Clerodendrum trichotomum Thunberg—An Ornamental Shrub with Medical Properties
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology of Paper Selection
3. Distribution and Morphology of C. trichotomum
4. Applications in Traditional Folk Medicine
5. Overview of Bioactive Compounds Identified in C. trichotomum
5.1. Phenolic Compounds
5.1.1. Phenylpropanoid Compounds
(1) acteoside | R1 = H; | R2 = H |
(2) leucosceptoside | R1 = CH3; | R2 = H |
(4) jionoside D | R1 = H; | R2 = CH3 |
(5) martynoside | R1 = CH3; | R2 = CH3 |
(3) plantainoside C | R1 = CH3; | R2 = H |
(6) isomartynoside | R1 = CH3; | R2 = CH3 |
(7) isoacteoside | R1 = H; | R2 = H |
- (8) trichotomoside
- (9) decaffeoylacteoside
5.1.2. Flavonoids
(10a) apigenin-7-O-glucuronide | R1 = glucuronic acid; | R2 = H; | R3 = H; | R4 = H |
(10b) apigenin-7-O-glucoside | R1 = glucose; | R2 = H; | R3 = H; | R4 = H |
(11) acacetin-7-O-glucuronide | R1 = glucuronic acid; | R2 = H; | R3 = CH3; | R4 = H |
(12) apigenin | R1 = H; | R2 = H; | R3 = H; | R4 = H |
(15) chrysoeriol | R1 = H; | R2 = OCH3; | R3 = H; | R4 = H |
(16) kaempferol 3-O-glucoside | R1 = H; | R2 = H; | R3 = H; | R4 = glucose |
(17) isorhamnetin 3-O-glucoside | R1 = H; | R2 = OCH3; | R3 = H; | R4 = glucose |
(13) genistein | R = H |
(14) genistein 7-O-glucoside | R = glucose |
5.1.3. Lignans
- (18) spicatolignan B
- (19) 5,5′-dimethoxy-7-oxolariciresinol
- (20) (−)-(7′S,8S,8′R)-4,4′-dihydroxy-3,3′,5,5′-tetramethoxy-7′,9-epoxy-lignan-9′-ol-7-one
(21) ecdysanol D | R1 = OH; | R2 = H; | R3 = H |
(22) ecdysanol E | R1 = H; | R2 = OH; | R3 = OCH3 |
5.2. Terpenoids
5.2.1. Diterpenoids
(23) villosin C | R1 = 2H; | R2 = H; | R3 = OH; | R4 = OH |
(31) 6-methoxyvillosin C | R1 = 2H; | R2 = H; | R3 = OCH3; | R4 = OH |
(32) 18-hydroxy-6-methoxyvillosin C | R1 = 2H; | R2 = OH; | R3 = OCH3; | R4 = OH |
(33) (10R,16S)-12,16-epoxy-11,14-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-17(15→16)-abeo-abieta-5,8,11,13-tetraene-3,7-dione | R1 = O; | R2 = H; | R3 = OCH3; | R4 = H |
(24) mandarone E | R1 = 2H; | R2 = CH3 |
(25) formidiol | R1 = 2H; | R2 = COOCH3 |
(28) teuvincenone F | R1 = O; | R2 = CH3 |
(26) uncinatone | R1 = 2H; | R2 = CH3; | R3 = H |
(27) teuvincenone E | R1 = 2O; | R2 = CH3; | R3 = H |
(34) (10R,16R)-12,16-epoxy-11,14,17-trihydroxy-17(15→16),18(4→3)-diabeo-abieta-3,5,8,11,13-pentaene-2,7-dione | R1 = O; | R2 = CH3; | R3 = OH |
(35) (3S,4R,10R,16S)-3,4:12,16-diepoxy-11,14-dihydroxy-17(15→16),18(4→3)-diabeo-abieta-5,8,11,13-tetraene-7-one | R1 = 2H; | R2 = CHO; | R3 = H |
- (29) 12,16-epoxy-11,14-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-17(15→16)-abeo-abieta-5,8,11,13,15-pentaene-3,7-dione
- (30) 12,16-epoxy-17(15→16),18(4→3)-diabeo-abieta-3,5,8,12,15-pentaene-7,11,14-trione
- (36) (3S,4R,10R,16S)-3,4:12,16-diepoxy-11,14-dihydroxy-17(15→16),18(4→3)-diabeo-abieta-5,8,11,13-tetraene-7-one
- (37) trichotomone
- (38) teucincenone G
- (44) caryopincaolide G
- (53) 15,16-dehydroteuvincenone G
- (61) trichotomin A
- (62) trichotomin B
- (63) trichotomside A
(39) villosin B | R1 = H; | R2 = OH |
(54) 3-dihydroteuvincenone G | R1 = OH; | R2 = H |
(40) cyrtophyllone A | R1 = 2H; | R2 = OCH3; | R3 = H |
(55) 17-hydroxymandarone B | R1 = 2H; | R2 = H; | R3 = OH |
(66) teuvincenone A | R1 = O; | R2 = OH; | R3 = H |
(67) teuvincenone B | R1 = 2H; | R2 = OH; | R3 = H |
(41) 15-dehydro-17-hydroxycyrtophyllone A | R1 = 2H; | R2 = OCH3; | R3 = OH |
(68) teuvincenone H | R1 = O; | R2 = OH; | R3 = H |
(42) caryopincaolide E | R1 = H; | R2 = H; | R3 = CH2OH |
(43) caryopincaolide F | R1 = H; | R2 = OH; | R3 = CH3 |
(56) 15,16-dihydroformidiol | R1 = H; | R2 = H; | R3 = COOCH3 |
(58) 2α-hydrocaryopincaolide F | R1 = OH; | R2 = H; | R3 = CH3 |
(45) caryopincaolide I | R1 = H; | R2 = OH |
(46) caryopincaolide J | R1 = OH; | R2 = H |
- (47) caryopterisoid C
- (48) kaichianone B
- (49) 19-hydroxyteuvincenone F
- (52) 12,19-di-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-11-hydroxyabieta-8,11,13-trien-19-one
- (57) 18-hydroxyteuvincenone E
(50) demethylcryptojaponol | R1 = H; | R2 = H; | R3 = O; | R4 = OH |
(51) 6β-hydroxydemethylcryptojaponol | R1 = H; | R2 = OH; | R3 = O; | R4 = OH |
(64) trichotomside B | R1 = O-glucose; | R2 = H; | R3 = 2H; | R4 = O-glucose |
(59) 15α-hydroxyuncinatone | R = 2H |
(60) 15α-hydroxyteuvincenone E | R = O |
(65) sugiol | R1 = H; | R2 = H |
(69) cyrtophyllone B | R1 = OH; | R2 = OH |
- (70) viridiol B
- (71) phytol
- (72) clerodendrin A
- (73) clerodendrin B
- (74) clerodendrin D
- (75) clerodendrin E
- (76) clerodendrin F
- (77) clerodendrin G
- (78) clerodendrin H.
5.2.2. Triterpenoids
- (79) β-amyrin
(80) lupeol | R1 = CH3; | R2 = CH2 |
(82) betulinic acid | R1 = COOH; | R2 = CH2 |
(84) 3β-hydroxy-30-norlupan-20-one | R1 = CH3; | R2 = O |
- (81) friedelin
- (83) taraxerol
(85) oleanolic aldehyde | R1 = H; | R2 = CHO; | R3 = CH3; | R4 = H |
(86) ursolic aldehyde | R1 = H; | R2 = CHO; | R3 = H; | R4 = CH3 |
(87) maslinic acid | R1 = OH; | R2 = COOH; | R3 = CH3; | R4 = H |
(88) corosolic acid | R1 = OH; | R2 = COOH; | R3 = H; | R4 = CH3 |
5.3. Anthraquinones
(89) aloeemodin | R1 = H; | R2 = CH2OH |
(90) emodin | R1 = CH3; | R2 = OH |
(91) chrysophanol | R1 = H; | R2 = CH3 |
5.4. Cyclohexylethanoids
- (92) 1-hydroxy-1-(8-palmitoyloxyethyl)cyclohexanone
- (93) 5-O-butyl cleroindin
- (94) cleroindin C
- (95) cleroindin B
- (96) rengyolone
- (97) rengyol
- (98) isorengyol
5.5. Steroids
- (99) (20R,22E,24R)-3β-hydroxy-stigmasta-5,22,25-trien-7-one
- (100) (20R,22E,24R)-stigmasta-22,25-dien-3,6-dione
- (101) (20R,22E,24R)-stigmasta-5,22,25-trien-3β,7β-diol
- (102) (20R,22E,24R)-stigmasta-22,25-dien-3β,6β,9α-triol
- (103) (20R,22E,24R)-6β-hydroxy-stigmasta-4,22,25-trien-3-one
- (104) 22-dehydroclerosterol 3β-O-β-D-(6′-O-margaroyl)-glucopyranoside
- (105) (22E,24R)-stigmasta-4,22,25-trien-3-one
- (106) 22-dehydroclerosterol
- (107) clerosterol
- (108) stigmasterol
- (109) sitosterol
5.6. Polyketones
- (110) clerodendruketone A
- (111) clerodendruketone B
5.7. Alkaloids
(112) trichotomine | R = H |
(113) trichotomine G1 | R = glucose |
- (114) 1H-indole-3-carboxylic acid
5.8. Other Compounds
- (115) loliolide
- (116) annuionone D
- (117) corchoionoside C
- (118) clovane-2,9-diol
- (119) α-tocopherol
6. Biological Activity of C. trichotomum
6.1. Anti-Inflammatory Activity
6.2. Antioxidant Activity
6.3. Anticancer Activity
6.4. Antiviral Activity
6.5. Antibacterial Activity
6.6. Antihypertensive Activity
6.7. Activity in Metabolic Diseases
6.8. Other Activities
7. Toxicity of Clerodendrum Plants
8. Conclusions and Future Prospective
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gomulski, J.; Grzegorczyk-Karolak, I. Clerodendrum trichotomum Thunberg—An Ornamental Shrub with Medical Properties. Molecules 2024, 29, 3272. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29143272
Gomulski J, Grzegorczyk-Karolak I. Clerodendrum trichotomum Thunberg—An Ornamental Shrub with Medical Properties. Molecules. 2024; 29(14):3272. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29143272
Chicago/Turabian StyleGomulski, Jan, and Izabela Grzegorczyk-Karolak. 2024. "Clerodendrum trichotomum Thunberg—An Ornamental Shrub with Medical Properties" Molecules 29, no. 14: 3272. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29143272