A New Versatile Jig for the Calibration and Validation of Force Metrics with Instrumented Paddles in Sprint Kayaking
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Outline
2.1.1. General Jig Frame and Weight Stack
2.1.2. Linear Motion Path with Display and Sensors for Measurement of Horizontal and Vertical Positions
2.1.3. Adjustable Support Devices for Shaft and Blade Support
2.1.4. Setup for Force Measurements during Application of Dynamic Forces and Stroke Simulation
2.1.5. The Data Acquisition System
2.1.6. Investigation of the Accuracy of Force Sensor Measures with the Jig
2.1.7. Investigation of Accuracy of Force Generated with Weight Stack Loading
2.1.8. Jig Operation during Calibration of an Instrumented Paddle
2.1.9. Jig Operation, Including Jig Sensor Force Recordings with the DAQ for Validation of Force Recordings during Static Conditions and the Orientation of Load Force That Is Orthogonal Relative to the Face of the Blade
2.1.10. Jig Operation for the Validation of Force Measurements during Static Conditions and the Orientation of Load Force That Is Not Orthogonal Relative to the Face of the Blade
2.1.11. Jig Operation for Validation of Force Measurements during Dynamic Conditions with Paddle Stroke Simulation
3. Results
3.1. Accuracy of Force Sensor Measures in the Jig
3.2. Accuracy of Forces with Weight Stack Loading
3.3. Validation of Instrumented Paddle Forces with the Orientation of Load Force That Is Orthogonal Relative to the Face of the Blade
3.4. Validation of Instrumented Paddle Forces with the Force Direction That Is Not Orthogonal Relative to the Face of the Blade
3.5. Validation of Instrumented Paddle Forces during Dynamic Force Application, i.e., Paddle-Stroke Simulation
4. Discussion
4.1. Investigation of the Accuracy of Force Sensor Measures with the Jig Sensors and the Accuracy of Force Generated with Weight Stack Loading
4.2. Validation of Instrumented Paddle Forces with the Orientation of Static Load Force That Is Orthogonal or Not Orthogonal Relative to the Face of the Blade
4.3. Validation of Force Measurements during Dynamic Conditions with Paddle Stroke Simulation
4.4. Design and Practical Applications
4.5. Limitations, Future Developments, and Future Studies
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Impulse Duration (S) | Peak Force (N) | Time to Peak Force (s) | Mean Force (N) | Force Impulse (Ns) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TCnr | Instr. Paddle | Jig | Instr. Paddle | Jig | Instr. Paddle | Jig | Instr. Paddle | Jig | Instr. Paddle | Jig | |
1 | 0.48 | 0.48 | 341.4 | 339.7 | 0.20 | 0.22 | 165.6 | 166.1 | 79.5 | 79.7 | |
2 | 0.51 | 0.51 | 431.9 | 431.9 | 0.24 | 0.24 | 209.3 | 206 | 106.7 | 105.1 | |
2 | 0.53 | 0.53 | 457.9 | 449.9 | 0.26 | 0.27 | 201.3 | 200.1 | 106.7 | 106.1 | |
60 | 4 | 0.53 | 0.53 | 393.7 | 386.0 | 0.26 | 0.28 | 178.2 | 178.6 | 94.4 | 94.7 |
Strokes | 5 | 0.54 | 0.54 | 383.0 | 375.3 | 0.25 | 0.26 | 185.1 | 185.7 | 100.0 | 100.3 |
per min | 6 | 0.49 | 0.49 | 413.6 | 410.9 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 204.9 | 205.7 | 100.4 | 100.8 |
7 | 0.57 | 0.57 | 394.4 | 386.0 | 0.27 | 0.30 | 182.3 | 182.8 | 103.9 | 104.2 | |
8 | 0.54 | 0.54 | 431.4 | 423.9 | 0.25 | 0.27 | 202.7 | 204.4 | 109.5 | 110.4 | |
8 | 0.52 | 0.52 | 416.5 | 410.2 | 0.24 | 0.25 | 206.5 | 205.2 | 107.4 | 106.7 | |
10 | 0.49 | 0.49 | 406.1 | 397.6 | 0.24 | 0.25 | 205.6 | 210.7 | 100.7 | 103.2 | |
Mean | 0.52 | 0.52 | 406.99 | 401.1 | 0.24 | 0.26 | 194.2 | 194.5 | 100.9 | 101.1 | |
SD | 0.03 | 0.03 | 31.90 | 31.5 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 15.1 | 15.0 | 8.8 | 8.6 | |
1 | 0.44 | 0.44 | 406.0 | 400.7 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 206.1 | 202.4 | 90.7 | 89.1 | |
2 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 409.8 | 404.7 | 0.15 | 0.17 | 218.5 | 216.4 | 87.4 | 86.6 | |
2 | 0.41 | 0.41 | 415.8 | 409.2 | 0.16 | 0.17 | 213.2 | 212.8 | 87.4 | 87.2 | |
100 | 4 | 0.43 | 0.43 | 418.7 | 412.5 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 205.8 | 206.8 | 88.5 | 88.9 |
Strokes | 5 | 0.41 | 0.41 | 397.9 | 397.1 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 205.3 | 205.7 | 84.2 | 84.3 |
per min | 6 | 0.43 | 0.43 | 389.7 | 386.0 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 198.5 | 199.6 | 85.4 | 85.8 |
7 | 0.44 | 0.44 | 435.0 | 427.3 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 230.0 | 226.7 | 101.2 | 99.7 | |
8 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 427.5 | 423.1 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 222.5 | 221.7 | 89.0 | 88.7 | |
8 | 0.41 | 0.41 | 374.4 | 372.7 | 0.17 | 0.18 | 187.7 | 189.4 | 77.0 | 77.7 | |
10 | 0.49 | 0.49 | 394.4 | 385.4 | 0.21 | 0.22 | 239.9 | 238.6 | 117.6 | 116.9 | |
Mean | 0.43 | 0.43 | 406.9 | 401.9 | 0.17 | 0.18 | 212.8 | 212.0 | 90.8 | 90.5 | |
SD | 0.03 | 0.03 | 18.4 | 17.2 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 15.4 | 14.4 | 11.2 | 10.8 |
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Mass (kg) | Force (N) | Jig Sensor Top Hand (N) | Diff. (%) | Jig Sensor Bottom Hand (N) | Diff. (%) | Jig Sensor Blade (N) | Diff. (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | 0.00 | 0.0 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 1.1 | |||
10.02 | 98.3 | 96.9 | −1.43 | 99.3 | 1.10 | 98.5 | 0.29 | |
20.06 | 196.7 | 194.9 | −0.90 | 198.9 | 1.09 | 197.3 | 0.28 | |
30.11 | 295.2 | 294.1 | −0.39 | 297.3 | 0.71 | 296.7 | 0.51 | |
40.10 | 393.2 | 391.7 | −0.38 | 396.1 | 0.73 | 394.7 | 0.39 | |
50.19 | 492.1 | 490.1 | −0.41 | 495.3 | 0.65 | 494.1 | 0.39 | |
60.22 | 590.6 | 589.3 | −0.20 | 594.8 | 0.71 | 593.3 | 0.46 | |
B | 60.22 | 590.6 | 588.5 | −0.34 | 594.7 | 0.71 | 590.5 | −0.01 |
50.19 | 492.1 | 490.9 | −0.24 | 496.0 | 0.78 | 495.4 | 0.65 | |
40.10 | 393.2 | 391.9 | −0.33 | 396.7 | 0.89 | 395.0 | 0.46 | |
30.11 | 295.2 | 294.6 | −0.20 | 298.4 | 1.08 | 297.5 | 0.76 | |
20.06 | 196.7 | 196.2 | −0.26 | 199.6 | 1.46 | 197.9 | 0.57 | |
10.02 | 98.3 | 98.0 | −0.28 | 100.0 | 1.76 | 98.4 | 0.17 | |
0.00 | 0.0 | 1.1 | 1.5 | 1.1 |
Weight Stack | Jig Sensor Bottom Hand (N) | Diff. (%) | |
---|---|---|---|
Mass (Kg) | Force (N) | ||
10.07 | 98.8 | 99.9 | 1.16 |
20.17 | 197.8 | 199.3 | 0.76 |
30.17 | 295.9 | 295.8 | −0.02 |
40.22 | 394.4 | 393.0 | −0.36 |
50.22 | 492.5 | 489.7 | −0.57 |
60.22 | 590.6 | 590.7 | 0.02 |
Load | Top Hand Force (N) | Bottom Hand Force (N) | Blade Force (N) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Instr. | Diff. | Instr. | Diff. | Instr. Paddle | Diff. | |||||||||
(kg) | (N) | Jig | Paddle | (N) | (%) | Jig | Paddle | (N) | (%) | Jig | (BHF-THF) | (N) | (%) | |
Left side | 10 | 98.3 | 35.8 | 36.2 | 0.5 | 1.3 | 97.8 | 100.2 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 63.6 | 63.9 | 0.3 | 0.5 |
20 | 196.7 | 69.0 | 69.8 | 0.8 | 1.1 | 187.8 | 191.8 | 4.0 | 2.1 | 121.2 | 122.0 | 0.9 | 0.7 | |
30 | 295.2 | 108.1 | 109.1 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 293.5 | 300.7 | 7.1 | 2.4 | 188.8 | 191.6 | 2.8 | 1.5 | |
40 | 393.2 | 142.1 | 143.6 | 1.4 | 1.0 | 385.6 | 397.2 | 11.6 | 3.0 | 247.1 | 253.6 | 6.5 | 2.6 | |
50 | 492.1 | 179.7 | 181.7 | 2.0 | 1.1 | 488.3 | 498.1 | 9.8 | 2.0 | 312.5 | 316.4 | 3.9 | 1.2 | |
60 | 590.6 | 215.0 | 215.7 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 580.9 | 584.4 | 3.5 | 0.6 | 369.4 | 368.7 | −0.8 | −0.2 | |
Right side | 10 | 98.3 | 36.9 | 36.6 | −0.2 | −0.6 | 99.3 | 100.4 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 62.9 | 63.8 | 0.9 | 1.4 |
20 | 196.7 | 73.1 | 72.9 | −0.2 | −0.2 | 196.4 | 201.2 | 4.8 | 2.4 | 125.2 | 128.3 | 3.1 | 2.5 | |
30 | 295.2 | 107.8 | 108.5 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 292.4 | 296.7 | 4.3 | 1.5 | 187.4 | 188.3 | 0.9 | 0.5 | |
40 | 393.2 | 142.9 | 143.5 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 386.0 | 392.8 | 6.8 | 1.8 | 246.0 | 249.3 | 3.3 | 1.3 | |
50 | 492.1 | 177.8 | 178.3 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 481.2 | 475.2 | −6.1 | −1.3 | 307.5 | 296.9 | −10.6 | −3.4 | |
60 | 590.6 | 216.8 | 216.2 | −0.6 | −0.3 | 580.8 | 582.8 | 1.9 | 0.3 | 367.6 | 366.6 | −1.1 | −0.3 |
Load | Force dir. +20° | Force dir. +10° | Orthogonal dir. | Force dir. −10° | Force dir. −20° | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jig | Paddle | Diff. | Jig | Paddle | Diff. | Jig | Paddle | Diff. | Jig | Paddle | Diff. | Jig | Paddle | Diff. | |||||||
(kg) | (N) | (N) | (%) | (N) | (N) | (%) | (N) | (N) | (%) | (N) | (N) | (%) | (N) | (N) | (%) | ||||||
10 | 98.1 | 99.5 | 1.5 | 99.3 | 102.0 | 2.7 | 98.1 | 98.3 | 0.2 | 97.6 | 98.8 | 1.2 | 98.3 | 100.0 | 1.7 | ||||||
20 | Bottom | 198.5 | 204.2 | 2.9 | 196.9 | 197.1 | 0.1 | 197.8 | 199.1 | 0.6 | 188.3 | 191.6 | 1.7 | 188.3 | 191.4 | 1.6 | |||||
30 | Hand | 293.3 | 298.7 | 1.9 | 293.4 | 294.3 | 0.3 | 294.4 | 299.1 | 1.6 | 294.7 | 303.2 | 2.9 | 295.1 | 299.9 | 1.6 | |||||
40 | Left | 386.6 | 394.8 | 2.1 | 384.4 | 381.2 | −0.8 | 385.4 | 391.8 | 1.7 | 382.7 | 394.8 | 3.2 | 383.1 | 389.4 | 1.6 | |||||
50 | side | 486.9 | 497.8 | 2.2 | 486.9 | 490.9 | 0.8 | 486.6 | 497.5 | 2.2 | 484.1 | 500.2 | 3.3 | 486.5 | 496.4 | 2.1 | |||||
60 | 586.3 | 600.2 | 2.4 | 585.2 | 591.5 | 1.1 | 585.9 | 599.2 | 2.3 | 583.3 | 601.9 | 3.2 | 583.6 | 596.3 | 2.2 | ||||||
10 | 38.7 | 39.1 | 1.1 | 39.4 | 39.3 | −0.1 | 38.9 | 38.5 | −1.0 | 37.8 | 38.3 | 1.3 | 38.6 | 39.0 | 1.0 | ||||||
20 | Top | 79.2 | 79.1 | −0.1 | 77.9 | 77.7 | −0.2 | 78.1 | 77.4 | −0.9 | 73.2 | 73.9 | 0.9 | 73.7 | 74.4 | 1.0 | |||||
30 | Hand | 116.6 | 116.7 | 0.1 | 115.7 | 115.6 | −0.1 | 116.4 | 115.6 | −0.7 | 115.0 | 115.8 | 0.6 | 115.3 | 116.3 | 0.8 | |||||
40 | Left | 153.3 | 153.8 | 0.4 | 150.8 | 151.1 | 0.2 | 152.1 | 151.4 | −0.4 | 150.0 | 150.8 | 0.5 | 149.6 | 150.8 | 0.8 | |||||
50 | side | 193.4 | 193.9 | 0.3 | 191.8 | 192.1 | 0.2 | 191.7 | 191.5 | −0.1 | 189.9 | 190.9 | 0.5 | 189.3 | 191.5 | 1.2 | |||||
60 | 233.0 | 233.9 | 0.4 | 231.0 | 231.3 | 0.1 | 230.7 | 230.9 | 0.1 | 228.4 | 230.0 | 0.7 | 226.9 | 230.2 | 1.4 | ||||||
10 | 97.5 | 101.5 | 4.1 | 98.0 | 98.0 | 0.0 | 99.2 | 96.4 | -2.8 | 98.9 | 100.4 | 1.5 | 99.4 | 100.8 | 1.4 | ||||||
20 | Bottom | 197.2 | 205.0 | 3.9 | 197.4 | 200.6 | 1.6 | 188.9 | 188.7 | -0.1 | 197.6 | 202.9 | 2.7 | 197.1 | 202.7 | 2.9 | |||||
30 | Hand | 293.5 | 304.3 | 3.7 | 293.4 | 299.7 | 2.1 | 289.3 | 292.5 | 1.1 | 293.0 | 300.1 | 2.4 | 289.2 | 298.2 | 3.1 | |||||
40 | Right | 382.6 | 397.0 | 3.8 | 383.3 | 392.8 | 2.5 | 385.0 | 391.8 | 1.8 | 386.4 | 397.3 | 2.8 | 386.3 | 399.2 | 3.3 | |||||
50 | side | 484.9 | 503.5 | 3.8 | 484.7 | 497.6 | 2.7 | 485.4 | 497.4 | 2.5 | 486.6 | 501.5 | 3.1 | 486.6 | 505.7 | 3.9 | |||||
60 | 584.8 | 607.9 | 4.0 | 584.4 | 600.1 | 2.7 | 584.7 | 601.6 | 2.9 | 586.4 | 603.9 | 3.0 | 586.6 | 610.0 | 4.0 | ||||||
10 | 39.5 | 40.0 | 1.4 | 39.6 | 38.7 | −2.2 | 39.9 | 38.8 | −2.9 | 39.6 | 39.4 | −0.6 | 38.8 | 38.7 | −0.3 | ||||||
20 | Top | 79.0 | 79.8 | 1.0 | 79.0 | 78.1 | −1.1 | 75.4 | 73.9 | −2.1 | 78.2 | 77.7 | −0.7 | 77.7 | 76.9 | −1.0 | |||||
30 | Hand | 116.3 | 117.9 | 1.4 | 116.8 | 116.0 | −0.7 | 114.7 | 113.1 | −1.4 | 114.9 | 114.5 | −0.4 | 113.0 | 112.7 | −0.3 | |||||
40 | Right | 150.8 | 153.4 | 1.7 | 152.3 | 151.7 | −0.4 | 152.2 | 150.7 | −1.0 | 151.6 | 151.2 | −0.2 | 150.9 | 150.7 | −0.2 | |||||
50 | side | 190.8 | 194.3 | 1.8 | 191.9 | 191.9 | 0.0 | 191.7 | 190.5 | −0.6 | 190.7 | 190.7 | 0.0 | 189.4 | 190.5 | 0.6 | |||||
60 | 230.3 | 234.6 | 1.9 | 230.8 | 231.2 | 0.2 | 231.3 | 230.0 | −0.6 | 229.5 | 229.7 | 0.1 | 228.2 | 229.8 | 0.7 |
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Share and Cite
Rosdahl, H.; Aitken, D.; Osborne, M.; Willén, J.; Nilsson, J. A New Versatile Jig for the Calibration and Validation of Force Metrics with Instrumented Paddles in Sprint Kayaking. Sensors 2024, 24, 4870. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24154870
Rosdahl H, Aitken D, Osborne M, Willén J, Nilsson J. A New Versatile Jig for the Calibration and Validation of Force Metrics with Instrumented Paddles in Sprint Kayaking. Sensors. 2024; 24(15):4870. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24154870
Chicago/Turabian StyleRosdahl, Hans, David Aitken, Mark Osborne, Jonas Willén, and Johnny Nilsson. 2024. "A New Versatile Jig for the Calibration and Validation of Force Metrics with Instrumented Paddles in Sprint Kayaking" Sensors 24, no. 15: 4870. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24154870