Natural History of the Hymenoptera Venom Sensitivity Reactions in Adults: Study Design
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design and Study Population
2.2. Study Area
2.3. Recruiment of Patients
2.4. Data Collection
2.4.1. Immunological Database
2.4.2. BIRPIS Clinical Database
2.4.3. Questionnaire
2.5. Preparing the Data
2.6. Statistical Analysis
- skin prick test (noncontinuous variable; positive = 1, negative = 0).
- sIgE (continuous variable).
- BAT (continuous variable).
- Other potential confounding factors:
- Factors that increase the risk for repeated Hymenoptera stings:
- Sex (noncontinuous variable; male = 1, female = 0).
- Rural and urban area (noncontinuous variable; urban = 1, rural = 0).
- Beekeeping (noncontinuous variable; positive = 1, negative = 0).
- Farming (noncontinuous variable; positive = 1, negative = 0).
- Age (noncontinuous variable (design of age groups: 1–20 years, 21–30 years, 31–40 years, 41–50 years, 51–60 years and 61–70 years).
- Genetic predisposition (history of Hymenoptera skin reaction in the family; noncontinuous variable; positive = 1, negative = 0).
- Cardiovascular diseases (noncontinuous variable; positive = 1, negative = 0).
- Atopic constitution (noncontinuous variable; positive = 1, negative = 0).
- Asthma (noncontinuous variable; positive = 1, negative = 0).
- The time from visiting our hospital to the next sting (noncontinuous variable; design of groups).
- The frequency of Hymenoptera stings (continuous variable).
- Preventive medication use ((1) antihistaminic and (2) corticosteroids; noncontinuous variable; only antihistaminic = 1, only corticosteroids = 2, both = 3 and none = 0).
- Injection of adrenalin (noncontinuous variable; not used = 0, used = 1).
- Use of other medications (noncontinuous variable; beta-blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors).
3. Discussion
3.1. Sensibilisation to Hymenoptera Venom
3.2. Large Local Reaction
3.3. Systemic Reactions
3.4. Diagnostical Tests (Skin Test, tIgE, sIgE and BAT)
3.5. Aetiology of the Sting
3.6. Sex
3.7. Age
3.8. History of Severe Systemic Reaction
3.9. Time between First Well-Tolerated Sting to Re-Sting
3.10. The Frequency of Stings
3.11. Atopy
3.12. Preventive Medication Use (Injection of Adrenalin, Antihistaminics and Glucocorticoids)
3.13. Use of Other Medications
3.14. Beekeepers and Living Next to Beehives
3.15. Geographical Area in Slovenia and Refusing Immunotherapy
4. The Strengths and Limitations of the Study Design
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Qiestionnaire
- Bee yes no (if yes: how many times? …………………)
- Wasp yes no (if yes: how many times? …………………)
- Hornet yes no (if yes: how many times? …………………)
- milder
- the same
- more severe
- take medicines for prophylaxis yes no
- take an injection of epinephrin yes no
Expert1 | Expert2 | Expert3 | Expert4 | Expert5 | Expert6 | Expert in Agreement | L-CVI | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Item | ||||||||
Q1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 1 |
Q2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 1 |
Q3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 1 |
Q4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 1 |
Q5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 1 |
Q6 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 1 |
Q7 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 0.8 |
Q8 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 0.8 |
Q9 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 1 |
Q10 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 0.8 |
Q11 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 1 |
Q12 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 1 |
Q13 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 1 |
Q14 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 1 |
Q15 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 1 |
CVI/average | 0.966667 |
Item | RATER1 | RATER2 | RATER3 | RATER4 | RATER5 | RATER6 | RATER7 | RATER8 | RATER9 | RATER10 | RATER11 | RATER12 | RATER13 | RATER14 | RATER15 | RATER16 | RATER17 | RATER18 | RATER19 | RATER20 | RATER21 | RATER22 | RATER23 | RATER24 | Expert in Agreement | L-FVI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 24 | 1 |
Q2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 24 | 1 |
Q3 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 22 | 0.916667 |
Q4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 23 | 0.958333 |
Q5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 23 | 0.958333 |
Q6 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 22 | 0.916667 |
Q7 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 21 | 0.875 |
Q8 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 21 | 0.875 |
Q9 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 24 | 1 |
Q10 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 23 | 0.958333 |
Q11 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 24 | 1 |
Q12 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 24 | 1 |
Q13 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 24 | 1 |
Q14 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 24 | 1 |
Q15 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 24 | 1 |
0.963889 |
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Perčič, S.; Bojanić, L.; Košnik, M.; Kukec, A. Natural History of the Hymenoptera Venom Sensitivity Reactions in Adults: Study Design. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 4319. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074319
Perčič S, Bojanić L, Košnik M, Kukec A. Natural History of the Hymenoptera Venom Sensitivity Reactions in Adults: Study Design. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(7):4319. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074319
Chicago/Turabian StylePerčič, Simona, Lidija Bojanić, Mitja Košnik, and Andreja Kukec. 2022. "Natural History of the Hymenoptera Venom Sensitivity Reactions in Adults: Study Design" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 7: 4319. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074319