Phytoconstituents and Bioactivity of Plants of the Genus Spiraea L. (Rosaceae): A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Chemical Components and Biological Activity of the Isolated Substances
3.1. Aromatic Compounds
3.2. Biotechnological Studies on Plants of the Genus Spiraea for Assessing the Ability to Accumulate Phenolic Compounds in In Vitro Culture
3.3. Nitrogen Compounds
3.4. Terpenoids
3.5. Polysaccharides
3.6. Higher Fatty Acids
3.7. Organic Acids
3.8. Elemental Composition
3.9. Essential Oils
4. Biological Activity of Extracts and Their Individual Fractions from Plants of the Genus Spiraea
4.1. Anti-Inflammatory Activity
4.2. Antioxidant Activities
4.3. Antiviral Activity
4.4. Antimicrobial and Antibacterial Activities
4.5. Protistocidal Activity
4.6. Antifungal Activity
5. Other Beneficial Properties of Spiraea
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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ID | Compound | Species, Parts of Plant | References | |
---|---|---|---|---|
| ||||
1 | Apigenin (5,7,4′-trihydroxyflavone) | S. hypericifolia (S) | [39] | |
2 | Apigenin-5-O-β-D-glucopyranoside | S. hypericifolia (S) | [39] | |
3 | Apigenin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside | S. canescens (WP) | [29] | |
4 | Vitexin (apigenin-8-C-glucoside) | S. salicifolia (L, Fl) | [40] | |
5 | Vicenin (apigenin 6,8-di-C-glucoside) | S. salicifolia (L, Fl) | [40] | |
6 | Sparin C (3′-methylapigenin-7-β- D-glucopyranoside) | S. brahuica (WP) | [30] | |
| ||||
7 | Luteolin (5,7,3′,4′-tetrahydroxyflavone) | S. salicifolia (L, Fl) S. nipponica (L, Fl, S) S. hypericifolia (S) | [39,40,41] | |
8 | Luteolin-5-O-β-D-glucopyranoside | S. hypericifolia (S) | [39] | |
9 | Luteolin-7-β-D-glucopyranoside | S. brahuica (WP) S. salicifolia (L, Fl) | [30,40] | |
| ||||
10 | Kaempferol (3,5,7,4′-tetrahydroxyflavone) | S. beauverdiana (L) S. betulifolia (L) S. bumalda (L) S. chamaedryfolia (L) S. crenata (L, Fl) S. dahurica (L) S. douglasii (L) S. elegans (WP) S. flexuosa (L) S. humilis (L) S. hypericifolia (L) S. media (L, Fl) S. pubescens (L) S. salicifolia (L, Fl) S. sericea (L) S. schlothauerae (L) S. trilobata (L) S. ussuriensis (L, WP) | [40,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49] | |
11 | Astragalin (kaempferol-3-O-glucoside) | S. aemiliana (L) S. beauverdiana (L) S. betulifolia (L) S. crenata (L, Fl) S. formosana (S) S. media (L, Fl) S. salicifolia (L) S. prunifolia var. simpliciflora (WP) | [31,34,42,43,45,49,50,51,52] | |
12 | 6″-Caffeoyl-astragalin | S. salicifolia (L) | [37] | |
13 | Kaempferol-4′-glucoside | S. salicifolia (FS) | [32] | |
14 | Trifolin (kaempferol-3-O-β-D-galactoside) | S. salicifolia (L) S. prunifolia var. simpliciflora (L, WP) | [31,37] | |
15 | Nicotiflorin (kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside) | S. salicifolia (FS) | [32] | |
16 | Robinin (kaempferol-3-O-robinoside- 7-O-rhamnoside) | S. salicifolia (L, Fl) | [40] | |
17 | Kaempferol-3-O-(6″-caffeoyl)- β-D-glucopyranoside | S. cantoniensis (Fl) S. salicifolia (FS) | [32,53] | |
18 | Tiliroside (kaempferol-3-O-(6″-O-p-coumaroyl)- -glucoside) | S. formosana (Fr) S. salicifolia (L, Fl, FS) | [32,37,54,55] | |
19 | Kaempferol-3-O-(6″-caffeoyl)- -β-D-galactopyranoside | S. cantoniensis (Fl) S. salicifolia (L, F, FS) | [32,53] | |
20 | Prunifolianoside B (kaempferol- 3-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl- (1→6)-(2″-O-acetyl-β-D-galactopyranoside)) | S. prunifolia var. simpliciflora (WP) | [31] | |
21 | 6′-O-(4″-Methoxy-trans-cinnamoyl)- kaempferol-3-β-D-glucopyranoside | S. canescens (WP) | [29] | |
| ||||
22 | Quercetin (3,5,7,3′,4′-pentahydroxyflavone) | S. aemiliana (L) S. beauverdiana (L) S. betulifolia (L) S. bumalda (L) S. chamaedryfolia (L) S. crenata (L, Fl) S. dahurica (L) S. douglasii (L) S. elegans (WP) S. formosana (S) S. flexuosa (L) S. humilis (L) S. hypericifolia (L) S. media (L, Fl) S. pubescens (L) S. salicifolia (L, Fl) S. sericea (L) S. schlothauerae (L) S. trilobata (L) S. ussuriensis (L, WP) | [34,39,40,42,44,45,46,47,48,49,56,57,58] | |
23 | Taxifolin (dihydroquercetin, 2,3-dihydroquercetin) | S. aemiliana (L) S. beauverdiana (L) S. betulifolia (L) S. salicifolia (L, Fl) | [40,49] | |
24 | Rhamnetin (7-O-methylquercetin) | S. salicifolia (L) | [32] | |
25 | Rhamnetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside | S. salicifolia (L) | [32] | |
26 | Spiraearhamnin A (rhamnetin-3-O-(6″-O-p-coumaroyl)- -β-D-glucopyranoside) | S. salicifolia (L) | [32] | |
27 | Spiraearhamnin B (rhamnetin-3-O-(6″-O-p-caffeoyl)- β-D-glucopyranoside) | S. salicifolia (L) | [32] | |
28 | Isorhamnetin (3′-O-methylquercetin) | S. albiflora (L) S. betulifolia (L) S. crenata (L) S. flexuosa (L) S. media (L) S. salicifolia (L) S. sericea (L) S. ussuriensis (L) | [48,59] | |
29 | Isorhamnetin-3-O-α-L- rhamnopyranoside | S. salicifolia (L) | [37] | |
30 | Isorhamnetin-3-O-β-D- glucopyranoside | S. salicifolia (L) | [37] | |
31 | Narcissin (isorhamnetin-3-rutinoside) | S. media (L) | [59] | |
32 | Prunifolianoside C (isorhamnetin-3-O-α-L- arabinopyranosyl- (1→ 6)-(2″-O-acetyl-β-D- galactopyranoside)) | S. prunifolia var. simpliciflora (WP) | [31] | |
33 | Rhamnazin (7,3′-di-O-methylquercetin) | S. brahuica (WP) | [30] | |
34 | Spiraeoside (quercetin-4′-O-β-D- glucopyranoside) | S. salicifolia (FS) | [32,52] | |
35 | Isoquercitrin (quercetin-3-O-glucopyranoside) | S. aemiliana (L) S. aquilegifolia (L) S. canescens (WP) S. chamaedryfolia (L) S. formosana (S) S. hypericifolia (L) S. media (L, Fl) S. prunifolia (L) S. prunifolia var. simpliciflora (WP) S. salicifolia (L) | [29,32,34,39,42,43,49,50,51,52,56,58,59,60,61,62] | |
36 | 6″-Caffeoyl-isoquercitrin- 1-O-p-hydroxybenzoyl- 6-O-coumaroyl-β-D-glucopyranoside | S. salicifolia (L) | [37] | |
37 | Hyperoside (quercetin-3-β-D-galactoside) | S. aemiliana (L) S. aquilegifolia (L) S. beauverdiana (L) S. betulifolia (L) S. chamaedryfolia (L) S. crenata (L, Fl) S. formosana (S) S. hypericifolia (L) S. media (L, Fl) S. salicifolia (L, Fl, FS) S. schlothauerae (L) S. trilobata (L) S. prunifolia var. simpliciflora (WP) | [31,32,34,42,43,45,47,49,50,51,56,58,59,61,63,64] | |
38 | Hyperoside-6″-caffeoyl | S. salicifolia (L) | [37] | |
39 | Quercitrin (quercetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnoside) | S. salicifolia (FS) | [32] | |
40 | Avicularin (quercetin-3-O-α-L-arabinoside) | S. aemiliana (L) S. aquilegifolia (L) S. beauverdiana (L) S. betulifolia S. crenata (L, Fl) S. hypericifolia (L) S. media (L) S. salicifolia (L, B) | [39,42,43,45,49,50,51,52,56,58,59,61] | |
41 | Quercetin– 3-O-α-L- arabinofuranoside | S. bumalda (L) | [44] | |
42 | Quercetin–3-O-α-L- rhamnofuranoside | S. bumalda (L) | [44] | |
43 | Miquelianin (quercetin-3-O-β-D- glucuronide) | S. salicifolia (FS) | [32] | |
44 | Quercetin-3-O-(6″-O-α-L- arabinopyranosyl)-β-D- galactopyranoside | S. salicifolia (L) | [42,63,64] | |
45 | Rutin (quercetin-3-O-rutinoside) | S. aemiliana (L) S. aquilegifolia (L) S. beauverdiana (L) S. betulifolia (L) S. hypericifolia (L) S. media (L, Fl) S. salicifolia (L, B, FS) S. trilobata (L) S. nipponica (L, Fl, S) | [32,41,43,49,50,51,52,57,61] | |
46 | Helichrysoside (quercetin-3-O-(6″-O-p- coumaroyl)-glucoside) | S. salicifolia (FS) | [32] | |
47 | Quercetin-3-O-(6″-caffeoyl)- β-D-galactopyranoside | S. cantoniensis (F) S. salicifolia (FS) | [32,53] | |
48 | Quercetin-3-O-(6″-caffeoyl)- β-D-glucopyranoside | S. salicifolia (FS) | [32] | |
49 | Spireasalicin (quercetin-3-O-[6″-(4′′′-hydroxy- 2′′′-methylenebutyroyl)]- β-D-glucopyranoside) | S. salicifolia (FS) | [32] | |
50 | Prunifolianoside A (quercetin 3-O-α-L- arabinopyranosyl-(2″-O-acetyl- β-D-galactopyranoside)) | S. prunifolia var. simpliciflora (WP) | [31] | |
51 | Quercetin 3-O-(2′′′-O-caffeoyl- α-L-arabinopyranosyl)- (1→6)-β-D-galactopyranoside | S. prunifolia var. simpliciflora (WP) | [31] | |
52 | Hesperidin (hesperetin-7-rutinoside) | S. salicifolia (Fl) | [40] | |
| ||||
53 | Daidzein (7,4′-dihydroxyisoflavone) | S. nipponica (L, Fl, S) | [41] | |
| ||||
54 | Sparin A (3,5-dihydroxy-2-{3-hydroxy- 4-[2-methoxy-4-(3,5,7-trihydroxy- 4-oxo-4H-1-benzopyran-2-yl) phenoxy]phenyl}-7-methoxy- 4H-1-benzopyran-4-one) | S. brahuica (WP) | [30] | |
55 | Sparin B 2-{4-[4-(3,5-Dihydroxy-7-methoxy- 4-oxo-4H-1-benzopyran-2-yl)- 2-methoxyphenoxy]-3-hydroxyphenyl} -5 hydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy-4H-1- benzopyran-4-one) | S. brahuica (WP) | [30] | |
| ||||
56 | (+)-Catechin | S. hypericifolia (S) S. nipponica (L, Fl, S) S. prunifolia (L) S. salicifolia (L) | [32,41,52,65,66,67,68] | |
57 | (+)-Catechin-3-O-β-D-xylopyranose | S. prunifolia (L) | [60] | |
58 | (+)-Catechin-7-α-L-rhamnofuranoside | S. hypericifolia (S) | [65,66,67,68] | |
59 | (+)-Catechin-7-α-L-rhamnopyranoside | S. hypericifolia (S) | [65,66,67,68] | |
60 | (+)-Catechin-7-α-L-arabinofuranoside | S. hypericifolia (S) | [65,66,67,68] | |
61 | (+)-Catechin-7-α-L-xylopyranoside | S. hypericifolia (S) | [65,66,67,68] | |
62 | (−)-Epicatechin | S. hypericifolia (S) S. nipponica (L, Fl, S) S. prunifolia (L) S. salicifolia (S) | [32,41,52,65,66,67,68] | |
63 | (−)-Epigallocatechin | S. salicifolia (S) | [52] |
ID | Compound | Species, Parts of Plant | References |
---|---|---|---|
64 | Gallic | S. chamaedryfolia (L) S. media (L) S. salicifolia (L, Fl) | [32,40,58] |
65 | Syringic | S. crenata (S, R) S. formosana (S) S. media (L) S. nipponica (Fl, S) | [34,41,45,48] |
66 | Protocatechuic | S. chamaedryfolia (L) S. hypericifolia (L) S. media (L) S. salicifolia (FS) | [32,58,75] |
67 | Vanillic | S. brahuica (WP) S. chamaedryfolia (L) S. crenata (S, R) S. formosana (S) S. hypericifolia (L) S. media (L) S. nipponica (Fl, S) | [34,41,45,58,77] |
68 | Ellagic | S. beauverdiana (L) S. betulifolia (L) | [49,78] |
69 | Gentisic | S. crenata (S, R) S. media (L) | [45,48] |
70 | 5-O-Galloylquinic | S. salicifolia (FS) | [32] |
71 | Cinnamic | S. aemiliana (L) S. beauverdiana (L) S. betulifolia (L, WP) S. brahuica (WP) S. chamaedryfolia (L) S. crenata (S, R) S. media (L) S. nipponica (L, Fl, S) S. salicifolia (L) S. ussuriensis (WP) | [32,41,45,46,49,63,75,79] |
72 | 4-Methoxycinnamic | S. salicifolia (L, FS) | [32,63,64] |
73 | Chlorogenic | S. aemiliana (L) S. aquilegifolia (L) S. beauverdiana (L) S. betulifolia (L, WP) S. chamaedryfolia (L) S. hypericifolia (L) S. media (L) S. salicifolia (L, Fl) S. schlothauerae (L) | [32,40,47,49,52,56,58,61,75] |
74 | 4-O-Caffeoylquinic | S. salicifolia (FS) | [32,52] |
75 | Caffeic | S. brahuica (WP) S. chamaedryfolia (L) S. crenata (S, R) S. hypericifolia (L) S. media (L) S. nipponica (L, Fl) S. prunifolia (L) S. prunifolia var. simpliciflora (WP) S. salicifolia (L, Fl) S. schlothauerae (L) | [31,32,40,41,45,47,52,56,58,60,63,64,75,77] |
76 | p-Coumaric | S. aemiliana (L) S. beauverdiana (L) S. betulifolia (L, WP) S. chamaedryfolia (L) S. crenata (S, R) S. dahurica (L) S. flexuosa (L) S. formosana (S) S. humilis (WP) S. hypericifolia (L) S. media (L) S. nipponica (L, Fl, S) S. prunifolia (L) S. salicifolia (FS) S. schlothauerae (L) S. ussuriensis (WP) | [32,34,41,45,46,47,49,58,61,64,75,80] |
77 | o-Coumaric | S. hypericifolia (L) S. media (L) S. salicifolia (L) | [58,63,64,75] |
78 | p-Hydroxybenzoic | S. aquilegifolia (L) S. chamaedryfolia (L) S. formosana (S) S. hypericifolia (L) S. media (L) S. nipponica (L, S) | [34,41,56,58,61] |
79 | Ferulic | S. chamaedryfolia (L) S. crenata (S, R) S. hypericifolia (L) S. media (L) S. nipponica (L, S) S. salicifolia (L) | [40,41,45,48,56,63,64] |
80 | Veratric | S. formosana (S) | [34] |
Model/Method | Extracts and Fraction | Dose or Result | References | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anti-inflammatory activity | |||||
S. fritschiana | LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells | Methanolic extracts of aerial part | Nitric oxide inhibition rate: 90% at 200 µg/mL | [148] | |
S. media | Rat strain Wistar with an inflammatory process caused by subcutaneous injection of 0.5 mL of 9% acetic acid into the back with simultaneous administration of a dextran solution at a dose of 300 mg/kg of body weight | Aqueous-ethanolic extract of leaves | 100 mg/kg rat weight | [23] | |
S. salicifolia | Rat strain Wistar with an inflammatory process caused by subcutaneous injection of 0.5 mL of 9% acetic acid into the back with simultaneous administration of a dextran solution at a dose of 300 mg/kg of body weight | Dry extract from shoots | 100 mg/kg rat weight | [149] | |
S. prunifolia var. simpliciflora | Murine macrophages (RAW 264.7 cells) stimulated with interferon γ, LPS, and polymyristic acetate | Methanolic extract of roots | Dosage: extract in various concentrations up to 200 mg/mL; extract significantly inhibits the formation of nitric oxide and superoxide in cells | [22] | |
S. prunifolia var. simpliciflora | LPS-induced inflammatory response or H2O2-induced oxidative stress in RAW 264.7 macrophagic cells | Aqueous extract of root | Extract strongly suppresses the production of nitric oxide, decreases H2O2 cytotoxicity | [80] | |
S. prunifolia var. simpliciflora | Tumor necrosis factor-stimulated human airway epithelial (NCI-H292) cells and mouse model of LPS-induced acute lung injury | Methanolic extract of leaves | Dosage: 10, 25, 50, and 100 μg/mL. Extract effectively inhibits airway inflammation and reactive oxygen species-mediated oxidative stress | [24] | |
Antioxidant activities | |||||
S. canescens | DPPH assay, superoxide anion-scavenging activity assay, iron-chelating assay | Methanolic extract (ME) and ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) and butanolic fraction (ButF) of whole plants | DPPH (% radical-scavenging assay): ME (78.52%), EAF (89.10%), ButF (63.83%); Superoxide anion-scavenging activity (% radical-scavenging assay): ME (65.10%), EAF (97.03%), ButF (78.90%); iron-chelating assay (% inhibition): ME (35.05%) | [29] | |
S. fritschiana | DPPH assay, reducing power | Methanolic extract of aerial part | DPPH: RC50 = 76.61 µg/mL; Reducing power: absorbance 0.13–1.80 | [148] | |
S. beauverdiana, S. betulifolia, S. dahurica, S. flexuosa, S. humilis, S. media, S. pubescens, S. salicifolia, S. ussuriensis | Amperometric method | Aqueous and aqueous-ethanolic extracts of leaves and inflorescences | Total antioxidant level (mg gallic acid/g): aqueous extracts of leaves (0.26–2.11 mg/g); aqueous extracts of inflorescences (0.16–2.79); aqueous-ethanolic extract of leaves (0.21–2.54 mg/g); aqueous-ethanolic extract of inflorescences (0.06–0.80 mg/g) | [152] | |
S. media | DPPH assay, chelation of metal ions (CA) | Aqueous and aqueous-ethanolic extracts of leaves and inflorescences | Aqueous extract of inflorescences (DPPH: IC50 = 14.25 mg/mL; CA: EC50 = 17.38 mg/mL); Aqueous extract of leaves IC50 = 12.91 mg/mL; CA: EC50 = 10.13 mg/mL; Aqueous-ethanolic extract of inflorescences IC50 = 10.12 mg/mL; CA: EC50 = 13.75 mg/mL; Aqueous-ethanolic extract of leaves IC50 = 4.80 mg/mL; CA: EC50 = 16.71 mg/mL | [150] | |
S. prunifolia var. simpliciflora | DPPH assay, ABTS assay, SOD (superoxide dismutase) assay | Aqueous extract of root | DPPH: IC50 = 320.2 mg/mL, ABTS: IC50 = 124.0 mg/mL, SOD: IC50 = 122.6 mg/mL | [80] | |
S. tomentosa | DPPH assay | Methanolic extracts of seeds | 141.31 µmol Trolox/100 g | [151] | |
S. tomentosa | DPPH assay | Methanolic extract of leaves | Dosage: 10, 25, 50, and 100 μg/mL. Extract displays potent DPPH radical-scavenging activity in tumor necrosis factor–stimulated NCI-H292 cells and effectively attenuates lipid peroxidation in lung tissues | [24] | |
Antiviral activity | |||||
S. alpina, S. aquilegifolia, S. betulifolia, S. beauverdiana, S. chamaedryfolia, S. crenata, S. dahurica, S. elegans, S. flexuosa, S. media, S. hypericifolia, S. pubescens, S. salicifolia, S. trilobata | Strain of avian influenza virus A/chicken/Kurgan/05/2005 (H5N1) and strain of human influenza virus A/Aichi/2/68 (H3N2) replicated in cultured MDCK cells | Aqueous-ethanolic extracts of aerial part | NI (titer of control minus titer of experiment) for human influenza virus, lg: 0.5–4.0; NI for avian influenza virus, lg: 0.75–4.25 | [153] | |
Antimicrobial and antibacterial activity | |||||
S. chamaedryfolia | disc diffusion method | Fractions with different polarity | Inhibition zone 8–13.7 mm: gram-positive B. subtilis (ATCC 6633), gram-positive S. aureus (ATCC 29213), gram-positive Streptococcus pneumoniae (ATCC 49619), gram-negative Moraxella catarrhalis (ATCC 25238), MRSA (ATCC 43300) | [122,154] | |
S. tomentosa | disc diffusion method | Methanolic extracts of seeds | Inhibition zone 13 mm: gram-positive S. aureus (ATCC 12600), 8 mm: gram-negative E. coli (ATCC 8677), 7 mm: P. aeruginosa (ATCC 9721), and 9 mm: the yeast C. albicans (ATCC 10231) | [151] | |
S. thunbergii | disc diffusion method | Crude ethanolic extract of leaves | Extract has a high antibacterial activity against E. coli | [89] | |
Protistocidal activity | |||||
S. aquilegifolia, S. dahurica, S. media, S. salicifolia | Contact method | Aqueous extract from branches | S. aquilegifolia and S. dahurica cause instant death of protozoa (Paramecium caudatum); S. salicifolia causes death within 35 min, and S. media within 5 min | [155] | |
Antifungal activity | |||||
S. prunifolia | Agar well diffusion method | Ethanolic and aqueous extract of leaves at different concentrations | Inhibition zones for Penicillium expansum, A. niger, A. alternata, Mucor plumbeus, Penicillium chrysogenum, Trichothecium roseum, and R. solani: ethanolic extract (12.3–23.3 mm) and aqueous extract (10.0–20.0 mm) | [156] | |
S. alpina | Plate growth rate method | Different fractions of ethanolic extract from leaves | Inhibitory rate of fractions: 13.9–47.4% for R. solani and 12.1–40.8% for E. turcicum | [85,88] | |
Anticancer effect | |||||
S. alpina | Human liver cancer BEL-7402 cells, colon cancer HCT-8 cells, and lung carcinoma A-549 cells | Ethanolic extracts (35–70%) of leaves | Extract of S. alpina has some inhibitory action on human liver cancer cell line BEL-7402, colon cancer HCT-8 cells, and lung carcinoma A-549 cells | [157] |
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Kostikova, V.A.; Petrova, N.V. Phytoconstituents and Bioactivity of Plants of the Genus Spiraea L. (Rosaceae): A Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 11163. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222011163
Kostikova VA, Petrova NV. Phytoconstituents and Bioactivity of Plants of the Genus Spiraea L. (Rosaceae): A Review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(20):11163. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222011163
Chicago/Turabian StyleKostikova, Vera A., and Natalia V. Petrova. 2021. "Phytoconstituents and Bioactivity of Plants of the Genus Spiraea L. (Rosaceae): A Review" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 20: 11163. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222011163