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Editor’s Choice Articles

Editor’s Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly interesting to readers, or important in the respective research area. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal.

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16 pages, 934 KiB  
Review
BCG and Alternative Therapies to BCG Therapy for Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer
by Sarah Lidagoster, Reuben Ben-David, Benjamin De Leon and John P. Sfakianos
Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(2), 1063-1078; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31020079 - 16 Feb 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2970
Abstract
Bladder cancer is a heterogeneous disease. Treatment decisions are mostly decided based on disease stage (non-muscle invasive or muscle invasive). Patients with muscle-invasive disease will be offered a radical treatment combined with systemic therapy, while in those with non-muscle-invasive disease, an attempt to [...] Read more.
Bladder cancer is a heterogeneous disease. Treatment decisions are mostly decided based on disease stage (non-muscle invasive or muscle invasive). Patients with muscle-invasive disease will be offered a radical treatment combined with systemic therapy, while in those with non-muscle-invasive disease, an attempt to resect the tumor endoscopically will usually be followed by different intravesical instillations. The goal of intravesical therapy is to decrease the recurrence and/or progression of the tumor. In the current landscape of bladder cancer treatment, BCG is given intravesically to induce an inflammatory response and recruit immune cells to attack the malignant cells and induce immune memory. While the response to BCG treatment has changed the course of bladder cancer management and spared many “bladders”, some patients may develop BCG-unresponsive disease, leaving radical surgery as the best choice of curative treatment. As a result, a lot of effort has been put into identifying novel therapies like systemic pembrolizumab and Nadofaragene-Firadenovac to continue sparing bladders if BCG is ineffective. Moreover, recent logistic issues with BCG production caused a worldwide BCG shortage, re-sparking interest in alternative BCG treatments including mitomycin C, sequential gemcitabine with docetaxel, and others. This review encompasses both the historic and current role of BCG in the treatment of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer, revisiting BCG alternative therapies and reviewing the novel therapeutics that were approved for the BCG-unresponsive stage or are under active investigation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current and Future Bladder Cancer Landscape)
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10 pages, 252 KiB  
Article
Primary Mucosal Melanoma: Clinical Experience from a Single Italian Center
by Rosa Falcone, Sofia Verkhovskaia, Francesca Romana Di Pietro, Giulia Poti, Tonia Samela, Maria Luigia Carbone, Maria Francesca Morelli, Albina Rita Zappalà, Zorika Christiana di Rocco, Roberto Morese, Gabriele Piesco, Paolo Marchetti, Cristina Maria Failla and Federica De Galitiis
Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(1), 588-597; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31010042 - 22 Jan 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1258
Abstract
(1) Background: Mucosal melanoma (MM) is a rare tumor, accounting for about 1% of all diagnosed melanomas. The etiology and pathogenesis of this tumor are unknown. It is characterized by an aggressive phenotype with poor prognosis and a low response rate to approved [...] Read more.
(1) Background: Mucosal melanoma (MM) is a rare tumor, accounting for about 1% of all diagnosed melanomas. The etiology and pathogenesis of this tumor are unknown. It is characterized by an aggressive phenotype with poor prognosis and a low response rate to approved treatments. (2) Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical features, treatments and outcomes of patients diagnosed with MM from different sub-sites (head and neck, gynecological and gastro-intestinal region) between 2013 and 2023 at our Institute. Survival times were estimated with the Kaplan–Meier method. Multivariate Cox regression was used to test the independence of significant factors in univariate analysis. (3) Results: Twenty-five patients were included in this study; the disease was equally distributed among females and males. The median age at diagnosis was 74 years old. The majority had MM originating from the head and neck (56%), particularly from the nasal cavity. BRAF V600 mutations were detected in 16% of the study population, limited to gastro-intestinal and gynecological MM. At diagnosis, at least half the patients (52%) had the disease located also at distant sites. The median overall survival (OS) in the whole study population was 22 months, with a longer OS for patients diagnosed at an early stage (38 months, p < 0.001). Longer OSs were reported for head and neck MM compared to other anatomic regions (0.06). Surgery of the primary tumor and radiotherapy were performed in 64% and 36% of the study population, respectively. Radiotherapy was performed only in head and neck MM. At multivariate analysis, the single factor that showed a reduced hazard ratio for death was radiotherapy. (4) Conclusions: The overall survival of MM from different sub-sites treated at our Italian Institution was 22 months, with better outcomes for early-stage disease and head and neck MM. Performing radiotherapy may have a protective effect on OS for head and neck MM. New treatment strategies are urgently needed to improve the outcome in this disease. Full article
10 pages, 625 KiB  
Article
Prioritizing Melanoma Surgeries to Prevent Wait Time Delays and Upstaging of Melanoma during the COVID-19 Pandemic
by Katherine Aw, Rebecca Lau and Carolyn Nessim
Curr. Oncol. 2023, 30(9), 8328-8337; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30090604 - 9 Sep 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1341
Abstract
Prompt diagnosis and surgical management of melanoma strongly impact prognosis. Considering the limited resources, emergency closures, and staffing shortages during the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada, our institution implemented a dedicated care pathway to prioritize cancer surgeries. We aim to assess whether this strategy [...] Read more.
Prompt diagnosis and surgical management of melanoma strongly impact prognosis. Considering the limited resources, emergency closures, and staffing shortages during the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada, our institution implemented a dedicated care pathway to prioritize cancer surgeries. We aim to assess whether this strategy was effective at preventing surgical wait time delays and upstaging of melanoma. We retrospectively collected data of patients aged ≥18 years with biopsy-proven primary melanoma who underwent wide local excision (WLE) ± sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) between 1 March 2018–29 February 2020 (pre-pandemic) and 1 March 2020–22 March 2022 (pandemic). Patients with distant metastasis, recurrence, in situ disease, and unknown primary were excluded. Wait time from consult to surgery, tumour (T) and nodal (N) stage, and overall stage were collected. Results: We included 419 patients [pre-pandemic (n = 204) and pandemic (n = 215)]. Median wait time (days) [interquartile range] to surgery was 36 [22–48] pre-pandemic and 35 [24–49] during the pandemic (p = 0.888). There were no differences found in T stage (p = 0.060), N stage (p = 0.214), or overall melanoma stage (p = 0.192). We highlight the importance of streamlining melanoma surgery during a pandemic. As the need arises to meet surgical backlogs including benign surgery, dedicated cancer surgery should maintain a priority to not negatively affect cancer outcomes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Skin Cancer)
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14 pages, 564 KiB  
Article
A Multi-Centre Randomized Study Comparing Two Standard of Care Chemotherapy Regimens for Lower-Risk HER2-Positive Breast Cancer
by Ricardo Fernandes, Terry L. Ng, Mashari Jemaan Alzahrani, Jacques Raphael, Phillip Blanchette, Morgan Black, Carol Stober, Gregory R. Pond, David Cella, Lisa Vandermeer, Mohammed Ibrahim and Mark Clemons
Curr. Oncol. 2023, 30(8), 7384-7397; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30080535 - 4 Aug 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2369
Abstract
Background: Neither paclitaxel plus trastuzumab (P-H) nor docetaxel-cyclophosphamide plus trastuzumab (TC-H) have been prospectively compared in HER2-positive early-stage breast cancer (EBC). A randomized trial was performed to assess the feasibility of a larger study. Methods: Lower-risk HER2-positive EBC patients were randomized to either [...] Read more.
Background: Neither paclitaxel plus trastuzumab (P-H) nor docetaxel-cyclophosphamide plus trastuzumab (TC-H) have been prospectively compared in HER2-positive early-stage breast cancer (EBC). A randomized trial was performed to assess the feasibility of a larger study. Methods: Lower-risk HER2-positive EBC patients were randomized to either P-H or TC-H treatment arms. The co-primary feasibility outcomes were: ≥75% patient acceptability rate, active trial participation of ≥50% of medical oncologists, ≥75% and ≥90% treatment completion, and receipt rate of planned cycles of chemotherapy, respectively. Secondary outcomes: Febrile neutropenia (FN) rate, treatment-related hospitalizations, health-related quality of life (HR-QoL) questionnaires. Analyses were performed by per protocol and intention-to-treat. Results: Between May 2019 and March 2021, 49 of 52 patients agreed to study participation (94% acceptability rate). Fifteen (65%) of 23 medical oncologists approached patients. Rates of FN were higher (8.3% vs. 0%) in the TC-H vs. P-H arm. Median (IQR) changes in scores from baseline in FACT-Taxane Trial Outcome Index at 24 weeks were −4 (−10, −1) vs. −6.5 (−15, −2) for TC-H and P-H arms, respectively. Conclusions: A randomized trial comparing P-H and TC-H was feasible. Expansion to a larger trial would be feasible to explore patient-reported outcomes of these adjuvant HER2 chemotherapy regimens. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Breast Cancer)
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13 pages, 997 KiB  
Review
Strategic Insight into the Combination Therapies for Metastatic Colorectal Cancer
by Yoshihito Kano, Mitsukuni Suenaga and Hiroyuki Uetake
Curr. Oncol. 2023, 30(7), 6546-6558; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30070480 - 7 Jul 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2931
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The 5-year survival rate after curative resection is almost 80%, however, it is still less than satisfactory for metastatic CRC (mCRC). The combination approach including surgery, chemotherapy, molecular targeted therapy, [...] Read more.
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The 5-year survival rate after curative resection is almost 80%, however, it is still less than satisfactory for metastatic CRC (mCRC). The combination approach including surgery, chemotherapy, molecular targeted therapy, and immunotherapy is a promising strategy due to its synergistic anticancer effect. Moreover, circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) analysis has been reported to stratify the post-operative risk of recurrence, thus providing clinically valuable information for deciding to conduct adjuvant chemotherapy. Furthermore, multiple new drugs that potentially target undruggable genes, including KRAS, have been developed. In this review, we discuss the current management of patients with mCRC and future perspectives in the light of a combination therapeutic strategy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Combination Therapy in Gastrointestinal Cancers)
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9 pages, 897 KiB  
Article
An Effective Primary Treatment Using Radiotherapy in Patients with Eyelid Merkel Cell Carcinoma
by Marie Boileau, Manon Dubois, Henry Abi Rached, Alexandre Escande, Xavier Mirabel and Laurent Mortier
Curr. Oncol. 2023, 30(7), 6353-6361; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30070468 - 2 Jul 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1454
Abstract
Background: Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare type of neuroendocrine tumor. Palpebral localization represents 2.5% of MCCs. Surgery is not always possible due to the localization or comorbidities of elderly patients. We hypothesized that radiotherapy (RT) alone could be a curative treatment [...] Read more.
Background: Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare type of neuroendocrine tumor. Palpebral localization represents 2.5% of MCCs. Surgery is not always possible due to the localization or comorbidities of elderly patients. We hypothesized that radiotherapy (RT) alone could be a curative treatment in patients contraindicated for oncological surgery. Methods: We performed a retrospective monocentric study of patients with localized eyelid MCC treated with curative intent using curative radiotherapy. Results: Overall, 11 patients with histologically confirmed eyelid MCC were treated with curative radiotherapy. The median age was 77 years old (range: 53–94). Curative RT was decided mainly due to difficult localization and significant co-morbidities. The median lesion dose was 57 Gy (range: 47–70). Most patients had adjuvant lymph nodes irradiation with a median dose of 50 Gy (n = 9; 82%). The median follow-up was 62 months (6–152 months). None of the seven deaths were MCC-related. None of our patients relapsed during follow-up. Side effects related to radiotherapy were mild (no grade ≥ 2) and rare (n = 3, 21%). Conclusion: Our data suggest that curative radiotherapy is an effective and safe treatment for Merkel cell carcinoma of the eyelid and periocular region. Radiotherapy alone allows limiting the aesthetic and functional sequelae in elderly and comorbid patients who are contraindicated for oncological surgery. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Dermato-Oncology)
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22 pages, 902 KiB  
Review
Skin Cancer Prevention across the G7, Australia and New Zealand: A Review of Legislation and Guidelines
by Santina Conte, Ammar Saed Aldien, Sébastien Jetté, Jonathan LeBeau, Sauliha Alli, Elena Netchiporouk, François Lagacé, Philippe Lefrançois, Lisa Iannattone and Ivan V. Litvinov
Curr. Oncol. 2023, 30(7), 6019-6040; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30070450 - 23 Jun 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3955
Abstract
Incidence rates of melanoma and keratinocyte skin cancers have been on the rise globally in recent decades. While there has been a select focus on personal sun protection awareness, to our knowledge, there is a paucity of legislation in place to help support [...] Read more.
Incidence rates of melanoma and keratinocyte skin cancers have been on the rise globally in recent decades. While there has been a select focus on personal sun protection awareness, to our knowledge, there is a paucity of legislation in place to help support citizens’ efforts to protect themselves from the harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Given this, we conducted a comprehensive review of legislation and guidelines pertaining to a variety of sun protection-related topics in countries of the Group of Seven (G7), Australia and New Zealand. Australia was the only country to have banned tanning beds for individuals of all ages, while other select countries have instituted bans for minors. In workplace policy, there is very little recognition of the danger of occupational UVR exposure in outdoor workers, and thus very few protective measures are in place. With regard to sports and recreation, certain dermatological/professional associations have put forward recommendations, but no legislation was brought forward by government bodies outside of Australia and New Zealand. With regard to youth, while there are various guidelines and frameworks in place across several countries, adherence remains difficult in the absence of concrete legislation and standardization of procedures. Finally, only Australia and a few select jurisdictions in the United States have implemented sales tax exemptions for sunscreen products. In light of our findings, we have made several recommendations, which we anticipate will help reduce the rates of melanoma and keratinocyte cancers in years to come. However, minimizing UVR exposure is not without risk, and we, therefore, suggest the promotion of vitamin D supplementation in conjunction with sun protective practices to limit potential harm. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Updates on Skin Cancer Prevention, Early Diagnosis and Treatment)
0 pages, 9878 KiB  
Review
HR+/HER2– Advanced Breast Cancer Treatment in the First-Line Setting: Expert Review
by Katarzyna J. Jerzak, Nathaniel Bouganim, Christine Brezden-Masley, Scott Edwards, Karen Gelmon, Jan-Willem Henning, John F. Hilton and Sandeep Sehdev
Curr. Oncol. 2023, 30(6), 5425-5447; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30060411 - 2 Jun 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 9308
Abstract
The approval of CDK4/6 inhibitors has dramatically improved care for the treatment of HR+/HER2– advanced breast cancer, but navigating the rapidly-expanding treatment evidence base is challenging. In this narrative review, we provide best-practice recommendations for the first-line treatment of HR+/HER2– advanced breast cancer [...] Read more.
The approval of CDK4/6 inhibitors has dramatically improved care for the treatment of HR+/HER2– advanced breast cancer, but navigating the rapidly-expanding treatment evidence base is challenging. In this narrative review, we provide best-practice recommendations for the first-line treatment of HR+/HER2– advanced breast cancer in Canada based on relevant literature, clinical guidelines, and our own clinical experience. Due to statistically significant improvements in overall survival and progression-free survival, ribociclib + aromatase inhibitor is our preferred first-line treatment for de novo advanced disease or relapse ≥12 months after completion of adjuvant endocrine therapy and ribociclib or abemaciclib + fulvestrant is our preferred first-line treatment for patients experiencing early relapse. Abemaciclib or palbociclib may be used when alternatives to ribociclib are needed, and endocrine therapy can be used alone in the case of contraindication to CDK4/6 inhibitors or limited life expectancy. Considerations for special populations—including frail and fit elderly patients, as well as those with visceral disease, brain metastases, and oligometastatic disease—are also explored. For monitoring, we recommend an approach across CDK4/6 inhibitors. For mutational testing, we recommend routinely performing ER/PR/HER2 testing to confirm the subtype of advanced disease at the time of progression and to consider ESR1 and PIK3CA testing for select patients. Where possible, engage a multidisciplinary care team to apply evidence in a patient-centric manner. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Breast Cancer)
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16 pages, 829 KiB  
Article
Biomarkers for Predicting Anti-Programmed Cell Death-1 Antibody Treatment Effects in Head and Neck Cancer
by Katsunori Tanaka, Hitoshi Hirakawa, Mikio Suzuki, Teruyuki Higa, Shinya Agena, Narumi Hasegawa, Junko Kawakami, Masatomo Toyama, Tomoyo Higa, Hidetoshi Kinjyo, Norimoto Kise, Shunsuke Kondo, Hiroyuki Maeda and Taro Ikegami
Curr. Oncol. 2023, 30(6), 5409-5424; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30060410 - 2 Jun 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2146
Abstract
In recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (R/M-HNSCC), survival outcomes are significantly better in patients who receive anti-programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) monoclonal antibody therapy than in those who receive standard therapy. However, there is no established biomarker that can predict [...] Read more.
In recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (R/M-HNSCC), survival outcomes are significantly better in patients who receive anti-programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) monoclonal antibody therapy than in those who receive standard therapy. However, there is no established biomarker that can predict the anti-PD-1 antibody treatment effect and immune-related adverse events (irAEs) in these patients. This study investigated the inflammatory and nutritional status in 42 patients with R/M-HNSCC and programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) polymorphisms (rs4143815 and rs2282055) in 35 of the 42 patients. The 1- and 2-year overall survival was 59.5% and 28.6%, respectively; the 1- and 2-year first progression-free survival was 19.0% and 9.5%, respectively, and the respective second progression-free survival was 50% and 27.8%. Performance status and inflammatory and nutritional status (assessed by the geriatric nutritional risk index, modified Glasgow prognostic score, and prognostic nutritional index) were identified as significant indicators of survival outcomes in multivariate analysis. Patients with ancestral alleles in PD-L1 polymorphisms had less frequent irAEs. Performance status and inflammatory and nutritional status before treatment were closely related to survival outcomes after PD-1 therapy. These indicators can be calculated using routine laboratory data. PD-L1 polymorphisms may be biomarkers for predicting irAEs in patients receiving anti-PD-1 therapy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multimodality Treatment in Recurrent Metastatic Head and Neck Cancer)
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10 pages, 936 KiB  
Article
Real-World Outcomes of Stage IV NSCLC with PD-L1 ≥ 50% Treated with First-Line Pembrolizumab: Uptake of Second-Line Systemic Therapy
by Rebekah Rittberg, Bonnie Leung, Aria Shokoohi, Alexandra Pender, Selina Wong, Zamzam Al-Hashami, Ying Wang and Cheryl Ho
Curr. Oncol. 2023, 30(6), 5299-5308; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30060402 - 26 May 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2555
Abstract
Introduction: Platinum-based chemotherapy was compared to single-agent pembrolizumab in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with PDL1 > 50% in KEYNOTE-024. In this trial, it was found that patients who received single-agent pembrolizumab had improved progression-free survival in addition to overall survival (OS). [...] Read more.
Introduction: Platinum-based chemotherapy was compared to single-agent pembrolizumab in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with PDL1 > 50% in KEYNOTE-024. In this trial, it was found that patients who received single-agent pembrolizumab had improved progression-free survival in addition to overall survival (OS). Based on KEYNOTE-024, only 53% of patients treated originally with pembrolizumab received second-line anticancer systemic therapy with an OS of 26.3 months. Based on these results, the objective of this study was to characterize real-world NSCLC patients who received second-line therapy after single-agent pembrolizumab. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study considering stage IV NSCLC patients diagnosed with BC Cancer between 2018 and 2021 with PD-L1 ≥ 50% who received first-line single agent pembrolizumab. Patient demographics, cancer history, treatment administered, and survival were collected retrospectively. Descriptive statistics were produced. OS was calculated using Kaplan–Meier curves and compared using the log rank test. A multivariate model evaluated characteristics associated with the receipt of second-line therapy. Results: A total of 718 patients were diagnosed with Stage IV NSCLC and received at least one cycle of pembrolizumab. The median duration of treatment was 4.4 months, and the follow-up duration was 16.0 months. There were 567 (79%) patients who had disease progression, of whom 21% received second-line systemic therapy. Within the subset of patients with disease progression, the median duration of treatment was 3.0 months. It would be found that patients who received second-line therapy had better baseline ECOG performance status, were younger at diagnosis, and had a longer duration of pembrolizumab. Within the full population, the OS from the treatment initiation date was 14.0 months. OS was 5.6 months in patients who did not receive additional therapy after progression and 22.2 months in patients who received subsequent therapy. Baseline ECOG performance status was associated with improved OS in multivariate analysis. Conclusion: Based on this real-world Canadian population, 21% of patients received second-line systemic therapy, despite second-line therapy being associated with prolonged survival. In this real-world population, we found that 60% fewer patients received second-line systemic therapy when compared to KEYNOTE-024. Although differences always exist when comparing a clinical and non-clinical trial population, our findings suggest undertreating stage IV NSCLC patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunotherapy in Thoracic Malignancies)
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21 pages, 717 KiB  
Review
Management and Prevention of Cellular-Therapy-Related Toxicity: Early and Late Complications
by Simon R. Mucha and Prabalini Rajendram
Curr. Oncol. 2023, 30(5), 5003-5023; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30050378 - 15 May 2023
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3221
Abstract
Chimeric Antigen Receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy has dramatically changed prognosis and treatment of relapsed and refractory hematologic malignancies. Currently the 6 FDA approved products target various surface antigens. While CAR-T therapy achieves good response, life-threatening toxicities have been reported. Mechanistically, can be [...] Read more.
Chimeric Antigen Receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy has dramatically changed prognosis and treatment of relapsed and refractory hematologic malignancies. Currently the 6 FDA approved products target various surface antigens. While CAR-T therapy achieves good response, life-threatening toxicities have been reported. Mechanistically, can be divided into two categories: (1) toxicities related to T-cell activation and release of high levels of cytokines: or (2) toxicities resulting from interaction between CAR and CAR targeted antigen expressed on non-malignant cells (i.e., on-target, off-tumor effects). Variations in conditioning therapies, co-stimulatory domains, CAR T-cell dose and anti-cytokine administration, pose a challenge in distinguishing cytokine mediated related toxicities from on-target, off-tumor toxicities. Timing, frequency, severity, as well as optimal management of CAR T-cell-related toxicities vary significantly between products and are likely to change as newer therapies become available. Currently the FDA approved CARs are targeted towards the B-cell malignancies however the future holds promise of expanding the target to solid tumor malignancies. Further highlighting the importance of early recognition and intervention for early and late onset CAR-T related toxicity. This contemporary review aims to describe presentation, grading and management of commonly encountered toxicities, short- and long-term complications, discuss preventive strategies and resource utilization. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Multi-disciplinary Approach to the Prevention and Management of Cancer-Related Toxicities)
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12 pages, 279 KiB  
Article
COVID-19 and Breast Cancer: Analysis of Surgical Management of a Large Referral Center during the 2020–2021 Pandemic Period
by Fulvio Borella, Luca Bertero, Fabrizia Di Giovanni, Gianluca Witel, Giulia Orlando, Alessia Andrea Ricci, Alessandra Pittaro, Isabella Castellano and Paola Cassoni
Curr. Oncol. 2023, 30(5), 4767-4778; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30050359 - 5 May 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1962
Abstract
Background: Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) has spread worldwide since December 2019 and was officially declared a pandemic in March 2020. Due to the rapid transmission and the high fatality rate, drastic emergency restrictions were issued, with a negative impact on routine clinical activities. In [...] Read more.
Background: Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) has spread worldwide since December 2019 and was officially declared a pandemic in March 2020. Due to the rapid transmission and the high fatality rate, drastic emergency restrictions were issued, with a negative impact on routine clinical activities. In particular, in Italy, many authors have reported a reduction in the number of breast cancer diagnoses and critical problems in the management of patients who accessed the breast units during the dramatic first months of the pandemic. Our study aims to analyze the global impact of COVID-19 in the two years of the pandemic (2020–2021) on the surgical management of breast cancer by comparing them with the previous two years. Methods: In our retrospective study, we analyzed all cases of breast cancer diagnosed and surgically treated at the breast unit of “Città della Salute e della Scienza” in Turin, Italy, making a comparison between the 2018–2019 pre-pandemic period and the 2020–2021 pandemic period. Results: We included in our analysis 1331 breast cancer cases surgically treated from January 2018 to December 2021. A total of 726 patients were treated in the pre-pandemic years and 605 in the pandemic period (−121 cases, 9%). No significant differences were observed regarding diagnosis (screening vs. no screening) and timing between radiological diagnosis and surgery for both in situ and invasive tumors. There were no variations in the breast surgical approach (mastectomy vs. conservative surgery), while a reduction in axillary dissection compared to the sentinel lymph node in the pandemic period was observed (p-value < 0.001). Regarding the biological characteristics of breast cancers, we observed a greater number of grades 2–3 (p-value = 0.007), pT stage 3–4 breast cancer surgically treated without previous neoadjuvant chemotherapy (p-value = 0.03), and a reduction in luminal B tumors (p-value = 0.007). Conclusions: Overall, we report a limited reduction in surgical activity for breast cancer treatment considering the entire pandemic period (2020–2021). These results suggest a prompt resumption of surgical activity similar to the pre-pandemic period. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection New Insights into Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment)
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15 pages, 604 KiB  
Review
Precision Oncology in Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors
by Hiba Mechahougui, Montemurro Michael and Alex Friedlaender
Curr. Oncol. 2023, 30(5), 4648-4662; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30050351 - 30 Apr 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2309
Abstract
GIST (gastrointestinal stromal tumors) represent 20% of sarcomatous tumors and 1–2% of primary gastrointestinal cancers. They have an excellent prognosis when localized and resectable, though their prognosis is poor in the metastatic setting, with limited options after the second line until recently. Four [...] Read more.
GIST (gastrointestinal stromal tumors) represent 20% of sarcomatous tumors and 1–2% of primary gastrointestinal cancers. They have an excellent prognosis when localized and resectable, though their prognosis is poor in the metastatic setting, with limited options after the second line until recently. Four lines are now standard in KIT-mutated GIST and one in PDGFRA-mutated GIST. An exponential growth of new treatments is expected in this era of molecular diagnostic techniques and systematic sequencing. Currently, the main challenge remains the emergence of resistance linked to secondary mutations caused by selective pressure induced by TKIs. Repeating biopsies to tailor treatments might be a step in the right direction, and liquid biopsies at progression may offer a non-invasive alternative. New molecules with wider KIT inhibition are under investigation and could change the catalog and the sequence of existing treatments. Combination therapies may also be an approach to overcome current resistance mechanisms. Here, we review the current epidemiology and biology of GIST and discuss future management options, with an emphasis on genome-oriented therapies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Combination Therapy in Gastrointestinal Cancers)
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16 pages, 1597 KiB  
Article
Impact of Fixed-Duration Oral Targeted Therapies on the Economic Burden of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia in Canada
by Jean Lachaine, Kimberly Guinan, Andrew Aw, Versha Banerji, Isabelle Fleury and Carolyn Owen
Curr. Oncol. 2023, 30(5), 4483-4498; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30050339 - 24 Apr 2023
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2218
Abstract
Background: Continuous oral targeted therapies (OTT) represent a major economic burden on the Canadian healthcare system, due to their high cost and administration until disease progression/toxicity. The recent introduction of venetoclax-based fixed-duration combination therapies has the potential to reduce such costs. This study [...] Read more.
Background: Continuous oral targeted therapies (OTT) represent a major economic burden on the Canadian healthcare system, due to their high cost and administration until disease progression/toxicity. The recent introduction of venetoclax-based fixed-duration combination therapies has the potential to reduce such costs. This study aims to estimate the prevalence and the cost of CLL in Canada with the introduction of fixed OTT. Methods: A state transition Markov model was developed and included five health states: watchful waiting, first-line treatment, relapsed/refractory treatment, and death. The number of CLL patients and total cost associated with CLL management in Canada for both continuous- and fixed-treatment-duration OTT were projected from 2020 to 2025. Costs included drug acquisition, follow-up/monitoring, adverse event, and palliative care. Results: The CLL prevalence in Canada is projected to increase from 15,512 to 19,517 between 2020 and 2025. Annual costs were projected at C$880.7 and C$703.1 million in 2025, for continuous and fixed OTT scenarios, respectively. Correspondingly, fixed OTT would provide a total cost reduction of C$213.8 million (5.94%) from 2020 to 2025, compared to continuous OTT. Conclusions: Fixed OTT is expected to result in major reductions in cost burden over the 5-year projection, compared to continuous OTT. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Economic Burden of Cancer)
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22 pages, 982 KiB  
Review
‘Targeting’ Improved Outcomes with Antibody-Drug Conjugates in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer—An Updated Review
by Saurav Verma, Daniel Breadner and Jacques Raphael
Curr. Oncol. 2023, 30(4), 4329-4350; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30040330 - 20 Apr 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 10586
Abstract
Antibody-Drug conjugates (ADCs) are a relatively new class of drugs with a promise to improve the outcomes in specific cancers. By delivering the cytotoxic agent to tumor cells expressing specific antigens, ADCs achieve a better therapeutic index and more potency. ADCs have been [...] Read more.
Antibody-Drug conjugates (ADCs) are a relatively new class of drugs with a promise to improve the outcomes in specific cancers. By delivering the cytotoxic agent to tumor cells expressing specific antigens, ADCs achieve a better therapeutic index and more potency. ADCs have been approved for several hematological and solid malignancies, including breast, urothelial and gastric carcinoma. Recently, trastuzumab deruxtecan (TDXd) was the first ADC approved for previously treated metastatic HER2-mutant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Many promising ADCs are in the pipeline for clinical development in non-small cell lung cancer, including sacituzumab govitecan, patritumab deruxtecan, datopotamab deruxtecan and tusamitamab ravtansine. There is a hope that these drugs would cater to the unmet need of specific patient populations, including patients with currently untargetable mutations. We hope these drugs, e.g., TROP2 targeted ADCs, will also give more options for therapy in NSCLC to improve outcomes for patients. In this comprehensive review, we will be discussing the recent evidence including targets, efficacy and the safety of newer ADC candidates in NSCLC. We will also briefly discuss the specific toxicities, novel biomarkers, overcoming resistance mechanisms, challenges and the way forward, as these new ADCs and combinations find a way into the clinical practice. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Evolving Role of Antibody Drug Conjugates in Cancer Therapy)
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10 pages, 271 KiB  
Review
Single-Port Robot-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy: Where Do We Stand?
by Antonio Franco, Antony A. Pellegrino, Cosimo De Nunzio, Morgan Salkowski, Jamal C. Jackson, Lucas B. Zukowski, Enrico Checcucci, Srinivas Vourganti, Alexander K. Chow, Francesco Porpiglia, Jihad Kaouk, Simone Crivellaro and Riccardo Autorino
Curr. Oncol. 2023, 30(4), 4301-4310; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30040328 - 20 Apr 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2435
Abstract
In 2018, the da Vinci Single Port (SP) robotic system was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for urologic procedures. Available studies for the application of SP to prostate cancer surgery are limited. The aim of our study is to summarize [...] Read more.
In 2018, the da Vinci Single Port (SP) robotic system was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for urologic procedures. Available studies for the application of SP to prostate cancer surgery are limited. The aim of our study is to summarize the current evidence on the techniques and outcomes of SP robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (SP-RARLP) procedures. A narrative review of the literature was performed in January 2023. Preliminary results suggest that SP-RALP is safe and feasible, and it can offer comparable outcomes to the standard multiport RALP. Extraperitoneal and transvesical SP-RALP appear to be the two most promising approaches, as they offer decreased invasiveness, potentially shorter length of stay, and better pain control. Long-term, high-quality data are missing and further validation with prospective studies across different sites is required. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surgery for Prostate Cancer: Recent Advances and Future Directions)
11 pages, 266 KiB  
Review
Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer, Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors, and Beyond
by Sree M. Lanka, Nicholas A. Zorko, Emmanuel S. Antonarakis and Pedro C. Barata
Curr. Oncol. 2023, 30(4), 4246-4256; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30040323 - 19 Apr 2023
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4176
Abstract
The therapeutic landscape of several genitourinary malignancies has been revolutionized by the development of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs); however, the utility of immunotherapies in prostate cancer has been limited, partly due to the immunologically “cold” tumor terrain of prostate cancer. As of today, [...] Read more.
The therapeutic landscape of several genitourinary malignancies has been revolutionized by the development of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs); however, the utility of immunotherapies in prostate cancer has been limited, partly due to the immunologically “cold” tumor terrain of prostate cancer. As of today, pembrolizumab is the only immune checkpoint inhibitor approved for the treatment of metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) in a select group of patients with high microsatellite instability (MSI-H), deficient mismatch repair (dMMR), or high tumor mutational burden (TMB). Looking ahead, several combinatorial approaches with ICIs involving radioligands, radiotherapy, PARP inhibitors, interleukin inhibitors, and cancer vaccines are exploring a potential synergistic effect. Furthermore, B7-H3 is an alternative checkpoint that may hold promise in adding to the treatment landscape of mCRPC. This review aims to summarize previous monotherapy and combination therapy trials of ICIs as well as novel immunotherapy combination therapeutic strategies and treatment targets in mCRPC. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Cancer Therapy: State of the Art and Future Perspectives)
13 pages, 802 KiB  
Review
Immunotherapy in Early-Stage Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC): Current Evidence and Perspectives
by Chiara Lazzari, Calogera Claudia Spagnolo, Giuliana Ciappina, Martina Di Pietro, Andrea Squeri, Maria Ilenia Passalacqua, Silvia Marchesi, Vanesa Gregorc and Mariacarmela Santarpia
Curr. Oncol. 2023, 30(4), 3684-3696; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30040280 - 27 Mar 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 5344
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in the world. Surgery is the most potentially curative therapeutic option for patients with early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The five-year survival for these patients remains poor and variable, depending on the stage [...] Read more.
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in the world. Surgery is the most potentially curative therapeutic option for patients with early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The five-year survival for these patients remains poor and variable, depending on the stage of disease at diagnosis, and the risk of recurrence following tumor resection is high. During the last 20 years, there has been a modest improvement in the therapeutic strategies for resectable NSCLC. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), alone or in combination with chemotherapy, have become the cornerstone for the treatment of metastatic NSCLC patients. Recently, their clinical development has been shifted in the neoadjuvant and adjuvant settings where they have demonstrated remarkable efficacy, leading to improved clinical outcomes. Based on the positive results from phase III trials, ICIs have become a therapeutic option in neoadjuvant and adjuvant settings. On October 2021 the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved atezolizumab as an adjuvant treatment following surgery and platinum-based chemotherapy for patients with NSCLC whose tumors express PD-L1 ≥ 1%. In March 2022, nivolumab in combination with platinum-doublet chemotherapy was approved for adult patients with resectable NSCLC in the neoadjuvant setting. The current review provides an updated overview of the clinical trials exploring the role of immunotherapy in patients with early-stage NSCLC, focusing on the biological rationale for their use in the perioperative setting. We will also discuss the role of potential predictive biomarkers to personalize therapy and optimize the incorporation of immunotherapy into the multimodality management of stage I-III NSCLC. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunotherapy in Thoracic Malignancies)
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14 pages, 729 KiB  
Article
Is It Safe to Switch from a Standard Anterior to Retzius-Sparing Approach in Robot-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy?
by Edward Lambert, Charlotte Allaeys, Camille Berquin, Pieter De Visschere, Sofie Verbeke, Ben Vanneste, Valerie Fonteyne, Charles Van Praet and Nicolaas Lumen
Curr. Oncol. 2023, 30(3), 3447-3460; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30030261 - 17 Mar 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2157
Abstract
Background: Retzius-sparing robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RS-RARP) has been shown to lead to better outcomes regarding early continence compared to standard anterior RARP (SA-RARP). The goal of this study was to assess the feasibility and safety of implementing RS-RARP in a tertiary center with [...] Read more.
Background: Retzius-sparing robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RS-RARP) has been shown to lead to better outcomes regarding early continence compared to standard anterior RARP (SA-RARP). The goal of this study was to assess the feasibility and safety of implementing RS-RARP in a tertiary center with experience in SA-RARP. Methods: From February 2020, all newly diagnosed non-metastatic prostate cancer patients for whom RARP was indicated were evaluated for RS-RARP. Data from the first 100 RS-RARP patients were prospectively collected and compared with data from the last 100 SA-RARP patients. Patients were evaluated for Clavien Dindo grade ≥3a complications, urinary continence after 2 and 6 weeks, 3, 6 and 12 months, erectile function, positive surgical margins (PSMs) and biochemical recurrence (BCR). Results: There was no significant difference in postoperative complications at Clavien-Dindo grade ≥3a (SA-RARP: 6, RS-RARP: 4; p = 0.292). At all time points, significantly higher proportions of RS-RARP patients were continent (p < 0.001). No significant differences in postoperative potency were observed (52% vs. 59%, respectively, p = 0.608). PSMs were more frequent in the RS-RARP group (43% vs. 29%, p = 0.034), especially in locally advanced tumors (pT3: 64.6% vs. 43.8%, p = 0.041—pT2: 23.5% vs. 15.4%, p = 0.329). The one-year BCR-free survival was 82.6% vs. 81.6% in the SA-RARP and RS-RARP groups, respectively (p = 0.567). The median follow-up was 22 [18–27] vs. 24.5 [17–35] months in the RS-RARP and SA-RARP groups, respectively (p = 0.008). Conclusions: The transition from SA-RARP to RS-RARP can be safely performed by surgeons proficient in SA-RARP. Continence results after RS-RARP were significantly better at any time point. A higher proportion of PSMs was observed, although it did not result in a worse BCR-free survival. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surgery for Prostate Cancer: Recent Advances and Future Directions)
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30 pages, 1317 KiB  
Systematic Review
Relation of Mean Platelet Volume (MPV) with Cancer: A Systematic Review with a Focus on Disease Outcome on Twelve Types of Cancer
by Paraskevi Detopoulou, George I. Panoutsopoulos, Marina Mantoglou, Periklis Michailidis, Ifigenia Pantazi, Spyros Papadopoulos and Andrea Paola Rojas Gil
Curr. Oncol. 2023, 30(3), 3391-3420; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30030258 - 14 Mar 2023
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 9905
Abstract
Inflammatory proteins activate platelets, which have been observed to be directly related to cancer progression and development. The aim of this systematic review is to investigate the possible association between Mean Platelet Volume (MPV) and cancer (diagnostic capacity of MPV, relation to survival, [...] Read more.
Inflammatory proteins activate platelets, which have been observed to be directly related to cancer progression and development. The aim of this systematic review is to investigate the possible association between Mean Platelet Volume (MPV) and cancer (diagnostic capacity of MPV, relation to survival, the severity of the disease, and metastasis). A literature review was performed in the online database PubMed and Google Scholar for the period of 2010–2022. In total, 83 studies including 21,034 participants with 12 different types of cancer (i.e., gastric cancer, colon cancer, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, renal cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, thyroid cancer, lung cancer, bladder cancer, gallbladder cancer, and multiple myeloma) were identified. The role of MPV has been extensively investigated in several types of cancer, such as gastric, colon, breast, and lung cancer, while few data exist for other types, such as renal, gallbladder cancer, and multiple myeloma. Most studies in gastric, breast, endometrium, thyroid, and lung cancer documented an elevated MPV in cancer patients. Data were less clear-cut for esophageal, ovarian, and colon cancer, while reduced MPV was observed in renal cell carcinoma and gallbladder cancer. Several studies on colon cancer (4 out of 6) and fewer on lung cancer (4 out of 10) indicated an unfavorable role of increased MPV regarding mortality. As far as other cancer types are concerned, fewer studies were conducted. MPV can be used as a potential biomarker in cancer diagnosis and could be a useful tool for the optimization of treatment strategies. Possible underlying mechanisms between cancer and MPV are discussed. However, further studies are needed to elucidate the exact role of MPV in cancer progression and metastasis. Full article
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15 pages, 841 KiB  
Review
Kidney Injury in Children after Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant
by Vinson James, Joseph Angelo and Lama Elbahlawan
Curr. Oncol. 2023, 30(3), 3329-3343; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30030253 - 13 Mar 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2561
Abstract
Hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT), used for treatment of many malignant and non-malignant pediatric diseases, is associated with serious complications, limiting this therapy’s benefit. Acute kidney injury (AKI), seen often after HCT, can occur at different stages of the transplant process and contributes to [...] Read more.
Hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT), used for treatment of many malignant and non-malignant pediatric diseases, is associated with serious complications, limiting this therapy’s benefit. Acute kidney injury (AKI), seen often after HCT, can occur at different stages of the transplant process and contributes to morbidity and mortality after HCT. The etiology of AKI is often multifactorial, including kidney hypoperfusion, nephrotoxicity from immunosuppressive and antimicrobial agents, and other transplant-related complications such as transplant-associated thrombotic microangiopathy and sinusoidal obstructive syndrome. Early recognition of AKI is crucial to prevent further AKI and associated complications. Initial management includes identifying the etiology of AKI, preventing further kidney hypoperfusion, adjusting nephrotoxic medications, and preventing fluid overload. Some patients will require further support with kidney replacement therapy to manage fluid overload and AKI. Biomarkers of AKI, such as neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin can aid in detecting AKI before a rise in serum creatinine, allowing earlier intervention. Long-term kidney dysfunction is also prominent in this population. Therefore, long-term follow-up and monitoring of renal function (glomerular filtration rate, microalbuminuria) is required along with management of hypertension, which can contribute to chronic kidney disease. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Multi-disciplinary Approach to the Prevention and Management of Cancer-Related Toxicities)
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19 pages, 692 KiB  
Review
Anal Cancer: The Past, Present and Future
by Talha Ashraf Gondal, Noman Chaudhary, Husnaat Bajwa, Aribah Rauf, Duc Le and Shahid Ahmed
Curr. Oncol. 2023, 30(3), 3232-3250; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30030246 - 11 Mar 2023
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5967
Abstract
Anal cancer is a rare cancer that accounts for about 2% of all gastrointestinal tract malignancies. Among anal cancer, squamous cell cancer is the most common malignancy. The incidence of all stages of anal squamous cell cancer has been increasing. Human papillomavirus infection [...] Read more.
Anal cancer is a rare cancer that accounts for about 2% of all gastrointestinal tract malignancies. Among anal cancer, squamous cell cancer is the most common malignancy. The incidence of all stages of anal squamous cell cancer has been increasing. Human papillomavirus infection and immunosuppression are major risk factors for anal cancer. The management of anal cancer has evolved over the past several decades and continues to do so. Chemoradiation therapy remains the mainstay for treatment for most patients with early-stage disease, whereas systemic therapy is the primary treatment for patients with metastatic disease. Patients with persistent disease or recurrence following chemoradiation therapy are treated with salvage surgery. Access to novel cytotoxic combinations and immunotherapy has improved the outcomes of patients with advanced disease. This review provides an overview of advances in the management of anal cancer over the past two decades. This paper reviews the epidemiology, risk factors, pathology, diagnosis, and management of localized and advanced anal squamous cell cancer, highlights current knowledge gaps in the management of anal cancer, and discusses future directions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Gastrointestinal Oncology)
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12 pages, 4250 KiB  
Article
Validity of a Self-Assessment Skin Tone Palette Compared to a Colorimeter for Characterizing Skin Color for Skin Cancer Research
by Michelle K. Martin, Tanzida Zaman, Amanda M. Okello and Leslie K. Dennis
Curr. Oncol. 2023, 30(3), 3189-3200; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30030241 - 8 Mar 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 7245
Abstract
Our goal is to determine whether our objective 9-point Self-Assessment Skin Tone Palette (SASTP) is correlated with a colorimeter’s assessment of a melanin index, so that Hispanic and Black people can be included in skin cancer research where scales were developed for White [...] Read more.
Our goal is to determine whether our objective 9-point Self-Assessment Skin Tone Palette (SASTP) is correlated with a colorimeter’s assessment of a melanin index, so that Hispanic and Black people can be included in skin cancer research where scales were developed for White populations. Subjects were asked to self-identify their skin tones using the SASTP. This study assessed the criterion validity of the SASTP by measuring a range of skin colors compared to a melanin index reported from a colorimeter for the upper-inner arm (non-sun-exposed skin color), and the outer forearm (sun-exposed). Among 188 non-artificial tanners, 50% were White, 30% were Hispanic or White-Hispanic, and 20% were other racial categories. Meanwhile, 70% were female (30% male) and 81% were age 18–29 (19% age 30+). The mean melanin of the upper-inner arm decreased with lighter skin color and stronger tendency to burn. The SASTP in comparison to melanin index values was correlated for both the upper-inner arm (r = 0.81, p < 0.001) and the outer forearm (r = 0.77, p < 0.001). The SASTP provides a 9-point scale that can be considered as an alternative, less expensive method that is comparable to the objective colorimeter melanin index, which may be useful in studies on skin cancer among White, non-White, and Hispanic peoples. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Skin Cancer)
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16 pages, 333 KiB  
Review
Stage III Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: An Overview of Treatment Options
by Francesco Petrella, Stefania Rizzo, Ilaria Attili, Antonio Passaro, Thomas Zilli, Francesco Martucci, Luca Bonomo, Filippo Del Grande, Monica Casiraghi, Filippo De Marinis and Lorenzo Spaggiari
Curr. Oncol. 2023, 30(3), 3160-3175; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30030239 - 7 Mar 2023
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 5247
Abstract
Lung cancer is the second-most commonly diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. The most common histological type is non-small-cell lung cancer, accounting for 85% of all lung cancer cases. About one out of three new cases of non-small-cell lung [...] Read more.
Lung cancer is the second-most commonly diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. The most common histological type is non-small-cell lung cancer, accounting for 85% of all lung cancer cases. About one out of three new cases of non-small-cell lung cancer are diagnosed at a locally advanced stage—mainly stage III—consisting of a widely heterogeneous group of patients presenting significant differences in terms of tumor volume, local diffusion, and lymph nodal involvement. Stage III NSCLC therapy is based on the pivotal role of multimodal treatment, including surgery, radiotherapy, and a wide-ranging option of systemic treatments. Radical surgery is indicated in the case of hilar lymphnodal involvement or single station mediastinal ipsilateral involvement, possibly after neoadjuvant chemotherapy; the best appropriate treatment for multistation mediastinal lymph node involvement still represents a matter of debate. Although the main scope of treatments in this setting is potentially curative, the overall survival rates are still poor, ranging from 36% to 26% and 13% in stages IIIA, IIIB, and IIIC, respectively. The aim of this article is to provide an up-to-date, comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art treatments for stage III non-small-cell lung cancer. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in the Treatment of Resectable Non-small Cell Lung Cancer)
26 pages, 899 KiB  
Review
Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma: A Review of Available Therapies and Clinical Scenarios Encountered in Myeloma Relapse
by Parva Bhatt, Colin Kloock and Raymond Comenzo
Curr. Oncol. 2023, 30(2), 2322-2347; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30020179 - 15 Feb 2023
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 7530
Abstract
Multiple myeloma remains an incurable disease with the usual disease course requiring induction therapy, autologous stem cell transplantation for eligible patients, and long-term maintenance. Risk stratification tools and cytogenetic alterations help inform individualized therapeutic choices for patients in hopes of achieving long-term remissions [...] Read more.
Multiple myeloma remains an incurable disease with the usual disease course requiring induction therapy, autologous stem cell transplantation for eligible patients, and long-term maintenance. Risk stratification tools and cytogenetic alterations help inform individualized therapeutic choices for patients in hopes of achieving long-term remissions with preserved quality of life. Unfortunately, relapses occur at different stages of the course of the disease owing to the biological heterogeneity of the disease. Addressing relapse can be complex and challenging as there are both therapy- and patient-related factors to consider. In this broad scoping review of available therapies in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM), we cover the pharmacologic mechanisms underlying active therapies such as immunomodulatory agents (IMiDs), proteasome inhibitors (PIs), monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), traditional chemotherapy, and Venetoclax. We then review the clinical data supporting the use of these therapies, organized based on drug resistance/refractoriness, and the role of autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT). Approaches to special situations during relapse such as renal impairment and extramedullary disease are also covered. Lastly, we look towards the future by briefly reviewing the clinical data supporting the use of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR-T) therapy, bispecific T cell engagers (BITE), and Cereblon E3 Ligase Modulators (CELMoDs). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Treatment Strategies for Relapsed and Refractory Multiple Myeloma)
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10 pages, 987 KiB  
Article
“Well, to Be Honest, I Don’t Have an Idea of What It Might Be”—A Qualitative Study on Knowledge and Awareness Regarding Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer
by Luisa Leonie Brokmeier, Katharina Diehl, Bianca Annika Spähn, Charlotte Jansen, Tobias Konkel, Wolfgang Uter and Tatiana Görig
Curr. Oncol. 2023, 30(2), 2290-2299; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30020177 - 15 Feb 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2342
Abstract
Nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is the most common cancer type in Western industrialized countries. However, research into the knowledge and awareness in the general population regarding NMSC is still scarce. This qualitative study aims to fill this research gap. Face-to-face, semi-structured interviews with [...] Read more.
Nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is the most common cancer type in Western industrialized countries. However, research into the knowledge and awareness in the general population regarding NMSC is still scarce. This qualitative study aims to fill this research gap. Face-to-face, semi-structured interviews with 20 individuals aged 55–85 years were conducted between February and October 2020. Transcribed interviews were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. The term “white skin cancer”—the German colloquial term of NMSC—was well-known, but the incidence was underestimated. None of the participants could give a precise definition of NMSC, and various alterations in the skin were, partially wrongly, stated as potential signs for NMSC. As risk factors for NMSC, solar radiation, and fair skin type were mentioned most often. The perceived individual risk of developing NMSC and risk compared to individuals of the same age and gender were low in our sample. Own knowledge about NMSC was mostly perceived to be insufficient, and the majority of the sample would like to receive more information on NMSC. Our results emphasize a need to inform about the signs and risks of NMSC not only in the studied older age group but also in younger people. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Updates on Skin Cancer Prevention, Early Diagnosis and Treatment)
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15 pages, 5792 KiB  
Review
The Landscape of Immunotherapy for Retroperitoneal Sarcoma
by Alicia A. Gingrich, Elise F. Nassif, Christina L. Roland and Emily Z. Keung
Curr. Oncol. 2023, 30(2), 2144-2158; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30020165 - 9 Feb 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2674
Abstract
Significant multidisciplinary scientific effort has been undertaken to understand the heterogeneous family of neoplasms that comprise soft tissue sarcomas. Within this family of neoplasms, outcomes for retroperitoneal sarcomas (RPS) are currently limited given a lack of effective therapies. In this review, we focus [...] Read more.
Significant multidisciplinary scientific effort has been undertaken to understand the heterogeneous family of neoplasms that comprise soft tissue sarcomas. Within this family of neoplasms, outcomes for retroperitoneal sarcomas (RPS) are currently limited given a lack of effective therapies. In this review, we focus on immunotherapy and its relationship with the common RPS histologic subtypes. Although initial outcomes for RPS patients with immune checkpoint inhibition alone have been somewhat disappointing, subsequent analyses on histologies, the tumor microenvironment, sarcoma immune class, tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and genetic analysis for tumor mutational burden have yielded insight into the interplay between sarcomas and immunotherapy. Such approaches have all provided critical insight into the environment and characterization of these tumors, with targets for potential immunotherapy in future clinical trials. With this insight, molecularly tailored combination treatments for improving response rates and oncologic outcomes for RPS are promising. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Frontiers in the Management of Retroperitoneal Soft Tissue Sarcoma)
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23 pages, 1894 KiB  
Review
Application of CRISPR/Cas9 Technology in Cancer Treatment: A Future Direction
by Ali A. Rabaan, Hajir AlSaihati, Rehab Bukhamsin, Muhammed A. Bakhrebah, Majed S. Nassar, Abdulmonem A. Alsaleh, Yousef N. Alhashem, Ammar Y. Bukhamseen, Khalil Al-Ruhimy, Mohammed Alotaibi, Roua A. Alsubki, Hejji E. Alahmed, Saleh Al-Abdulhadi, Fatemah A. Alhashem, Ahlam A. Alqatari, Ahmed Alsayyah, Ramadan Abdelmoez Farahat, Rwaa H. Abdulal, Ali H. Al-Ahmed, Mohd. Imran and Ranjan K. Mohapatraadd Show full author list remove Hide full author list
Curr. Oncol. 2023, 30(2), 1954-1976; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30020152 - 6 Feb 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 8931
Abstract
Gene editing, especially with clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats associated protein 9 (CRISPR-Cas9), has advanced gene function science. Gene editing’s rapid advancement has increased its medical/clinical value. Due to its great specificity and efficiency, CRISPR/Cas9 can accurately and swiftly screen the whole [...] Read more.
Gene editing, especially with clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats associated protein 9 (CRISPR-Cas9), has advanced gene function science. Gene editing’s rapid advancement has increased its medical/clinical value. Due to its great specificity and efficiency, CRISPR/Cas9 can accurately and swiftly screen the whole genome. This simplifies disease-specific gene therapy. To study tumor origins, development, and metastasis, CRISPR/Cas9 can change genomes. In recent years, tumor treatment research has increasingly employed this method. CRISPR/Cas9 can treat cancer by removing genes or correcting mutations. Numerous preliminary tumor treatment studies have been conducted in relevant fields. CRISPR/Cas9 may treat gene-level tumors. CRISPR/Cas9-based personalized and targeted medicines may shape tumor treatment. This review examines CRISPR/Cas9 for tumor therapy research, which will be helpful in providing references for future studies on the pathogenesis of malignancy and its treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Successes, Challenges, and Ways Forward in the Field of Global Oncology)
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13 pages, 640 KiB  
Review
Pilomatrix Carcinoma: Report of Two Cases of the Head and Review of the Literature
by Ludovica Toffoli, Giulia Bazzacco, Claudio Conforti, Claudio Guarneri, Roberta Giuffrida, Enrico Zelin, Nicola di Meo and Iris Zalaudek
Curr. Oncol. 2023, 30(2), 1426-1438; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30020109 - 19 Jan 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2658
Abstract
Background: Pilomatrix carcinoma (PC) is a rare skin tumor arising from hair follicle matrix cells. It is locally aggressive with a high rate of local recurrence after surgical excision. Few cases in the literature have been described and the management is not well [...] Read more.
Background: Pilomatrix carcinoma (PC) is a rare skin tumor arising from hair follicle matrix cells. It is locally aggressive with a high rate of local recurrence after surgical excision. Few cases in the literature have been described and the management is not well defined. Objectives: The aim of this study was to present two cases of PC located on the head and review the relevant literature about epidemiology, clinical and dermoscopic evaluation, characteristics of local and distant metastases, local recurrence rate and management of this rare skin tumor. Methods: We consulted databases from PubMed, Research Gate and Google Scholar, from January 2012 to November 2022. We reviewed the literature and reported two additional cases. Results: We selected 52 tumors in middle-aged to older patients located mostly on the head. Dermoscopy evaluation was rarely performed in the pre-operative diagnostic setting. The most definitive treatment was wide local excision, but local recurrences were common. In total, we observed 11 cases of recurrences and 9 patients with locoregional or distant metastases. Four patients received adjuvant radiotherapy, two patients needed chemotherapy and local cancer therapy and one patient received radiochemotherapy. Conclusion: Our reports and the review of the literature can provide a better awareness and management of this rare tumor. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Dermato-Oncology)
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18 pages, 4470 KiB  
Article
Prognostic Significance of p53 and p63 in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma: A Single-Institution Experience
by Juan Carlos Alvarez Moreno, Hisham F. Bahmad, Abed Alhalim Aljamal, Ruben Delgado, Ali Salami, Carolina Guillot, Amilcar A. Castellano-Sánchez, Ana Maria Medina and Vathany Sriganeshan
Curr. Oncol. 2023, 30(2), 1314-1331; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30020102 - 17 Jan 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1976
Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common lymphoma in adults. We evaluated the immunohistochemical (IHC) expression of p63 and p53 in DLBCL and their significance on overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 177 [...] Read more.
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common lymphoma in adults. We evaluated the immunohistochemical (IHC) expression of p63 and p53 in DLBCL and their significance on overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 177 patients with DLBCL who presented to Mount Sinai Medical Center of Florida (Miami Beach, Florida) between 2010 and 2020. IHC staining for p63 and p53 protein expression was performed. A significant correlation was found between p63 positivity and p53 expression, p53/p63 co-positivity, Ki-67 proliferation index, MYC expression, and MYC/BCL2 double expression. Regardless of the germinal center B-cell like (GCB) subgrouping, there was a trend among p53+ patients to have MYC/BCL2 double expression, positive MYC expression, and lower OS and PFS. A tendency of poor OS was seen in p53+ patients in the non-GCB, GCB, and double expressors subgroups and poor PFS in p53+ patients regardless of the subgrouping. In conclusion, our results suggest that p63 and p53 may represent potential additional prognostic biomarkers in DLBCL and may be included in the initial diagnostic work up of patients with DLBCL. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Hematology)
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15 pages, 878 KiB  
Article
Machine Learning Approaches with Textural Features to Calculate Breast Density on Mammography
by Mario Sansone, Roberta Fusco, Francesca Grassi, Gianluca Gatta, Maria Paola Belfiore, Francesca Angelone, Carlo Ricciardi, Alfonso Maria Ponsiglione, Francesco Amato, Roberta Galdiero, Roberta Grassi, Vincenza Granata and Roberto Grassi
Curr. Oncol. 2023, 30(1), 839-853; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30010064 - 7 Jan 2023
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2634
Abstract
Background: breast cancer (BC) is the world’s most prevalent cancer in the female population, with 2.3 million new cases diagnosed worldwide in 2020. The great efforts made to set screening campaigns, early detection programs, and increasingly targeted treatments led to significant improvement in [...] Read more.
Background: breast cancer (BC) is the world’s most prevalent cancer in the female population, with 2.3 million new cases diagnosed worldwide in 2020. The great efforts made to set screening campaigns, early detection programs, and increasingly targeted treatments led to significant improvement in patients’ survival. The Full-Field Digital Mammograph (FFDM) is considered the gold standard method for the early diagnosis of BC. From several previous studies, it has emerged that breast density (BD) is a risk factor in the development of BC, affecting the periodicity of screening plans present today at an international level. Objective: in this study, the focus is the development of mammographic image processing techniques that allow the extraction of indicators derived from textural patterns of the mammary parenchyma indicative of BD risk factors. Methods: a total of 168 patients were enrolled in the internal training and test set while a total of 51 patients were enrolled to compose the external validation cohort. Different Machine Learning (ML) techniques have been employed to classify breasts based on the values of the tissue density. Textural features were extracted only from breast parenchyma with which to train classifiers, thanks to the aid of ML algorithms. Results: the accuracy of different tested classifiers varied between 74.15% and 93.55%. The best results were reached by a Support Vector Machine (accuracy of 93.55% and a percentage of true positives and negatives equal to TPP = 94.44% and TNP = 92.31%). The best accuracy was not influenced by the choice of the features selection approach. Considering the external validation cohort, the SVM, as the best classifier with the 7 features selected by a wrapper method, showed an accuracy of 0.95, a sensitivity of 0.96, and a specificity of 0.90. Conclusions: our preliminary results showed that the Radiomics analysis and ML approach allow us to objectively identify BD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection New Insights into Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment)
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14 pages, 1490 KiB  
Review
Morbidity and Mortality after Surgery for Retroperitoneal Sarcoma
by Samantha M. Ruff, Valerie P. Grignol, Carlo M. Contreras, Raphael E. Pollock and Joal D. Beane
Curr. Oncol. 2023, 30(1), 492-505; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30010039 - 29 Dec 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3894
Abstract
Retroperitoneal sarcoma (RPS) is a rare disease with over 100 histologic types and accounts for 10–15% of all soft tissue sarcomas. Due to the rarity of RPS, sarcoma centers in Europe and North America have created the Transatlantic RPS Working Group (TARPSWG) to [...] Read more.
Retroperitoneal sarcoma (RPS) is a rare disease with over 100 histologic types and accounts for 10–15% of all soft tissue sarcomas. Due to the rarity of RPS, sarcoma centers in Europe and North America have created the Transatlantic RPS Working Group (TARPSWG) to study this disease and establish best practices for its management. Current guidelines dictate complete resection of all macro and microscopic disease as the gold standard for patients with RPS. Complete extirpation often requires a multi-visceral resection. In addition, recent evidence suggests that en bloc compartmental resections are associated with reduced rates of local recurrence. However, this approach must be balanced by the potential for added morbidity. Strategies to mitigate postoperative complications include optimization of the patient through improved preoperative nutrition and pre-habilitation therapy, referral to a high-volume sarcoma center, and implementation of enhanced recovery protocols. This review will focus on the factors associated with perioperative complications following surgery for RPS and outline approaches to mitigate poor surgical outcomes in this patient population. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Frontiers in the Management of Retroperitoneal Soft Tissue Sarcoma)
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27 pages, 9392 KiB  
Review
Applying Deep Learning for Breast Cancer Detection in Radiology
by Ella Mahoro and Moulay A. Akhloufi
Curr. Oncol. 2022, 29(11), 8767-8793; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol29110690 - 16 Nov 2022
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 10269
Abstract
Recent advances in deep learning have enhanced medical imaging research. Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer among women, and many applications have been developed to improve its early detection. The purpose of this review is to examine how various deep learning methods [...] Read more.
Recent advances in deep learning have enhanced medical imaging research. Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer among women, and many applications have been developed to improve its early detection. The purpose of this review is to examine how various deep learning methods can be applied to breast cancer screening workflows. We summarize deep learning methods, data availability and different screening methods for breast cancer including mammography, thermography, ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging. In this review, we will explore deep learning in diagnostic breast imaging and describe the literature review. As a conclusion, we discuss some of the limitations and opportunities of integrating artificial intelligence into breast cancer clinical practice. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection New Insights into Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment)
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11 pages, 1304 KiB  
Article
Trop-2 in Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma
by Eisuke Tomiyama, Kazutoshi Fujita, Kosuke Nakano, Ken Kuwahara, Takafumi Minami, Taigo Kato, Koji Hatano, Atsunari Kawashima, Motohide Uemura, Tetsuya Takao, Hiroaki Fushimi, Kotoe Katayama, Seiya Imoto, Kazuhiro Yoshimura, Ryoichi Imamura, Hirotsugu Uemura and Norio Nonomura
Curr. Oncol. 2022, 29(6), 3911-3921; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol29060312 - 30 May 2022
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2790
Abstract
Trophoblast cell surface antigen 2 (Trop-2, encoded by TACSTD2) is the target protein of sacituzumab govitecan, a novel antibody-drug conjugate for locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma. However, the expression status of Trop-2 in upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) remains unclear. We [...] Read more.
Trophoblast cell surface antigen 2 (Trop-2, encoded by TACSTD2) is the target protein of sacituzumab govitecan, a novel antibody-drug conjugate for locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma. However, the expression status of Trop-2 in upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) remains unclear. We performed immunohistochemical analysis of 99 UTUC samples to evaluate the expression status of Trop-2 in patients with UTUC and analyze its association with clinical outcomes. Trop-2 was positive in 94 of the 99 UTUC samples, and high Trop-2 expression was associated with favorable progression-free survival (PFS) and cancer-specific survival (p = 0.0011, 0.0046). Multivariate analysis identified high Trop-2 expression as an independent predictor of favorable PFS (all cases, p = 0.045; high-risk group (pT3≤ or presence of lymphovascular invasion or lymph node metastasis), p = 0.014). Gene expression analysis using RNA sequencing data from 72 UTUC samples demonstrated the association between high TACSTD2 expression and favorable PFS (all cases, p = 0.069; high-risk group, p = 0.029). In conclusion, we demonstrated that Trop-2 is widely expressed in UTUC. Although high Trop-2 expression was a favorable prognostic factor in UTUC, its widespread expression suggests that sacituzumab govitecan may be effective for a wide range of UTUC. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Genitourinary Oncology)
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17 pages, 695 KiB  
Review
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Cancer Therapy
by Yavar Shiravand, Faezeh Khodadadi, Seyyed Mohammad Amin Kashani, Seyed Reza Hosseini-Fard, Shadi Hosseini, Habib Sadeghirad, Rahul Ladwa, Ken O’Byrne and Arutha Kulasinghe
Curr. Oncol. 2022, 29(5), 3044-3060; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol29050247 - 24 Apr 2022
Cited by 328 | Viewed by 23896
Abstract
The discovery of immune checkpoint proteins such as PD-1/PDL-1 and CTLA-4 represents a significant breakthrough in the field of cancer immunotherapy. Therefore, humanized monoclonal antibodies, targeting these immune checkpoint proteins have been utilized successfully in patients with metastatic melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, head [...] Read more.
The discovery of immune checkpoint proteins such as PD-1/PDL-1 and CTLA-4 represents a significant breakthrough in the field of cancer immunotherapy. Therefore, humanized monoclonal antibodies, targeting these immune checkpoint proteins have been utilized successfully in patients with metastatic melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, head and neck cancers and non-small lung cancer. The US FDA has successfully approved three different categories of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) such as PD-1 inhibitors (Nivolumab, Pembrolizumab, and Cemiplimab), PDL-1 inhibitors (Atezolimumab, Durvalumab and Avelumab), and CTLA-4 inhibitor (Ipilimumab). Unfortunately, not all patients respond favourably to these drugs, highlighting the role of biomarkers such as Tumour mutation burden (TMB), PDL-1 expression, microbiome, hypoxia, interferon-γ, and ECM in predicting responses to ICIs-based immunotherapy. The current study aims to review the literature and updates on ICIs in cancer therapy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Cancer Therapy: State of the Art and Future Perspectives)
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18 pages, 1804 KiB  
Review
State of the Art in Combination Immuno/Radiotherapy for Brain Metastases: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
by Masoumeh Najafi, Amin Jahanbakhshi, Marzieh Gomar, Cinzia Iotti, Lucia Giaccherini, Omid Rezaie, Francesco Cavallieri, Letizia Deantonio, Lilia Bardoscia, Andrea Botti, Angela Sardaro, Salvatore Cozzi and Patrizia Ciammella
Curr. Oncol. 2022, 29(5), 2995-3012; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol29050244 - 22 Apr 2022
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3508
Abstract
Objectives: Common origins for brain metastases (BMs) are melanoma, lung, breast, and renal cell cancers. BMs account for a large share of morbidity and mortality caused by these cancers. The advent of new immunotherapeutic treatments has made a revolution in the treatment of [...] Read more.
Objectives: Common origins for brain metastases (BMs) are melanoma, lung, breast, and renal cell cancers. BMs account for a large share of morbidity and mortality caused by these cancers. The advent of new immunotherapeutic treatments has made a revolution in the treatment of cancer patients and particularly, as a new concept, if it is combined with radiotherapy, may lead to considerably longer survival. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the survival rate and toxicities of such a combination in brain metastases. Methods: To perform a systematic review of the literature until January 2021 using electronic databases such as PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Embase; the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale was used to evaluate the quality of cohort studies. For data extraction, two reviewers extracted the data blindly and independently. Hazard ratio with 95% confidence interval (CI), fixed-effect model, and inverse-variance method was calculated. The meta-analysis has been evaluated with the statistical software Stata/MP v.16 (The fastest version of Stata). Results: In the first step, 494 studies were selected to review the abstracts, in the second step, the full texts of 86 studies were reviewed. Finally, 28 studies were selected consisting of 1465 patients. The addition of IT to RT in the treatment of brain metastasis from melanoma and non-small-cell lung carcinoma was associated with a 39% reduction in mortality rate and has prolonged overall survival, with an acceptable toxicity profile. The addition of IT to RT compared with RT alone has a hazard ratio of 0.39(95% CI 0.34–0.44). Conclusions: A combination of immuno/radiotherapy (IR) for the treatment of patients with BMs from melanoma and non-small-cell lung carcinoma has prolonged overall survival and reduced mortality rate, with acceptable toxicity. In terms of timing, RT seems to have the best effect on the result when performed before or simultaneously with immunotherapy. Full article
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9 pages, 565 KiB  
Article
Cutaneous Melanoma in Alpine Population: Incidence Trends and Clinicopathological Profile
by Alessandra Buja, Massimo Rugge, Giuseppe De Luca, Emanuela Bovo, Manuel Zorzi, Chiara De Toni, Claudia Cozzolino, Antonella Vecchiato, Paolo Del Fiore, Romina Spina, Sandro Cinquetti, Vincenzo Baldo, Carlo Riccardo Rossi and Simone Mocellin
Curr. Oncol. 2022, 29(3), 2165-2173; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol29030175 - 21 Mar 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2866
Abstract
Previous studies associated high-level exposure to ultraviolet radiation with a greater risk of cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM). This study focuses on the changing incidence of CMM over time (from 1990 to 2017) in the Veneto region of Northeast Italy, and its Alpine area [...] Read more.
Previous studies associated high-level exposure to ultraviolet radiation with a greater risk of cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM). This study focuses on the changing incidence of CMM over time (from 1990 to 2017) in the Veneto region of Northeast Italy, and its Alpine area (the province of Belluno). The clinicopathological profile of CMM by residence is also considered. A joinpoint regression analysis was performed to identify significant changes in the yearly incidence of CMM by sex and age. For each trend, the average annual percent change (AAPC) was also calculated. In the 2017 CMM cohort, the study includes a descriptive analysis of the disease’s categorical clinicopathological variables. In the population investigated, the incidence of CMM has increased significantly over the last 30 years. The AAPC in the incidence of CMM was significantly higher among Alpine residents aged 0–49 than for the rest of the region’s population (males: 6.9 versus 2.4; females 7.7 versus 2.7, respectively). Among the Alpine residents, the AAPC was 3.35 times greater for females aged 0–49 than for people aged 50+. The clinicopathological profile of CMM was significantly associated with the place of residence. Over three decades, the Veneto population has observed a significant increase in the incidence of CMM, and its AAPC. Both trends have been markedly more pronounced among Alpine residents, particularly younger females. While epidemiology and clinicopathological profiles support the role of UV radiation in CMM, the young age of this CMM-affected female population points to other possible host-related etiological factors. These findings also confirm the importance of primary and secondary prevention strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Skin Cancer)
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27 pages, 7464 KiB  
Review
Current Advances in the Management of Adult Craniopharyngiomas
by Montserrat Lara-Velazquez, Yusuf Mehkri, Eric Panther, Jairo Hernandez, Dinesh Rao, Peter Fiester, Raafat Makary, Michael Rutenberg, Daryoush Tavanaiepour and Gazanfar Rahmathulla
Curr. Oncol. 2022, 29(3), 1645-1671; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol29030138 - 4 Mar 2022
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 6515
Abstract
Craniopharyngiomas (CPs) are slow growing, histologically benign intracranial tumors located in the sellar–suprasellar region. Although known to have low mortality, their location and relationship to the adjacent neural structures results in patients having significant neurologic, endocrine, and visual comorbidities. The invasive nature of [...] Read more.
Craniopharyngiomas (CPs) are slow growing, histologically benign intracranial tumors located in the sellar–suprasellar region. Although known to have low mortality, their location and relationship to the adjacent neural structures results in patients having significant neurologic, endocrine, and visual comorbidities. The invasive nature of this tumor makes complete resection a challenge and contributes to its recurrence. Additionally, these tumors are bimodally distributed, being treated with surgery, and are followed by other adjuncts, such as focused radiation therapy, e.g., Gamma knife. Advances in surgical techniques, imaging tools, and instrumentations have resulted in the evolution of surgery using endoscopic techniques, with residual components being treated by radiotherapy to target the residual tumor. Advances in molecular biology have elucidated the main pathways involved in tumor development and recurrence, but presently, no other treatments are offered to patients, besides surgery, radiation, and endocrine management, as the disease and tumor evolve. We review the contemporary management of these tumors, from the evolution of surgical treatments, utilizing standard open microscopic approaches to the more recent endoscopic surgery, and discuss the current recommendations for care of these patients. We discuss the developments in radiation therapy, such as radiosurgery, being used as treatment strategies for craniopharyngioma, highlighting their beneficial effects on tumor resections while decreasing the rates of adverse outcomes. We also outline the recent chemotherapy modalities, which help control tumor growth, and the immune landscape on craniopharyngiomas that allow the development of novel immunotherapies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advancements in the Surgical Treatment of Brain Tumors)
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16 pages, 553 KiB  
Review
Immunotherapy in Gastric Cancer
by Anica Högner and Markus Moehler
Curr. Oncol. 2022, 29(3), 1559-1574; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol29030131 - 2 Mar 2022
Cited by 77 | Viewed by 11213
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibition is a new standard of targeted therapy in the treatment of advanced or metastatic gastric cancer (GC) and is represented in various combinations with and without chemotherapy in every therapy line within clinical trials. In advanced adenocarcinoma of GC, gastroesophageal [...] Read more.
Immune checkpoint inhibition is a new standard of targeted therapy in the treatment of advanced or metastatic gastric cancer (GC) and is represented in various combinations with and without chemotherapy in every therapy line within clinical trials. In advanced adenocarcinoma of GC, gastroesophageal junction cancer (GEJC) and esophageal cancer (EC), the combination of nivolumab and chemotherapy in first-line therapy improves overall survival (OS) in PD-L1 (programmed cell death protein 1)-positive patients with approval in Europe (PD-L1 CPS (combined positivity score) ≥ 5), USA and Taiwan (CHECKMATE-649) and pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy for GEJC and EC in Europe (CPS ≥ 10) and the USA (KEYNOTE-590). Furthermore, pembrolizumab plus trastuzumab and chemotherapy show clear benefits in OS and are approved as first-line treatment of Her2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor-2)-positive tumors in the USA (KEYNOTE-811). Nivolumab demonstrates superior OS regardless of PD-L1 expression in third-line therapy with approval in Japan (ATTRACTION-02) and pembrolizumab prolonged the duration of response in PD-L1 positive patients with approval in the USA in PD-L1 CPS ≥ 1 patients (KEYNOTE-059). This review reflects the rationale and current results of phase II and III clinical trials investigating various immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting PD-L1/1 and CTLA (anticytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen)-4 in combination with and without chemotherapy and Her2-targeted therapy in GC. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue In Search of More Effective and Less Invasive Ways to Treat Esophagus and Stomach Cancer)
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18 pages, 2497 KiB  
Article
Urothelial Bladder Carcinomas with High Tumor Mutation Burden Have a Better Prognosis and Targetable Molecular Defects beyond Immunotherapies
by Ioannis A. Voutsadakis
Curr. Oncol. 2022, 29(3), 1390-1407; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol29030117 - 24 Feb 2022
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3478
Abstract
Background: Urothelial bladder carcinomas had traditionally been difficult to treat cancers, with high morbidity and mortality rates when invasive and metastatic. In recent years, immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors has improved outcomes in several cancers, including bladder carcinomas. Despite positive overall results, many [...] Read more.
Background: Urothelial bladder carcinomas had traditionally been difficult to treat cancers, with high morbidity and mortality rates when invasive and metastatic. In recent years, immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors has improved outcomes in several cancers, including bladder carcinomas. Despite positive overall results, many bladder cancer patients do not respond to immunotherapies. Validated predictive biomarkers of response would advance the selection of patients for these treatments. Tumor mutation burden (TMB) has been suggested as an immunotherapy biomarker and thus delineation of attributes of tumors with a high TMB is clinically relevant. Methods: Publicly available genomic and clinical data from the urothelial bladder carcinoma cohort of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project are used to analyze characteristics and molecular alterations of the subset of cancers with an increased tumor mutation number compared with those with lower number of mutations. The cut-off for the high mutation burden in the analysis was set at 10 mutations per Megabase (MB). Results: In addition to their sensitivity to immune checkpoint inhibitors, urothelial carcinomas with high TMB possess several molecular defects that could be exploited for combinatorial treatments. Compared with bladder carcinomas with low TMB, carcinomas with high TMB display higher prevalence of mutations in tumor suppressor TP53, PIK3CA, in FAT4 cadherin and in genes encoding for several epigenetic modifier enzymes. The frequency of mutations in mismatch repair and DNA damage response genes is higher in cancers with high TMB. The group of urothelial carcinomas with high TMB has a better prognosis than the group with low TMB. This improved Overall Survival (OS) stems from improved survival of stage III cancers with high TMB compared with stage III cancers with low TMB, while stage II and stage IV cancers have similar OS, independently of their TMB. Conclusion: Differences of the landscape of high and low TMB urothelial cancers provides leads for further pathogenesis investigations and may prove useful for development of combination therapies including immunotherapies with targeted inhibitors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Advances in Clinical Genomics and Treatment of Urothelial Carcinoma)
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9 pages, 1577 KiB  
Article
Point of Care Molecular Testing: Community-Based Rapid Next-Generation Sequencing to Support Cancer Care
by Brandon S. Sheffield, Andrea Beharry, Joanne Diep, Kirstin Perdrizet, Marco A. J. Iafolla, William Raskin, Shaan Dudani, Mary Anne Brett, Blerta Starova, Brian Olsen and Parneet K. Cheema
Curr. Oncol. 2022, 29(3), 1326-1334; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol29030113 - 23 Feb 2022
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 5927
Abstract
Purpose: Biomarker data are critical to the delivery of precision cancer care. The average turnaround of next-generation sequencing (NGS) reports is over 2 weeks, and in-house availability is typically limited to academic centers. Lengthy turnaround times for biomarkers can adversely affect outcomes. [...] Read more.
Purpose: Biomarker data are critical to the delivery of precision cancer care. The average turnaround of next-generation sequencing (NGS) reports is over 2 weeks, and in-house availability is typically limited to academic centers. Lengthy turnaround times for biomarkers can adversely affect outcomes. Traditional workflows involve moving specimens through multiple facilities. This study evaluates the feasibility of rapid comprehensive NGS using the Genexus integrated sequencer and a novel streamlined workflow in a community setting. Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed to assess the early experience and performance characteristics of a novel approach to biomarker testing at a large community center. This approach to NGS included an automated workflow utilizing the Genexus integrated sequencer, validated for clinical use. NGS testing was further integrated within a routine immunohistochemistry (IHC) service, utilizing histotechnologists to perform technical aspects of NGS, with results reported directly by anatomic pathologists. Results: Between October 2020 and October 2021, 578 solid tumor samples underwent genomic profiling. Median turnaround time for biomarker results was 3 business days (IQR: 2–5). Four hundred eighty-one (83%) of the cases were resulted in fewer than 5 business days, and 66 (11%) of the cases were resulted simultaneously with diagnosis. Tumor types included lung cancer (310), melanoma (97), and colorectal carcinoma (68), among others. NGS testing detected key driver alterations at expected prevalence rates: lung EGFR (16%), ALK (3%), RET (1%), melanoma BRAF (43%), colorectal RAS/RAF (67%), among others. Conclusion: This is the first study demonstrating clinical implementation of rapid NGS. This supports the feasibility of automated comprehensive NGS performed and interpreted in parallel with diagnostic histopathology and immunohistochemistry. This novel approach to biomarker testing offers considerable advantages to clinical cancer care. Full article
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11 pages, 3285 KiB  
Systematic Review
Delayed Effect of Dendritic Cells Vaccination on Survival in Glioblastoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
by Salvatore Cozzi, Masoumeh Najafi, Marzieh Gomar, Patrizia Ciammella, Cinzia Iotti, Corrado Iaccarino, Massimo Dominici, Giacomo Pavesi, Chiara Chiavelli, Ali Kazemian and Amin Jahanbakhshi
Curr. Oncol. 2022, 29(2), 881-891; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol29020075 - 4 Feb 2022
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3474
Abstract
Background: Dendritic cell vaccination (DCV) strategies, thanks to a complex immune response, may flare tumor regression and improve patients’ long-term survival. This meta-analysis aims to assess the efficacy of DCV for newly diagnosed glioblastoma patients in clinical trials. Methods: The study databases, including [...] Read more.
Background: Dendritic cell vaccination (DCV) strategies, thanks to a complex immune response, may flare tumor regression and improve patients’ long-term survival. This meta-analysis aims to assess the efficacy of DCV for newly diagnosed glioblastoma patients in clinical trials. Methods: The study databases, including PubMed, Web of Knowledge, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Cochrane, were searched by two blinded investigators considering eligible studies based on the following keywords: “glioblastoma multiforme”, “dendritic cell”, “vaccination”, “immunotherapy”, “immune system”, “immune response”, “chemotherapy”, “recurrence”, and “temozolomide”. Among the 157 screened, only 15 articles were eligible for the final analysis. Results: Regimens including DCV showed no effect on 6-month progression-free survival (PFS, HR = 1.385, 95% CI: 0.822–2.335, p = 0.673) or on 6-month overall survival (OS, HR = 1.408, 95% CI: 0.882–2.248, p = 0.754). In contrast, DCV led to significantly longer 1-year OS (HR = 1.936, 95% CI: 1.396–2.85, p = 0.001) and longer 2-year OS (HR = 3.670, 95% CI: 2.291–5.879, p = 0.001) versus control groups. Hence, introducing DCV could lead to increased 1 and 2-year survival of patients by 1.9 and 3.6 times, respectively. Conclusion: Antitumor regimens including DCV can effectively improve mid-term survival in patients suffering glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), but its impact emerges only after one year from vaccination. These data indicate the need for more time to achieve an anti-GBM immune response and suggest additional therapeutics, such as checkpoint inhibitors, to empower an earlier DCV action in patients affected by a very poor prognosis. Full article
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17 pages, 1371 KiB  
Review
Endometrial Cancer: Transitioning from Histology to Genomics
by Cristina Mitric and Marcus Q. Bernardini
Curr. Oncol. 2022, 29(2), 741-757; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol29020063 - 31 Jan 2022
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 9718
Abstract
Endometrial carcinoma (EC) is traditionally treated with surgery and adjuvant treatment depending on clinicopathological risk factors. The genomic analysis of EC in 2013 and subsequent studies using immunohistochemistry have led to the current EC molecular classification into: polymerase epsilon mutated (POLEmut), p53 abnormal [...] Read more.
Endometrial carcinoma (EC) is traditionally treated with surgery and adjuvant treatment depending on clinicopathological risk factors. The genomic analysis of EC in 2013 and subsequent studies using immunohistochemistry have led to the current EC molecular classification into: polymerase epsilon mutated (POLEmut), p53 abnormal (p53abn), mismatch repair deficient (MMRd), and no specific molecular profile (NSMP). The four groups have prognostic value and represent a promising tool for clinical decision-making regarding adjuvant treatment. Molecular classification was integrated into the recent European Society of Gynecologic Oncology (ESGO) management guidelines. POLEmut EC has favorable outcomes and retrospective studies found that omitting adjuvant treatment is safe in this group; two prospective clinical trials, PORTEC-4 and TAPER, are ongoing to assess this. p53 abn is associated with increased recurrence, decreased survival, and benefitted from chemotherapy in the PORTEC-3 subgroup molecular analysis. The clinical trials PORTEC-4a and CANSTAMP will prospectively assess this. MMRd and NSMP groups have intermediate prognosis and will likely continue to rely closely on clinicopathological features for adjuvant treatment decisions. In addition, the molecular classification has led to exploring novel treatments such as checkpoint inhibitors. Overall, the molecular perspective on EC and associated clinical trials will likely refine EC risk stratification to optimize care and avoid overtreatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Frontiers in Treatment for Gynecologic Cancers)
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18 pages, 394 KiB  
Review
ROS-1 Fusions in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Evidence to Date
by Sébastien Gendarme, Olivier Bylicki, Christos Chouaid and Florian Guisier
Curr. Oncol. 2022, 29(2), 641-658; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol29020057 - 28 Jan 2022
Cited by 44 | Viewed by 7591
Abstract
The ROS-1 gene plays a major role in the oncogenesis of numerous tumors. ROS-1 rearrangement is found in 0.9–2.6% of non-small-cell lung cancers (NSCLCs), mostly lung adenocarcinomas, with a significantly higher rate of women, non-smokers, and a tendency to a younger age. It [...] Read more.
The ROS-1 gene plays a major role in the oncogenesis of numerous tumors. ROS-1 rearrangement is found in 0.9–2.6% of non-small-cell lung cancers (NSCLCs), mostly lung adenocarcinomas, with a significantly higher rate of women, non-smokers, and a tendency to a younger age. It has been demonstrated that ROS-1 is a true oncogenic driver, and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) targeting ROS-1 can block tumor growth and provide clinical benefit for the patient. Since 2016, crizotinib has been the first-line reference therapy, with two-thirds of the patients’ tumors responding and progression-free survival lasting ~20 months. More recently developed are ROS-1-targeting TKIs that are active against resistance mechanisms appearing under crizotinib and have better brain penetration. This review summarizes current knowledge on ROS-1 rearrangement in NSCLCs, including the mechanisms responsible for ROS-1 oncogenicity, epidemiology of ROS-1-positive tumors, methods for detecting rearrangement, phenotypic, histological, and molecular characteristics, and their therapeutic management. Much of this work is devoted to resistance mechanisms and the development of promising new molecules. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Treatments for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: The Multiple Options for Precision Medicine)
18 pages, 4372 KiB  
Article
Circulating Exosomal microRNAs as Predictive Biomarkers of Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Response in Breast Cancer
by Valentina K. Todorova, Stephanie D. Byrum, Allen J. Gies, Cade Haynie, Hunter Smith, Nathan S. Reyna and Issam Makhoul
Curr. Oncol. 2022, 29(2), 613-630; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol29020055 - 28 Jan 2022
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 5279
Abstract
Background: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) is an increasingly used approach for treatment of breast cancer. The pathological complete response (pCR) is considered a good predictor of disease-specific survival. This study investigated whether circulating exosomal microRNAs could predict pCR in breast cancer patients treated with [...] Read more.
Background: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) is an increasingly used approach for treatment of breast cancer. The pathological complete response (pCR) is considered a good predictor of disease-specific survival. This study investigated whether circulating exosomal microRNAs could predict pCR in breast cancer patients treated with NACT. Method: Plasma samples of 20 breast cancer patients treated with NACT were collected prior to and after the first cycle. RNA sequencing was used to determine microRNA profiling. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) was used to explore the expression patterns and survivability of the candidate miRNAs, and their potential targets based on the expression levels and copy number variation (CNV) data. Results: Three miRNAs before that NACT (miR-30b, miR-328 and miR-423) predicted pCR in all of the analyzed samples. Upregulation of miR-127 correlated with pCR in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). After the first NACT dose, pCR was predicted by exo-miR-141, while miR-34a, exo-miR182, and exo-miR-183 predicted non-pCR. A significant correlation between the candidate miRNAs and the overall survival, subtype, and metastasis in breast cancer, suggesting their potential role as predictive biomarkers of pCR. Conclusions: If the miRNAs identified in this study are validated in a large cohort of patients, they might serve as predictive non-invasive liquid biopsy biomarkers for monitoring pCR to NACT in breast cancer. Full article
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13 pages, 739 KiB  
Review
The Psychosocial Impact of COVID-19 on Older Adults with Cancer: A Rapid Review
by Ridhi Verma, Heather M. Kilgour and Kristen R. Haase
Curr. Oncol. 2022, 29(2), 589-601; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol29020053 - 28 Jan 2022
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3352
Abstract
Background: Older adults with cancer are amongst the most vulnerable population to be negatively impacted by COVID-19 due to their likelihood of comorbidities and compromised immune status. Considering the longevity of the pandemic, understanding the subjective perceptions and psychosocial concerns of this population [...] Read more.
Background: Older adults with cancer are amongst the most vulnerable population to be negatively impacted by COVID-19 due to their likelihood of comorbidities and compromised immune status. Considering the longevity of the pandemic, understanding the subjective perceptions and psychosocial concerns of this population may help ameliorate the psychological aftermath. In this review, we systematically analyze the literature surrounding the psychosocial impact and coping strategies among older adults with cancer within the context of COVID-19. Methods: We conducted a rapid review of literature following PRISMA guidelines between January 2020 to August 2021 using (1) MEDLINE, (2) Embase, (3) CINAHL, and (4) PsychINFO and keyword searches for “cancer” and “COVID-19” focused on adults 65 years or older. Results: Of the 6597 articles screened, 10 met the inclusion criteria. Based on the included articles, the psychosocial impact of COVID-19 was reported under four domains, (1) impact of COVID-19 on quality of life (QoL), (2) concerns related to COVID-19, (3) coping with the impact of COVID-19, and (4) recommendations for future care. Results pertaining to perceived quality of life were inconsistent across the included articles. The most common concerns related to: contracting COVID-19, survivorship transitions, and feelings of isolation. Coping strategies reported by older adults included: spiritual care, lived experience, acceptance, and positive reinterpretation. Conclusions: We found many psychosocial impacts of the pandemic on older adults with cancer. The findings from this review can inform interventions related to shared decision-making and tailored patient care in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improving Care for Older Adults with Cancer)
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6 pages, 828 KiB  
Article
Efficacy of Capecitabine and Temozolomide in Small Bowel (Midgut) Neuroendocrine Tumors
by Taymeyah Al-Toubah, Brian Morse and Jonathan Strosberg
Curr. Oncol. 2022, 29(2), 510-515; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol29020046 - 26 Jan 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2640
Abstract
The capecitabine/temozolomide regimen has significant activity in pancreatic NETs; however, data are limited in NETs of the small bowel (midgut). A retrospective study of all patients with metastatic midgut NETs seen at Moffitt Cancer Center between January 2008 and June 2019 treated with [...] Read more.
The capecitabine/temozolomide regimen has significant activity in pancreatic NETs; however, data are limited in NETs of the small bowel (midgut). A retrospective study of all patients with metastatic midgut NETs seen at Moffitt Cancer Center between January 2008 and June 2019 treated with CAPTEM was conducted. 32 patients with proven or suspected well-differentiated primary small bowel NETs (excluding duodenum) were identified. 6 patients were found to have a radiographic response (19%), 5 of whom had high-grade disease. Only one patient among 23 with low/intermediate-grade disease responded (4%), whereas the response rate for patients with high-grade disease was 56%. Among patients with low/intermediate-grade disease, 44% discontinued due to poor tolerability. The CAPTEM regimen appears to have an activity in patients with high-grade small bowel NETs and is largely inactive in patients with low/intermediate-grade tumors. Full article
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13 pages, 660 KiB  
Systematic Review
A Portrait of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Patients Undergoing Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation: A Systematic Review of the Literature
by Adrian J. M. Bailey, Aidan M. Kirkham, Madeline Monaghan, Risa Shorr, C. Arianne Buchan, Christopher Bredeson and David S. Allan
Curr. Oncol. 2022, 29(1), 337-349; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol29010030 - 13 Jan 2022
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3224
Abstract
The management of COVID-19 in hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) recipients represents a special challenge given the variable states of immune dysregulation and altered vaccine efficacy in this population. A systematic search (Ovid Medline and Embase on 1 June 2021) was needed to better [...] Read more.
The management of COVID-19 in hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) recipients represents a special challenge given the variable states of immune dysregulation and altered vaccine efficacy in this population. A systematic search (Ovid Medline and Embase on 1 June 2021) was needed to better understand the presenting features, prognostic factors, and treatment options. Of 897 records, 29 studies were identified in our search. Most studies reporting on adults and pediatric recipients described signs and symptoms that were typical of COVID-19. Overall, the mortality rates were high, with 21% of adults and 6% of pediatric HCT recipients succumbing to COVID-19. The factors reported to be associated with increased mortality included age (HR = 1.21, 95% CI 1.03–1.43, p = 0.02), ICU admission (HR = 4.42, 95% CI 2.25–8.65, p < 0.001 and HR = 2.26, 95% CI 1.22–4.20, p = 0.01 for allogeneic and autologous HCT recipients), and low platelet count (OR = 21.37, 95% CI 1.71–267.11, p = 0.01). Performance status was associated with decreased mortality (HR = 0.83, 95% CI 0.74–0.93, p = 0.001). A broad range of treatments was described, although no controlled studies were identified. The risk of bias, using the Newcastle–Ottawa scale, was low. Patients undergoing HCT are at a high risk of severe morbidity and mortality associated with COVID-19. Controlled studies investigating potential treatments are required to determine the efficacy and safety in this population. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Cell Therapy)
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12 pages, 1467 KiB  
Systematic Review
Uncommon EGFR Compound Mutations in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC): A Systematic Review of Available Evidence
by Ilaria Attili, Antonio Passaro, Pasquale Pisapia, Umberto Malapelle and Filippo de Marinis
Curr. Oncol. 2022, 29(1), 255-266; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol29010024 - 9 Jan 2022
Cited by 33 | Viewed by 8231
Abstract
Compound epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations represent a heterogeneous subgroup of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with uncommon EGFR mutations. We conducted a systematic review to investigate the available data on this patients’ subgroup. Overall, we found a high [...] Read more.
Compound epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations represent a heterogeneous subgroup of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with uncommon EGFR mutations. We conducted a systematic review to investigate the available data on this patients’ subgroup. Overall, we found a high heterogeneity in the incidence of compound mutations (4–26% of total EGFR mutant cases), which is dependent on the different testing methods adopted and the specific mutations considered. In addition, the relative incidence of distinct compound subclasses identified is reported with extreme variability in different studies. Preclinical and clinical data, excluding de novoEGFR exon 20 p.T790M compound mutations, show good responses with EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) (combined common mutations: response rate (RR) ≥ 75% with either first- or second-generation TKIs; combined common plus uncommon: RR 40–80% and 100% with first-generation TKIs and afatinib, respectively; combined uncommon: RR 20–70%, ~80% and ~75% with first-generation TKIs, afatinib and osimertinib, respectively). Overall, data are consistent in supporting the use of EGFR TKIs in treating compound EGFR mutations, taking into account different sensitivity profile of accompanying EGFR mutations for selecting the most adequate EGFR TKI for individual patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Thoracic Oncology)
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17 pages, 1492 KiB  
Article
Health and Budget Impact of Liquid-Biopsy-Based Comprehensive Genomic Profile (CGP) Testing in Tissue-Limited Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (aNSCLC) Patients
by Yuti P. Patel, Donald Husereau, Natasha B. Leighl, Barbara Melosky and Julian Nam
Curr. Oncol. 2021, 28(6), 5278-5294; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol28060441 - 11 Dec 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3709
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Molecular genetic testing using tissue biopsies can be challenging for patients due to unfavorable tumor sites, the invasive nature of a tissue biopsy, and the added time of booking a repeat biopsy (re-biopsy). Centers in Canada have found insufficient tissue [...] Read more.
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Molecular genetic testing using tissue biopsies can be challenging for patients due to unfavorable tumor sites, the invasive nature of a tissue biopsy, and the added time of booking a repeat biopsy (re-biopsy). Centers in Canada have found insufficient tissue rates to be approximately 10%, and even among successful biopsies, insufficient DNA in tissue samples is approximately 16%, triggering the lengthy process of re-biopsies. Using aNSCLC as an example, this study sought to characterize the health and budget impact of alternative liquid-biopsy(LBx)-based comprehensive genomic profile (CGP) testing in tissue-limited patients (TL-LBx-CGP) from a Canadian publicly funded healthcare perspective. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An economic model was developed to estimate the incremental cost and life-years gained as a population associated with adopting TL-LBx-CGP. The eligible patient population was modeled using a top-down epidemiological approach based on the published literature and expert clinician input. Treatment allocation was modeled based on biomarker prevalence in the published literature, and the availability of funded therapies. Costs included molecular testing, as well as drug, administrative, and supportive costs, and relevant health data included median overall survival and median progression-free survival data. RESULTS: Incorporation of TL-LBx-CGP demonstrated an overall impact of $14.7 million with 168 life-years gained to the Canadian publicly funded healthcare system in the 3-year time horizon. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Health Economics)
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