Research Progress in Heterologous Crocin Production
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Challenge of Crocin Production
3. Alternative Sources of Crocins
4. Biosynthesis of Crocin in C. sativus
Enzymes | Name | Source | Host | Production | Yield | Year | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CCDs | ZCD1 | C. sativus L. | C. vulgaris | Crocetin | Detectable | 2016 | [103] |
Cs-CCD2L | C. sativus L. | E. coli | Crocetin | 4.42 mg/L | 2019 | [7] | |
Fh-CCD7 | F. hybrida | E. coli | Crocetin | Detectable | 2020 | [104] | |
Cs-CCD2L | C. sativus L. | S. cerevisiae | Crocetin | 12.43 ± 0.62 mg/L | 2020 | [105] | |
Cs-ZCD | C. sativus L. | D. salina | Crocetin | Detectable | 2020 | [104] | |
Bd-CCD4.1 | B. davidii | N. glauca | Crocins | 2.18 ± 0.23 mg/g DW | 2020 | [52] | |
Bo-CCD4.3 | B. orellana | S. lycopersicum | Crocins | 0.1 mg/g DW | 2021 | [106] | |
Gj-CCD4a | G. jasminoides | N. glauca | Crocins | 1.6 mg/g DW | 2022 | [98] | |
Cs-CCD2L | C. sativus L. | S. lycopersicum | Crocins | 14.48 ± 0.18 mg/g DW | 2022 | [107] | |
ALDHs | Syn-ALD | Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 | S. cerevisiae | Crocetin | 6.278 mg/L | 2017 | [62] |
pTrc-ALD8 | N. crassa | E. coli | Crocetin | 4.42 mg/L | 2019 | [7] | |
Gj-ALDH2C3 | G. jasminoides | N. benthamiana | Crocins | 105.8945 mg/g DW | 2023 | [102] | |
UGTs | Cs-UGT2 | C. sativus L. | E. coli | Crocetin | 6.278 mg/L | 2004 | [62] |
Cs-UGT74AD1 | C. sativus L. | E. coli | Crocetin | 6.278 mg/L | 2018 | [62] | |
Gj-UGT75L6 | G. jasminoides | E. coli | Crocetin | 4.42 mg/L | 2019 | [7] | |
Gj-UGT94E5 | G. jasminoides | E. coli | Crocetin | 4.42 mg/L | 2019 | [7] | |
Bs-YdhE | B. subtilis | E. coli | Crocetin | 4.42 mg/L | 2019 | [7] | |
Bs-YjiC | B. subtilis | E. coli | Crocetin | 4.42 mg/L | 2019 | [7] | |
Bs-Yojk | B. subtilis | E. coli | Crocetin | 4.42 mg/L | 2019 | [7] | |
Gj-UGT74F8 | G. jasminoides | E. coli | Crocin III, crocin V | 33.05 mg/L (66.1%) | 2020 | [61] | |
Gj-UGT94E13 | G. jasminoides | E. coli | Crocins | 29.8 mg/L (59.6%) | 2020 | [61] | |
Bs-GT | B. subtilis 168 | E. coli | Crocins | 476.8 mg/L (81%) | 2018 | [101] | |
Cs-UGT74AD1 | C. sativus L. | S. lycopersicum | Crocins | 14.48 ± 0.18 mg/g DW | 2022 | [107] | |
Cs UGT709G1 | C. sativus L. | S. lycopersicum | Crocins | 14.48 ± 0.18 mg/g DW | 2022 | [107] | |
Gj-UGT74F8 | G. jasminoides | N. benthamiana | Crocins | 105.8945 mg/g DW | 2023 | [102] | |
Gj-UGT94E13 | G. jasminoides | N. benthamiana | Crocins | 105.8945 mg/g DW | 2023 | [102] |
5. Heterologous Production of Crocins in Different Species
5.1. Biosynthesis of Crocins in Higher Plant Hosts
5.2. Microbial Biosynthesis of Crocins
5.2.1. Biosynthesis of Crocins in E. coli
5.2.2. Biosynthesis of Crocins in S. cerevisiae
5.2.3. Biosynthesis of Crocins in Microalgal Hosts
6. Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Zhou, J.; Huang, D.; Liu, C.; Hu, Z.; Li, H.; Lou, S. Research Progress in Heterologous Crocin Production. Mar. Drugs 2024, 22, 22. https://doi.org/10.3390/md22010022
Zhou J, Huang D, Liu C, Hu Z, Li H, Lou S. Research Progress in Heterologous Crocin Production. Marine Drugs. 2024; 22(1):22. https://doi.org/10.3390/md22010022
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhou, Junjie, Danqiong Huang, Chenglong Liu, Zhangli Hu, Hui Li, and Sulin Lou. 2024. "Research Progress in Heterologous Crocin Production" Marine Drugs 22, no. 1: 22. https://doi.org/10.3390/md22010022