A 3 MHz Low-Error Adaptive Howland Current Source for High-Frequency Bioimpedance Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Current Source Topologies
1.2. Need for Higher Bandwidth
2. Methods
2.1. AGC Architecture
2.2. System Design
2.3. Circuit Design
2.4. Experimental Setup
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Frequency Response
3.2. Performance for Smaller Output Current
3.3. Output Impedance—Fully Differential Measurement
3.4. Tracking Speed
3.5. Noise
3.6. Component Tolerance
4. Performance Overview
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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f (Hz) | Vsense (V) | Vmeas (V) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
MEHCS | AHCS | MEHCS | AHCS | |
1k | 1.018 | 1.021 | 2.011 | 2.002 |
10k | 1.020 | 1.011 | 2.002 | 2.016 |
100k | 1.032 | 1.012 | 2.014 | 2.015 |
500k | 0.861 | 1.021 | 1.620 | 2.015 |
1M | 0.600 | 1.016 | 1.201 | 2.013 |
3M | 0.211 | 1.001 | 0.480 | 2.011 |
Rref Nominal (Ω) | TCR (ppm/°C) | Ta (°C) | Ra Measured (Ω) |
---|---|---|---|
1000 | 2 | −20 | 999.906 |
1000 | 2 | 0 | 999.946 |
1000 | 2 | 40 | 1000.026 |
Architecture | CTVF-MEHCS [22] | EHCS [35] | Differential Sinusoidal Current Gen [36] | OTA—Based ASIC [18] | Differential Difference Amplifier (DDA) [37] | OTA and DDA (ASIC) [38] | ACHS (This Work) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bandwidth < 1% Iout err. | ≤10 kHz | <100 Hz | 90 kHz | ≤1 MHz | ≤1 MHz | ≤200 kHz | ≤3 Mhz |
THD | -- | -- | 0.81% @ 250 µAp-p | 0.69% @ 5 mAp-p 0.53% @ 2 mAp-p | -- | -- | <0.2% @ 2 mAp-p |
Size and complexity | -- | -- | 5 mm × 5 mm | 6.18 mm2 | -- | 0.21 mm2 | 15.5 cm × 8.5 cm |
Max Output Current | 2 mAp-p | <1.4 Apk | 350 µAp-p | 5 mAp-p | 20 mA | 0.7 mAp-p | 2 mAp-p |
Output Impedance | 3.16 MΩ @ 10 kHz. 1.99 MΩ @ 100 kHz <32 KΩ @1 MHz | -- | >100 KΩ @ 90 kHz | 665 KΩ @ 100 kHz 372 kΩ @ 500 kHz | <100 K @ 1 MHz | 40 @ 30 kHz | 1 MΩ @ 1 kHz 200 KΩ @ 100 kHz. <1 kΩ @1 MHZ |
Output current accuracy | <1%eror @ 10 kHz <2% @ 1 MHz 68.5% @10 MHz | <0.5% @ <100 Hz | ≤1% @ 90 kHz | <1%eror @ 1 MHz | <1%eror @ 1 MHz | -- | <1% @ 1 mA @ 3 MHz |
Supply Voltage | 18 V | ±25 V | 1.25 V | 18 V | --- | ±0.8 | ±15 V |
Technology | Discrete | Discrete | 0.18 µm CMOS | 0.6 µm CMOS HV | Discrete | 0.65 nm CMOS | Discrete |
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Nwokoye, I.I.; Triantis, I.F. A 3 MHz Low-Error Adaptive Howland Current Source for High-Frequency Bioimpedance Applications. Sensors 2024, 24, 4357. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24134357
Nwokoye II, Triantis IF. A 3 MHz Low-Error Adaptive Howland Current Source for High-Frequency Bioimpedance Applications. Sensors. 2024; 24(13):4357. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24134357
Chicago/Turabian StyleNwokoye, Ifeabunike I., and Iasonas F. Triantis. 2024. "A 3 MHz Low-Error Adaptive Howland Current Source for High-Frequency Bioimpedance Applications" Sensors 24, no. 13: 4357. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24134357