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8 pages, 781 KiB

Open AccessArticle

MRI-Targeted Prostate Fusion Biopsy: What Are We Missing outside the Target? Implications for Treatment Planning

by Marco Oderda, Alessandro Dematteis, Giorgio Calleris, Romain Diamand, Marco Gatti, Giancarlo Marra, Gilles Adans-Dester, Yazan Al Salhi, Antonio Pastore, Riccardo Faletti and Paolo Gontero

Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(7), 4133-4140; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31070308 - 22 Jul 2024

Viewed by 374

Abstract

Introduction: This study aimed to evaluate the added diagnostic value of systematic biopsies (SBx) after magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-targeted biopsies (TBx) and the presence of prostate cancer (PCa) outside MRI targets, in a prospective, contemporary, multicentric series of fusion biopsy patients. Methods [...] Read more.

Introduction: This study aimed to evaluate the added diagnostic value of systematic biopsies (SBx) after magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-targeted biopsies (TBx) and the presence of prostate cancer (PCa) outside MRI targets, in a prospective, contemporary, multicentric series of fusion biopsy patients. Methods: We collected data on 962 consecutive patients who underwent fusion biopsy between 2022 and 2024. Prostate cancer was considered clinically significant (csPCa) in the case of grade ≥ 2. Median test and Fisher exact chi-square tests were used. To identify predictors of out-field positivity, univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed. Results: Prostate cancer and csPCa were detected by TBx only in 56% and 50%, respectively, and by SBx only in 55% and 45%, respectively (p < 0.001). Prostate cancer and csPCa were diagnosed by TBx in 100 (10%) and 82 (8%) SBx-negative cases and by SBx in 86 (9%) and 54 (6%) TBx-negative cases (p < 0.001). Tumors outside MRI targets were found in 213 (33%) cases in the same lobe and 208 (32%) in the contralateral lobe, most of them being csPCa. Predictors of out-field contralateral PCa were positive DRE (HR 1.50, p 0.03), PSA density ≥ 0.15 (HR 2.20, p < 0.001), and PI-RADS score 5 (HR 2.04, p 0.01). Conclusions: Both TBx and SBx identify a non-negligible proportion of csPCa when the other modality is negative. SBx after TBx should always be considered given the risk of missing other csPCa foci within the prostate, especially in patients with positive DRE, PSA density ≥ 0.15, and PIRADS 5 lesions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Evolution of Treatments of Prostate Cancer: From Biology to Current Advanced Technologies)

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10 pages, 10674 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy for Symptomatic Pancreatic Insulinoma: Two-Case Report and Literature Review

by Agnieszka Namysl-Kaletka, Jerzy Wydmanski, Iwona Debosz-Suwinska, Malgorzata Kaszuba, Dorota Gabrys, Agata Roch-Zniszczol and Daria Handkiewicz-Junak

Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(7), 4123-4132; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31070307 - 22 Jul 2024

Viewed by 314

Abstract

Insulinoma is the most common functional neuroendocrine tumor of the pancreas, with the main clinical symptom being hypoglycemia. The standard treatment is surgery, but some patients are not eligible for surgery, while in those operated on, the risk of perioperative complications is up [...] Read more.

Insulinoma is the most common functional neuroendocrine tumor of the pancreas, with the main clinical symptom being hypoglycemia. The standard treatment is surgery, but some patients are not eligible for surgery, while in those operated on, the risk of perioperative complications is up to 30%. Diazoxide treatment to prevent hypoglycemia is effective only in 50% of patients. To prevent tumor growth and hormonal excess, stereotactic radiotherapy may be an alternative to surgical treatment. In our paper, we present two cases of patients with insulinoma treated successfully with stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). Full article

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18 pages, 2576 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Oncology Nurse Navigation on Mental Health in Patients with Cancer in Taiwan: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial

by Wei-Zhen Yu, Hsin-Fang Wang, Yen-Kuang Lin, Yen-Lin Liu, Yun Yen, Jacqueline Whang-Peng, Tsai-Wei Huang and Hsiu-Ju Chang

Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(7), 4105-4122; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31070306 - 20 Jul 2024

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Abstract

In this study, we investigated the prevalence of mental health problems among patients with cancer and whether oncology nurse navigation improved their mental health outcomes and medical experience. In this randomized controlled clinical trial, we recruited 128 outpatients with cancer via purposive sampling [...] Read more.

In this study, we investigated the prevalence of mental health problems among patients with cancer and whether oncology nurse navigation improved their mental health outcomes and medical experience. In this randomized controlled clinical trial, we recruited 128 outpatients with cancer via purposive sampling from a teaching hospital in northern Taiwan. Participants were randomly assigned to the navigation group (N = 61) or the usual care group (N = 67). Data were collected from January 2019 to July 2020 using questionnaires, including the self-reported Distress Thermometer, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Demoralization Scale, and Patient Assessment of Chronic Illness Care. Data were collected at baseline and after three and six months of the intervention. Descriptive and analytical statistical analyses were performed. The prevalence rates of anxiety, depression, distress, and demoralization were 17.9%, 15.7%, 29.7%, and 29.7%, respectively. After three months, the participants in the navigation group exhibited significantly reduced levels of anxiety, demoralization, and emotional distress (reduced by 92%, 75%, and 58%, respectively) and reported a better medical experience (odds ratio = 1.40) than those in the usual care group. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Reviews in Section "Oncology Nursing")

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12 pages, 761 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Midazolam Indications and Dosing in Palliative Medicine: Results from a Multinational Survey

by Morten Tranung, Tora Skeidsvoll Solheim, Erik Torbjørn Løhre, Kristoffer Marsaa, Dagny Faksvåg Haugen, Barry Laird, Morten Thronæs and Michael Due Larsen

Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(7), 4093-4104; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31070305 - 19 Jul 2024

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Abstract

Despite sparse evidence and limited guidance on indications, use, and dosing, midazolam is widely used in palliative care. We aimed to describe and compare the use of midazolam in three different countries to improve clinical practice in palliative care. We performed an online [...] Read more.

Despite sparse evidence and limited guidance on indications, use, and dosing, midazolam is widely used in palliative care. We aimed to describe and compare the use of midazolam in three different countries to improve clinical practice in palliative care. We performed an online survey among palliative care physicians in Norway, Denmark, and the United Kingdom (UK). The focus was indications, dosing, administration, and concomitant drugs. A web-based questionnaire was distributed to members of the respective national palliative medicine associations. The total response rate was 9.4%. Practices in the UK, Norway, and Denmark were overall similar regarding the indications of midazolam for anxiety, dyspnoea, and pain treatment in combination with opioids. However, physicians in the UK used a higher starting dose for anxiety, dyspnoea, and pain treatment compared to Norway and Denmark, as well as a higher maximum dose. Danish physicians preferred, to a higher degree, on-demand midazolam administration. Despite practice similarities in the UK, Norway, and Denmark, differences exist for midazolam dosing and administration in palliative medicine. We demonstrated a lack of consensus on how midazolam should be used in palliative care, setting the stage for future studies on the topic. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Palliative and Supportive Care)

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14 pages, 790 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characteristics and Outcome of Surgically Treated Patients with Intradural Extra- and Intramedullary Spinal Metastasis—A Single-Center Retrospective Case Series and Review

by Hanna Veronika Salvotti, Alexander Lein, Martin Proescholdt, Nils-Ole Schmidt and Sebastian Siller

Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(7), 4079-4092; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31070304 - 19 Jul 2024

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Abstract

Objective: Intradural spinal metastases are considered rare. At present, limited information is available on incidence, surgical management, and outcomes. Methods: We conducted a retrospective patient chart review from 2002 to 2024, identifying all patients surgically treated for intradural spinal metastases. Clinical, surgical and [...] Read more.

Objective: Intradural spinal metastases are considered rare. At present, limited information is available on incidence, surgical management, and outcomes. Methods: We conducted a retrospective patient chart review from 2002 to 2024, identifying all patients surgically treated for intradural spinal metastases. Clinical, surgical and survival data were collected and compared to literature data for patients surgically treated for extradural spinal metastases. Results: A total of 172 patients with spinal metastases were identified with 13 patients meeting inclusion criteria (7.6%). The mean age at diagnosis of intradural spinal metastases was 52 ± 22 years, with diverse primaries including lung (n = 3), breast (n = 2), sarcoma (n = 2), and six unique entities. Intradural spinal metastasis was diagnosed on average of 3.3 years after primary diagnosis. In total, we observed five (38%) intradural-extramedullary and eight (62%) intramedullary metastases, located in the cervical (38.5%), thoracic (46.1%) and lumbar spine (15.4%). The most common preoperative symptoms were pain, sensory changes, and gait ataxia (each 76.9%). Gross total resection was achieved in 54%, and local tumor control in 85%. Postoperatively, 92% exhibited clinical improvement or stability. Most frequent adjuvant treatment was radio- and/or chemotherapy in 85%. The average survival after operation for spinal intradural metastases was 5 months, ranging from 1 month to 120 months. The location of the intradural metastasis in the cervical spine was associated with a significantly more favorable survival outcome (compared to thoracic/lumbar location, p = 0.02). Conclusions: Intradural location of spinal metastases is rare (7.6%). Even so, surgical resection is safe and effective for neurological improvement, and survival appears lower compared to the reported survival of extradural spinal metastases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neuro-Oncology)

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16 pages, 749 KiB

Open AccessConference Report

Addressing the Rising Trend in Early-Age-Onset Cancers in Canada

by Petra Wildgoose, Filomena Servidio-Italiano, Michael J. Raphael, Monika Slovinec D’Angelo, Cassandra Macaulay, Shaqil Kassam, Nancy Nixon, José Perea, Sarah Hamilton, Ravi Ramjeesingh, Sharlene Gill, Aaron Pollett, Shuji Ogino, Tomotaka Ugai and Abha Gupta

Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(7), 4063-4078; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31070303 - 19 Jul 2024

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Abstract

A multi-disciplinary symposium on early-age onset cancer (EAOC) was held in October 2023 to explore challenges experienced by this rapidly growing population. A major outcome of the symposium was recognition of the remarkable similarities of EAOC patients’ journeys across cancer sites. Prevention and [...] Read more.

A multi-disciplinary symposium on early-age onset cancer (EAOC) was held in October 2023 to explore challenges experienced by this rapidly growing population. A major outcome of the symposium was recognition of the remarkable similarities of EAOC patients’ journeys across cancer sites. Prevention and early detection of cancer are hindered by a lack of awareness among patients and family doctors that cancer can and does occur in younger persons. Distinct characteristics of the disease—such as a later stage at diagnosis and more aggressive tumor biology—require more potent treatments, which result in profound physical and psychosocial consequences that are unique to this age group. EAOC patient empowerment emerged as another key theme of the symposium. The development of a greater number of specialized clinics was called for, and patient support groups were recognized for the vital role they play in empowering patients and their families. Leading-edge medical advancements hold tremendous hope across the spectrum of EAOC care. New technologies based on genomic profiling, immunotherapy and microbiome alteration contribute to the development of highly effective, personalized approaches to treatment. All symposium participants expressed their commitment to speak with one resounding voice to advocate for equitable access to leading care practices for EAOC patients; thus, a fourth symposium is planned for November 2024. Full article

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11 pages, 1785 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Confirmation of Recurrent Lung Cancer Following Resection Using Liquid Biopsy, a Proof-of-Concept Real-World Study

by Julia R. Naso, Stephen Yip, Curtis Hughesman, Barb Melosky, Tanner Dowhy, Melissa K. McConechy, John C. English, Penelope M. A. Brasher, James Choi, Kyle Grant, John Yee, Stephen Lam and Anna McGuire

Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(7), 4052-4062; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31070302 - 17 Jul 2024

Viewed by 484

Abstract

Appropriate management requires timely and accurate confirmation of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) recurrence in patients who have had curative-intent surgical resection. We assessed the association between circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) identified using amplicon sequencing and evidence of recurrence on CT surveillance. A [...] Read more.

Appropriate management requires timely and accurate confirmation of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) recurrence in patients who have had curative-intent surgical resection. We assessed the association between circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) identified using amplicon sequencing and evidence of recurrence on CT surveillance. A prospective cohort study of NSCLC patients with early-stage disease undergoing curative-intent resection was conducted. Surveillance was performed post-operatively at pre-defined intervals with both liquid biopsy and chest CT imaging. Amplicon panel next-generation sequencing was performed on DNA and RNA from tumor tissue and on plasma cell-free DNA for tumor-informed ctDNA detection. Resected tumors from 78 NSCLC patients were analyzed. Alterations were detected on the DNA assay for 65 tumors and only on the RNA assay for 4 tumors. Of the 65 patients with alterations detected on the tumor DNA assay, 29 completed post-operative liquid biopsy testing. Four of those 29 patients had evidence of recurrence on imaging, of whom two had biopsy confirmation of recurrence and detectable ctDNA at the 12-month follow-up. Molecular confirmation of NSCLC recurrence can be provided through amplicon sequencing of plasma cell-free DNA in cases with imaging evidence of recurrence. Invasive tissue diagnosis may be avoidable in patients with ctDNA confirmation of recurrence that is suspected based on imaging. Further study of ctDNA assessment technologies in the setting of suspected recurrence is necessary to inform post-operative lung cancer surveillance guidelines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Early Stage NSCLC: New Age Paradigms)

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14 pages, 511 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Important and Feasible Actions to Address Cervical Screening Participation amongst South Asian Women in Ontario: A Concept Mapping Study with Service Users and Service Providers

by Kimberly Devotta, Patricia O’Campo, Jacqueline Bender and Aisha K. Lofters

Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(7), 4038-4051; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31070301 - 17 Jul 2024

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Abstract

Regular cervical screening can largely prevent the development of cervical cancer and innovative methods are needed to better engage people in screening. In Ontario, Canada, South Asian women have some of the lowest rates of screening in the province. In this study, we [...] Read more.

Regular cervical screening can largely prevent the development of cervical cancer and innovative methods are needed to better engage people in screening. In Ontario, Canada, South Asian women have some of the lowest rates of screening in the province. In this study, we used concept mapping to engage two stakeholder groups—South Asian service users and service providers—to identify and prioritize points of intervention to encourage the uptake of cervical screening. After participants brainstormed a master list of statements, 45 participants rated the statements based off ‘importance’ and ‘ease to address’ in relation to encouraging cervical screening. A bivariate plot (X-Y graph) that shows the average rating values for each statement across the two rating variables (a ‘go-zone’ display) was produced to display priorities for implementation. Statements that were considered high priority to address reflected issues around education and awareness including understanding and communication related to cervical screening and preventative care, as well as the need for trusted sources of information. Statements that were considered high priority but challenging to implement were centered around fear, stigma, discomfort, family and personal priorities. This study highlighted that stigma, norms and social relations that impact the uptake of screening must be addressed in order for education and awareness raising to be effective and to move people from conviction around screening to action. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Action and Impact: Prevention and Screening Strategies Contributing to the Elimination of Cervical Cancer)

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8 pages, 1886 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Ki-67 Labelling Index as a Predictor of Invasive Features in Thyroid Cancer: Retrospective Analysis and Implications

by Raisa Chowdhury, Raihanah Alsayegh, Véronique-Isabelle Forest, Marc Philippe Pusztaszeri, Sabrina Daniela da Silva, Livia Florianova and Richard J. Payne

Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(7), 4030-4037; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31070300 - 17 Jul 2024

Viewed by 394

Abstract

Background: Ki-67 immunostaining is commonly used in neuroendocrine tumors to estimate the proliferative index and for grading. This study investigates its association with the invasiveness of follicular-derived thyroid carcinomas (TCs). Methods: A retrospective analysis of patients with TC at three McGill University teaching [...] Read more.

Background: Ki-67 immunostaining is commonly used in neuroendocrine tumors to estimate the proliferative index and for grading. This study investigates its association with the invasiveness of follicular-derived thyroid carcinomas (TCs). Methods: A retrospective analysis of patients with TC at three McGill University teaching hospitals between January 2018 and November 2023 was conducted. The inclusion criteria included patients with malignant thyroid tumors and accessible Ki-67 LI data from final pathology specimens. The data collected included patient demographics, Ki-67 LI values, and different invasiveness attributes, such as molecular mutations, the histological subtype, lymphovascular invasion (LVI), extrathyroidal extension (ETE), and positive lymph nodes (LNs). Results: In total, 212 patients met the inclusion criteria, of which 80.7% were females and 19.3% were males. The Ki-67 LI ranged from 1% to 30%, with the majority of the cases within the range of 1–15%. A significant association was observed between higher Ki-67 LI and high-risk histological subtypes of thyroid carcinoma (p < 0.001). Similarly, Ki-67 LI was significantly associated with LVI and positive LN metastasis (p < 0.001 and p = 0.036, respectively). However, no significant association was found between the Ki-67 LI and gene mutations or ETE (p = 0.133 and p = 0.190, respectively). Using percentiles to establish a cutoff, patients with a Ki-67 LI higher than 6.7 showed a higher likelihood of being associated with invasive features. Conclusion: Elevated Ki-67 LI can serve as an indicator of aggressiveness in follicular-derived TC, especially when associated with distinct histological subtypes, LVI and positive LNs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2nd Edition: Molecular Testing for Thyroid Nodules and Cancer)

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8 pages, 1362 KiB

Open AccessGuidelines

Canadian Consensus for Treatment of BRAF V600E Mutated Pediatric and AYA Gliomas

by Craig Erker, Magimairajan Issai Vanan, Valérie Larouche, Liana Nobre, Chantel Cacciotti, Stéphanie Vairy, Shayna Zelcer, Adam Fleming, Eric Bouffet, Nada Jabado, Geneviève Legault, Samuele Renzi, Tara McKeown, Bruce Crooks, Nirav Thacker, Vijay Ramaswamy, Hallie Coltin, Lucie Lafay-Cousin, Sylvia Cheng, Juliette Hukin, Seth Andrew Climans, Mary Jane Lim-Fat, Sarah McKillop, Sarah Lapointe, Mélanie Alves, Julie Bennett, Uri Tabori and Sébastien Perreault Show full author list Hide full author list

Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(7), 4022-4029; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31070299 - 16 Jul 2024

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Abstract

Background: The treatment of BRAF V600E gliomas with BRAF inhibitors (BRAFis) and MEK inhibitors (MEKis) has been increasingly integrated into clinical practice for pediatric low-grade gliomas (PLGGs) and pediatric high-grade gliomas (HGGs). However, some questions remain unanswered, such as the best time to [...] Read more.

Background: The treatment of BRAF V600E gliomas with BRAF inhibitors (BRAFis) and MEK inhibitors (MEKis) has been increasingly integrated into clinical practice for pediatric low-grade gliomas (PLGGs) and pediatric high-grade gliomas (HGGs). However, some questions remain unanswered, such as the best time to start targeted therapy, duration of treatment, and discontinuation of therapy. Given that no clinical trial has been able to address these critical questions, we developed a Canadian Consensus statement for the treatment of BRAF V600E mutated pediatric as well as adolescent and young adult (AYA) gliomas. Methods: Canadian neuro-oncologists were invited to participate in the development of this consensus. The consensus was discussed during monthly web-based national meetings, and the algorithms were revised until a consensus was achieved. Results: A total of 26 participants were involved in the development of the algorithms. Two treatment algorithms are proposed, one for the initiation of treatment and one for the discontinuation of treatment. We suggest that most patients with BRAF V600E gliomas should be treated with BRAFis ± MEKis upfront. Discontinuation of treatment can be considered in certain circumstances, and we suggest a slow wean. Conclusions: Based on expert consensus in Canada, we developed algorithms for treatment initiation of children and AYA with BRAF V600E gliomas as well as a discontinuation algorithm. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Childhood, Adolescent and Young Adult Oncology)

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7 pages, 836 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Prolonged Response to Osimertinib in EGFR-Mutated Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma, a Case Report

by Sareen T. Ali and David J. VanderWeele

Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(7), 4015-4021; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31070298 - 14 Jul 2024

Viewed by 558

Abstract

A 48-year-old woman without obvious environmental risk factors was diagnosed with metastatic urothelial carcinoma harboring a mutation in EGFR typical of driver mutations for non-small cell lung cancer. Within a year, her cancer progressed on four standard therapies for urothelial cancer, including cancer [...] Read more.

A 48-year-old woman without obvious environmental risk factors was diagnosed with metastatic urothelial carcinoma harboring a mutation in EGFR typical of driver mutations for non-small cell lung cancer. Within a year, her cancer progressed on four standard therapies for urothelial cancer, including cancer in lungs, liver, bone, and brain. As fifth-line therapy, she received osimertinib, leading to a complete response in the brain and improvement elsewhere, and the cancer remained controlled for six months. Targeted therapy for rare driver mutations can be effective in urothelial cancer and should be considered prior to exhausting standard therapies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Genitourinary Oncology)

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12 pages, 457 KiB

Open AccessOpinion

Resilience in the Face of Cancer: On the Importance of Defining and Studying Resilience as a Dynamic Process of Adaptation

by Melanie P. J. Schellekens, Laura C. Zwanenburg and Marije L. van der Lee

Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(7), 4003-4014; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31070297 - 12 Jul 2024

Viewed by 407

Abstract

Resilience is defined as the maintenance or relatively quick recovery of mental health during and after adversity. Rather than focusing on psychopathology and its causes, resilience research aims to understand what protective mechanisms shield individuals against developing such disorders and translate these insights [...] Read more.

Resilience is defined as the maintenance or relatively quick recovery of mental health during and after adversity. Rather than focusing on psychopathology and its causes, resilience research aims to understand what protective mechanisms shield individuals against developing such disorders and translate these insights to improve psychosocial care. This resilience approach seems especially promising for the field of oncology because patients face stressor after stressor from diagnosis to survivorship. Helping patients to learn how they can best use the resources and abilities available to them can empower patients to handle subsequent stressors. In the past few decades, resilience has increasingly been considered as a dynamic process of adaptation. While researchers use this definition, resilience has not yet been studied as a dynamic process in the field of oncology. As a result, the potential of resilience research to gain insight into what helps protect cancer patients from developing psychopathology is limited. We discuss conceptual and methodological proposals to advance resilience research in oncology. Most importantly, we propose applying prospective longitudinal designs to capture the dynamic resilience process. By gaining insight in how cancer patients engage in protective factors, resilience research can come to its full potential and help prevent psychopathology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Psychosocial Oncology)

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9 pages, 528 KiB

Open AccessReview

Temozolomide (TMZ) in the Treatment of Glioblastoma Multiforme—A Literature Review and Clinical Outcomes

by Marcin Jezierzański, Natalia Nafalska, Małgorzata Stopyra, Tomasz Furgoł, Michał Miciak, Jacek Kabut and Iwona Gisterek-Grocholska

Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(7), 3994-4002; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31070296 - 12 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1051

Abstract

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most aggressive primary tumors of the central nervous system. It is associated with a very poor prognosis, with up to half of patients failing to survive the first year after diagnosis. It develops from glial tissue [...] Read more.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most aggressive primary tumors of the central nervous system. It is associated with a very poor prognosis, with up to half of patients failing to survive the first year after diagnosis. It develops from glial tissue and belongs to the adult-type diffuse glioma group according to the WHO classification of 2021. Therapy for patients with GBM is currently based on surgical resection, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, but despite many efforts, there has been minimal progress in tumor management. The most important chemotherapeutic agent in the treatment of this tumor is temozolomide (TMZ), a dacarbazine derivative that presents alkylating activity. It is usually administered to patients concurrently with radiation therapy after surgical resection of the tumor, which is defined as the Stupp protocol. Temozolomide demonstrates relatively good efficacy in therapy, but it could also present with several side effects. The resistance of GBM to the drug is currently the subject of work by specialists in the field of oncology, and its use in various regimens and patient groups may bring therapeutic benefits in the future. The aim of this review paper is to summarize the relevance of TMZ in the treatment of GBM based on recent reports. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Treatment for Glioma: Retrospect and Prospect)

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9 pages, 1484 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Is Spirometry a Sufficient Test for Assessing Respiratory Function after Lung Resection?

by Damian Wnuk, Tomasz Marjański, Bartłomiej Tomasik, Joanna Żuralska-Wnuk and Witold Rzyman

Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(7), 3985-3993; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31070295 - 11 Jul 2024

Viewed by 431

Abstract

Background: The prediction of postoperative functional status in non-small cell lung cancer patients based on preoperative assessment of physical and respiratory capacity is inadequate based on recent RCTs. Material and methods: Prospectively collected spirometry data and the six-minute walk test results of 57 [...] Read more.

Background: The prediction of postoperative functional status in non-small cell lung cancer patients based on preoperative assessment of physical and respiratory capacity is inadequate based on recent RCTs. Material and methods: Prospectively collected spirometry data and the six-minute walk test results of 57 patients treated with lobectomy for non-small cell lung cancer were analyzed. The tests were performed before surgery, and 30 and 90 days after lobectomy. All patients underwent a respiratory functional and physical capacity assessment. Results: All 57 patients underwent lobectomy. Before surgery, mean FEV1 was 2.4 ± 0.7 L, corresponding to %FEV1 of 88.3 ± 17.3%. The mean absolute and expected 6MWT distance was 548 ± 74.6 m and 108.9 ± 14.5%, respectively. At the first postoperative evaluation 30 days after surgery, FEV1 and %FEV1 decreased significantly by an average of 0.5 ± 0.3 L and 15.1 ± 10.7%, while 6MWT and expected 6MWT decreased minimally by an average of 1.0 m and 0.8%, respectively. Three months after lobectomy, FEV1 and %FEV1, compared with the initial assessment, decreased by an average of 0.3 ± 0.3 l and 7.8 ± 10.0%, while 6MWT and its expected score increased to 564.6 ± 84.6 m and 112.8 ± 15.8%, respectively. Conclusions: After lobectomy, FEV1 decreased slightly and less than expected, while 6MWT increased proportionally compared to the preoperative evaluation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Contemporary Perioperative Concepts in Cancer Surgery)

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7 pages, 1915 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Total Iliocaval Reconstruction in a Complex Palliative Patient with Malignant Inferior Vena Cava Syndrome

by Jack Lofroth, Amir Pourghadiri, Anastasia Hadjivassiliou, Manraj Heran, Gerald Legiehn, Stephen Ho and Ravjot Dhatt

Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(7), 3978-3984; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31070294 - 9 Jul 2024

Viewed by 598

Abstract

Inferior vena cava (IVC) compression secondary to mass effect is accompanied by edema, ascites, back and abdominal pain, and central nervous system symptoms. Most IVC syndrome cases described in the literature focus on the focal treatment of IVC lesions, and reports of complete [...] Read more.

Inferior vena cava (IVC) compression secondary to mass effect is accompanied by edema, ascites, back and abdominal pain, and central nervous system symptoms. Most IVC syndrome cases described in the literature focus on the focal treatment of IVC lesions, and reports of complete iliocaval reconstructions secondary to malignant IVC syndrome in the palliative context are limited. In this case report, we describe the clinical presentation, technical approach, and symptomatic outcomes of a patient with extensive malignant compression and invasion of the iliofemoral venous system. An 82-year-old male with metastatic lung cancer invading the right upper quadrant of the abdomen presented with scrotal and bilateral lower extremity edema, as well as anasarca. Computed tomography (CT) demonstrated an 11 cm right adrenal metastasis and extensive retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy resulting in the compression of the IVC and iliac veins. Femoral venography demonstrated extensive collateral venous pathway formation with the opacification of the para-lumbar and vertebral veins, in addition to the vertebral/sacral venous plexus. Iliocaval reconstruction was performed using venous-dedicated stents. This case report highlights a technically successful total iliocaval reconstruction in a complex palliative patient with diffuse metastatic disease resulting in IVC compression and syndrome. Full article

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10 pages, 3795 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Radiosurgically Treated Recurrent Cerebellar Hemangioblastoma: A Case Report and Literature Review

by François Fabi, Ève Chamberland, Myreille D’Astous, Karine Michaud, Martin Côté and Isabelle Thibault

Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(7), 3968-3977; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31070293 - 9 Jul 2024

Viewed by 530

Abstract

Background: Cystic, sporadic hemangioblastomas (HBLs) represent a unique, therapeutically challenging subset of central nervous system tumors, mainly due to their unpredictable growth patterns and potential for symptomatic progression. This study aims to explore the complexities surrounding the diagnosis, treatment, and long-term management of [...] Read more.

Background: Cystic, sporadic hemangioblastomas (HBLs) represent a unique, therapeutically challenging subset of central nervous system tumors, mainly due to their unpredictable growth patterns and potential for symptomatic progression. This study aims to explore the complexities surrounding the diagnosis, treatment, and long-term management of these lesions. Methods: A comprehensive literature review was performed, and a detailed case study of a 56-year-old patient with a cystic, sporadic cerebellar HBL was produced. Results: The case highlights the multiphasic growth pattern typical of cystic, sporadic HBLs, characterized by periods of dormancy and subsequent rapid expansion. An initial surgical intervention offered temporary control. Tumor recurrence, mainly through cystic enlargement, was treated by SRS. A subsequent recurrence, again caused by cystic growth, eventually led to the patient’s death. The intricacies of treatment modalities, focusing on the transition from surgical resection to stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) upon recurrence, are discussed. Parameters indicating impending tumor growth, coupled with symptomatic advances, are also explored. Conclusions: The management of cystic, sporadic cerebellar HBLs requires a strategic approach that can be informed by radiological characteristics and tumoral behavior. This study underscores the importance of a proactive, individualized management plan and suggests guidelines that could inform clinical decision making. Full article

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19 pages, 295 KiB

Open AccessReview

Review of CAR T-Cell Therapy in Multiple Myeloma: A Canadian Perspective

by Steven Chun-Min Shih and Sita Bhella

Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(7), 3949-3967; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31070292 - 6 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1675

Abstract

Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable plasma cell malignancy. In the context of the current standard of care therapies in Canada, outcomes among patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM), particularly those with triple-class (or more) refractory disease remain poor. Immunotherapies have significantly changed [...] Read more.

Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable plasma cell malignancy. In the context of the current standard of care therapies in Canada, outcomes among patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM), particularly those with triple-class (or more) refractory disease remain poor. Immunotherapies have significantly changed the treatment landscape of MM. Since 2021, two BCMA-targeting CAR T-cell therapy products have been approved for RRMM—namely Idecabtagene vicleucel (Ide-cel) (ABECMA^®) and Ciltacabtagene autoleucel (Cilta-cel) (CARVYKTI^®), both of which are available in the US and Europe. Although they have shown unprecedented efficacy in RRMM, their clinical and logistical limitations must be acknowledged. MM CAR T-cell therapy is likely to be approved in Canada soon. Therefore, it is timely that we review the latest evidence for commercially available CAR T-cell therapy in multiple myeloma, with a focus on its relevance and impact in the Canadian setting. There will be challenges to access and strategies must be in place to ensure equitable care for all Canadians with MM. Alongside haematologists working in the immune effector cell therapy programs, providers in the community will also play a role in the ongoing monitoring and management of long-term side effects including opportunistic infections and late neurotoxicity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Myeloma and Leukemia-Challenges and Current Treatment Options)

10 pages, 228 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Retrospective Analysis of Diagnostic Breast Imaging Outcomes in Young Women at a Tertiary Care Center

by Navdeep Dehar, Doris Jabs, Wilma Hopman and Mihaela Mates

Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(7), 3939-3948; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31070291 - 6 Jul 2024

Viewed by 510

Abstract

(1) Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe the outcomes of diagnostic breast imaging and the incidence of delayed breast cancer diagnosis in the study population. (2) Methods: We collected the outcome data from diagnostic mammograms and/or breast ultrasounds (USs) performed [...] Read more.

(1) Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe the outcomes of diagnostic breast imaging and the incidence of delayed breast cancer diagnosis in the study population. (2) Methods: We collected the outcome data from diagnostic mammograms and/or breast ultrasounds (USs) performed on women between the ages of 30 and 50 with symptomatic breast clinical presentations between 2018 and 2019. (3) Results: Out of 171 eligible patients, 10 patients (5.8%) had BIRADS 0, 90 patients (52.6%) had benign findings (BIRADS 1 and 2), 41 (24.0%) patients had probable benign findings requiring short-term follow-up (BIRADS 3), while 30 (17.5%) patients had findings suspicious of malignancy (BIRADS 4 and 5). In the BIRADS 3 group, 92.7% had recommended follow-up, while in BIRADS 4 and 5, only 83.3% underwent recommended biopsy at a mean time of 1.7 weeks (range 0–22 wks) from their follow-up scan. Ten (6%) patients were diagnosed with breast cancer, all of whom had BIRADS 4 or 5, with a mean time of breast cancer diagnosis from initial diagnostic imaging of 2.2 weeks (range 1–22 wks). No patients had delayed breast cancer diagnosis in our cohort. (4) Conclusions: We conclude that diagnostic mammograms and breast US are appropriate investigations for clinical breast concerns in women aged 30–50 years. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Screening to Treatment: Technology’s Impact on Breast Cancer Care)

16 pages, 4330 KiB

Open AccessReview

Endoscopic Grading and Sampling of Gastric Precancerous Lesions: A Comprehensive Literature Review

by Georgios Tziatzios, Dimitrios Ι. Ziogas, Paraskevas Gkolfakis, Vasilios Papadopoulos, Apostolis Papaefthymiou, Nikoletta Mathou, Athanasios Giannakopoulos, Gerasimos Gerasimatos, Konstantina D. Paraskeva and Konstantinos Triantafyllou

Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(7), 3923-3938; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31070290 - 5 Jul 2024

Viewed by 688

Abstract

Gastric cancer remains a disease with an ominous prognosis, while early gastric cancer has a good-to-excellent prognosis, with 5-year survival rates of up to 92.6% after successful endoscopic resection. In this context, the accurate identification of patients with established gastric precancerous lesions, namely [...] Read more.

Gastric cancer remains a disease with an ominous prognosis, while early gastric cancer has a good-to-excellent prognosis, with 5-year survival rates of up to 92.6% after successful endoscopic resection. In this context, the accurate identification of patients with established gastric precancerous lesions, namely chronic atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia, is the first step in a stepwise approach to minimize cancer risk. Although current guidelines advocate for the execution of random biopsies to stage the extent and severity of gastritis/intestinal metaplasia, modern biopsy protocols are still imperfect as they have limited reproducibility and are susceptible to sampling error. The advent of novel imaging-enhancing modalities, i.e., high-definition with virtual chromoendoscopy (CE), has revolutionized the inspection of gastric mucosa, leading to an endoscopy-based staging strategy for the management of these premalignant changes in the stomach. Nowadays, the incorporation of CE-targeted biopsies in everyday clinical practice offers not only the robust detection of premalignant lesions but also an improvement in quality, by reducing missed diagnoses along with mean biopsies and, thus, the procedural costs and the environmental footprint. In this review, we summarize the recent evidence regarding the endoscopic grading and sampling of gastric precancerous lesions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Gastrointestinal Oncology)

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15 pages, 1157 KiB

Open AccessReview

Cancer Prevention and Cultural Continuity for Métis Peoples in Canada: A Scoping Review

by Maria Diaz Vega, José Diego Marques Santos, Stephanie Witham, Marg Friesen, Tegan Brock, Sheila Laroque, Jennifer Sedgewick, Tracey Carr and Gary Groot

Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(7), 3908-3922; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31070289 - 5 Jul 2024

Viewed by 492

Abstract

The purpose of this scoping review was to map the literature on the relationship between cultural continuity and health among Métis people as well as how this knowledge could be translated into cancer prevention initiatives. We included any Métis-specific literature evaluating connections between [...] Read more.

The purpose of this scoping review was to map the literature on the relationship between cultural continuity and health among Métis people as well as how this knowledge could be translated into cancer prevention initiatives. We included any Métis-specific literature evaluating connections between culture, health, and well-being. We conducted electronic searches of Medline, PubMed, Embase, PsychInfo, I-Portal, and hand-searched journals, and reviewed the grey literature. Based on our inclusion criteria, articles were screened and assessed for eligibility, resulting in a sample of 22 publications. Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods designs were considered. The 22 publications included in this review were diverse, ranging from population-based studies to reports and news articles. There were no limitations to publication year, and most of the data presented in this review were published more than five years ago. Nevertheless, the results demonstrate the potential role of Métis cultural continuity in cancer prevention. The scoping review revealed the current lack of Métis-specific data regarding health and its intersectionality with culture. However, the existing literature indicates that cultural continuity for Métis appears to influence health and well-being positively. As such, there may be benefits to incorporating cultural continuity in cancer prevention efforts. Full article

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13 pages, 1093 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Critical Issues for Patients and Caregivers in Neuro-Oncology during the COVID-19 Pandemic: What We Have Learnt from an Observational Study

by Elena Anghileri, Irene Tramacere, Sara Morlino, Catia Leuzzi, Lorena Pareja Gutierrez, Saba Motta, Antonio Silvani, Anna Amato and Francesca Romana Berrini

Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(7), 3895-3907; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31070288 - 4 Jul 2024

Viewed by 473

Abstract

Objective: The COVID-19 pandemic affected neuro-oncological patients and their caregivers regarding tumor care and emotional functioning, including Quality of Life (QoL). This study aimed to understand how COVID-19 affected their psychological state and the relations between patients and health personnel in neuro-oncology. Methods: [...] Read more.

Objective: The COVID-19 pandemic affected neuro-oncological patients and their caregivers regarding tumor care and emotional functioning, including Quality of Life (QoL). This study aimed to understand how COVID-19 affected their psychological state and the relations between patients and health personnel in neuro-oncology. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on neuro-oncological patients and their caregivers. Results: A total of 162 patients and 66 caregivers completed the questionnaire. Altogether, 37.5% of patients perceived a greater risk of contracting COVID-19 compared to the general population. On a 0–10 scale, the patients’ tumor-related anxiety score was 5.8, and their COVID-19-related score was 4.6. The caregivers reported 7.7 and 5.5, respectively. QoL was described as at least good in 75% of both patients and caregivers; the caregivers’ care burden increased in 22.7% of cases during the pandemic, with no correlation with QoL. Future perception often changed, both in patients and caregivers. In 18% of cases, the cancer treatment schedule was changed, either by patient decision or by medical decision. However, 93.5% of patients were satisfied with their overall care. Conclusions: A considerable proportion of patients and caregivers still perceived the tumor disease as more burdensome than the pandemic, and their future as more uncertain. Such data suggest the need to build a productive alliance between patients and health professionals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Psychosocial Oncology)

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10 pages, 857 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Survival Outcomes for US and Canadian Patients Diagnosed with Hodgkin Lymphoma before and after Brentuximab Vedotin Approval for Relapsed/Refractory Disease: A Retrospective Cohort Study

by Gwynivere A. Davies, John E. Orav and Kristen D. Brantley

Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(7), 3885-3894; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31070287 - 4 Jul 2024

Viewed by 539

Abstract

Cost-effectiveness analyses are required for therapies within Canada’s universal healthcare system, leading to delays relative to U.S. healthcare. Patients with Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) generally have an excellent prognosis, but those who relapse after or are ineligible for transplant benefit from novel therapies, including [...] Read more.

Cost-effectiveness analyses are required for therapies within Canada’s universal healthcare system, leading to delays relative to U.S. healthcare. Patients with Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) generally have an excellent prognosis, but those who relapse after or are ineligible for transplant benefit from novel therapies, including brentuximab vedotin (BV). BV was FDA-approved in 2011 but not Canadian-funded until 2014. To assess the impact of access delays, we compared changes in survival for U.S. (by insurer) and Canadian patients in periods pre/post-U.S. approval. Patients were 16–64 years, diagnosed with HL in 2007–2010 (Period 1) and 2011–2014 (Period 2) from the U.S. SEER and Canadian Cancer Registries. Approval date (surrogate) was utilized as therapy was unavailable in registries. Kaplan-Meier survival curves and adjusted Cox regression models compared survival between periods by insurance category. Among 12,003 U.S. and 4210 Canadian patients, survival was better in U.S. patients (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 0.87 (95%CI 0.77–0.98)) between periods; improvement in Canadian patients (aHR 0.84 (95%CI 0.69–1.03) was similar but non-significant. Comparisons between insurers showed survival was significantly worse for U.S. uninsured and Medicaid vs. U.S. privately insured and Canadian patients. Given the increasingly complex nature of oncologic funding, this merits further investigation to ensure equity in access to therapy developments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Hematology)

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15 pages, 3060 KiB

Open AccessReview

Current Advances in Radioactive Iodine-Refractory Differentiated Thyroid Cancer

by Fabio Volpe, Carmela Nappi, Emilia Zampella, Erica Di Donna, Simone Maurea, Alberto Cuocolo and Michele Klain

Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(7), 3870-3884; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31070286 - 3 Jul 2024

Viewed by 613

Abstract

Background: Differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) patients have an outstanding overall long-term survival rate, and certain subsets of DTC patients have a very high likelihood of disease recurrence. Radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy is a cornerstone in DTC management, but cancer cells can eventually develop [...] Read more.

Background: Differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) patients have an outstanding overall long-term survival rate, and certain subsets of DTC patients have a very high likelihood of disease recurrence. Radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy is a cornerstone in DTC management, but cancer cells can eventually develop resistance to RAI. Radioactive iodine-refractory DTC (RAIR-DTC) is a condition defined by ATA 2015 guidelines when DTC cannot concentrate RAI ab initio or loses RAI uptake ability after the initial therapy. The RAIR condition implies that RAI cannot reveal new met-astatic foci, so RAIR-DTC metabolic imaging needs new tracers. ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT has been widely used and has demonstrated prognostic value, but ¹⁸F-FDG DTC avidity may remain low. Fibroblast activation protein inhibitors (FA-Pi)s, prostatic-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), and somatostatin receptor (SSTR) tracers have been proposed as theragnostic agents in experimental settings and Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptides in the diagnostic trial field. Multi-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors are relatively new drugs approved in RAIR-DTC therapy. Despite the promising targeted setting, they relate to frequent adverse-event onset. Sorafenib and trametinib have been included in re-differentiation protocols aimed at re-inducing RAI accumulation in DTC cells. Results appear promising, but not excellent. Conclusions: RAIR-DTC remains a challenging nosological entity. There are still controversies on RAIR-DTC definition and post-RAI therapy evaluation, with post-therapy whole-body scan (PT-WBS) the only validated criterion of response. The recent introduction of multiple diagnostic and therapeutic agents obliges physicians to pursue a multidisciplinary approach aiming to correct drug introduction and timing choice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Recent Advances in Anticancer Strategies)

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15 pages, 947 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Right Hemicolectomy and Appendicectomy as Treatments for Goblet Cell Adenocarcinoma: A Comparative Analysis of Two Large National Databases

by Marie Line El Asmar, Mohamed Mortagy, Kandiah Chandrakumaran, Tom Cecil and John Ramage

Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(7), 3855-3869; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31070285 - 2 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1049

Abstract

Introduction: Right hemicolectomy (RHC) remains the treatment standard for goblet cell adenocarcinoma (GCA), despite limited evidence supporting survival benefit. This study aims to explore factors influencing surgical management and survival outcomes among patients treated with RHC or appendicectomy using NCRAS (UK) and SEER [...] Read more.

Introduction: Right hemicolectomy (RHC) remains the treatment standard for goblet cell adenocarcinoma (GCA), despite limited evidence supporting survival benefit. This study aims to explore factors influencing surgical management and survival outcomes among patients treated with RHC or appendicectomy using NCRAS (UK) and SEER (USA) data. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted using 998 (NCRAS) and 1703 (SEER) cases. Factors influencing procedure type were explored using logistic regression analyses. Overall survival (OS) probabilities and Kaplan–Meier (KM) plots were generated using KM analysis and the log-rank test compared survival between groups. Cox regression analyses were performed to assess hazard ratios. Results: The NCRAS analysis revealed that age and regional stage disease were determinants of undergoing RHC, with all age groups showing similar odds of receiving RHC, excluding the 75+ age group. The SEER analysis revealed tumour size > 2 cm, and receipt of chemotherapy were determinants of undergoing RHC, unlike the distant stage, which was associated with appendicectomy. Surgery type was not a significant predictor of OS in both analyses. In NCRAS, age and stage were significant predictors of OS. In SEER, age, stage, and Black race were significant predictors of worse OS. Conclusions: The study shows variations in the surgical management of GCA, with limited evidence to support a widespread recommendation for RHC. Full article

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10 pages, 971 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quality of ChatGPT-Generated Therapy Recommendations for Breast Cancer Treatment in Gynecology

by Jan Lennart Stalp, Agnieszka Denecke, Matthias Jentschke, Peter Hillemanns and Rüdiger Klapdor

Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(7), 3845-3854; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31070284 - 1 Jul 2024

Viewed by 571

Abstract

Introduction: Artificial intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing medical workflows, with self-learning systems like ChatGPT showing promise in therapy recommendations. Our study evaluated ChatGPT’s performance in suggesting treatments for 30 breast cancer cases. AI’s role in healthcare is expanding, particularly with tools like ChatGPT becoming [...] Read more.

Introduction: Artificial intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing medical workflows, with self-learning systems like ChatGPT showing promise in therapy recommendations. Our study evaluated ChatGPT’s performance in suggesting treatments for 30 breast cancer cases. AI’s role in healthcare is expanding, particularly with tools like ChatGPT becoming accessible. However, understanding its limitations is vital for safe implementation. Material and Methods: We used 30 breast cancer cases from our medical board, assessing ChatGPT’s suggestions. The input was standardized, incorporating relevant patient details and treatment options. ChatGPT’s output was evaluated by oncologists based on a given questionnaire. Results: Treatment recommendations by ChatGPT were overall rated sufficient with minor limitations by the oncologists. The HER2 treatment category was the best-rated therapy option, with the most accurate recommendations. Primary cases received more accurate recommendations, especially regarding chemotherapy. Conclusions: While ChatGPT demonstrated potential, difficulties were shown in intricate cases and postoperative scenarios. Challenges arose in offering chronological treatment sequences and partially lacked precision. Refining inputs, addressing ethical intricacies, and ensuring chronological treatment suggestions are essential. Ongoing research is vital to improving AI’s accuracy, balancing AI-driven suggestions with expert insights and ensuring safe and reliable AI integration into patient care. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Gynecologic Oncology)

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19 pages, 1720 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Complex Tumor Microenvironment in Ovarian Cancer: Therapeutic Challenges and Opportunities

by Bianca Garlisi, Sylvia Lauks, Caroline Aitken, Leslie M. Ogilvie, Cielle Lockington, Duncan Petrik, Jan Soeren Eichhorn and Jim Petrik

Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(7), 3826-3844; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31070283 - 1 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1144

Abstract

The tumor microenvironment (TME) in ovarian cancer (OC) has much greater complexity than previously understood. In response to aggressive pro-angiogenic stimulus, blood vessels form rapidly and are dysfunctional, resulting in poor perfusion, tissue hypoxia, and leakiness, which leads to increased interstitial fluid pressure [...] Read more.

The tumor microenvironment (TME) in ovarian cancer (OC) has much greater complexity than previously understood. In response to aggressive pro-angiogenic stimulus, blood vessels form rapidly and are dysfunctional, resulting in poor perfusion, tissue hypoxia, and leakiness, which leads to increased interstitial fluid pressure (IFP). Decreased perfusion and high IFP significantly inhibit the uptake of therapies into the tumor. Within the TME, there are numerous inhibitor cells, such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), tumor association macrophages (TAMs), regulatory T cells (Tregs), and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) that secrete high numbers of immunosuppressive cytokines. This immunosuppressive environment is thought to contribute to the lack of success of immunotherapies such as immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) treatment. This review discusses the components of the TME in OC, how these characteristics impede therapeutic efficacy, and some strategies to alleviate this inhibition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ovarian Cancer in the Age of Precision Medicine)

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11 pages, 220 KiB

Open AccessArticle

BRCA Testing for Patients Treated in Italy: A National Survey of Breast Centers Associated with Senonetwork

by Corrado Tinterri, Damiano Gentile, Francesco Caruso, Laura Cortesi, Michelino De Laurentiis, Lucio Fortunato, Donatella Santini, Daniela Turchetti, Alberta Ferrari, Alberto Zambelli and Senonetwork Italia Breast Centre Responders

Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(7), 3815-3825; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31070282 - 30 Jun 2024

Viewed by 490

Abstract

Background: Breast units (BUs) provide breast cancer (BC) care, including prevention, treatment, and genetic assessment. Genetic research has highlighted BRCA1/2 mutations as key hereditary BC risk factors. BRCA testing is crucial for personalized treatment and prevention strategies. However, the integration of BRCA testing [...] Read more.

Background: Breast units (BUs) provide breast cancer (BC) care, including prevention, treatment, and genetic assessment. Genetic research has highlighted BRCA1/2 mutations as key hereditary BC risk factors. BRCA testing is crucial for personalized treatment and prevention strategies. However, the integration of BRCA testing in Italian BUs faces multiple challenges. This study, by Senonetwork Italia, aimed to evaluate genetic testing practices and identify obstacles within Italian BUs. Methods: Senonetwork Italia conducted a 16-question web-based survey involving 153 BUs. The survey assessed aspects of BRCA testing, including timing, urgency, counseling, patient selection, and multi-gene panels. Results: Of the 153 BUs, 109 (71.2%) responded. Testing before surgery was performed by 70.6% of centers, with urgent cases acknowledged by 87.2%. Most centers (56.0%) arranged urgent pre-test counseling within a week. BRCA mutation status influenced treatment decisions in 99.1% of cases. Multi-gene panels were used by 33.0% of centers for all genetic counseling cases, while 56.0% followed standard referral criteria. The main challenges included cost, reimbursement, and reporting timelines. Conclusions: This survey highlights significant variations in BRCA testing practices across Italian BUs and identifies key logistical and financial challenges. There is a need for standardized practices of genetic testing to ensure personalized and effective BC management in Italy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Breast Cancer)

7 pages, 2613 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

A Locally Advanced NSCLC Patient Harboring a Rare KIF13A-RET Fusion Benefited from Pralsetinib: A Case Report

by Zenghao Chang, Tengfei Zhu, Hao Jiang, Wei Ou and Siyu Wang

Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(7), 3808-3814; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31070281 - 30 Jun 2024

Viewed by 696

Abstract

The application of adjuvant treatment has significantly enhanced the survival of patients with resectable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) carrying driver gene mutations. However, adjuvant-targeted therapy remains controversial for some NSCLC patients carrying rare gene mutations such as RET, as there is currently [...] Read more.

The application of adjuvant treatment has significantly enhanced the survival of patients with resectable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) carrying driver gene mutations. However, adjuvant-targeted therapy remains controversial for some NSCLC patients carrying rare gene mutations such as RET, as there is currently a lack of confirmed randomized controlled trials demonstrating efficacy. In this report, we describe the case of a 58-year-old man with stage IIIA NSCLC who underwent complete lobectomy with selective lymph node dissection. Postoperative next-generation sequencing revealed that the patient harbored a rare KIF13A-RET fusion. The patient elected to receive adjuvant treatment with pralsetinib monotherapy and underwent serial circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) monitoring after surgery. During follow-up, despite experiencing dose reduction and irregular medication adherence, the patient still achieved a satisfactory disease-free survival (DFS) of 27 months. Furthermore, ctDNA predicted tumor recurrence 4 months earlier than imaging techniques. The addition of bevacizumab to the original regimen upon recurrence continued to be beneficial. Pralsetinib demonstrated promising efficacy as adjuvant therapy, while ctDNA analysis offered a valuable tool for early detection of tumor recurrence. By leveraging targeted therapies and innovative monitoring techniques, we aim to improve outcomes and quality of life for NSCLC patients in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Management and Outcomes of Lung Cancer Patients)

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10 pages, 439 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Disparities in Outcomes following Resection of Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer

by William Y. Luo, Dimitrios N. Varvoglis, Chris B. Agala, Lydia H. Comer, Pragna Shetty, Trevor Wood, Muneera R. Kapadia, Jonathan M. Stem and José G. Guillem

Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(7), 3798-3807; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31070280 - 30 Jun 2024

Viewed by 466

Abstract

Surgical margins following rectal cancer resection impact oncologic outcomes. We examined the relationship between margin status and race, ethnicity, region of care, and facility type. Patients undergoing resection of a stage II–III locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) between 2004 and 2018 were identified [...] Read more.

Surgical margins following rectal cancer resection impact oncologic outcomes. We examined the relationship between margin status and race, ethnicity, region of care, and facility type. Patients undergoing resection of a stage II–III locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) between 2004 and 2018 were identified through the National Cancer Database. Inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) was performed, with margin positivity rate as the outcome of interest, and race/ethnicity and region of care as the predictors of interest. In total, 58,389 patients were included. After IPTW adjustment, non-Hispanic Black (NHB) patients were 12% (p = 0.029) more likely to have margin positivity than non-Hispanic White (NHW) patients. Patients in the northeast were 9% less likely to have margin positivity compared to those in the south. In the west, NHB patients were more likely to have positive margins than NHW patients. Care in academic/research centers was associated with lower likelihood of positive margins compared to community centers. Within academic/research centers, NHB patients were more likely to have positive margins than non-Hispanic Other patients. Our results suggest that disparity in surgical management of LARC in NHB patients exists across regions of the country and facility types. Further research aimed at identifying drivers of this disparity is warranted. Full article

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15 pages, 567 KiB

Open AccessReview

Improving Care for Older Adults with Cancer in Canada: A Call to Action

by Sarah Cook, Shabbir Alibhai, Rajin Mehta, Marie-France Savard, Caroline Mariano, Dominique LeBlanc, Danielle Desautels, Rossanna Pezo, Xiaofu Zhu, Karen A. Gelmon and Tina Hsu

Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(7), 3783-3797; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31070279 - 30 Jun 2024

Viewed by 563

Abstract

Most patients diagnosed with and dying from cancer in Canada are older adults, with aging contributing to the large projected growth in cancer incidence. Older adults with cancer have unique needs, and on a global scale increasing efforts have been made to address [...] Read more.

Most patients diagnosed with and dying from cancer in Canada are older adults, with aging contributing to the large projected growth in cancer incidence. Older adults with cancer have unique needs, and on a global scale increasing efforts have been made to address recognized gaps in their cancer care. However, in Canada, geriatric oncology remains a new and developing field. There is increasing recognition of the value of geriatric oncology and there is a growing number of healthcare providers interested in developing the field. While there is an increasing number of dedicated programs in geriatric oncology, they remain limited overall. Developing novel methods to delivery geriatric care in the oncology setting and improving visibility is important. Formal incorporation of a geriatric oncology curriculum into training is critical to both improve knowledge and demonstrate its value to healthcare providers. Although a robust group of dedicated researchers exist, increased collaboration is needed to capitalize on existing expertise. Dedicated funding is critical to promoting clinical programs, research, and training new clinicians and leaders in the field. By addressing challenges and capitalizing on opportunities for improvement, Canada can better meet the unique needs of its aging population with cancer and ultimately improve their outcomes. Full article

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Curr. Oncol., Volume 31, Issue 7 (July 2024) – 43 articles

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