Compatibility of Methanol-Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil Blends with Chosen Steels and Aluminum
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Determination of Trace Metals
2.2.2. Analysis of Fuel Properties
3. Results
3.1. Visual Evaluation of Metal Corrosion
3.2. Concentration of Trace Metals in Exposed Fuel Samples
3.3. Influence of Trace Elements on Fuel Properties
3.3.1. Density and Kinematic Viscosity
3.3.2. Distillation Curve Analysis
4. Discussion
4.1. Fuel and Metal Compatibility
4.2. Effects of Trace Metals on Fuel Performance and Engines
5. Conclusions
- A blend of methanol and HVO/HVOr displays relatively poor stability due to the occurrence of phase separation between methanol and HVO/HVOr. The co-solvents 1-octanol and 1-dodecanol can be used to form stable, single-phase methanol–HVOr fuel blends.
- Visual assessment showed that methanol, HVO, HVOr, MeOH50, MeOH50-1-octanol, and the MeOH50-1-dodecanol fuel blends did not induce observable corrosion on the metallic surfaces.
- The metals were corrosion-resistant when immersed in HVO and MeOH 50 fuel samples in the studied conditions. Methanol had a slight dissolving effect on aluminum (dissolving Al) and carbon steel (dissolving Zn).
- The trace metal concentrations in MeOH50-O, MeOH50-D, and HVOr fuels did not change after metal immersion. These three fuels did not dissolve metal in the studied conditions.
- Methanol, HVO, and HVOr exhibited relatively stable characteristics when in contact with metals. The immersion of selected metals into the fuels had no impact on the density of methanol, HVO, HVOr, MeOH50, MeOH50-1-octanol, and MeOH50-1-dodecanol fuels. Moreover, the immersion did not influence kinematic viscosity and distillation behavior of methanol, HVO, and HVOr fuels.
- An experimental method needs to be developed further to study the corrosive effect of methanol in particular, and to prove and secure different metals’ resistance to corrosion.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Carbon Steel | Stainless Steel | MoC210M/25CrMo4+SH | Aluminum EN AW-6082 Alloy | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cu (%) | 0.20 | 0.96 | 0.20 | 0.01 |
Fe (%) | >70 | >70 | >70 | 0.20 |
Mn (%) | 1.13 | 1.66 | 0.81 | 0.41 |
Si (%) | 0.24 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 1.07 |
V (%) | 0.06 | 0.01 | ||
Pb (%) | 0.0003 | 0.0007 | <0.05 | |
C (%) | 0.13 | 0.023 | 0.27 | |
Cr (%) | 0.20 | 18.10 | 0.99 | 0.13 |
Ni (%) | 0.15 | 8.01 | 0.19 | |
Mo (%) | 0.03 | 0.29 | 0.22 | |
Mg (%) | 0.70 | |||
Zn (%) | 0.01 | |||
Ti (%) | 0.02 |
Sample Matrix (Fuel/Metal) | Carbon Steel | Stainless Steel | MoC210M/25CrMo4+SH | Aluminum |
---|---|---|---|---|
MeOH | MeOH CS | MeOH SS | MeOH CrMo | MeOH Al |
HVO | HVO CS | HVO SS | HVO CrMo | HVO Al |
MeOH50 | MeOH50 CS | MeOH50 SS | MeOH50 CrMo | MeOH50 Al |
HVOr | HVOr CS | HVOr SS | HVOr CrMo | HVOr Al |
MeOH50-O | MeOH50-O CS | MeOH50-O SS | MeOH50-O CrMo | MeOH50-O Al |
MeOH50-D | MeOH50-D CS | MeOH50-D SS | MeOH50-D CrMo | MeOH50-D Al |
Sample | Al ppm | Cu ppm | Fe ppm | Mn ppm | Pb ppm | Si ppm | V ppm | Zn ppm |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HVO | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 |
HVO CS | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | < 2 | <1 | <1 |
HVO SS | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 |
HVO CrMo | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 |
HVO Al | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 |
MeOH CS | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | 3 | <1 | 2 |
MeOH SS | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | 3 | <1 | <1 |
MeOH CrMo | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | 3 | <1 | <1 |
MeOH Al | 2 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | 3 | <1 | <1 |
MeOH50 CS | <1 | 1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | 5 | <1 | 1 |
MeOH50 SS | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | 5 | <1 | <1 |
MeOH50 CrMo | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | 3 | <1 | 1 |
MeOH50 Al | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | 3 | <1 | <1 |
HVOr | <1 | <1 | <1 | <2 | <4 | <1 | <1 | <1 |
HVOr CS | <1 | <1 | <1 | <2 | <4 | <1 | <1 | <1 |
HVOr SS | <1 | <1 | <1 | <2 | <4 | <1 | <1 | <1 |
HVOr CrMo | <1 | <1 | <1 | <2 | <4 | <1 | <1 | <1 |
HVOr Al | <1 | <1 | <1 | <2 | <4 | <1 | <1 | <1 |
MeOH50-O | <1 | <1 | <1 | <2 | <4 | <1 | <1 | <1 |
MeOH50-O CS | <1 | <1 | <1 | <2 | <4 | <1 | <1 | <1 |
MeOH50-O SS | <1 | <1 | <1 | <2 | <4 | <1 | <1 | <1 |
MeOH50-O CrMo | <1 | <1 | <1 | <2 | <4 | <1 | <1 | <1 |
MeOH50-O Al | <1 | <1 | <1 | <2 | <4 | <1 | <1 | <1 |
MeOH50-D | <1 | <1 | <1 | <2 | <4 | <1 | <1 | <1 |
MeOH50-D CS | <1 | <1 | <1 | <2 | <4 | <1 | <1 | <1 |
MeOH50-D SS | <1 | <1 | <1 | <2 | <4 | <1 | <1 | <1 |
MeOH50-D CrMo | <1 | <1 | <1 | <2 | <4 | <1 | <1 | <1 |
MeOH50-D Al | <1 | <1 | <1 | <2 | <4 | <1 | <1 | <1 |
Sample | Density (kg/m3) 15 °C (RSD < 1.0%) | Kinematic Viscosity, (mm2/s) 40 °C (RSD < 1.0%) | Initial Boiling Point, (°C) (RSD < 1.1%) | Final Boiling Point, (°C) (RSD < 1.1%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
HVO | 781 | 3.14 | 223 | 309 |
HVO CS | 781 | 3.12 | 223 | 300 |
HVO SS | 781 | 3.14 | 223 | 301 |
HVO CrMo | 781 | 3.13 | 223 | 300 |
HVO Al | 781 | 3.14 | 223 | 307 |
MeOH | 795 | 0.55 | 65 | 73 |
MeOH CS | 795 | 0.56 | 64 | 69 |
MeOH SS | 795 | 0.58 | 64 | 70 |
MeOH CrMo | 795 | 0.56 | 64 | 69 |
MeOH Al | 795 | 0.57 | 65 | 74 |
MeOH50 | 793 | 1.25 | 65 | 244 |
MeOH50 CS | 793 | 0.85 | 66 | 260 |
MeOH50 SS | 794 | 1.30 | 66 | 252 |
MeOH50 CrMo | 794 | 1.14 | n/a | n/a |
MeOH50 Al | 793 | 1.04 | 65 | 257 |
HVOr | 781 | 3.06 | 223 | 307 |
HVOr CS | 781 | 3.05 | 224 | 309 |
HVOr SS | 781 | 3.05 | 222 | 308 |
HVOr CrMo | 781 | 3.06 | 223 | 309 |
HVOr Al | 781 | 3.06 | 222 | 309 |
MeOH50-O | 798 | 1.33 | 68 | 259 |
MeOH50-O CS | 797 | 1.31 | 68 | 257 |
MeOH50-O SS | 797 | 1.33 | 65 | 256 |
MeOH50-O CrMo | 797 | 1.35 | 68 | 257 |
MeOH50-O Al | 797 | 1.40 | 69 | 259 |
MeOH50-D | 797 | 1.61 | 66 | 244 |
MeOH50-D CS | 797 | 1.49 | 66 | 246 |
MeOH50-D SS | 797 | 1.45 | 65 | 248 |
MeOH50-D CrMo | 797 | 1.48 | 64 | 228 |
MeOH50-D Al | 797 | 1.58 | 66 | 252 |
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Wang-Alho, H.; Sirviö, K.; Nuortila, C.; Kaivosoja, J.; Mikulski, M.; Niemi, S. Compatibility of Methanol-Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil Blends with Chosen Steels and Aluminum. Energies 2024, 17, 3423. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17143423
Wang-Alho H, Sirviö K, Nuortila C, Kaivosoja J, Mikulski M, Niemi S. Compatibility of Methanol-Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil Blends with Chosen Steels and Aluminum. Energies. 2024; 17(14):3423. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17143423
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang-Alho, Huaying, Katriina Sirviö, Carolin Nuortila, Jonna Kaivosoja, Maciej Mikulski, and Seppo Niemi. 2024. "Compatibility of Methanol-Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil Blends with Chosen Steels and Aluminum" Energies 17, no. 14: 3423. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17143423