The Role of Plant Ubiquitin-like Modifiers in the Formation of Salt Stress Tolerance
Abstract
:1. Ubiquitin-Mediated Protein Degradation in Plant Adaptation to Salt Stress
2. Ubiquitin (Ub)-26S Proteasome System (UPS) and Its Role in Salinity Stress Tolerance
3. Small Ubiquitin Like-Modifiers (SUMO) and The Role in Salinity Stress Tolerance
4. Overview of the Core Plant Autophagy Components
4.1. The TOR-Dependent Autophagy Regulation and Its Interplay with Plant Phytohormones
4.2. Plant Autophagy-Related Ubiquitin-like Modifier (ATG8) and Its Role in the Responses to Environmental Stresses
- (1)
- Neighbour of BRCA1 (NBR1) and the ATG8-interacting protein 1 (ATI1) and ATI2 proteins, which target plastid proteins for degradation upon carbon starvation [82];
- (2)
- Arabidopsis Orosomucoid (ORM) proteins 1 and 2, which are involved in plant immunity regulation through the degradation of Flagellin-Sensing 2 (FLS2) receptor kinase [83];
- (3)
- Tryptophan-rich sensory protein/translocator (TSPO), which is involved in the abiotic stress response through the regulation of the levels of PIP2;7 aquaporin on the cell surface [84];
- (4)
- DOMINANT SUPPRESSOR OF KAR 2 (DSK2), targeting the brassinosteroid pathway regulator BES1 for degradation [85];
- (5)
- A dehydrin, Medicago truncatula (Gaertn.) MtCAS31 (cold acclimation-specific 31), which under drought stress facilitated the autophagic degradation of MtPIP2;7, thus reducing water loss and improving drought tolerance [86];
- (6)
- S-nitrosoglutathione reductase 1 (GSNOR1) in hypoxic conditions [87];
- (7)
- ROOT HAIR DEFECTIVE3 (RHD3), an atlastin GTPases family member involved in ER stress response, was recently shown to have two AIM, through which it acted as a receptor for the selective autophagy of the ER (ER-phagy) during nutrient starvation. Thus, rhd3 plants were defective in ER-phagy under ER stress. Furthermore, the RHD3–ATG8e interaction was enhanced under ER stress, but not RHD3(ΔAIM1) plants [88];
- (8)
- E3 enzyme Ufm1-protein Ligase 1 (Ufl1), one of the proteins regulating Ufmylation, a novel PTM characterised by multiple functions in diverse cellular processes, was shown to interact with ATG8e under salt stress. Furthermore, the core components in the Ufmylation cascade (Ufl1 and ubiquitin-fold modifier 1 (Ufm1)) interacted also with ATG1 and ATG6. Also, Ufl1 plants showed salt hypersensitive phenotype and abnormal ER morphology, and the expression of Ufmylation cascade components was up-regulated by salt stress. These results suggested that autophagy machinery acted together with the Ufmylation cascade to maintain ER homeostasis under salt stress by regulating ER-phagy [89], and many others.
4.3. Role of the Neighbour of BRCA1 (NBR1) Protein in the Regulation of Plant Stress Response
5. Universal Role of ATGs in the Regulation of Plant Salinity Stress
5.1. Stress Protective Role of ATGs in Microalgae
5.2. ATGs as Crucial Players in Adaptation to Various Abiotic Stresses
5.3. Functional Characterisation of ATG8 Isoforms in Adaptation to Salt Stress
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Dabravolski, S.A.; Isayenkov, S.V. The Role of Plant Ubiquitin-like Modifiers in the Formation of Salt Stress Tolerance. Plants 2024, 13, 1468. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13111468
Dabravolski SA, Isayenkov SV. The Role of Plant Ubiquitin-like Modifiers in the Formation of Salt Stress Tolerance. Plants. 2024; 13(11):1468. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13111468
Chicago/Turabian StyleDabravolski, Siarhei A., and Stanislav V. Isayenkov. 2024. "The Role of Plant Ubiquitin-like Modifiers in the Formation of Salt Stress Tolerance" Plants 13, no. 11: 1468. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13111468