Multi-Technique Characterization of Cartonnage and Linen Samples of an Egyptian Mummy from the Roman Period
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Cartonnage
3.2. Linen
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Points | Layer | Color |
---|---|---|
1 | Pigment | Red/Pink |
2 | Pigment | Black |
3 | Pigment | Greenish |
4 | Pigment | Yellow |
5 | Ground | White |
Points | Layer | Color |
---|---|---|
1 | Pigment | Red/Pink |
2 | Pigment | Black |
6 | Pigment | Brown |
µXRF Setup | ||
---|---|---|
Elements with low Z | Voltage | 20 kV |
Current | 400 µA | |
Time per pixel | 100 ms | |
Cycles | 3 | |
Filter | Not used | |
Pixel size | 200 µm | |
Vacuum | Yes | |
Elements with high Z | Voltage | 50 kV |
Current | 600 µA | |
Time per pixel | 100 ms | |
Cycles | 3 | |
Filter | Not used | |
Pixel size | 200 µm | |
Vacuum | No |
Micro-CT Experimental Setups | |
---|---|
Voltage | 60 kV |
Current | 310 µA |
Voxel size | 20 µm |
Acquisition time | 250 ms/step |
Step | 0.20° |
Ground Layers | ||
---|---|---|
Technique | First/Lower Layer | Second/Upper Layer |
µ-XRF (elements) | Mg, Al, Si, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, As | Si, S, Cl, K, Ca, Fe |
Raman (bands in cm−1) | 163, 284, 1085 | 1010, 1120 |
Pigment | XRF (Elements) | FTIR (Bands in cm−1) | Raman (Bands in cm−1) |
---|---|---|---|
Yellow | Al, Si, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, As, Sr | - | 133, 149, 199, 288, 306, 352, 379 |
Red/Pink | Al, Si, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, As, Sr | 667 | - |
Greenish | Al, Si, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, Cu, Hg, As, Sr | 878, 1402 | - |
Black | - | - | 1346, 1535 |
Pigment | Elements | Compounds |
---|---|---|
Fiber | Si, P S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, As, Sr | gypsum, bassanite, and anhydrite |
Pink | Al, Si, S, Cl, K, Ca, Fe, Cu, As | - |
Brown | Si, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn e As | - |
Black | C | hydroxyapatite |
Sample | Layer/Pigment | Techniques Employed | Suggested Pigments |
---|---|---|---|
Cartonnages | Internal Ground Layer | µXRF, Raman, FTIR, microCT | Calcite |
External Ground Layer | µXRF, Raman, FTIR | Plaster | |
Yellow | µXRF, Raman, FTIR | Realgar/Orpiment | |
Red/Pink | µXRF, FTIR | Madder Lake | |
Greenish | µXRF, FTIR | Vermilion and Egyptian Blue/Green or Malachite | |
Black | µXRF, Raman | Carbon Black | |
Linen | Base Layer/Fiber | µXRF, XRD | Plaster and Calcite |
Red/Pink | µXRF | Madder Lake and Orpiment | |
Black | µXRF, XRD | Carbon Black | |
Brown | µXRF | Malachite |
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Sanches, F.; Franzi, I.; Cavalcante, J.; Borges, R.; de Paula, A.; Machado, A.; Nardes, R.; Santos, R.; Gama Filho, H.; Freitas, R.; et al. Multi-Technique Characterization of Cartonnage and Linen Samples of an Egyptian Mummy from the Roman Period. Quantum Beam Sci. 2024, 8, 22. https://doi.org/10.3390/qubs8030022
Sanches F, Franzi I, Cavalcante J, Borges R, de Paula A, Machado A, Nardes R, Santos R, Gama Filho H, Freitas R, et al. Multi-Technique Characterization of Cartonnage and Linen Samples of an Egyptian Mummy from the Roman Period. Quantum Beam Science. 2024; 8(3):22. https://doi.org/10.3390/qubs8030022
Chicago/Turabian StyleSanches, Francis, Isis Franzi, Josiane Cavalcante, Roberta Borges, Anderson de Paula, Alessandra Machado, Raysa Nardes, Ramon Santos, Hamilton Gama Filho, Renato Freitas, and et al. 2024. "Multi-Technique Characterization of Cartonnage and Linen Samples of an Egyptian Mummy from the Roman Period" Quantum Beam Science 8, no. 3: 22. https://doi.org/10.3390/qubs8030022