLA-Zn composites exhibited the opposite effect. Zn prolonged the intrinsic blood clotting as a result of the contact factor absorption. However, with the appropriate amount of zinc, the PLA-Zn composite could serve as a material for wound care as it has strong anti-pathogenic action.

3.3.2. Antibacterial Activity

Table 3 presents the results of the in vitro evaluation of the antibacterial activity of the PLA-Zn(t) composites against the Gram-positive S. aureus and Gram-negative E. coli bacteria.
The obtained results demonstrated the antimicrobial protection of the PLA-Zn(t)(mc) composites against various bacterial microorganisms, i.e., E. coli and S. aureus (Table 3), represented by the visible inhibition zones (IZ) of bacterial growth observed in Petri dishes, and were in accordance with the literature data. Thus, the PLA matrix and the composites PLA-ZnO (1%; 0.12 mc) to PLA-ZnO (5%; 0.6 mc) did not exhibit antimicrobial activity towards E. coli; the percentage of bacterial reduction of E. Coli %REC/PLA = 0 following 1 h of contact time, and exhibited 44%REC/(LDA-ZnO(1%; 0.12 mc) to 99.9%REC/(LDA-ZnO (5%; 0.6 mc) after 24 h, and 99.99% %REC for LDA-ZnO (1%; 0.12 mc) to LDA-ZnO (5%; 0.6 mc) after 5 days, respectively [110].
Similarly, the PLA-ZnO (20%; 2.5 mc) exhibited a decrease in relative viability (RV; %] during the prolongation of the contact time, both for E. coli as well S. aureus. Thus, RVEC/PLA-Zn(20%)(3 h) = 85%; RVEC/PLA-Zn(20%)(6 h) = 73%; RVSA/PLA-Zn(20%)(3 h) = 69%; and RVSA/PLA-Zn(20%)(6 h) = 41% [116].
The antimicrobial activity of PLA-ZnO (0.5%; 0.06 mc) to PLA-ZnO (2.5%; 0.3 mc) films against E. coli and S. aureus revealed significant differences in the inhibition. These, evaluated after 6 h of incubation, as a percentage of inhibition (%IEC/SA) were: %IEC(ZnO(0.5%)) = 78%; %IEC(ZnO(1%)) = 100%; %IEC(ZnO(2.5%)) = 90%; %ISA(ZnO(0.5%)) = 38%; %ISA(ZnO(1%)) = 58%; and, unexpectedly, %ISA(ZnO(2.5%)) = 18% [112].

4. Conclusions

Poly(lactide) caused the acceleration of the aPTT, while zinc plating completely cancelled this effect and prolonged the aPTT due to the surface absorption of contact factors. No change was observed in the case of the PT. PLA might be used for the preparation of wound dressing materials, accelerating coagulation in the case of hemorrhages, but its composites with Zn could be novel materials where the blood coagulation process is controlled with additional antimicrobial properties.

Author Contributions

Z.M. developed the concept, performed the experiments, analyzed the data and wrote the paper; M.B.P. performed the experiments, analyzed the data and wrote the paper; A.K. analyzed the data and wrote the paper; M.Ś. analyzed the data; M.H.K. developed the concept and designed the experiments, analyzed the data and wrote the paper. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was partly carried out within the National Science Centre, project M-ERA.NET 2022, number, No. 2022/04/Y/ST4/00157.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available upon request from the corresponding author.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Scheme 1. Schematic diagram of the magnetron sputtering of zinc onto a PLA substrate.
Scheme 1. Schematic diagram of the magnetron sputtering of zinc onto a PLA substrate.
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Figure 1. Degradation of the PLA-Zn composite (hypothetical structure).
Figure 1. Degradation of the PLA-Zn composite (hypothetical structure).
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Figure 2. Representative reactions of metallic zinc with alcohols, esters, amides and carboxylic acids: (1) reaction with alcohols; (2) amidation of aromatic carboxylic esters; (3) transesterification of ketoacids; (4) conversion of oximes α-ketoesters to amino esters; (5) deoximation of α,α′-dioxo-type oximes; and (6) depolymerization of PET. PET—Polyethylene terephthalate, BHET—monomer polyethylene terephthalate, EG—ethylene glycol.
Figure 2. Representative reactions of metallic zinc with alcohols, esters, amides and carboxylic acids: (1) reaction with alcohols; (2) amidation of aromatic carboxylic esters; (3) transesterification of ketoacids; (4) conversion of oximes α-ketoesters to amino esters; (5) deoximation of α,α′-dioxo-type oximes; and (6) depolymerization of PET. PET—Polyethylene terephthalate, BHET—monomer polyethylene terephthalate, EG—ethylene glycol.
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Figure 3. Putative mechanism of the formation of the PLA–Zn interface (Zn—acts as an electron donor, Zn—acts as an electron acceptor).
Figure 3. Putative mechanism of the formation of the PLA–Zn interface (Zn—acts as an electron donor, Zn—acts as an electron acceptor).
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Figure 4. Optical microscopy images (magnifications: ×150; ×2000) of surface structure of the poly(lactic acid) nonwoven and PLA-Zn(10) composites.
Figure 4. Optical microscopy images (magnifications: ×150; ×2000) of surface structure of the poly(lactic acid) nonwoven and PLA-Zn(10) composites.
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Figure 5. SEM images for poly(lactic acid) nonwoven (a) and PLA-Zn(10) composites (b–d) recorded for magnification 5000×, 6000× and 11,000×.
Figure 5. SEM images for poly(lactic acid) nonwoven (a) and PLA-Zn(10) composites (b–d) recorded for magnification 5000×, 6000× and 11,000×.
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Figure 6. The adsorption and desorption isotherms obtained for the poly(lactide)-zinc composites: (a) PLA; (b) PLA-Zn(5)(0.3); (c) PLA-Zn(10)(0.7); (d) PLA-Zn(15)(1.6).
Figure 6. The adsorption and desorption isotherms obtained for the poly(lactide)-zinc composites: (a) PLA; (b) PLA-Zn(5)(0.3); (c) PLA-Zn(10)(0.7); (d) PLA-Zn(15)(1.6).
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Figure 7. Effect of composites on aPTT. The samples are PLA, PLA-Zu(5), PLA-Cu(10), PLA-Zu(15) and C—plasma control. The results are presented as mean (×), median (horizontal line), range (bars) and interquartile range (box).
Figure 7. Effect of composites on aPTT. The samples are PLA, PLA-Zu(5), PLA-Cu(10), PLA-Zu(15) and C—plasma control. The results are presented as mean (×), median (horizontal line), range (bars) and interquartile range (box).
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Figure 8. Effect of composites on PT. The samples are PLA, PLA-Zu(5), PLA-Zu(10), Zu(15) and C—plasma control. The results are presented as mean (×), median (horizontal line), range (bars) and interquartile range (box).
Figure 8. Effect of composites on PT. The samples are PLA, PLA-Zu(5), PLA-Zu(10), Zu(15) and C—plasma control. The results are presented as mean (×), median (horizontal line), range (bars) and interquartile range (box).
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Table 1. Results of the determination of the zinc content in PLA composite samples.
Table 1. Results of the determination of the zinc content in PLA composite samples.
Sample Sputt. Dep.
Time [min.]		Zn ConcentrationSample Abbrev.
PLA-Zn(M)
g/kgmc
[Mol/kg] /a		%
[g/100 g]
PLA-- PLA
PLA-Zn(5)521.090.322.11PLA-Zn(5)(0.3)
PLA-Zn(10)1043.600.674.36PLA-Zn(10)(0.7)
PLA-Zn(15)15105.001.6110.50PLA-Zn(15)(1.6)
/a mc—Molar concentration of zinc [Zn = 65.4]. The results have been measured in triplicate and are presented as a mean value with ± deviation equal to approximately 2%.
Table 2. The specific surface area and total pore volume for the unmodified PLA sample and zinc composites PLA-Zn(t)(mc).
Table 2. The specific surface area and total pore volume for the unmodified PLA sample and zinc composites PLA-Zn(t)(mc).
Sample NameZinc ConcentrationThis Work Literature Data
g/kgmc
[Mol/kg] /a		SSA [m2/g]TPV
[cm3/g]		SSA [m2/g]TPV
[cm3/g]
PLA- 0.98423.836 × 10−30.9721
[52]
0.221
[51,52]		3.858 × 10−3
[52]
9.1 × 10−4
[51,52]
PLA-Zn(t)(mc)PLA-Zn(5)(0.3)21.090.320.94053.235 × 10−3
PLA-Zn(10)(0.7)43.600.670.90562.683 × 10−3
PLA-Zn(15)(1.6)105.001.610.73002.511 × 10−3
PLA-Zn(t)(mc): t—sputtering time; mc—molar concentration of zinc; SSA—specific surface area; TPV—total pore volume. The results have been measured in duplicate and are presented as a mean value with ± deviation equal to approximately 2%.
Table 3. Results of antibacterial activity test of PLA-Zn(t) composites on the basis of PN-EN ISO 20645:2006 standard [120].
Table 3. Results of antibacterial activity test of PLA-Zn(t) composites on the basis of PN-EN ISO 20645:2006 standard [120].
Sample NameBacterial Average Inhibition Zone (mm)
E. coliS. aureus
Lit. DataThis WorkLit. DataThis Work
PLA0 [55]00 [55]0
PLA-Zn(t)(mc)PLA-Zn(5)(0.3)-2 1
PLA-Zn(10)(0.7)-2 2
PLA-Zn(15)(1.6) 2 2
Concentration of inoculum: E. coli: CFU/mL = 1.6 × 108; S. aureus: CFU/mL = 1.2 × 108
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MDPI and ACS Style

Mrozińska, Z.; Ponczek, M.B.; Kaczmarek, A.; Świerczyńska, M.; Kudzin, M.H. Activity in the Field of Blood Coagulation Processes of Poly(Lactide)-Zinc Fiber Composite Material Obtained by Magnetron Sputtering. Coatings 2024, 14, 666. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14060666

AMA Style

Mrozińska Z, Ponczek MB, Kaczmarek A, Świerczyńska M, Kudzin MH. Activity in the Field of Blood Coagulation Processes of Poly(Lactide)-Zinc Fiber Composite Material Obtained by Magnetron Sputtering. Coatings. 2024; 14(6):666. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14060666

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mrozińska, Zdzisława, Michał B. Ponczek, Anna Kaczmarek, Małgorzata Świerczyńska, and Marcin H. Kudzin. 2024. "Activity in the Field of Blood Coagulation Processes of Poly(Lactide)-Zinc Fiber Composite Material Obtained by Magnetron Sputtering" Coatings 14, no. 6: 666. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14060666

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