Straw Retention with Reduced Fertilization Enhances Soil Properties, Crop Yields, and Emergy Sustainability of Wheat–Soybean Rotation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Soil Physical Properties
2.2. Soil Chemical Properties
2.3. Yields and Economic Profits
2.4. Emergy Inputs, Outputs, and Emergy-Based Indicators
2.5. Relationships between Yields, Soil Physical, and Chemical Properties
3. Discussion
3.1. Effects of Treatments on Soil Physical Properties
3.2. Effects of Treatments on Soil Chemical Properties
3.3. Effects of Treatments on Crop Yields, Economic Profits, and Emergy Evaluation
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Field Experiment Description
4.2. Experimental Design
4.3. Soil Sampling and Analysis
4.4. Emergy Evaluation Method
4.5. Statistical Analyses
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatment | Grain Yields (kg·ha−1) | Economic Profits (CNY·ha−1) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wheat (WY) | Soybean (SY) | Wheat + Soybean (TY) | Wheat (WEP) | Soybean (SEP) | Wheat + Soybean (TEP) | |
TNS | 4183.7 b | 2409.1 c | 6592.8 c | 6190.5 c | 9330.9 c | 15,521.4 a |
TS | 4680.5 a | 2956.4 b | 7636.9 b | 7333.6 b | 12,067.2 b | 19,400.8 b |
DS | 4788.9 a | 3286.9 a | 8075.8 a | 7771.5 a | 13,783.7 a | 21,555.2 a |
Treatment | Mineral Fertilizer Application Amount (kg·ha−1) | Crop Straw Management (Both Wheat and Soybean) |
---|---|---|
TNS | Wheat: N = 111.1; P2O5 = 78.2 Soybean: N = 0; P2O5 = 32.2 | All above ground straw was removed |
TS | Wheat: N = 111.1; P2O5 = 78.2 Soybean: N = 0; P2O5 = 32.2 | Above ground straw was crushed into 3–5 cm fragments and returned to field |
DS | Wheat: N = 88.9; P2O5 = 62.6 Soybean: N = 0; P2O5 = 25.8 | Same as the TS treatment above |
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Yu, Q.; Jiao, X.; Wang, C.; Wang, Y.; Xu, X.; Liu, Z.; Ren, G.; Feng, Y. Straw Retention with Reduced Fertilization Enhances Soil Properties, Crop Yields, and Emergy Sustainability of Wheat–Soybean Rotation. Plants 2024, 13, 1812. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13131812
Yu Q, Jiao X, Wang C, Wang Y, Xu X, Liu Z, Ren G, Feng Y. Straw Retention with Reduced Fertilization Enhances Soil Properties, Crop Yields, and Emergy Sustainability of Wheat–Soybean Rotation. Plants. 2024; 13(13):1812. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13131812
Chicago/Turabian StyleYu, Qi, Xiaoying Jiao, Chenyu Wang, Yanbo Wang, Xiyang Xu, Zhenyuan Liu, Guangxin Ren, and Yongzhong Feng. 2024. "Straw Retention with Reduced Fertilization Enhances Soil Properties, Crop Yields, and Emergy Sustainability of Wheat–Soybean Rotation" Plants 13, no. 13: 1812. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13131812