Association of SARS-CoV-2 Seropositivity with Persistent Immune Activation in HIV/Tuberculosis Co-Infected Patients
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Settings and Participants
2.2. Sample Collection and Data Collection
2.3. Assessment of Matricellular Proteins, Other Inflammatory Markers, Cytokines, and Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies
2.4. Calculation of Inflammatory Score (INS)
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characterization of the Patients
3.2. Therapeutic Effects on Inflammatory Markers in Seronegative and Seropositive Groups
3.3. Inverse Association of SARS-CoV-2 Seropositivity with Changes in the Levels of the Inflammatory Markers at the End of ATT
3.4. Association of SARS-CoV-2 Seropositivity and INS with Changes in the Levels of Various Cytokines at the End of ATT
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters, Median (IQR) | SARS-CoV-2-Seronegative Patients (n = 27) | SARS-CoV-2-Seropositive Patients (n = 5) | p Value |
---|---|---|---|
Age (Years) | 45 (38–50) | 48 (45–50) | NS |
Gender—M:F | 18:09 | 05:00 | NS |
Type—Pulmonary: extrapulmonary | 18:09 | 2:3 | NS |
Body weight (Kg) | 49 (39–56) | 43.9 (40–66.5) | NS |
Duration of therapy (months) | 6 (6–11.75) | 10 (6–12.5) | NS |
CD4 count (cells/mL) | 266 (141–387) | 359 (261–509) | NS |
T-Gal9 (pg/mL) | 7439 (4657–10,038) | 7507 (5561–11,172) | NS |
FL-Gal9 (pg/mL) | 4742 (2830–6000) | 6000 (2638–6000) | NS |
OPN (ng/mL) | 85.5 (69.0–106.9) | 101.5 (62.7–210.3) | NS |
CRP (mg/L) | 16.72 (5.77–72.05) | 27.57 (14.69–69.23) | NS |
Correlation Analysis | Correlation Coefficient (r) | p Value |
---|---|---|
SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity versus Inflammatory Score | −0.386 | 0.039 |
SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity versus percent change in total Galectin-9 levels | 0.404 | 0.030 |
Baseline Value | % Decrease Rate | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Correlation with INS | Correlation with SARS-CoV-2 Seropositivity | Correlation with INS | Correlation with SARS-CoV-2 Seropositivity | |||||
Cytokines | r Value | p Value | r Value | p Value | r Value | p Value | r Value | p Value |
IL-5 | −0.273 | 0.076 | −0.379 | 0.015 | 0.041 | 0.421 | 0.319 | 0.056 |
IL-4 | −0.128 | 0.258 | −0.082 | 0.330 | 0.062 | 0.384 | 0.364 | 0.037 |
GM-CSF | −0.265 | 0.082 | −0.192 | 0.142 | 0.005 | 0.491 | −0.007 | 0.487 |
IL-10 | 0.080 | 0.343 | 0.005 | 0.490 | −0.398 | 0.030 | 0.032 | 0.442 |
IFN-γ | −0.030 | 0.439 | −0.238 | 0.095 | 0.054 | 0.400 | 0.097 | 0.322 |
IL-21 | −0.308 | 0.055 | −0.177 | 0.171 | 0.083 | 0.346 | 0.406 | 0.022 |
TNF-α | 0.203 | 0.146 | 0.079 | 0.333 | −0.022 | 0.459 | −0.125 | 0.276 |
IL-12 (p70) | −0.175 | 0.182 | −0.112 | 0.270 | −0.189 | 0.177 | 0.404 | 0.020 |
IL-2 | 0.142 | 0.231 | −0.219 | 0.111 | 0.169 | 0.210 | 0.325 | 0.057 |
IL-17A | −0.254 | 0.092 | −0.037 | 0.420 | 0.049 | 0.408 | 0.250 | 0.114 |
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Shete, A.; Ghate, M.; Iwasaki-Hozumi, H.; Patil, S.; Shidhaye, P.; Matsuba, T.; Bai, G.; Pharande, P.; Hattori, T. Association of SARS-CoV-2 Seropositivity with Persistent Immune Activation in HIV/Tuberculosis Co-Infected Patients. Reports 2024, 7, 61. https://doi.org/10.3390/reports7030061
Shete A, Ghate M, Iwasaki-Hozumi H, Patil S, Shidhaye P, Matsuba T, Bai G, Pharande P, Hattori T. Association of SARS-CoV-2 Seropositivity with Persistent Immune Activation in HIV/Tuberculosis Co-Infected Patients. Reports. 2024; 7(3):61. https://doi.org/10.3390/reports7030061
Chicago/Turabian StyleShete, Ashwini, Manisha Ghate, Hiroko Iwasaki-Hozumi, Sandip Patil, Pallavi Shidhaye, Takashi Matsuba, Gaowa Bai, Pratiksha Pharande, and Toshio Hattori. 2024. "Association of SARS-CoV-2 Seropositivity with Persistent Immune Activation in HIV/Tuberculosis Co-Infected Patients" Reports 7, no. 3: 61. https://doi.org/10.3390/reports7030061