Spark Timing Optimization through Co-Simulation Analysis in a Spark Ignition Engine
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Setup
2.2. 1-D Engine Model
2.3. Spark Timing Optimization
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Engine Model Validation
3.2. Spark Timing Optimization at Full Load
3.3. Effect of Load Reduction
4. Conclusions and Future Developments
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
Abbreviations | |
aTDC | After top dead center |
BEV | Battery electric vehicle |
bTDC | Before top dead center |
CNG | Compressed natural gas |
DOI | Duration of injection |
ECU | Engine control unit |
ICE | Internal combustion engine |
IMEP | Indicated mean effective pressure |
ISFC | Indicated specific fuel consumption |
IVC | Intake valve closing |
KLSA | Knock-limited spark advance |
OEM | Original equipment manufacturer |
PFI | Port fuel injection |
PID | Proportional integral derivative |
SI | Spark ignition |
ST | Spark timing |
WOT | Wide open throttle |
ZEV | Zero-emission vehicle |
Symbols | |
CA50 | Crank angle at the 50% of burned fuel [°CA aTDC] |
c | Constraint applied to the penalty function |
Fobj | Objective function to be minimized |
umfknock | Unburned fuel mass fraction at knock onset |
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Description | |
---|---|
Displacement [cm3] | 599 |
Number of cylinders [-] | 3 in-line |
Rated power [kW] | 40 (@ 5250 rpm) |
Rated torque [Nm] | 80 (@ 2000–4000 rpm) |
Bore [mm] | 63.5 |
Stroke [mm] | 63 |
Connecting rod length [mm] | 114 mm |
Compression ratio [-] | 9.5 |
Number of valves per cylinder [-] | 2 |
Intake valve opening/closure | 363/164 °CA bTDC |
Exhaust valve opening/closure | 157/349 °CA a/bTDC |
Injection system | Port fuel injection at 3.5 bar for gasoline and 5 bar for hydrogen |
Ignition | Inductive discharge; 2 spark plugs per cylinder |
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Arsie, I.; Frasci, E.; Irimescu, A.; Merola, S.S. Spark Timing Optimization through Co-Simulation Analysis in a Spark Ignition Engine. Energies 2024, 17, 3695. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17153695
Arsie I, Frasci E, Irimescu A, Merola SS. Spark Timing Optimization through Co-Simulation Analysis in a Spark Ignition Engine. Energies. 2024; 17(15):3695. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17153695
Chicago/Turabian StyleArsie, Ivan, Emmanuele Frasci, Adrian Irimescu, and Simona Silvia Merola. 2024. "Spark Timing Optimization through Co-Simulation Analysis in a Spark Ignition Engine" Energies 17, no. 15: 3695. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17153695