Shrinkage and Creep Properties of Low-Carbon Hybrid Cement
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. H-Cement and CEM II/B-S
2.2. Mix Design
2.3. Isothermal Calorimetry
2.4. Autogenous and Drying Shrinkage
2.5. Creep
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Isothermal Calorimetry
3.2. Autogenous Shrinkage
3.3. Drying Shrinkage
3.3.1. Basic Creep
3.3.2. Total Creep
4. Conclusions
- Autogenous shrinkage shows similar values up to 7 days between H-cement and CEM II/B-S 32.5 R pastes. After 7 days, H-cement shows smaller autogenous shrinkage.
- Drying shrinkage evolves similarly for mortars made from H-cement and CEM II/B-S 32.5 R cement. For the same shrinkage, H-cement loses approximately twice as much water. The reason for this likely stems from the coarser capillary pores and lower capillary pressure.
- The ultimate value of H-cement’s total shrinkage reached on mortar samples of size mm. Similar values were achieved by a comparable mortar made from CEM II/B-S 32.5 R.
- Basic and total creep of H-cement concrete falls within the standard deviation margins of B4 and EC2 models for structural concrete. H-cement concrete exhibits similar total creep as high-volume fly ash concrete.
- Overall, the shrinkage and creep properties of H-cement showed similar values to comparable structural concretes, displaying potential for having low-carbon applications in the construction industry.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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CaO | SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | MgO | SO3 | K2O | Na2O | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Clinker (20%) | 66.13 | 21.69 | 5.31 | 2.83 | 1.44 | 0.53 | 1.00 | 0.04 |
Fly ash (65%) | 3.36 | 51.42 | 26.93 | 7.27 | 2.10 | 0.87 | 3.28 | 0.17 |
Slag (10%) | 34.92 | 35.85 | 8.36 | 0.43 | 6.15 | 1.61 | 0.74 | 0.21 |
Alkali activator (5%) | - | - | - | - | - | 55.78 | - | 43.02 |
H-cement | 17.09 | 46.91 | 16.91 | 6.47 | 1.68 | 3.65 | 3.17 | 2.52 |
CEM II/B-S 32.5 R | 54.87 | 26.33 | 6.06 | 2.56 | 4.08 | 2.34 | 0.67 | 0.26 |
w/c | Compressive Strength [MPa] | Flexural Strength [MPa] | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2 Days | 28 Days | 90 Days | 2 Days | 28 Days | 90 Days | ||
H-cement | 0.40 | 17.5 ± 3.0 | 36.5 ± 4.0 | 41.5 ± 3.0 | 3.5 ± 0.5 | 4.4 ± 0.4 | 9.0 ± 0.3 |
CEM II/B-S 32.5 R | 0.50 | 13.4 ± 1.0 | 46.5 ± 0.9 | 60.0 ± 1.1 | 3.1 ± 0.3 | 8.9 ± 0.2 | 10.2 ± 0.3 |
Item | Reference, Mortar (kg/m3) | H-Cement, Mortar (kg/m3) | H-Cement, Concrete (kg/m3) |
---|---|---|---|
H-cement | 490 | 350 | |
CEM II/B-S 32.5 R | 516 | ||
Water | 232 | 221 | 158 |
Normal sand 0/2 | 1548 | 1470 | |
Fine aggregate 0/4 mm, Dobříň | 835 | ||
Coarse aggregate 4/8 mm, Zbraslav | 320 | ||
Coarse aggregate 8/16 mm, Zbraslav | 713 | ||
Plasticizer (lignosulfonates) | 3.4 | 2.4 | |
Water/cement | 0.45 | 0.45 | 0.45 |
Aggregate/cement | 3.00 | 3.00 | 5.34 |
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Šmilauer, V.; Dohnalová, L.; Martauz, P. Shrinkage and Creep Properties of Low-Carbon Hybrid Cement. Materials 2024, 17, 4417. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17174417
Šmilauer V, Dohnalová L, Martauz P. Shrinkage and Creep Properties of Low-Carbon Hybrid Cement. Materials. 2024; 17(17):4417. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17174417
Chicago/Turabian StyleŠmilauer, Vít, Lenka Dohnalová, and Pavel Martauz. 2024. "Shrinkage and Creep Properties of Low-Carbon Hybrid Cement" Materials 17, no. 17: 4417. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17174417